Russian language
6th grade

33. Connecting O And e in difficult words

Complex words are words consisting of two (less often three) roots.. Complex words are formed from the stems of the original words (steam, carry → steam locomotive), from whole words (sofa, bed → sofa bed).

When forming complex words, connecting vowels are most often used O and e.

Sometimes complex words are formed without connecting vowels: plastic.

Consider difficult words. Which connecting vowel is used after hard consonants, and which one is used after soft consonants, sibilants and ts!

167 . Write down compound words that have the same roots as these words. Indicate the conditions for selecting the studied spellings. Which of these compound words appeared later than others? Make complex sentences with any two written words.

Water, falling. Forest, cutting down. Porridge, cook. Gas, conduct. Ice, chop. General, live. Atom, walk. Storm, break. Bird, catch. Moon, walk. Path, walk.

168 . Write down complex words indicating the conditions for choosing connecting owes. Then write down the remaining words, indicating the suffixes in them.

And..investigator, rain..measure, close..pitel, switch, observer, bee..water, accountant, steam..hod, tongue..ved, eye..measure, count.. tchik, test pilot.

169 . The roots shown in the box are most often found in the second part of compound nouns. Select and write down 2-3 words with each of them. With two compound nouns, make sentences that would help you understand the meaning of these nouns.

Let's see how the word is formed airplane. He flies by himself. The word has two roots: sam-, let-. Words that have two roots are called compound.

What do these compound words have in common: airplane, samovar, scooter, homemade product, pride?

The samovar cooks itself, the second root cooks.

The scooter itself rolls, rolls, the second root rolls.

Homemade - he does it himself, business, the second root of business.

Self-love - self-esteem - oneself, loves, the root of love.

Self is the first part of compound words.

Let's see which vowel letters connect two roots in compound words.

sailor (goes to sea, roots sea-, walk-),

steam O move (walks on a pair, roots of pairs-, move-)

stone e fall (stones fall, roots of stone-, fall-),

stars O fall (stars fall, roots of stars-, fall-)

In words sailor and rockfall the first root ends in a soft consonant sound p" and n", the roots are connected by the letter E.

In words steamboat and starfall the first root ends in a hard consonant sound p and d, the roots are connected by the letter O.

Most often, roots in complex words connect the vowel letters o or e. These letters are called connecting vowel letters.

How to proceed to correctly write the letter of the connecting vowel indifficult words?

1. Make sure that the word is complex: find the roots and orally select words with the same root for each.

2. If the word is complex, listen to what consonant sound the first root ends with. If it’s hard, you should write O, if it’s soft, E.

The letter E comes after unpaired solids: zh, w, c.

Determine which letter should be written in place of the gap.

Perennial- many years, roots many-, years-, connecting vowel letter O,

guide- path, lead, roots put-, water-, connecting vowel letter E,

Old Russian-ancient, Rus', roots ancient-, rus-, connecting vowel letter E,

waterfowl- water, swim, roots water-, floating-, connecting vowel letter O.

Forming complex words

What compound words can replace these sentences?

1) A stream of water that falls from a great height.

2) A person who plows the land.

3) Animals similar to mice that dig the ground.

4) A beetle that eats bark.

5) A man walking.

Test yourself: waterfall (roots of water-, fall-), tiller (roots of earth-, pash-), shrew (roots of earth-, swarm-), bark beetle (roots of bark-, food-), pedestrian (roots of foot-, walk-).

What are these fabulous objects called?

Boots- self-propelled guns, tablecloth - self-assembled, harp - samogud.

What common root is there in these words? The root itself.

Why are fairy-tale magical objects called this? The boots walk on their own. The tablecloth itself collects food (to take means to get food). The gusli plays and hums on its own.

Finding complex words in poetic lines:

Birds jump early in the morning

Along snow-covered branches -

Yellow-breasted tits

They flew to visit us.

(Yu. Sinitsyn)

Spring has come! Spring is red

With green grass by the window.

Hung up the earrings

White-legged birch.

(E. Trutneva)

Along ravines, along cliffs,

Through the fingers of the willow

It pours quietly and timidly

Yellow Leaf River.

One-story school house

Smiles through the window.

The rook wanders importantly through the fields,

Like a rural agronomist.

(M. Isakovsky)

Leaf fall! Leaf fall!

Autumn caulk forest.

The hemp came,

The edges turned red.

(N. Egorov)

Difficult words:

yellow-breasted- with yellow breasts, roots yellow-, breasts-;

white-legged- with a white leg, leg, roots white-, knife-;

leaf fall- leaves fall, roots leaf-, fall-;

yellow-leaved- with yellow leaves, roots yellow-, leaf-;

one-story- with one floor, roots one-, floor-.

What kind of person can you say that about?

couch potato- likes to lie on its side, the roots are lying-, side-, the first root ends in w, we write the letter e;

sweet tooth- likes sweets as food, sweet roots, hedgehog-;

idle talker- speaks empty words, roots of empty-, words-.

These words describe a person's character traits. Let's explain the meaning of the words.

Hardworking- loves work, roots labor-, love-;

weak-willed- weak will, roots weak-, vol-;

merciful- sweet heart, roots mil-, heart-;

good-natured- kind soul, roots of good-, soul-;

noble- good to the family, roots of good -, family -.

What do you call a person who has a great soul, a sharp mind, clear eyes, dark hair?

Great soul - generous(roots great-, soul-),

sharp mind - witty(roots sharp-, mind-),

clear eyes - clear-eyed(roots clear-, eye-),

dark hair - dark-haired(roots dark-, hair-).

Let's read the names and think about whether they are complex words.

Dobrolyubov- to love good, the roots of good-, love-. Nikolai Dobrolyubov is a Russian writer.

Dobronravov- good disposition, roots of good-, disposition-. Nikolai Dobronravov is a songwriter.

Bogolyubov- loving God, roots god-, love-.

Krasnoshchekova- red cheeks, roots of red-, cheeks-.

Compound words name people by profession.

Commander- leads the regiments, the roots of the regiment-, water-,

fabulist- writes fables, roots fable-, write-,

beekeeper- breeds bees, bee roots-, water-,

plumber- conducts water, roots water-, water-, prefix pro-,

steelmaker- cooks steel, roots steel-, var-,

bird catcher- catches birds, roots of birds-, catch-, the first root ends in ts, we write e.

Listen to the text, determine how many difficult words there are.

Moscow was founded by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. Moscow was first a wooden fortress, surrounded by a palisade made of logs. The oak walls of the Kremlin were replaced by white stone ones. It was then that Moscow received a name for all times - white stone. And also golden-domed, with golden heads, domes of temples. Chistoprudny Boulevard is one of the old streets in the center of Moscow.

Dolgoruky- long hands, roots debt-, hands-,

stockade- a fence made of tightly driven stakes, the roots are often,

white stone- built of white stone, the roots are white, stone,

golden-headed- with golden heads, roots of gold-, heads-,

Chistoprudny- clean ponds, clean roots, pond-.

The rudd fish is very beautiful. Her back is green, her sides have golden scales with a brown border on the sides. Eyes are orange, lips are yellow. The fish got its nickname for the color of its fins. (According to N. Osipov)

A blade of grass grows, straight, strong, and at the end of it a green brush sticks up. This is what a foxtail looks like. Of course, such a tail is too small even for a fox cub, but it still looks like a tail.

Water strider- this is the name of an insect that runs quickly through the water, as if it wants to measure the distance.

Redstart- a compound word consisting of two roots gory- and tail-. Similar words: burn, tail.

Rudd- a complex word, consists of two roots: red- and per-. Similar words: red, feathers.

Foxtail- fox roots-, tail-. Related words: fox, tail.

Water strider- roots water-, mer-. Water, measure.

In compound words, letters are used as connecting vowels O And e . Compound words formed using connecting vowels O And e or the first part of which is a numeral, are written together, for example: oil and gas production, fiftieth anniversary, two-millimeter.

Connecting vowel ABOUT

After stems on a hard consonant (except and , w And ts ) the letter is written O , For example: world O opinion, free O darling.

In a few compound words, the consonant sound of the first stem is hardened, so a connecting vowel is written O , For example: fable O scribe, shelter O appeal.

Connecting vowel E

After stems on a soft consonant, on th , to a hissing sound and ts a connecting vowel is written e , For example: pestilence e swimmer, kra e leading, walking e move, birds e Vodstvo, syn e big-eyed, big e winged.

In some cases, the ending of the nominative case is retained in the first word of a compound noun, for example: pastime, pastime, timekeeping.

Note

Words on -ification (electrification, gasification, classification etc.) are not complex. They are formed using the suffix -ification , so they are written with the letter And .

Compound words with numerals

When forming complex words, cardinal numbers are used in the genitive case, for example: heels And taphole(five years old) eleven And meter(eleven meters), fourty A minute(forty minutes).

Numerals one hundred And ninety, being part of a compound word, do not change their form, for example: century, ninetieth anniversary.

With letter O the word is written fourty O leg.

Numeral thousand, being part of a compound word, has a connecting vowel e , For example: thousand e anniversary.

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Examples of compound words (with two roots) with connecting vowels e, o?

It is not interesting to list ordinary everyday words for everyone, so I will give not just examples, but words invented, for example, by the poet Mayakovsky. Some of them have successfully entered our language.

So, the connecting letter O:

• naked
• dry-footedness (let me explain - this is about Kshesinskaya, then the meaning of the word will immediately become clear)
• asshole (in the context of the word police, very successful, isn’t it?)
• scream-lipped
• golden-mouthed

Connecting E:

• heartman

Many writers came up with their own words, but most of Mayakovsky’s words were born in pain, suffered through suffering, they add emotionality and expressiveness to his works.

However, I cannot help but mention one more word. It was invented by Saltykov-Shchedrin. Very appropriate for our times - stupidity.

The word birdsElov is formed from bird and catch;

The word lesOzagotovka is formed from forest and logging;

The word frost-resistant is formed from frost and persistent;

The word vegetable storehouse is formed from vegetable and storage;

The word leaffall is derived from leaf and fall;

The word earthquake is formed from earth and shaking;

The word smoke and walk is formed from smoke and walk;

The word languageKnowledge is formed from language and knowledge;

The word forest-steppe is formed from forest and steppe;

The word ice-hod is derived from ice and walk;

The word fishOlov is formed from fish and catch;

The word birdsEfactory is formed from bird and factory.

Words with a connecting vowel -o-:

Latin American, North Sea, Western Ural, dark-haired, beet grower, short-haired, white marble, helicopter, gas pipeline, iron foundry, mechanical assembly, sulfuric acid, low-grade, steam locomotive, East Slavic, black-browed, pointed-topped, pale-faced, narrow-eyed, forest-steppe, plumber, bread cutter, hay harvester, juicer, legislator, self-esteem, gas cylinder.

Words with a connecting vowel -e-:

love of life, blood filling, oil pipeline, shrew, dredge, Far Eastern, friendly, mud bath, dust collector, cook, vegetable grower, thousand ruble, blue-eyed, Old Russian, millennium, earthquake, potato harvester, steelmaker, horse breeder, stone crusher.

Examples of compound words with a connecting vowel -e-

1. Kash E var (porridge + cook)
2. Birds E catch (bird + catch)
3. Pesh E move (on foot + walk)
4. Rain E measures (rain + measure)
5. Fervor E suck (dust + suck)
6. Birds E catch (bird + catch)
7. Birds E factory (poultry + factory)
8. Oil E wire (oil + conduct)
9. Vegetable E storage (vegetable + store)
10. Put E procession (path + procession)

Examples of compound words with a connecting vowel -o-

1. Myself ABOUT cook (yourself + cook)
2. Waters ABOUT pad (water + fall)
3. Ice ABOUT count (ld + prick)
4. Language ABOUT Ved (language + know)
5. Snow ABOUT fall (snow + fall)
6. Vert ABOUT lt (vertical + fly)
7. Glass ABOUT cutting (glass + cutting)
8. Concrete ABOUT mixer (concrete + stir)
9. Beast ABOUT catch (beast + catch)
10. House ABOUT sed (at home + sit)

• bird catcher

  meat grinder

  bread maker

  potato peeler

  shipwreck

  copse

  mousetrap

  housewife

  dump truck

  snowfall

  florist

  rock climber

  whirlpool

  dizziness

  concrete mixer

  quarry

  Solstice, home building, horticultural, wound healing, pain reliever, shipbuilding, philanthropy, gratitude, cornerstone, vacuum cleaner, mutual understanding, law-abiding, video, selfless.

  The vowel letter E connects the following compound words:

  bird catcher,

  color rendering,

  TV show,

  teleconference,

  poultry farm,

  all-terrain vehicle,

  solstice,

  coffee maker,

  earthquake,

  courtier.

  And the connecting vowel letter O is in the words:

  reinforced concrete,

  railway,

  double boiler,

  pig farm,

  bookseller,

  gas welding,

  sweetener.

  Examples of compound words (with two roots) with connecting vowels e:

  • mousetrap;
  • navigator;
  • pedestrian;
  • mud therapy;
  • vacuum cleaner;
  • vegetable store;
  • steelmaker;
  • shipwreck;
  • pipeline;
  • bird catcher;
  • poultry farm;

  • surveyor.

  • fresh frozen;
  • cook;
  • bird catcher

  Examples of compound words (with two roots) with connecting vowels o:

  • walker;
  • samovar;
  • nuclear powered ship;
  • snow blower;
  • airplane
  • cubic meter;
  • starfall;
  • new building;
  • bark beetle;
  • hard work;
  • plumbing
  • logging;
  • namesakes;
  • mutual assistance;
  • helicopter
  • electric polisher

  In fact, there are a lot of words that are formed from two simple ones with the help of connecting vowels. Choose almost any simple word that denotes an object and add to it a word that denotes an action, and you will get a complex word out of it.

Words with two roots with a connecting vowel -e, -o are found in compound nouns. Such words are written together.

For example, a steamship, electric welding, a reservoir. Here the connecting vowel is -o.

It is written after the stems with a hard consonant. This also includes the words

Connecting vowel -e. It is written after the stems on a soft, sibilant consonant and ts(pedestrian, heartbeat, farming, weather report, etc.)

There is an exception: after the base, a soft consonant can also have a vowel -o. For example, - hitching post, (although horse), range finder, (although distant). The spelling of such words is most often determined by the dictionary.

Connecting vowel E(example words):

everywhereGod,

ubiquitous,

stoneQuarry,

solstice.

Connecting vowel O(example words):

camera,

autoColumn,

concrete mixer,

lightdiode,

electric saw,

doughStirrer,

At the beginning of foreign words, if pronounced e , written yo , For example: yogi, iodine, yoghurt, yeoman, yorkshire, not one bit(But: ions, Jordanian– with separate pronunciation of initial vowel sounds).

IX. Spelling difficult words

§ 41. Connecting vowels o and e

In complex words, after the stem, a connecting vowel is written on the hard consonant O , after the base to a soft consonant, to a sibilant and ts – connecting vowel e . For example: homebody, skin eater, bird catcher, False Dmitry I.

In some cases the final soft consonant v, n, r, t the first stem is pronounced firmly and after it a connecting vowel is written O (in parallel with these words, those in which, according to the rule, it is written e ). For example: long-range - long-range, quarry - stone crusher, horse thief - horse breeder, bone-carver - bone-crushing, bloodthirsty - blood-bearing, chant - song-making. Wed. various educations after foundation on ts : trapezoid – trapezoidal – trapezoidal – trapezohedron(not all of these formations distinguish two bases in the Russian language).

§ 42. Compound words without a connecting vowel

It is necessary to distinguish between compound words with connecting vowels and compound words without a connecting vowel. Wed: psychotherapy(psycho + therapy) – psychasthenia(psych + asthenia).

In some compound words, the first part is the word in its initial form, for example: time calculation, pastime; cotyledon, seed stalk, ovule(cf.: seed production, seed storage– with a connecting vowel).

Without a connecting vowel, terms like nitrogen-fixing, forward-looking, oxygen-containing etc.

The letter is saved A at the end of the element air (short for aviation), forming the first part of compound words like airbase, airborne troops, airmail, air unit etc.

With a case ending in the first part, words arising from phrases are formed crazy, insane etc.

In the genitive case form without a connecting vowel, numerals are included in compound words, for example: three-meter, five-time, seven-year. Exceptions are numerals one, ninety, one hundred And thousand, For example: one-year, ninetieth, hundredfold, thousandth. Numeral fourty as part of compound words it is used in two forms: without a connecting vowel ( forty days) and with a connecting vowel ( magpie, centipede- not in the literal meaning of the account).

It is necessary to distinguish between complex words and words in which two stems are not distinguished in the Russian language. Wed: gas pipeline - gasification, electrician - electrification.

Note 1. Foreign language prefixes are written together on a common basis anti-, arch-, hyper-, inter-, infra-, counter-, post-, sub-, super-, trans-, ultra-, extra- etc., for example: anti-people(But: Anti-Duhring– in the function of a proper name), archiplut, hypersound, international, infrared, counterproposal(But: rear admiral, where the first part has a different meaning), post-impressionism(preserving the initial root And ), post-romanticism(cf. the continuous spelling of the same prefix in words of foreign language origin indivisible into morphemes: postscript, after the fact etc.), dust jacket, subtropics, Trans-Siberian, ultrasound, trendy, extraordinary(But: extra mail, extra class– before a noun).

Note 2. The initial components are written together quasi-, pseudo-, pan- , For example: quasi-scientific, pseudo-classical, pan-German(But: quasi-Pushkin, pan-Europe etc. – before proper names