What groups of words are there? Topic: Thematic groups of words

The concept underlies the lexical meaning of a word, but an equal sign cannot be put between the lexical meaning and the concept. The lexical meaning of the word is multifaceted. It is connected with the speaker’s attitude to the word and with the use of the word.

The word is capable of expressing the feelings of the speaker, his attitude towards the world is positive: love, like, praise, admire; pleasant, wonderful, joyful; negative: hate, despise, be indignant; unpleasant, nasty, nasty, scary, etc. The lexical meaning of such words is distinguished by emotionality (Latin emotion - “feeling”) and expression (Latin expressio - “expressiveness”): genius - “the highest degree of creative talent”; talent - `outstanding abilities`, `high degree of giftedness`; mediocrity - “devoid of talent, giftedness”; dullard - “a slow-witted, slow-witted person.”

The emotional-expressive meaning of a word can be associated with its internal form, when one meaning is motivated by another, determined by the origin of the word. Prelest originally meant “seduction”, “deception”, “flattery”, “temptation”, and in modern language - “beauty”; the connection with the historical root of flattery has been lost. The origin of the word often ensures its use in a different meaning and underlies its imagery and expressiveness: tree goes back to the common Slavic “tear” (“torn out or stripped”): You are a dry tree, not a person! Not even a tree, but a rotten stump! (Sh.). The earth goes back to the common Slavic “floor”, “bottom”: the mother of cheese, the earth, is a folklore image; There is no truth on earth, but there is no truth above (P.) - artistic image.

The vocabulary of the language gives the speaker a number of synonymous words to express one concept: understand - comprehend - grasp; timid - shy - fearful; eyes - eyes - zenki; joy - joy - joy. The choice of word depends on the situation of speech - neutral (first word in a row), high, solemn (second word), lowered, colloquial (third word). Book (high) and colloquial words express emotions and evaluations, unlike neutral words.

The connection between lexical meaning and concept allows us to identify thematic groups of words. This combination of words occurs on the basis of common lexical meanings and a single concept expressed by these words. For example, the general meaning of “duration of existence” is associated with the concept of “time” and is expressed by a thematic group of words: when, yesterday, today, tomorrow; now, later; century, century, year, month, week, day, hour, minute, second; morning, day, evening, night; spring, summer, etc. Words of a thematic group belonging to one part of speech are called a lexical-semantic group. For example, adjectives (feature words) with the meaning “distance” of the thematic group “space”: close, distant, neighboring, surrounding, adjacent, etc.; nouns with the meaning 'measure of length' of the "space" group: kilometer, meter, centimeter, decimeter, millimeter, verst (obsolete).

Several thematic groups form a semantic field; for example, art - the names of its types (painting, graphics, sculpture, music); names of actions (draw, sculpt, carve, sculpt, play, perform, sing); names of artists (painter, sculptor, graphic artist, musician, pianist, violinist, singer, vocalist); objects and tools (painting, watercolor, gouache, tempera, sanguine, drawing, canvas, paints).

The lexical meaning of the word is explained in explanatory dictionaries as follows:

1) using interpretation: letter - “a written sign in the alphabet of a given language”;

2) using synonyms: literally - literally, really;

3) using antonyms: good - not bad, not bad.

The versatility of the lexical meaning is associated with the polysemy of most Russian words.

Modern Russian literary language / Ed. P. A. Lekanta - M., 2009

Topic: Thematic groups of words. Everyone has their own hobby.

Goals:

Develop the ability to independently compose thematic groups of words, find genus and species names in the specified words;

To teach the ability to detect words with inclusion relations and the ability to recognize Russian-Ukrainian interlingual homonyms and paronyms and interpret their meaning;

Develop the creative abilities of students, enrich their vocabulary;

Work to prevent speech defects;

Cultivate a love of nature and the Russian language.

Equipment: textbook: Russian language: 5th grade: Textbook. for education textbook establishments with Ukrainian language training / Ed. Balandina N.F. – K.: Knowledge of Ukraine, 2005. – 304 articles; , explanatory dictionary, cards.

^ Type: a lesson in developing skills and abilities with game elements.

Interdisciplinary connections: Russian literature, natural history, literature

Lesson progress

I. Announcement of the topic and purpose of the lesson.

II. Checking homework.

1. 
   Working on cards.
2. 
   Analysis of composed fairy tales using antonyms
3. 
   Conversation on the material studied.
4. 
   The game “Who will remember faster?”

What is vocabulary?

What is the lexical meaning of a word?

What is the difference between polysemantic words and single-valued words?

Give examples of words with figurative meanings.

Give examples of homonyms.

Show with one or two examples that synonyms mean the same thing, but in different ways.

What are antonyms?

For what purpose are words with figurative meanings and synonyms used in speech?

What are homonyms? Give examples. How do homonyms differ from ambiguous words?

^ III. Learning new material.

1.Linguistic task.

What is the lexical meaning of the word hour in Russian? And in Ukrainian? Give a few more words that have the same sound and spelling in Russian and Ukrainian. But different lexical meanings.

Continue the series: hour, ball, moon...

^ 2.Teacher's explanations.

Scientists call the words given in the previous exercise interlingual homonyms. These are words that sound the same in two languages ​​and are spelled the same. But the lexical meanings are different.

Is it possible to say considered synonyms? Why? Name a common feature

Conclusion: Words that are synonyms in their lexical meaning are combined into thematic groups. Words red, ruby, coral unite into a thematic group " red".

Read the words written on the board: snow, wind, freeze, cold, cold, sparkle, shine, dazzling, blizzard, windy, slippery, snowballs, skates, fresh, ride, frost.

What can be described using these words? What topic can they be combined into?

Conclusion: words included in the topic (in this case “Winter”) are called thematic inclusions. With their help, you can describe phenomena, signs, actions characteristic of a given topic.

3.Working with the textbook (p. 150)

Conclusion:

If the lexical meanings of words have something in common, they have something in common, such words form THEMATIC GROUPS (in Ukrainian: thematic groups of sliv): flowers - daisies, violets, lilies of the valley, lilacs. All these words have one common concept - a flower. But at the same time, each of the flowers has its own distinctive characteristics.

^ IV. Fixing the material.

1. Find the right word

Exercise: .

Insert the necessary words in place of the gaps.

Name this thematic group of words.

What people don’t collect*! Rare books are collected... . Ancient and modern coins are collected..., postage stamps and other signs of postage are of interest..., ... collect postcards, and... - all kinds of badges.

*Collect - collect a collection. A collection is a systematic collection of some objects.

! A thematic group of words with a narrow, specific concept is united by a word with a broad, generic concept. For example, the words chamomile, violet, lily of the valley, lilac are united by the word “flowers”.

^ 2. Dictation - translation.

Translate into Ukrainian: midnight, north, noon, south.

Indicate homonyms, as is customary in the explanatory dictionary.

^ 3. Game “Where is the genus and where is the species?”

Find the names of the genus and species in the given words .

Linden, maple, tree, willow, spruce.

Finch, tit, lark, bird, heron.

Mosquito, beetle, dragonfly, butterfly, insect.

Perch, fish, cod, mackerel, catfish.

Reptile, snake, lizard, grass snake, frog.

^ 4. Find the extra word.

Hobbies - drawing, collecting, friendship, traveling.

5. Working with text

Read the text. Write out from it a word denoting a broad generic concept and an expression denoting a narrow specific concept.

Lisa is a fifth grader. She lives in Kyiv. Like all kids, he studies at school, loves to run and play. But she has a hobby to which the girl devotes all her free time. Together with her brother, third-grader Anton, she enjoys painting Easter eggs. As a child, she and her grandmother always painted eggs for Easter. Then Lisa realized that painting Easter eggs is a whole science.

^ 6.Test task.

Specify the words. Belonging to the thematic group " blue"

In the crimson dawn

Their necks are gargled.

Hot air balloon flying

And the globe is similar.

So let the one who is older

He will help the younger one.

Let the clouds be threatening somewhere

Hanging over the flowers

Friends, before it's too late,

May we all be friends.

Let's, like a miracle,

Take care of our planet

For the sky, forget-me-nots,

For the sun of daisies.

VI. Giving and motivating grades.

VII. Homework

Learn the theory on page 150.

Make up a thematic group of words on the topic “Flowers”.

One of the central questions of linguistics is the question of the systematic nature of language, which manifests itself in a set of elements connected by internal relationships. The lexical composition of the language is no exception. It is not a collection of disparate units, but a collection of interconnected relationships, traditionally presented in two perspectives: paradigmatic and syntagmatic. Due to this, it consists of semantic groups with different types of relationships.

The view of vocabulary as a system thus took shape in the so-called. theory of semantic field or lexical-semantic groupings. They are also consistent with two approaches to the study of vocabulary: semasiological (from word to concept) and onomasiological (from concept to word), which complement each other and are fundamental in the construction of the semantic field. The result of a description of vocabulary aimed at identifying its systemic connections is its classification, i.e. identification of various lexical-semantic groups of vocabulary.

A lexical-semantic group (in a broad sense) is usually called a group of words “fairly closely related to each other in meaning.” However, this understanding is rather vague, since different semantic groups fit under it: synonyms, and even antonyms, and paronyms, and LSG itself, and thematic fields, etc. - i.e. everything that has semantic proximity. Therefore, it is necessary to define the concepts.

By lexical-semantic group (LSG) in the narrow sense we will understand a group of words united by the commonality of a categorical-generic seme (archiseme) and the commonality of part-verbal reference. For example: pine, oak, spruce, birch... (LSG “trees”), red, yellow, green, blue... (LSG “color”), run, rush, fly, swim... (LSG “move”), etc.

Let's take a closer look at the last example based on a component analysis of the semantics of the words included in the LSG:

RUN - “quickly” “move” “on the ground” “with your feet”

FLY - 1) “quickly” “move” “through the air” with “wings”

2) “very” “quickly” “move”

SWIM - “move” “through the water” with “arms and legs”

CRAWL - 1) “move” “on the ground” with “the body”

2) “very” “slowly” “move”

RACE - “very” “quickly” “move”

We see that in LSG there is a common generic seme “to move,” but the nature of movement and speed are different. If these words are identical, the words will be synonyms: RUN, FLY-2, RACE. If some features of the named concepts are opposite (for example, speed), the words will be antonyms: CRAWL-2 - FLY-2 (or RACE). Thus, the LSG includes more specific semantic groups or series): synonyms and antonyms. All members of the LSG in relation to each other will be cohyponyms (or cohyponyms), because are called species concepts of the same genus (MOVE). The generic word in relation to each member of the LSG will be a hyperonym. And generic pairs (such as RUN - MOVE) are hyponyms. So in LSG there are several more types of relations: identities, oppositions, intersections, inclusions (see types of oppositions in 2.2.2.). And the LSGs themselves can be included in each other, like nesting dolls: “movement” - “movement” - “human movement”, i.e. can be “micro” and “macro”. In LSG, words are combined mainly on the basis of paradigmatics (oppositions).

Wider associations of words are thematic groups (TG): these are groups of words from different parts of speech, united by a common theme (hence the name). Various types of connections are observed in it: both paradigmatic and syntagmatic. For example, TG “sport” (football, goal, score, football, stadium, fan, etc.) or “trade” (trade, bargain, market, store, buyer, seller, sale, sell, etc.) . TG includes different LSGs. For example, LSG “trade establishments” (shop, shop, kiosk, boutique, supermarket), synonyms (purchase, purchase), antonyms (expensive - cheap), hyponyms (store - grocery store), conversions (purchase - sale), etc. . in the TG “trade”. Sometimes TG is called a thematic field, but the term “field” is also used in combination with “semantic field” (often as a synonym for thematic).

A semantic field (SF), or lexical-semantic field (LSF), is usually understood as “a group of words of the same language, closely related to each other in meaning” (Yu.N. Karaulov) or “a hierarchical structure of a set of lexical units united by a common ( invariant) meaning and reflecting a certain conceptual sphere in the language” (L.A. Novikov). LSP is a broader association than LSG and even than TG, although it is close to the latter. It also includes several LSGs and other semantic associations of paradigmatic and syntagmatic types: for example, the “color” field includes both LSGs of adjectives “color” (green, red, blue), and LSGs of verbs “to show color” (turn blue, turn red, turn yellow), and nouns “color” (redness, blueness, yellowness). Or LSP “time” includes LSG “segments of time” (hour, minute, second), and LSG “parts of the day” (morning, evening, noon), and LSG “season” (spring, summer, autumn), etc. .

However, a clear distinction between these concepts has not yet emerged. For example, the lexical group “kinship” is called both a lexical-semantic group, a thematic group, and a semantic field, because it is very extensive and includes different types of vocabulary and even phrases like cousin. Therefore, everyone uses these terms to the best of their understanding. We will adhere to the specified distinction between LSG and TG, as well as LSP. The latter are distinguished as subject-logical (TG, reflecting the division of the picture of the world itself, its fragments) and semantic, conceptual (SP, reflecting conceptual spheres and relationships).

A semantic field (for example, in the theory of Yu.N. Karaulov) has a field name (its name), a core (key words: usually synonyms and antonyms, as well as typical combinations) and a periphery (words associated with the core less closely semantically or stylistically) . Let us recall the example with the word FRIEND from the Dictionary of Associative Norms of the Russian Language. In fact, almost all the words from the informants’ answers form a field called FRIEND, the core of which will include its synonyms (comrade, friend, friend), antonyms (foe), derivatives (friend, friendship), typical and stable compatibility (faithful, close , best, bosom), and on the periphery there will be the words brother and sidekick.

In linguistics, various types of semantic fields are distinguished: lexical-semantic fields (LSF, discussed above), associative-semantic fields (ASF, compiled on the basis of an associative experiment), as well as functional-semantic fields (FSF, including lexical and grammatical meanings). For example, the SP “time” as a LSP will include the words hour, year, minute; past, present, future, etc., the ASP as a result of an associative experiment may also include, for example, the words forward, money (as the implementation of the precedent texts “time is forward” and “time is money”), and the FSP will also include grammatical forms of expressing time: I walked, I walk, I will go.

The basic unit of a semantic field (its name) is, as already mentioned, a word in one of its meanings (LSV). Each LSV of a word is included in three types of semantic relations: paradigmatic, syntagmatic and associative-derivative. And around each one a microfield is formed. For example, the SP EARTH-1 (“soil”) will include the words soil, sand, clay (paradigmatics), dig, dig, plow (syntagmatics), earthen, earthy, digger (derivatives); EARTH-2 (“land”) - land, water, sea; saw, opened; terrestrial, underground, amphibious; EARTH-3 (“country”) - country, homeland, fatherland; native, foreign, seaside; fellow countryman, foreigner. However, being connected to each other as LSV of one word, these SP will also be included in the common SP EARTH. Those. The field will also include epidigmatic relationships between PSWs.

Thus, from the point of view of onomasiology, the entire lexical composition of a language is presented as a system of interacting semantic fields that form a complex and specific linguistic picture of the world for each language (more details about LCM will be discussed in a special topic): names of time, space, movement, degree of kinship, colors, plants, animals, humans, etc. The organization of the joint venture is based on generic (hyponymic) relationships.

Units that are homogeneous in meaning are combined into lexical-semantic groups (elementary microfields) and other lexical categories (synonyms, antonyms, etc.).

Lexical categories are divided into two aspects: semasiology and onomasiology. In the semasiological aspect, categories such as polysemy (intraword category) are considered. In onomasiological - categories such as synonymy and antonymy (interword categories).

Lexical categories are determined on the basis of one or another opposition, semantic or formal. Depending on the consideration of PS or PV words (or both), LC can be divided into three types: 1) semantic (distinguished on the basis of PS, identity, similarity of semantics, meaning) - these include synonymy and antonymy, as well as hyponymy and conversion ; 2) formal (identified on the basis of only PV, identity of form) - homonymy; 3) formal semantic (identified on the basis of the similarity of PV and PS) - this is paronymy. Using this principle, one can construct a definition of each of the LCs:

Polysemy is the semantic relationship of internally related semes, formally expressed by the identity of the lexeme (PS + PV +): DOM-1/DOM-2.

Synonymy is the relationship of identical (or close) seeds, formally expressed by different lexemes (PS + PV -): EYES / EYES.

Antonymy is the relationship of opposed but intersecting semes, formally expressed by different lexemes (PS + PV -): YES / NO.

Hyponymy is a relationship of generic inclusion, formally expressed by different lexemes (PS + PV -): HOUSE / BUILDING.

Paronymy is a relationship of similar, but not identical semes, formally expressed by similar, but not identical lexemes (PS + PV +): FACT / FACTOR.

Conversion is a semantically inverse relationship, formally expressed by different lexemes (PS + PV -): BUY / SALE.

Homonymy is a relationship between internally unrelated semes, formally expressed by identical lexemes (PS - PV +): KEY (1) / KEY (2).

When analyzing the problems of working with text, it is necessary to understand that depending on which group of words or which style and direction needs to be dealt with, a person will independently decide on approaches.

There are various ways to divide lexemes into subgroups. Each of them is conditional to one degree or another. Thus, F.P. Filin in the article “On lexical-semantic groups of words” writes: “By similarity or opposition, all concepts contained in a language are divided into more or less closed groups, circles or “blocks.” Each concept (or meaning) exists only due to the presence of its connection, correlation with other concepts (meanings) of a given group,” and “a vicious circle is obtained: the word and its meaning exist only due to the specific place it occupies in the semantic field, determined by this field , and at the same time the word somehow changes on its own, introducing a change in the structure of the semantic field.” F. P. Filin defines lexical-semantic groups of words as “unions of two, several or many words according to their lexical meanings,” and thematic groups as “unions of words based not on lexical-semantic connections, but on the classification of the objects and phenomena themselves” .

A. V. Marinin uses the concepts of “thematic group” and “thematic subgroup” for a more general or more specific classification of material from a thematic point of view. The classification fully covers the entire vocabulary; it is an example of lexical classification, but due to excessive detail, it does not allow one to easily present the overall picture of the corresponding lexical composition.

If we take into account graphic, spelling, phonetic, structural, grammatical, syntactic, semantic and systemic principles, then a word can be represented according to the following criteria:

• 1) syntactic criterion: A word is the ultimate minimum of a sentence. A word is a minimal syntactic unit. One does not fit these definitions: function words that are not able to form a sentence;
• 2) semantic criterion: A word is the minimum meaningful unit of language. A word is a designation of an element of reality. A word, therefore, is understood as everything that expresses a concept, but a phraseological phrase or terminological phrase also expresses a concept, but they consist of several words;
• 3) morphological criterion: A word is a unit of name, characterized by completeness (phonetic and grammatical). The whole word differs from its part in semantic and morphological design. This criterion allows you to separate a word from a combination of words;
• 4) structural criterion: A word is an integral unit of language into which another sequence of the same level cannot be included. The structural integrity of a word presupposes its impenetrability, i.e. elements of a word cannot be dismembered, rearranged, or truncated without violating its semantic or grammatical integrity.

From the point of view of the content side, three elements can be distinguished in a word:

• 1) an object for which a word is used to name;
• 2) sound shell;
• 3) the concept of the named object that arises in the human mind.

The linguistic acquisition of objects and phenomena of the external world consists not only of naming them, but also of the desire to classify them. The structuring of the vocabulary of a language occurs on different grounds - strictly linguistic and extra-linguistic.

The problem of the semantic organization of the lexical system of a language has not yet received its final solution. That is why there is not yet a strict definition of each of the named semantic categories and their final description (despite the fact that no one doubts their linguistic reality).

The following definitions are usually used as workers:

A thematic group is a set of words united on the basis of the extra-linguistic commonality of the objects or concepts they denote. The basis for identifying a thematic group is a collection of objects or phenomena of the external world, united according to a certain characteristic and expressed in different words. One of the important features of a thematic group is the diversity of linguistic relations between its members or the absence of them at all. Therefore, the loss of one or another word of a thematic group or a change in its meaning does not affect the meanings of other words in this group (for example, the word ridge in the Russian language in the thematic group of names of parts of the human body was gradually replaced by the word back, but this did not in any way affect the meanings of the words like leg, knee, etc.).

Within a thematic group, even smaller systemic combinations of words are possible. What stands out here is, first of all, the microsystem - the synonymous series. So, in the thematic group “signs of color” we will find synonymous rows: blue, light blue, azure, sky.

Microsystems of words called antonymic pairs are also identified. Thus, within the thematic group “signs of color” we find antonymous pairs: black - white; within the thematic group “buildings for housing”: hut - palace.

Thematic groups of words are combined into subcategories. For example, thematic groups:

“actions of moving an object (move, remove, lift)”,

"the action of moving oneself (walk, run, swim)",

“actions to satisfy physical needs (drink, eat, breathe)”

“are combined into the category of “human physical actions.”

Subcategories of words are combined into a group of a higher order - categories. Thus, words denoting human actions and words denoting animal actions are combined into the category “actions of living beings.”

Word categories are combined into lexical-semantic groups.

A lexical-semantic group is a set of words belonging to the same part of speech, united by intralingual connections based on interdependent and interconnected elements of meaning. Members of the LSG are connected by certain semantic-paradigmatic relations (synonymy, antonymy, all kinds of inclusions, clarifications, differentiation, generalizations of close and/or adjacent meanings).

It is important to note that if, for example, in one language it is possible to characterize any phenomenon or thing in one word, then in another, for example, there is no analogue of this word and in order to express its essence you need to give several words to explain what it is this (a striking example is when Europeans began to colonize America, they discovered many new products, one of which was potatoes, which Europeans called “earth apple”).

Therefore, it is important to understand that in the translation process some words will be translated using a direct analogue of the word, while others will be translated through a search for a suitable and characteristic phrase. In addition, depending on the style and meaning of the text or sentence, the meaning of the words may also vary. Also, words and phrases in general can have different meanings (for example, ox heart is a variety of tomatoes, but in a text about the anatomy of artiodactyl ruminants it can have a different meaning).

And, in fact, it turns out that when it comes to lexical deployment, it is necessary to mean replacing one word with a phrase.

According to V.I. Kodukhov, a lexical-semantic group is defined as a group of words that are united according to their lexical meanings in terms of homogeneity, uniformity, or simply the proximity of their meanings.

There are different interpretations of the concept of thematic group; the most accurate, in our opinion, is the interpretation of L.F. Alefirenko: “a thematic group is a collection of words from different parts of speech according to their connection with one topic based on extralinguistic parameters.”

In linguistics, there are many opinions about the relationship between thematic and lexical-semantic groups. V.I. Kodukhov, for example, does not separate these two concepts.

In “Essays on the Theory of Linguistics” F.P. Filin considers the concepts of “thematic” and “lexical-semantic” groups, but does not draw clear boundaries between them. He argues that in thematic groups everything depends on what features combine words into a classification. Thematic groups, according to the linguist, can include both their main parts and lexical-semantic groups: “within one thematic group there are smaller, but closely welded lexical-semantic groups of words.”

Consequently, the thematic group is a broader judgment than the lexico-grammatical one. Analyzing the features of the use of thematic and lexical-semantic groups in the language, F.P. Filin identifies the common and different in these concepts: the common is that the meaning of the words included in these groups reflect knowledge of objective reality, the different is that lexical-semantic groups of words are a product of the laws and patterns of development of the lexical semantics of the language, while the composition of thematic groups of words depends only on the level of knowledge of a particular people, on the ability to classify phenomena of reality that have received their own dictionary designations.

Therefore, we can say with confidence that the concept of a thematic group is somewhat broader than the lexical-semantic one. In addition, other differences stand out. Consequently, when talking about thematic groups, it is necessary to take into account many factors, which makes it possible to isolate them in any text and not be limited to a certain part of speech or genre. This is why in different languages, words that may refer to different parts of speech, but are translated approximately the same, can be classified into the same thematic group.

Thus, the originality of texts of various types is clearly manifested in the nature of their lexical organization: in the specificity of the lexical units and terminology used by the author, as well as in the peculiarities of their structuring.

The lexical structure of a text as an associative semantic network, reflecting the diversity of connections and relationships of lexical elements, is characterized by volume, hierarchy, and is formed from a number of microstructures. Taking into account the “horizontal” and “vertical” connections, the lexical structure of the text can be represented at least either as formed from the microstructures of individual utterances and communicative blocks of utterances, or from the lexical microstructures of narrators, characters and the space-time continuum.

These types of structuring mutually complement the idea of ​​the general lexical structure of the text.

Among a number of characteristic features inherent in the lexical structure of the text as a whole, we can highlight:

• · dominance of conceptually determined associative connections of lexical elements;
• · presence of original individual author’s associative
• · semantic connections and weakening of standard associations;
• · strengthening the pragmatic conditionality of associative-semantic connections of lexical units;
• · advancement of the nodal links of the associative-semantic network,
• · being “semantic milestones” in the process of text interpretation.

But issues of text structure are a priority, only during the initial review and preparation for translation; subsequent stages include the analysis of text-forming units.

Any language is a code; it is understandable to those who are its native speakers, or can also be learned by natural bilinguals. The code also contains text - this is its meaning, which lies in the meaning of the text itself. Any code has its own “key” and can be revealed upon closer study. The meaning of the text is revealed if “keys” to at least one of the codes of the text are found, and the depth of mastering aesthetic information will be different depending on which codes these keys are found for: one reader has access to only the level of content-factual information in the case of introducing only to the subject code of the text, another - the level of content-conceptual information, if the relationship between the compositional features of the work, emotional dynamics and the system of images becomes clear to him. All text codes as forms of communication are represented by linguistic means (language code). The common language picture of the world between the author and the reader creates the necessary basis for their dialogue and mutual understanding based on the text.

It should be noted that in modern word usage and text formation it is customary to use lexical collapsing, since abbreviations are an important factor in accelerating the process of information exchange, providing the widest volume in a short time, and so on.

As for expansion, this phenomenon, both lexical and semantic, is used, for the most part, when translating text, since it is not possible to translate a text from one language to another without using expansion, since literal translation does not always convey the meaning of the text.

Thus, we can conclude that the thematic group of words is the basis for the perception of the text, since when working or processing information, it becomes necessary to determine the constituent elements of the text. the thematic group is the basis that allows, if not to determine the style, then to choose a translation method and move on to literal interpretation or search for analogues or equivalent substitutes.

In addition, it must be emphasized that this is a broader concept than lexical-semantic groups, which is confirmed by the fact that the thematic group of words can include units of different parts of speech, which in turn can form lexical-semantic groups.

Naturally, the identification of thematic groups is not only a matter of translation, but also of compiling the text and its transmission, which are characteristic of transmitting information in the native language.

Methodological development of a Russian language lesson in 2nd grade
according to the educational system "Perspective"

Thematic groups of words

Romanova Natalia Alexandrovna,
teacher of GBOU school No. 113
St. Petersburg

1. Performance results:

Personal (LR): a value-based attitude to the ability to perceive a task, independently determine and formulate a problem, cognitive goal and topic for study and, in accordance, assume one’s actions, build an algorithm of activity; make significant additions, clarify the algorithm, redesign, perform tasks to consolidate knowledge and methods of action, analyze and comprehend your achievements.

Metasubject (MPR): educational activities: research, criticism, description of the method of activity; the ability to independently identify and formulate a problem, cognitive goal and topic for study and, in accordance, assume one’s actions. Ability to perform tasks to consolidate knowledge and methods of action; the ability to describe, compare and evaluate the methods of their activities and admit the error of their choice; self-control, self-esteem.

Subject (LR): understanding of the subject content of the task, an idea of ​​the goal, the result (subject knowledge) that must be obtained to successfully complete the task and the method of obtaining it. An idea of ​​unstudied subject content and ways of applying it. Definition of the area of ​​“ignorance”. Solid knowledge and ability to perform tasks to repeat and consolidate what has been previously learned. Solid knowledge and skills on the topic studied.

2. Estimate p results :

value judgments on the ability to assess readiness for upcoming activities:

perceive the task for independent practical activity and evaluate the results of their activities;

compare, evaluate and admit the fallacy of methods of action to achieve it;

independently determine ways to achieve your goal;

create a visual image of a concept;

ability to build an algorithm of activity.

3. Goals:

create conditions for the development of universal educational activities and creative abilities;

continue to work on forming ideas about words that answer the questions who? What? ;

introduce a new concept "thematic group of words" learn to combine words into thematic groups ;

develop children's oral and written speech;

foster interest in learning your native language.

4. Technologies for achieving the goal :

ICT - technology;

technology of problem-dialogical teaching based on the activity-based method of work.

Progress of the lesson.