Before naming the most ancient cities of Russia, it is necessary to clarify what is meant, an original Russian city that originally arose on the lands of Rus', or a settlement located on the territory of modern Russia. In the second case, the answer will be clear - this is Derbent. It has been known about since the 6th century BC, when there was no Rus' at all.
Territory inhabited since time immemorial
Of course, as excavations show, there were ancient settlements everywhere, including on the territory of Moscow. And in Crimea, on the White Rock, a skeleton of a mother and child was found, which is 150,000 years old.
Later, during the Copper Age (Chalcolithic), settlements were already protected in every possible way, a prototype of fortresses appeared - a fortified settlement was erected on a high place, a fence was built near the river. Archaeologists still have a lot of work to do - there are already hundreds of excavated settlements on the territory of our country belonging to various temporary cultures. Herodotus mentions the wooden city of Gelon, which, according to some scientists, could be located on the territory of present-day Saratov. Much is known about the existence, especially in the Crimea, of ancient cities such as Tiras and Olbia, Tanais and Phanagoria. These cities and many others shaped medieval Rus'. Based on the above, we can conclude that Rurik did not come out of nowhere.
One of many
There are many lists of ancient Russian cities and they all differ. In some, some settlements are indicated, in some others, the dates of formation do not always coincide. Scientists argue, and new data appear. Below is one of the lists.
Dates of foundation |
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Veliky Novgorod | ||
Rostov Veliky |
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Belozersk |
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Veliky Izborsk |
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Smolensk | ||
Vladimir | ||
Yaroslavl |
A few more
Novgorod is the oldest
Most often, the list is headed by Veliky Novgorod, first mentioned in the Novgorod Chronicle of 859. The mention is associated with Rurik, who came to Rus' from Ladoga (based on this information, in some lists this settlement is indicated under the first number). The advantageous location made Novgorod already by the middle of the 9th century the center of the northwestern lands and the first capital of Ancient Rus'. The city is a major cultural, political and commercial center, exchanging goods with many foreign countries.
But in 882, Prince Oleg conquers Kyiv and makes it his capital and leaves Novgorod. The city continued to develop quite successfully, becoming the first “window to Europe” for Rus'. It may be noted that the first bishop arrived in Veliky Novgorod in 989.
Year of the construction boom
The second number in some list of “The Most Ancient Cities of Russia” is Belozersk, founded in 862. I wonder whose efforts laid the foundation for so many cities this year? Beloozero (the second name of the city) was moved several times - either it would flood it, or a pestilence would destroy half the population. Trade routes passed through it along the Sheksna and Mologa rivers to the Volga and beyond. Both Novgorod and Belozersk are cities with a rich history, they still exist, but in this article they are interesting precisely as ancient cities of Russia.
The list continues with the well-known Murom, thanks to the great prisoner Ilya. The history of this outpost dates back to the settlement of Oka by the Finnish Muroma tribe. The city was the capital of the Murom-Ryazan principality. Due to the fact that it was in the border zone, the city was constantly subject to raids. In 862, Polotsk (Polotesk) was founded at the mouth of the Polota River at its confluence with the Western Dvina. Polotsk became part of the Old Russian state in 907, there is documentary evidence of this. At the same time, the city of Rostov was built on the shores of Lake Nero, which later became part of the Rostov-Suzdal Principality.
Next on the list
Smolensk was founded a year later in 863. It is mentioned in the Tale of Bygone Years. The advantageous position on the Dnieper contributed to the rapid establishment of the capital of the Krivichi people. Smolensk is part of Kievan Rus as a strong principality. Pskov and Uglich, Bryansk and Suzdal, Yaroslavl, Kursk and Ryazan, Vladimir, Kostroma and Tver are also ancient cities of Russia. Moscow also completes the list. But these are younger entities. Thus, Tver was founded in 1208. Initially, the city was part of the Novgorod principality, and then was annexed to the Vladimir-Suzdal lands. All these cities are the historical heritage of our country.
The history of the famous route
About 40 years ago, the newspaper “Soviet Russia” published a number of articles about ancient Russian cities concentrated on the territory of several nearby regions. The golden-domed churches of these cities, located in a closed ring, gave their name to the new tourist route. “The Golden Ring of Russia” was born from newspaper essays; the term was coined by the writer Yuri Bychkov. Initially, this route included only eight of the most ancient Russian cities - Moscow and Sergiev Posad, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky and Rostov the Great, Uglich and Yaroslavl, Kostroma and Ples, Suzdal and Vladimir, with one more point between them - Bogolyubovo. These cities were selected according to a certain principle. For example, they present all types of ancient Russian architecture, the development of which can be traced in stages.
Unofficial center
The route was gaining popularity, it became a cult, but many ancient settlements were not covered. And now, the “Golden Ring of Russia” already includes 20 cities, special routes are being created to visit other famous points.
There are cruises on the Volga under this name. The unofficial but generally recognized capital of the entire Golden Ring is Vladimir, a city located 193 km from Moscow, where the route begins and ends. The Pearl of the Ring was founded in 1108. Vladimir Monomakh, who was actively involved in urban planning, founded a wooden fortress and surrounded it with an earthen rampart. The city owes its prosperity to his grandson Andrei Bogolyubsky. The famous Vladimir Icon was brought to the city by him, and he also built the amazing Church of the Dormition of the Mother of God for it. In 1157, Vladimir became the capital of the Old Russian state. The city continues to actively develop. Since that time, many monuments have been preserved, and this center of ancient architecture amazes with its beauty preserved in its original form. The main attractions of the city are the Golden Gate, built in 1164, the Assumption Cathedral, painted by Andrei Rublev in the 12th century, and Demetrius Cathedral, famous for its white stone carvings. These are not all the historical and architectural monuments that Vladimir is rich in.
Famed for warriors
All the cities of the Golden Ring amaze and fascinate with their original Russian beauty. Some occupy special niches. Thus, the city of Murom, instead of which Ivanovo sometimes appears in the list of 8 cities, is the oldest city in Russia. He, mentioned in the Tale of Bygone Years, remained pagan for a very long time. After the murder of Yaroslav the Wise's great-grandson Mikhail in Murom, his father, his grandfather's namesake, Prince Yaroslav besieged the city, and, taking it, forcibly baptized the inhabitants in 1097. Murom was destroyed by Batu, later ravaged three times by the Tatars, it was plundered during the Time of Troubles, but its warriors were always in the forefront of the defenders of the Motherland. Murom city
gave Rus' the most famous hero Ilya Muromets.
Handsome Suzdal
Just to list the monasteries, churches and bell towers of Suzdal, the open-air museum, not even a page is enough. Ancient monastery walls, bell towers and gate churches - dozens of beautiful objects represent Russian architecture from the 12th to the 19th centuries. The city of Suzdal has a special attraction. White stone churches and ancient monuments, of which there are up to 200 in the city-museum, are under the protection of UNESCO. This beautiful city was first mentioned in chronicles from 1024. Now everything is being done to attract more tourists. Street vendors selling souvenirs and mead, buffoons and horse-drawn carriages have created an atmosphere of endless celebration in the city.
Veliky Novgorod, due to its remoteness, is not included in the Golden Ring of Russia.
Today there is hardly a person who does not know one of the most majestic metropolises in the world, the capital of Russia - the city of Moscow. At the same time, no one has been able to reliably establish in what year Moscow was founded, although this date is officially recognized as April 4, 1147. The first mention of the city in writing dates back to this day.
At the moment, scientists cannot say unambiguously when the first settlements began to appear at the location of the city of Moscow. The results of archaeological research indicate that human development of the central regions of the Russian (East European) Plain dates back to the Stone Age.
People were engaged in hunting and fishing. Gradually, their tools improved, pottery appeared, and nomadic people became sedentary.
No one knows what exactly was located on this site before the construction of the city. Some objects found during archaeological excavations indicate that on the territory of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior there were tribes of the Dyakovo culture, whose economy was complex, combining agriculture and cattle breeding with hunting and fishing. Their settlements in the form of unfortified villages and fortified settlements, surrounded by ditches and ramparts, were located on high capes formed at the confluence of the main river channel with tributaries. The first settlement associated with this culture was discovered by archaeologists in Kolomensky Park, in the area of the former village of Dyakovo.
Later, shortly before the founding of the fortress, farmsteads of Finno-Ugric tribes appeared on these lands, and then Slavic villages and villages of the Vyatichi tribe. All these settlements were not centralized; they were located separately.
Age of the city of Moscow
Scientists have been conducting research for many years to determine the age of the city. The opinions of historians differ not only regarding the exact date of its foundation. There are even disputes regarding in what century and by whom Moscow was founded.
The age of the city begins from the moment when the settlement acquires certain characteristics, namely:
- Strengthening fences in the form of walls.
- The central fortress with towers and loopholes, surrounded by a deep moat and an earthen embankment.
- Advantageous location at the intersection of trade routes.
- Small unfortified settlements on the outskirts.
Ancient Moscow
From the point of view of Alexander Veksler, who for 11 years, until 2009, was the chief archaeologist of the Russian capital, the age of the city may exceed 1000 years. Wexler directed the Center for Archaeological Research. As a result of excavations carried out on the territory of the Kremlin, it was established:
- A fortress, surrounded by a rampart and a moat, existed in this place already at the end of the 11th century.
- 26 tiers of wooden pavements were discovered near Ilyinka. The street floorings gradually became covered with a significant layer of slush and eventually sank underground, after which the pavement was covered with new boards. An analysis of the cuts of the lower tier of the pavement was carried out, which showed that the wooden flooring of the street already existed in the 11th century.
- In the territory adjacent to the Kremlin, already in the 11th century there was a posad - settlements of traders and artisans.
Over the past few years, major renovations have been carried out on the territory of the Kremlin, and the decision to dismantle the 14th building, located between the Spassky Gate and the Senate Palace, has given archaeologists the opportunity to conduct unique excavations. Perhaps, as a result of research, the exact date of the founding of Moscow will be established, and light will also be shed on other secrets of the city.
Useful video: the first mention of Moscow in chronicles
Date of foundation of Moscow
Disputes among historians regarding the exact date of the founding of the Russian capital have not subsided for many years. Some respected scientists put forward their own hypotheses that differ from the official version. Each of them did a lot of work trying to figure out how old Moscow is. Officially, City Day in Moscow is celebrated on the first or second Saturday of September. Her 871st birthday will be celebrated in 2018.
Attention! Since in 2018 the first Saturday of September coincides with Knowledge Day - September 1, City Day in Moscow is scheduled for the second Saturday of the month - September 8.
The tradition of solemnly celebrating this date has developed since the reign of Emperor Nicholas I, who organized a magnificent celebration for the 700th anniversary. The 800th anniversary of the city was celebrated on an even greater scale. But only starting in 1986, the decision was officially made to celebrate City Day annually. At the same time, the years are counted from 1147.
Official version
On Borovitsky Hill, where the Moscow River and the Neglinnaya River merge into one, a little higher than the Yauza, a then unknown city was located. It was destined to grow to the level of the capital of the greatest power. Its location turned out to be extremely advantageous. Despite the fact that this mighty waterway in those distant times was surrounded by impenetrable wild forests and swampy swampy areas, at the same time it connected several significant princely territories, thanks to which it also turned out to be an indispensable shipping artery.
Scientists found the first mention of Moscow in the Ipatiev Chronicle. It says that he invited Svyatoslav Olgovich, the famous prince of Novgorod-Seversky, to a military council. This happened in 1147. Moscow was chosen as the venue for the council.
Their meeting took place. This event took place on Saturday, April 4. There is an official opinion that at the time of the described meeting there was only a settlement in that place, albeit a fairly large one.
There is an opinion that earlier, by order of Dolgoruky, a guard outpost was built at the junction of three rivers, intended to protect its borders.
In those days, there were already separate unfortified settlements along the river coast. They belonged to the boyar Kuchka. He was subsequently executed by the will of Dolgoruky. The reason for the boyar's execution is not reliably known. But it is assumed that the matter was precisely in the lands that Dolgoruky liked. He appreciated their favorable location, but the boyar did not want to part with his possessions and prevented Yuri Dolgoruky from implementing his plans.
According to another version, Stepan Kuchka and his wife, who was in a love affair with Dolgoruky, tried to escape to Kyiv. However, Dolgoruky overtook him, and the boyar was killed. Immediately after this, Dolgoruky decided to build a fortification on the territory of the former lands of Kuchka and celebrate the wedding of the son of Andrei and the daughter of the murdered boyar, to the celebration of which Svyatoslav was invited. Tradition says that having executed Kuchka, Dolgoruky inspected the new properties and ordered construction to begin. As a result, a fortified wooden fortress, buildings of the prince's court and a number of other buildings appeared.
This version belongs to the Russian historian V.N. Tatishchev, who refers to the Raskolnichy Chronicle. But other historians consider this assumption to be fiction.
Initially, this settlement was named Kuchkovo after the former owner of the land, Stepan Kuchka. After some time, the city began to be called by the same name as the river on the banks of which it was located.
It was the first mention of Moscow in chronicles that was the basis for establishing the official date of its founding. Whether Dolgoruky subsequently visited the city built on his orders remains unknown.
City Day
Tver Chronicle about Moscow
This chronicle is a later source of information and dates back to the 16th century. The scripture contains information that in 1156, by the will of Dolgoruky, a new fortress was built on the site of a small ancient settlement.
Most historians still consider this version very doubtful, since at the time when Dolgoruky was supposed to be founding a new city, he was in Kyiv. Many believe that today’s Moscow was formed by Yuri Dolgoruky. But this event happened in 1153. And the construction of the fortress was carried out by Dolgoruky’s son, who was sent by his father to the Suzdal lands for the purpose of their development.
Some scientists are of the opinion that it is correct to consider not Yuri Dolgoruky, but his son Andrei, as the founder of Moscow.
The legend about the founding of the city by Oleg
Another very interesting assumption is about who founded Moscow and when. According to this assumption, it was created already in the 9th century. This merit is attributed to Prince Oleg, who was very enterprising and had a warlike disposition. When Prince Oleg reached the banks of the river, he appreciated the favorable geographical position of this territory and ordered to found a city at the mouth of the Neglinnaya River, which was named Moscow. These events date back to 880.
However, this beautiful version is doubted by almost all learned historians, since there is no convincing documentary evidence to support it.
Prince Oleg
Assumption of V.B. Bilinsky
The version is based on the assertion that an essential condition for the existence of a settlement as a city was the presence of a temple in it. The credit for creating the first temple on the site of the modern capital of Russia belongs to his son, St. Daniel, who received these lands into possession. The Church of the Transfiguration, built on Borovitsky Hill from wood, appeared in 1272. During the same period of time, the monastery, known today as Novospassky, was founded. Initially it was called Danilov Monastery.
Interesting fact! At the time of construction, Alexander Nevsky’s son, Daniil, was only 11 years old
Daniil Alexandrovich at that time was only 11 years old, so although he is called in documentary sources the organizer of this construction, in fact he could not be such.
His powerful patron, who led the creation of the principality of Daniel, was Khan Mengu-Timur. Daniel's mother was related to him, being his own aunt. Apparently, at her request, the khan gave the order for the construction of Moscow.
The laws of the Golden Horde were more than harsh. Any movement of the population across the territory without the permission of the khan was strictly prohibited and punishable by death. Therefore, the participation of a large number of people in construction was completely excluded without the order of the khan. In order to control the movements of residents and collect taxes from them, a population census was regularly carried out in the Golden Horde. In 1272, this procedure was carried out for the third time.
Historians who adhere to this version argue that 1272 is the most reliable date for the founding of Moscow. And they call the founder of the city the majestic Khan of the Golden Horde Mengu-Timur.
Origin of the city's name
Most scientists are of the opinion that Moscow received its name in honor of the river on the banks of which it is located. But the origin of the name of the river itself and its meaning remains a mystery.
There are several hypotheses about the origin and meaning of the name of the Moscow River:
| Intended meaning of the word "Moscow" | Language used | Proof | Contradiction |
| swampy river | Old Slavic | At the heart of the word there is a part “mosk”. Translated as “sticky”, “wet”, “swamp”, “dampness”, “moisture”. There really was a swampy area in the vicinity of Borovitsky Hill | The Slavic tribes were not the original inhabitants of this territory. It was inhabited by peoples who spoke Finno-Ugric and Baltic languages |
| Dirty river, meandering river | Baltic | The root of the word can be associated with the meaning of the words: “swamp”, “dirt” or “knot”, “wash”, “rinse”. In the first option, this is a muddy, muddy area. In the second option - the tortuosity of the river itself (there are 11 large river loops in the city) | |
| Cow River | Finno-Ugric | The word is divided into “mosk-” and “-va”. The second part in translation means: “water”, “river”. The meaning of the first part of the word can be translated from the Komi language as “cow” | The Komi peoples have never lived in this territory. In addition, the oldest form of the name is Moskov |
| Bear River | Meryansky | As in the previous version, the word is divided into two parts. Its first part “mosk” means bear, and the second part – “va” – is translated as “mother”, “wife”, “river”. When two parts are connected, the result is “Mother Bear” | |
| River of the Moskhov tribe | The assumption is based on a legend | Mosoch was the grandson of Noah. His descendants lived in this area. It was his name that became the basis of the word |
The most common version of the meaning of the word today is “cow river”, and the most plausible is “winding river”.
During the existence of the powerful capital of Russia, projects to rename it were put forward several times. However, these projects were not allowed to come true for various reasons.
Useful video: history from the beginning of the founding of Moscow
Conclusion
Confusion regarding the issue of determining the reliable age of the city is associated with historical documents. All sources that have survived to modern times were written much later than the events they describe. Therefore, it is not possible to say unequivocally how old Moscow is. Disputes among scientists on this topic do not subside, and until historians and archaeologists find the only correct solution, the official date of the founding of the city of Moscow will remain April 4, 1147, and Prince Yuri Dolgoruky will be considered its founder.
Moscow is home to almost all federal government bodies, the main offices of most significant commercial enterprises and public organizations, foreign states and historical monuments included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
Settlement of the territory of modern Moscow
Researchers have not been able to establish the exact age of the city. Some archaeological sites discovered on the territory of Moscow indicate that the settlement of the territory of modern Moscow began back in the century. Numerous groups of mounds located on the territory of the city indicate that at the end of the first millennium, the first settlements appeared in the area of modern Moscow in which the Slavs lived: Krivichi and Vyatichi. Other archaeological excavations carried out in the Kremlin area made it possible to establish that at the end of the 11th century there was a settlement on this territory, fortified with a rampart and a moat.
One version of the founding of Moscow says that the city was founded by Prince Oleg in 880. According to this version, Oleg allegedly came to the Moscow River and founded a town at the mouth of the Neglinnaya River, which he named Moscow. Almost all scientists involved in research on this issue are quite skeptical about this version of the founding of Moscow, considering it to be undocumented.
Grand Duke Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky
In chronicles, the first mention of the settlement that preceded Moscow is dated 1147. The recording tells about a military council on the banks of the Moscow River, which was held by the Grand Duke of Kiev and Rostov-Suzdal Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky with his ally Prince Svyatoslav Olegovich.
According to the Tver Chronicle, 9 years later, in 1156, Dolgoruky founded a city on the site of an ancient settlement, building a wooden and earthen fortress. This entry is criticized by many historians who believe that Moscow was founded in 1153, and the fortress was built by Yuri’s son Andrei.
At that moment, Moscow was a small border point, which, due to its geographical location on the borders of several principalities, had great potential. The Moscow River in those days was surrounded by wild, dense forests, but was a large navigable artery connecting several princely territories. When Vladimir Monomakh transferred these possessions to his son Yuri Dolgoruky, on the banks of the Moscow River there were already several villages that were not united into a city and did not have a fortress, belonging to the boyar Kuchka.
Yuri appreciated the favorable location of these lands, which was perfectly suitable for establishing a border point and a fortified city. Dolgoruky executed the boyar Kuchka and ordered to build a city on these lands. By decree of the prince, fortifications, a Kremlin and wooden walls were built, protecting all the former Kuchkovo villages.
There is no reliable information about whether Yuri Dolgoruky himself visited the city he founded. The founder of Moscow died in Kyiv on May 15, 1157.
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We express our gratitude to Service Logistic LLC for the prompt and reliable delivery of 100 tons of graphite along the Moscow-Perm route. During the period of cooperation, the Service Logistics company confirmed its high professional status, competence and activity in solving assigned tasks.
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The company SK Comfort LLC expresses gratitude to the ServiceLogistic company for the prompt and safe provision of transport services in Moscow and the Moscow region. During our cooperation with the ServiceLogistic company, which has established itself as a reliable partner in the field of freight transportation by individual vehicles, we have solved our problems and achieved the necessary results in terms of cargo delivery time.
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With this letter we express our gratitude to you for the cooperation between our companies over the past year. The ServiceLogistic company met our expectations, both in the timeliness and reliability of fulfilling transport orders, and in its responsibility..
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We express our gratitude to ServiceLogistic LLC for its responsible approach to the assigned tasks. Over the course of 1 year of cooperation, the company has established itself as a reliable partner for transport services. Despite the large number of transport companies in Russia and very high competition in the transport services market in Moscow and the region, at the moment we have given preference to the ServiceLogistic company, whose responsible and experienced employees are able to quickly and reliably service dozens and hundreds of transport orders.
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The BIT Business Automation company expresses its gratitude to ServiceLogistic LLC for providing reliable freight forwarding services. It should be noted the high professionalism of the company’s employees, which is manifested at all stages of cooperation.
21 5
Throughout our fruitful cooperation, the ServiceLogistic company conscientiously and responsibly fulfilled all the conditions of our applications. The undoubted advantage of the transport company “Service Logistic” is its quick response to requests, a sensitive approach to complex issues that arise, and the solution of all necessary tasks in a short time, which ensures the most comfortable interaction.
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With this letter, the SPAS LLC company would like to express gratitude to the ServiceLogistic team for the reliable and prompt delivery of goods throughout Moscow and Russia. Over the course of several years of fruitful cooperation, we can confidently recommend ServiceLogistic LLC to our clients and partners as a professional and reliable partner who performs its services in a timely manner.
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The company CJSC "KPBS" expresses gratitude to the transport company LLC "ServisLogistic" for the excellent organization of transportation by small-sized transport in Moscow and the Moscow region. Over several years of cooperation, the ServiceLogistic company has established itself as a reliable partner, able to quickly carry out logistics in Moscow and the region. All necessary services, including freight forwarding and express delivery, were completed on time and with high quality.
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During our cooperation with the company, ServiceLogistic LLC has established itself as a reliable partner in the field of freight transportation. All work was completed on time and with high quality. It is worth noting that the company provides a full range of transport services and carries out complex projects, including both loading and unloading operations and cargo storage.
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The TV Tok company expresses its deep gratitude to the Service Logistics company for reliable logistics with a pass to the center of Moscow. During our cooperation, the ServiceLogistic company has established itself as a responsible partner. We constantly order cars with hydraulic lift and passes to the center, which your company provides us with, and we are satisfied with both the working conditions and modern, reliable cars.
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Many ancient cities lay claim to the right to be called the first city on Earth. I’ll tell you about the two oldest and most ancient cities, according to archaeologists and historians. These two cities are Jericho and Hamukar. These cities existed thousands of years ago.
First of all, the definition of “ancient city” refers to Jericho, an oasis near the place where the Jordan River flows into the Dead Sea. The city of Jericho, widely known in the Bible, is located here - the same one whose walls once fell from the sound of the trumpets of Joshua.
According to biblical tradition, the Israelites began the conquest of Canaan from Jericho and, after the death of Moses, under the leadership of Joshua, crossing the Jordan, they stood at the walls of this city. The townspeople, hiding behind the city walls, were convinced that the city was impregnable. But the Israelis used an extraordinary military stratagem. They walked around the city walls in a silent crowd six times, and on the seventh they shouted in unison and blew the trumpets, so loudly that the formidable walls collapsed. This is where the expression “Trumpet of Jericho” comes from.
Jericho is fed by the water of the powerful spring Ain es-Sultan (“Source of the Sultan”), to which the city owes its existence. The Arabs call the name of this source a hill north of modern Jericho - Tell es-Sultan (“Sultan’s Mountain”). Already at the end of the 19th century, it attracted the attention of archaeologists and is still considered one of the most important sites for archaeological finds of objects from the early historical period.
In 1907 and 1908, a group of German and Austrian researchers, led by Professors Ernst Sellin and Karl Watzinger, first began excavations at Mount Sultana. They came across two parallel fortress walls, built from sun-dried bricks. The outer wall had a thickness of 2 m and a height of 8-10 m, and the thickness of the inner wall reached 3.5 m.
Archaeologists have determined that these walls were built between 1400 and 1200 BC. It is clear that they were quickly identified with those walls that, as the Bible reports, collapsed from the powerful sounds of the trumpets of the Israelite tribes. However, during the excavations, archaeologists came across the remains of construction debris, which were of even greater interest to science than the finds that confirmed the Bible’s information about the war. But the First World War suspended further scientific research.
More than twenty years passed before a group of Englishmen, led by Professor John Garstang, was able to continue their research. New excavations began in 1929 and lasted about ten years.
In 1935-1936 Garstang encountered the lowest layers of Stone Age settlements.
He discovered a cultural layer older than the 5th millennium BC, dating back to a time when people did not yet know pottery. But people of this era already led a sedentary lifestyle.
The work of Garstang's expedition was interrupted due to the difficult political situation. And only after the end of World War II did English archaeologists return to Jericho. This time the expedition was led by Dr. Kathleen M. Canyon, with whose activities all further discoveries in this ancient city in the world are associated. To participate in the excavations, the British invited German anthropologists who had been working in Jericho for several years.
In 1953, archaeologists led by Kathleen Canyon made an outstanding discovery that completely changed our understanding of the early history of mankind. Researchers made their way through 40 (!) cultural layers and discovered buildings of the Neolithic period with huge buildings dating back to the time when, it would seem, only nomadic tribes should have lived on Earth, earning their food by hunting and collecting plants and fruits. The results of excavations showed that approximately 10 thousand years ago a qualitative leap was made in the eastern Mediterranean associated with the transition to the artificial cultivation of cereals. This led to drastic changes in culture and lifestyle.
