Summary of a literature lesson on the topic "A. Chekhov"

Humorous story by A.P. Chekhov's "The Intruder" was first published in 1885 and continued the author's series of ironic stories. The main problem that Chekhov considers in his work is the class contradictions between peasants and masters in Russia at that time. The main idea of ​​the story is to reveal the problem of negligence, which has always, in any historical era, been so characteristic of our country. Is it the Russian peasant’s fault that he is poor, despite the fact that he works tirelessly? And is he such a terrible criminal if, in search of a livelihood, he pulls nuts from the railroad in order to make seines and then sell them? Of course, this act is worthy of reproach and all condemnation, because because of this, trains go off the rails and people die. But is this unfortunate man really guilty enough to call him a criminal? Who is to blame for this situation?

Reading the story, you don’t feel contempt or hatred for Denis, because he had no intention of harming people. He appears barefoot before the court; he does not have money to buy even the cheapest shoes. Is it his fault that he earns his own food? After all, he never had a desire to kill people.

In the story, the author clearly formulates the problem of who is the true culprit of the negligent attitude towards the lives of innocent people. From the plot it becomes clear who Chekhov calls the real attacker. After all, anyone who agrees to buy gear made by village peasants understands perfectly well what consequences such an activity can lead to. But they prefer to remain silent and continue to buy seines with nuts from the railway. They do not care about the fate of people who can die at any moment and who do not know what fate is in store for them with the light hand of enterprising gentlemen.

The story “The Intruder” can be safely attributed to the direction of realism, since it reflects the picture of Russian reality of that time. The work has an unusual structure because it does not have an introduction or ending. The outcome of the trial remains unknown. The author would like the reader to draw his own conclusions and make his own verdict.

Analysis 2

A wonderful writer, who once said: “brevity is the sister of talent,” an experienced doctor, an excellent person by nature, Anton Pavlovich Chekhov, often raises the problem of the “little man” in his works. The story “The Intruder” is no exception, because in it Chekhov continues to reveal the complexities and difficulties of Russian life, different views of people on one thing. It was written in 1885 and published in the Petersburg Newspaper.

The work “The Intruder” evokes both joy and sadness after reading. Laughter comes from the situation that happens in the book: people discussing one thing look at and interpret the incident in their own way. The hero, whose name is Denis Grigoriev, stands trial. He was guilty and was caught for his act: he was unscrewing the bolts that hold the rails in place and allow the train to pass. The judge argues that such an action is not healthy, since people on the train could get hurt, the rails have the ability to move from their specific position if they are deprived of such support as bolts. Grigoriev denies his guilt, because he believes that this action was committed only because of the hero’s plight. On the one hand, the judge has his own truth: the defendant is guilty of stealing the accessories used to fasten the rails. Many lives could have been taken by death if the train had deviated and gone off course. But on the other hand: Denis Grigoriev tried to survive. The situation in the country is terribly tragic, due to which there is no means of livelihood. This is the problem, because theft begins when the government limits the people in something they need.

What makes you sad and despondent after reading the story? The point lies in the lack of education of the defendant. He doesn't realize how much harm he could have caused to so many people. The losses would be incalculable, but the hero cannot understand this fact. It's sad that obvious things aren't presented in character. When it is revealed to him that he is guilty, he only asks the question: “for what?” It’s really scary when a person is not able to realize what his offense is. It seems so accessible and permissible for him to perform a certain action that he forgets about the negative impact on others. And this is a tragedy!

Denis Grigoriev, while in court, tries to convey to the investigator that his act was thought out to the smallest detail, that the character does everything “with his head.” However, the essence of the hero is immediately revealed. Defending their rights, like peasants in historical times, it becomes clear that anything can be expected from the hero, his steps will be completely unpredictable, because the character cares only about his own interests, and the benefits that he can get from this or that action. Denis Grigoriev is worried about how he will live further, on what means he can exist. Therefore, it is not surprising that he goes beyond what is permitted. The hero is of such a nature that he cannot be changed.

In addition to the fact that Anton Pavlovich draws the attention of readers to the authorities that have made a crowd out of the people, forcing them to blindly follow the leader, the writer points out to us the negligence and recklessness of people who, pretending to be “fools,” dream of finding a way out of the current predicament. Isn’t this really happening in our lives now?

5, 6, 7 grade

Several interesting essays

Everyone has made mistakes at least once in their life, but not everyone can be analyzed. Probably each of us has at least once thought about what could have happened if we had acted differently?

• Essay on the painting From the Rain by Makovsky (8th grade)

  V. Makovsky’s painting “From the Rain” has a rather pleasant and incredibly realistic color scheme, carefully drawn characters, and harmonious shades.

• Essay on real art (9th grade 15.3 OGE)

  Regardless of the existing era, fashion, styles and genres, a fairly wide range of the fruits of human creativity can be considered real art, leaving a mark on history and generating love and reverence in the hearts of devoted connoisseurs.

• Characteristics and image of Vralman in the comedy Minor essay

  The undergrown Mitrofan in Fonvizin's comedy had several teachers. One of them, and the most worthy in the opinion of the narrow-minded Mrs. Prostakova, was the German Vralman.

Is it easy to be young? There are many different opinions on this question, everything will depend on the age of the person being interviewed.

During the lesson, students will consider the features of A.P.’s humor. Chekhov, get acquainted with the content of the story “The Intruder”, determine its main idea and problems.

Topic: From 19th century literature

Lesson: Story by A.P. Chekhov's "Intruder"

In 1880, the first publications of Anton Pavlovich’s humorous stories appeared in the magazine “Dragonfly” (Fig. 1). He publishes his humoresques under a variety of funny pseudonyms: Baldastov, My Brother's Brother, The Man Without a Spleen, Antosha Chekhonte.

Chekhov is also published in various publications, where his stories are accepted, but still gives preference to the magazine “Oskolki”, where a special department was created for him called “Fragments of Moscow Life”.

Rice. 1. Magazine "Dragonfly" ()

Anton Pavlovich Chekhov is known as a master of the short story. His ability to find the exact artistic detail, his talent for reflecting the subtlest emotional experiences of the characters earned him fame in many countries around the world. “...Humor is the wit of deep feeling...” - This wonderful definition fits Chekhov's stories perfectly. Here humor not only makes you laugh, but also “scratches” your heart to tears.

It is important to understand and feel that humor is not a separate part of Chekhov’s work, it is his view of the world, his vision of life, inseparable from irony and a tragic smile. The writer could not ignore the unrest and wrongness of life, but everything written in his works received a tragicomic sound, such are the features of Chekhov’s talent.

So, mixture of comic and tragic. It is this feature of Chekhov’s humor that we will consider using the example of the story “The Intruder.”

Analysis of the story “Intruder”

The story was first published in 1885 in the Petersburg Newspaper, and then included in the collection “Motley Stories”. Already during the writer’s lifetime, the story “The Intruder” was recognized as a masterpiece. So, for example, L.N. Tolstoy admitted: “I’ve read it a hundred times.”

The story clearly demonstrated all the features of Chekhov’s humor: laconicism and precision in creating images, the ability to outline a problem, sometimes on an all-Russian scale, in a few strokes.

Meaning of the name

The word "malicious" is formed by merging the stems of the words evil And intent. About what malice is it in the story?

Rice. 2. Illustration for the story “Intruder” ()

A simple peasant from Klimovsk peasants, Denis Grigoriev, stands in front of a forensic investigator (Fig. 2). He was caught doing a very unsightly thing: he was trying to unscrew a nut from the rails, so that he could later use it to make a sinker. The story is based on a dialogue between the investigator and the attacker. Their conversation evokes both laughter and pity. After all, the peasant cannot understand that such actions are criminal, since unscrewing a nut from the rails can lead to a train crash, and therefore the death of innocent people.

Heroes of the story “Intruder”

In the story two heroes, representatives of 2 social strata, so far from each other that there is no mutual understanding between them. This is an investigator on the one hand and a little man on the other.

Chekhov does not specify the name or appearance of the investigator. This makes the hero faceless and at the same time gives the image collecting. We imagine a typical official, a man in uniform, sitting at a table, taking notes on the interrogation. Before us is a dry lawyer, confident that every peasant knows the entire criminal code. This belief is expressed in the words of the investigator:

“Listen... Article 1081 of the Penal Code says that for any damage to the railway caused with intent, when it could endanger the transport following along this road and the culprit knew that the consequence of this should be a misfortune... do you understand? knew! And you couldn’t help but know what this unscrewing leads to... he is sentenced to exile to hard labor.”

There is only one thing that is comical in the image of the investigator: his sincere bewilderment at the man’s ignorance.

It is the little man who is the main character in the story. We learn his name - Denis Grigoriev - and read a fairly detailed description of his appearance: “A small, extremely skinny man in a motley shirt and patched ports. His hairy and rowan-eaten face and eyes, barely visible because of thick, overhanging eyebrows, have an expression of gloomy severity. On his head there is a whole cap of unkempt, tangled hair that has long been unkempt, which gives him even greater, spider-like severity. He's barefoot." In his description, Chekhov emphasizes not just the man’s poverty, but his savagery and neglect. He looks like a primitive man. After such a description, we expect aggression and anger from the hero, because Chekhov uses the epithet “severe” twice. However, in a conversation with the investigator, the little man shows opposite qualities: harmlessness, good nature, naivety. He admits to unscrewing the nuts from the rails, and is sincerely perplexed as to what his crime is:

"- Well! For how many years the whole village has been unscrewing the nuts and God preserved them, and then there was a crash... people were killed... If I had taken away the rail or, let’s say, put a log across the track, well, then, perhaps, the train would have deflected, otherwise. ..ugh! screw!"

What is Chekhov making fun of in his story? Darkness, ignorance, lack of education of a man. His illiterate speech says more about the hero than the author could say in a description of his life. In order to understand Denis Grigoriev, you need to do vocabulary work that will help translate the man’s illiterate speech into literary Russian.

Vocabulary work:

faq - what;

obviously - of course, naturally;

something - perhaps;

tokmo - only;

her - her;

then - then;

let's go - let's go;

go - go;

it seems - it seems.

Main character's speech amazes with its illiteracy and illogicality. His head is a mess: he talks at the same time about fishing, and about his village, and about the railway guard who caught him in the act of crime. At first we get the impression that the man is simply being cunning, trying to evade responsibility, and we share the opinion of the investigator: “What a fool he is pretending to be! It’s like he was born yesterday or fell from the sky.” However, the author soon makes it clear to us that the man really does not realize all the consequences of his crime. He is completely sincerely indignant:

“— To prison... If there was a reason, I would have gone, otherwise... you live so well... For what? And he didn’t steal, it seems, and he didn’t fight...”

The story ends with the man being taken to a cell, and he accuses the investigator of injustice:

“- Judges... We must judge skillfully, not in vain... Even if you flog, but for the cause, according to your conscience...”

This last line makes me think. Is the man really to blame? Yes, according to the law, he committed a crime. But why did he do this? Why is the whole village unscrewing the screws? For fun or with malicious intent? From the man’s incoherent remarks we can still piece together a sad picture of his life: oppression by the headman, arrears, arbitrariness of the authorities. To feed themselves, the whole village fishes. This is how people live. And for fishing you have to unscrew the nuts and use them as a sinker. Why nuts? Is there really nothing else? And the hero gives an exhaustive answer to this question:

“You won’t find lead on the road, you have to buy it, but a carnation is no good. You couldn’t find a better nut... It’s heavy, and there’s a hole.”

The people have their own logic, the logic of survival in those social conditions in which a person turns into a wild, absurd, downtrodden creature.

“You're disturbing me... Hey, Semyon! - the investigator shouts. - Take him away! - this is the solution to the problem that Chekhov shows us. Is this fair? Of course not.

Thus, in his story, Chekhov humorously describes a situation that really seems funny at first glance. But the main thing that the writer sought was to make the reader doubt the fairness of the verdict, arouse sympathy for the peasant and condemn a system that is indifferent to the people’s grief and avoids solving social problems.

In the critical review “About Everything”, published in the magazine “Russian Wealth” in 1886, it was written about “The Intruder”: “Small strokes, sometimes in one word, paint both life and the situation so clearly that you are only surprised at this skill - to bring into one tiny focus all the necessary details, only the most necessary, and at the same time excite your feelings and awaken your thought: in fact, take a deeper look at this investigator and this man, because these are two worlds, separated from one and the same life; both are Russian, both are not essentially evil people, and both do not understand each other. Just think about it, and you will understand the depth of content in this tiny story, presented on two and a half pages.”

References

1. Korovina V.Ya. Didactic materials on literature. 7th grade. — 2008.
2. Tishchenko O.A. Homework on literature for grade 7 (for the textbook by V.Ya. Korovina). — 2012.
3. Kuteinikova N.E. Literature lessons in 7th grade. — 2009.
4. Korovina V.Ya. Textbook on literature. 7th grade. Part 1. - 2012.
5. Korovina V.Ya. Textbook on literature. 7th grade. Part 2. - 2009.
6. Ladygin M.B., Zaitseva O.N. Textbook-reader on literature. 7th grade. — 2012.
7. Kurdyumova T.F. Textbook-reader on literature. 7th grade. Part 1. - 2011.
8. Phonochrestomathy on literature for the 7th grade for Korovina’s textbook.

1. FEB: Dictionary of literary terms ().
2. Dictionaries. Literary terms and concepts ().
3. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language ().
4. A.P. Chekhov. Attacker().
5. A.P. Chekhov. Biography and creativity ().
6. Biography and creativity of A.P. Chekhov ().

Homework

1. Try to adapt Denis Grigoriev's speech using words from the notes. What changes in the story?
2. What does the story make you think about?
3. What is the peculiarity of A.P.’s humor? Chekhov? Support your answer with examples from the story “The Intruder.”
4. What Chekhov stories have you read? What can you say about their author?

Answers (2)

The plot begins with the fact that the fate of the man Denis Grigoriev was decided at the trial. It was immediately noticeable from him that he was not very smart, but the fact that he tried to defend his rightness shows that he is quite stubborn. In general, a simple guy. His crime was that Denis Grigoriev was unscrewing the nuts from the rails. He tried to explain that without these nuts it would be impossible to build a seine. The judge told him that without these nuts the train could have flown off the rails, resulting in casualties. Grigoriev insisted that he had never even thought about such a thing.

In fact, this was the case: because of his own stupidity, he could not even imagine that his actions could harm people. During the investigation, it is learned that all the men in the village are doing this, building seines and selling them to the same gentlemen. Court decision: take Grigoriev to prison. Naturally, the defendant was dumbfounded, because he clearly had no idea why the verdict was passed against him.

This work by Anton Pavlovich raises a pressing problem that has existed at all times in our country - the problem of negligence. Who is to blame for trains derailing? People who don’t know why you can’t unscrew these nuts are illiterate and don’t understand? Or are they smart gentlemen who buy these nets with the nuts unscrewed?

If this same Denis Grigoriev knew that in theory he was becoming a murderer, of course, he would have stopped unscrewing screws and putting people in danger, because he was afraid of committing a sin. But the problem lies in the fact that in the finale he still does not understand why he will have to be punished, because nothing was explained to him. He was just earning his bread.

In The Intruder, Chekhov makes it clear who the real attacker is. Gentlemen who, buying seines for themselves and knowing what they are made from, do not deny themselves the pleasure of catching fish once again. They are well aware of what the seines are made of, but they continue to buy, thereby pushing the village men to continue unscrewing those same nuts.

The story perfectly reflects the picture not only of the 19th century, but also of modern realities, because, in fact, the problem remains relevant to this day. The work has neither beginning nor end, as if it was torn out from another, more voluminous work. Such a short story perfectly reflected the realism of both that time and ours today.

“The Malefactor” is not only the defeat of the established Russian system, which turns ordinary people into one spineless herd subservient to everyone and everything. Anton Pavlovich Chekhov shows in all its glory the famous Russian “maybe”: maybe it will work out. Anton Pavlovich perfectly depicted in words that in fact the hero is not such a simpleton, he simply does not tolerate power and does not think about the consequences, counting on “maybe”. And the reason lies much deeper - the Russian mentality and the conditions in which ordinary people have to survive.

When you read this story, the words of one of the Russian classics come to mind that there are two troubles in Russia: fools and roads. In this case we are talking about the first option. A.P. Chekhov's story “The Intruder” was published in the summer of 1885 in the Petersburg Newspaper. This is one of those many Chekhov stories that are read while laughing through tears. When analyzing the story, an abyss of relations between the peasants and the gentlemen who were present in Russia at that time opens up.

Storyline

The man Denis Grigoriev is on trial. He stands barefoot in front of the judge, apparently, he does not shine with any particular sharpness of mind, although he is ready to prove to the end that he is right. The essence of the crime is that this man was unscrewing nuts from the rails on the railroad. As he explains to the judge, this is an extremely necessary thing when making a net, because without it the net does not sink. In response to the judge’s arguments that because of these nuts, a train could derail and people could die, Grigoriev insists on one thing, that he had never even thought about it.

And this is indeed true. He had no intent to harm, he is simply so stupid that he cannot realize the consequences of his actions. Moreover, during the investigation it turns out that all the men in their village do this and the number of nuts unscrewed from the rails goes into the dozens. And the seines that the men make with the help of these nuts are bought from them by the gentlemen. All that remains for the judge to do is order Grigoriev to be taken to prison. This decision sincerely surprises the man. For what?!

Story Analysis

“The Malefactor” raises the topic of negligence, which has always been sore for Russia. Who is to blame for trains derailing and people dying? Illiterate men, the vast majority of whom do not understand what their actions can lead to, or smart gentlemen who understand everything perfectly well, who buy from them seines with these unscrewed nuts.

It seems that if the same Denis Grigoriev knew that he was actually becoming a murderer, if someone had explained this to him, then, most likely, he would not have done this, since the Russian peasant is fundamentally God-fearing and will not consciously commit such a sin as murder. The problem is that, judging by the ending of the work, due to his innate stupidity and darkness, he did not understand anything why he was being punished, because he simply earns his living.

The story clearly and clearly states who the true attackers are. Smart, competent gentlemen who buy fishing gear from village men in order to enjoy fishing in the future are well aware of the technology for making these seines, but are silent. They know what such “handicraft” of the peasants leads to, but they continue to buy these nets, thereby encouraging the peasants to further “creativity”.

The story is written in the style of realism, because it reflects the specific reality of Russian reality at the end of the 19th century. The composition of the work is unusual. There is no beginning or end here. It’s as if the scene with Denis was taken out of the overall picture and presented to the reader. The verdict is unknown. One can feel the author's desire for the reader to endure it. The story was written more than a hundred years ago, but an inquisitive reader can easily draw living parallels with modern times.

Heroes of the story

Of course, the central character here is the village peasant Denis Grigoriev. The second character is an investigator who interrogates a man. The character is rather neutral, without any special characteristics. In his story, Chekhov continues the theme of the little man, filling it with new content and developing it. Standing in front of the forensic investigator, the man talks completely honestly and sincerely about what he did and why. At first, he evokes pity in the reader, like a man who is being unfairly punished.

But, during the course of the story, it turns out that he is, indeed, a criminal. The only problem is that he ended up in this hypostasis due to ignorance, his limitations and, truly, boundless stupidity. He cannot be called an idiot or a mentally abnormal person. No! He just doesn’t realize what consequences his handiwork can lead to. He cannot be called evil or a person with evil intent. In real life, most likely, he wouldn’t hurt a fly.

But, his darkness and impenetrable stupidity take on an ominous connotation in light of the consequences that may occur due to his actions. But just terrible things could happen. The forensic investigator is trying to reach his consciousness: “If the watchman hadn’t looked, the train could have gone off the rails, people would have been killed!” Grigoriev's further reasoning makes his figure more and more sinister. He tries to convince the investigator that he is doing everything thoughtfully and “with his head.” And his words really make you scared, because now it’s completely clear what you can expect from him. This person lives momentarily, he is only interested in his immediate needs.

When you read the story and dialogue between the investigator and Grigoriev, the common phrase “he’s talking about Ivan, but he’s talking about the idiot” comes to mind. The investigator explains to him that people may die, and he answers that without nuts you can’t catch a good fish. Selfishness is perfect, but it is not the result of his evil nature. This character is a downtrodden creature. People like Grigoriev are forced to constantly think about how to feed their family, which can be assumed to be considerable. In addition, he is completely uneducated, crushed by difficult life circumstances. His behavior is quite understandable and explainable.

Therefore, the bitter irony with which the author describes his “attacker” is understandable. Which one is the criminal? He didn’t really understand what his fault was. The third hero, who can be given the main place along with Grigoriev, can be called those gentlemen who buy tackle with the nuts unscrewed from people like Denis Grigoriev. They are the main criminals. The men who unscrew the nuts don’t understand what they are doing. And these people understand everything. The question is, which of them is the bigger criminal?

This story is not only a criticism of the system, which turns ordinary people into a weak-willed herd, with whom they can do whatever the powers that be please. The author also voices some well-known national traits. The most famous of them is our Russian “maybe”. Maybe it will pass and it will work out. The writer shows that his character is cunning in his own way, like most, he does not like those in power, and does not particularly think about the consequences of his actions. The reason for this lies in the Russian mentality and in the conditions in which the Russian people exist.