Palana. In 2005, the district included 4 districts, 2 urban-type settlements, and 12 rural administrations. As of September 1, 2005, local self-government was exercised in 33 municipalities. Area 302 thousand square meters. km. Population (thousand people): 1933 - 12.5; 1939 - 23.1; 1959 -27.5; 1989 - 39.4; 1998 - 31.7; 2002 - 25.2; 2006 -23.2. The average population density in 2006 was 0.08 people per 1 sq. km. Proportion of urban population: 1959 - 22.2%; 1989 - 38.5; 2002 - 25.8%. National composition: in 1959 - Russians 60.6%, Koryaks 18.6, Chukchi 3.9, Itelmens 3.3, Evens 1.9, Ukrainians 4.7, Koreans 3.1, Tatars 1.1, Mordovians 0, 9, Belarusians 0.6; in 2002 - Russians 50.6%, Koryaks 26.7, Chukchi 3.6, Itelmens 3.0, Evens 3.0, Ukrainians 4.0, Tatars 0.9, Belarusians 0.6. On October 23, 2005, the referendum positively resolved the issue of unifying the Koryak Autonomous Okrug and the Kamchatka Region. As a result of their merger, a new subject of the Russian Federation was formed in July 2007 - Kamchatka region.
The earliest archaeological sites on the territory of the Koryak Autonomous Okrug today date back to the period Neolithic (Ust-Palansky complex, Oyru - beginning of the 2nd millennium BC). At the end of the 2nd millennium BC. e. In the course of ethnogenetic processes, the coastal cultures of the ancestors of the modern Chukchi, Koryak, and Itelmen emerged from the group of northeastern Paleo-Asians. In the northern part of the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk, the ancient Koryak culture of sea hunters arose (from the 5th-6th centuries AD). It is characterized by settlements with semi-dugouts, a variety of tools made of bone and stone, hunting equipment (rotary and serrated harpoons, arrow and dart tips, ground knives), axes and adzes, ceramic dishes with false textile designs. The main occupation of the population was the production of sea animals, with fishing, gathering, and land hunting playing a secondary role. Tribes of hunters and fishermen led a sedentary lifestyle, living in earthen yurts with exit through a smoke hole. The ethnogenesis of the Koryaks was significantly influenced by the ancestors of the Eskimos, Yukaghirs, and Yakuts. Cultural and economic interaction with the Tungus tribes led to the spread of reindeer husbandry among the ancient Koryaks. The transformation of reindeer husbandry into one of the spheres of economic activity coincided with the completion of the formation of the modern Koryak ethnic group (see Koryaks).
By the time the first Russian expeditions entered Kamchatka in the middle of the 17th century. The indigenous population of this area consisted of 2 groups - sedentary fishermen and sea animal hunters who lived on the coasts of the Okhotsk and Bering Seas, and reindeer herders who roamed between the Anadyr River and the Kamchatka Peninsula. The Koryaks lived in communities that included, within a settlement or camp, related and unrelated families that ran a joint household.
Russian explorers ( S. Dezhnev, M. Stadukhin ) first appeared on the territory of Koryak settlement in the late 1640s - early 1650s. In the second half of the 17th century. From the Anadyr and Okhotsk forts, as well as from Kolyma, Cossack detachments (F. Chyukichev, K. Ivanov, I. Kamchaty, I. Golygin, L. Morozko, etc.) made several trips to the north of Kamchatka and the adjacent regions of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Bering Sea. Attempts to impose tribute on the indigenous population and establish winter huts and forts on their lands led to armed clashes. The annexation of Kamchatka forced the Russian authorities in the 1700-10s. intensify the subjugation of the Koryaks. Most of them, mostly sedentary hunters, put up serious resistance; a smaller part, mostly reindeer herders, preferred peaceful relations, hoping in return for paying yasak to receive help from the Russians in the fight against the Chukchi, from whose raids they suffered. In 1709, the Cossacks established the Penzhinsky fort on the Penzhina River, and in 1714 on the Olyutora River (now the Vyvenka River) - the Arkhangelsk (Novoarkhangelsk) fort. The anti-Russian actions of the Koryaks were local, scattered and uncoordinated, nevertheless they managed to inflict a number of serious defeats on the Cossack detachments and destroy the Arkhangelsk fort in 1715. By the 1720s. The Russians, by force or through negotiations, were able to impose tribute on individual territorial groups of Koryaks. However, their yasak status was extremely unstable, and yasak was paid irregularly and in an arbitrary amount.
From the late 1720s. In line with the expansion and strengthening of Russia's positions in the northern Pacific Ocean, efforts began to be made to finally subjugate the Koryaks. The implementation of this task was entrusted to a military expedition specially created in 1727 - the Anadyr Party. Another forceful pressure once again caused active confrontation between the Koryaks, which led to a protracted war that continued with varying success until the mid-1750s. The attempts of the Russians to gain a foothold in the Koryak territory were not particularly successful; the fortified points founded here were mostly captured and destroyed by the Koryaks: in 1730 - Yamskaya fort (founded in 1730, restored in the second half of the 1730s), in 1733 - Olyutorsky (founded in 1732), in 1746 - Aklansky (1742), in 1751 - Tigilsky (1744), in 1753 - Tumanskaya (1751) and Tavatomskaya (1752) fortress, in 1756 - Voyampolskaya fortress (1755).
Flag of Koryak Autonomous Okrug
The revolutionary events of 1917, which swept the entire country, also reached Kamchatka. During the territory of the Gizhiginsky district periodically passed into the hands of supporters of the Bolsheviks and their opponents. From July 1918 to January 1920 it was under the control of anti-Bolshevik governments, from January 1920 to the fall of 1921 - by Soviet power. From April 1920 to April 1921, the Kamchatka region, including the Gizhiginsky district, was part of Far Eastern Republic , from April 1921 - RSFSR. In September 1921, the white landing force landed on Kamchatka under the command of Captain V.I. Bochkarev captured Gizhiga and Nayakhan. Supporters of Soviet power, including indigenous Kamchadals, launched a partisan fight. After the expulsion of the White Guard troops and Japanese interventionists from Primorye, an expeditionary force was transferred to Kamchatka 5th Army. Bochkarev's detachment was defeated. On April 13, 1923, Red Army soldiers and partisans took Gizhiga. In 1926, after the release of the “Temporary Regulations on the Administration of Native Peoples and Tribes of the North,” clan councils and native district executive committees with administrative powers appeared in the area inhabited by the Koryaks and other small northern peoples of Kamchatka. In December 1930, the Koryak National District was created.
Late 1920s - 1930s Radical changes took place in the sphere of material production in Koryakia. State fisheries were organized in the district, 2 canning and crab canning factories were built, and the development of the Corfu coal deposit began. In 1928, the first production cooperatives were created among the coastal and tundra Koryaks. Started in 1930 collectivization . By January 1, 1932, 37 collective farms . Forced collective farm construction, carried out without taking into account the specific economic structure, culture and life of indigenous peoples, caused their resistance, one of the forms of which was the mass slaughter of deer.
In the 1930s An intensive study of the district's productive forces began. In 1930, a hydrographic detachment carried out surveys of the eastern coast of Kamchatka. In 1932-34 there was an expedition of the Far Eastern State Land Trust, in 1937 - of the Arctic Institute, exploring the Koryak ridge.
During the Great Patriotic War, the fishing industry received further development. Existing fish factories were expanded and new ones were created, and refrigerators were built. In the post-war period, technical modernization of production was carried out. Enterprises received fish pumps, and coastal fish reception was mechanized. In the 1950-60s. There were 6 fish factories and 7 fishing state farms, 4 fishing farms. The fish catch reached 1.5 million centners per year. The enterprises produced 3 million conventional cans of canned food. A specific branch of the economy was crab canning production (3 factories). Brown coal was mined. In agriculture in the post-war years, fishing artels were consolidated and departments of reindeer herding and fishing collective farms were merged. Agricultural production developed primarily on the basis of the traditional economic specialization of the indigenous population: reindeer herding state farms (reindeer husbandry), fishing artels (fishing), fishing and reindeer herding artels (the main industry is fishing, the secondary industry is reindeer husbandry), reindeer herding artels (the main industry is reindeer husbandry, the secondary industry is reindeer husbandry). crop production and fishing), agricultural cooperatives (fishing and crop production). In the 1970-80s. The progressive development of agriculture and industry in the district continued.
Current state
Radical economic reform of the early 1990s. led to a sharp decline in production and a decrease in the standard of living of the population. In 1997, industrial output decreased by almost 3 times compared to 1991. During 1991-2000, the number of cattle decreased by 6.1 times, pigs - by 23.7 times, meat production - by 16.5 times, milk - by 5.7 times. The traditional trades of the indigenous population, especially reindeer herding, suffered significant damage. The number of deer by 1999 compared to 1989 decreased by 2.8 times. At the end of the 1990s. The industrial situation in the district stabilized and its unsustainable growth began. The decline in agricultural production, including the number of deer, continued in the first years of the 21st century. The consequence of the economic and social crisis was an intensive migration outflow of the population. The mortality rate has increased, the birth rate has decreased. During 1989-2006, the number of residents of the district decreased by 42%.
The share of industry in the sectoral structure of the gross regional product of the Koryak Autonomous Okrug in 2003 was 74.6%, agriculture - 1.9, construction - 1.8, transport - 2.1, communications - 1.1, trade and commercial activities in sales of goods and services - 0.7%. The economically active population in 2004 was 15 thousand people, 14.3 thousand were employed in the economy. The officially registered unemployment rate was 11.1%. The basis of the Koryak economy at the beginning of the 21st century. consists of the food industry and non-ferrous metallurgy. In 2004, their share in the gross industrial product was 47 and 43.4%, respectively. The food industry is focused on fish processing. In 2003, there were 41 industrial enterprises, including the largest ones - CJSC Koryakryba, CJSC Eveningstar, LLC Poluks, LLC Koryakmoreprodukt, CJSC Koryakgeoldobycha. The mining industry is developing on the basis of coal and gold deposits. The volume of coal production in 2003 was 41 thousand tons, electricity production was 102 million kWh, food fish products - 104 thousand tons, catch of fish and other seafood - 142 thousand tons. The shape of agriculture is determined by reindeer husbandry. Reindeer pastures occupy 53.8% of all land in the district, agricultural land - only 0.2%. The number of deer is 31.8 thousand. The minimum representation is crop production, greenhouse vegetable growing, dairy and meat farming. The sown area in 2003 was 0.6 thousand hectares. Structure of the sown area: potatoes and vegetables - 78%, fodder crops - 22%. The number of cattle is 0.5 thousand, pigs - 0.4 thousand. Industrial fishing plays a major role in the economy. The most intensive fishing of valuable species of fish is carried out in the Bering Sea (chum salmon, pink salmon, herring, cod, flounder, salmon). Marine hunting (seal, sea lion, beluga whale) is widespread. Kamchatka crab reserves are of unique commercial importance.
Transport
Transport communications system until the 20th century. was associated exclusively with the traditional modes of transport used by the aborigines - reindeer and dog sleds. The advent of all-terrain vehicles and aviation led to a decrease in their role. In the post-war years, communication between settlements was carried out mainly by air. At the beginning of the 21st century. There are airfields in Palana, Korfe, Achaivayam, Khailin, Kamensky, Ossora. The length of paved roads is only 57 km. All-terrain vehicles are used as land vehicles. The settlements are connected by winter roads. Maritime transport is of decisive importance for communication with the “mainland”, livelihoods of the population, and the export of natural resources and industrial products. Port facilities are located in Palana, Korfe, Manila, Anapka, Olyutorovka. Fuel, food and other goods are delivered through the ports of Corfu and Manila. River transport is used on slow-flowing rivers (Palana and others) to deliver goods to settlements located in the interior of the continent.
Education and medicine
The development of the education system on the territory of Koryakia began only in the 20th century. In 1913, there were 8 schools on the territory of the Autonomous Okrug, in which 203 students studied. In the 1920s educational work began to actively extend to the aborigines. In 1928 there were 15 schools, in 1932 - 26. In the early 1930s. launched a campaign to literacy and training of national personnel. To educate the children of Koryak reindeer herders, they created nomadic schools. In 1932, 6-month training courses for party, Soviet and cooperative workers from the indigenous population were opened. In the 1958-59 school year, the district had 43 elementary, 16 junior high, and 8 high schools. 4.6 thousand people studied in general educational institutions, including 1.4 thousand from the indigenous population. 1.5 thousand people lived in 46 boarding schools. There were 2-year schools for training agricultural personnel. In 2003, the educational system of the Koryak Autonomous Okrug included 30 preschool institutions, with 1.1 thousand people. There were 4.1 thousand people studying in 29 daytime general education institutions, and 200 people in 1 specialized secondary educational institution.
The development of a modern healthcare system began during the years of Soviet power. In 1932, there were 5 medical centers, 3 paramedic stations, and 4 mobile Red Cross units operating in the district. In the mid-1950s. there were 35 doctors, 138 paramedical workers. In 1958, there were 26 hospitals, 7 paramedic and paramedic-obstetric stations, 2 traveling obstetric units, 12 outpatient clinics, 15 pharmacies, and 5 sanitary-epidemiological stations. In 2003, medical services to the population were provided by 25 hospital and 29 outpatient medical institutions.
Aborigines
Until the 20th century On the territory of Koryakia, the traditional culture of the aborigines dominated. In the 19th - first third of the 20th century. There was a process of their familiarization with the economic and everyday experience of Russian settlers. The establishment of Soviet power marked the beginning of a “cultural revolution” in the daily life of the Koryaks. In the 1920s the fight against polygamy, forced marriages, etc. began. In 1930, on the initiative of the Committee of the North under the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the USSR, the creation of the Koryakskaya began cultural bases , which included a school, a boarding school, a hospital, a bathhouse, a local history center, utility workshops, a trading post, a canteen, and a visiting house. An important event in the life of the Koryaks was the creation of writing. In 1931, a single unified alphabet for the peoples of the North appeared, and in 1932 - a primer for the Koryak school. In the 1930s Radio broadcasting and film screenings became widespread in the district. At the end of the 1950s. In the Koryak National District there were 5 cultural centers, 40 clubs and reading rooms, and 28 libraries. Red yarangas worked in the reindeer herding teams, carrying out administrative, educational, medical and leisure functions. In 1972, 46 libraries, 56 clubs, and the House of Pioneers operated on the territory of the Koryak Autonomous Okrug. National literature and art developed. At the beginning of the 21st century. there were 10 children's music and art schools, 5 museums, 37 libraries, 249 clubs and interest groups. In Koryakin there are national dance and choral ensembles “Mengo”, “Elvel”, “Angt”, “Weem”, “Lauten”. Decorative and applied arts were developed - wood and bone carving, beadwork, weaving, and decorating fur clothing with ornaments.
Lit.: Slyunin N.V. Okhotsk-Kamchatka Territory: Natural-historical description: In 2 volumes. St. Petersburg, 1900-1908; Gurvich I.S., Kuzakov K.T. Koryak national district. M., 1960; Gurvich I. S. Ethnic history of North-East Siberia. M., 1966; Ethnogenesis of the peoples of Siberia. M., 1980; Regions of Russia: Main characteristics of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. 2005: Stat. Sat. M., 2006.
A.S. Zuev, R.E. Romanov
Natural resources
Minerals: oil, natural gas, coal, ore deposits of non-ferrous metals (copper, nickel, tin, mercury); valley placers of platinum and gold.
Economy
Main industries: fishing industry (extraction and processing of fish and seafood), agriculture, reindeer husbandry, coal and non-ferrous metals mining, electricity, transport, tourism.
Administrative division
Main article: Administrative-territorial division of the Koryak Autonomous Okrug
Districts
- Karaginsky district
- Olyutorsky district
- Penzhinsky district
- Tigilsky district
One of a kind
The geographical location of the district is unique. Most of it is located on the peninsula between Okhotsk And Bering seas. This peninsula, by the way, is called Kamchatka, and the district itself, in the spirit of the well-known Russian constitutional paradox, is part of the Kamchatka region. Half of Kamchatka administratively belongs to the Koryak district. On west the district goes to Sea of Okhotsk, on east to Beringov. Thus, Koryakia is the “foundation” of Kamchatka. It is there, at its southern tip, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, the base of the Pacific submarine fleet, the famous volcanoes. And here, in the north of Kamchatka, the unknown Koryak district is lost (or hidden?)The Koryak Autonomous Okrug is specific. Capital Koryak Autonomous Okrug urban village Palana . There are no cities in the area, and Palana itself has less than 4 thousand inhabitants. There are four more similar villages. Four districts with twenty-five village councils One of the smallest Russian regions. And, the most extreme (in every sense). This is where the specificity begins. Even among other northern territories, Koryakia is distinguished by its sparse population and lack of cities.
Outback
Koryak National District occupies northern part of the Sredinny ridge And the southern part of the Koryak Highlands, the edge of the Kolyma Highlands and located in the Bering Sea Karaginsky Island. The Koryak Highlands are separated from the Sredinny Range Parapolsky Dol, from the Kolyma Highlands valley of the Penzhina river. The swampy lowlands are unique - Penzhinskaya and Parapolsky valleys. There are many small lakes on them.Mount Ledyanaya natural monument, the highest mountain in North-East Russia
Koryak Highlands consists of a number of ridges, ridges and ridges, as well as small plateaus with heights of 600 x 1800 m. In the highlands there are remains of old volcanoes, and there are small glaciers. Bighorn sheep are found in the mountains; the males' heads are adorned with heavy, spirally twisted horns. bighorn sheep endemic Koryak Highlands.In the center of the Koryak Highlands rises Mount Ledyanaya, 2,562 m above sea level, the highest mountain in Northeast Russia.
Kolyma Highlands complex system of mountains. The highest mountains are crowned with pointed peaks.
Palana Lake and Palana hot springs natural monument
Most of Karaginsky Islands occupy low mountains (up to 912 m). Shrubs (alder, dwarf cedar) grow here, and in open areas there are meadows.
The north-west of the Koryak district is washed by waters Penzhinskaya Bay of Shelikhov Bay, Sea of Okhotsk, which is famous for the fact that it is here the highest in Russia tides.
Koryakia is one of the least populated regions of Eurasia, so you can see truly wild nature here. It is easy to meet wild deer or elk, which are not at all afraid of humans. There are many brown bears and they are often overly curious. On a hike, you must have some kind of protective equipment with you: a flare gun, firecrackers or a flare.
Koryak State Reserve
The reserve, formed in 1995, is located in the north of the district within Penzhinsky And Olyutorsky districts. From the total area reserve 327.2 thousand hectares, 83 thousand hectares falls on waters of the Bering Sea.The Koryak Nature Reserve consists of 2 sections: Parapolsky dol And Govena Peninsula.
Parapolsky Dol wetland of international importance
Parapolsky dol this is a narrow intermountain depression with many lakes and swamps. It is a wetland of international importance. They nest here half a million waterfowl ducks, geese, cormorants, seagulls. Even whooper swans winter here.Found in the reserve and rare bird species: white-tailed eagle, golden eagle, gyrfalcon, peregrine falcon, Steller's sea eagle. The reserve is one of the largest waterfowl reserves in northeast Asia. On the banks Govena Peninsula there are about 30 seabird colonies.
The Koryak Nature Reserve is rich in its unique fauna . Here 35 species of mammals.
They are recognized as the pearl of not only the Koryak district, but also the entire Kamchatka Cape Govena Hot Springs , located in the northwestern part of the Bering Sea between bays of Corfu And Olyutorsky. The springs are located on the southern shore of the lagoon, and the water in them, with the characteristic smell of hydrogen sulfide, reaches a temperature of +37°C.
The wealth of the Koryak land
Residents. It is worth remembering the indigenous inhabitants of the Koryak district. These are two peoples of the Chukotka-Kamchatka family actually Koryaks , who gave the name to the district, and Itelmens . The first Koryak settlements were discovered here in the middle of the 17th century. Initially, they were a nomadic people, and their main craft was reindeer husbandry. For the Koryaks, as for other peoples of the Far North, deer is a way of life. It provides food, clothes are sewn from its skin and light fur is made. This is both a means of transportation and a hero of folklore legends. It's interesting to visit national holiday Reindeer Breeder's Day , which is certainly accompanied by your favorite reindeer racing And dog sledding. Plain and mountain tundras rich in moss serve as reindeer pastures. The name of the Koryak people comes from "hora" deer. The Koryaks have well developed home crafts wood and bone carving, weaving, metal working, making national clothes and carpets from deer skins and beadwork. Kayaks small shuttles plying the open spaces Palany rivers. Among the Koryaks, the closest relatives of the Aleuto-Eskimo tribes, the love of water is pronounced. Hitting the water with an oar gives them great inner pleasure.Koryakia has 66 specially protected natural areas, 7 federal reserves and 58 natural monuments.
Natural resources. Koryak district is a rich region. And another proof of this is the abundance fur-bearing animal . They live here sable, fox, arctic fox, ermine, hare. A fragrant cedar tree pulls slightly sticky cones, cold from the rain, towardsKamchatka is the only region in the world where marine mammals are represented in huge numbers: walruses, sea lions, northern fur seals, killer whales, beluga whales and porpoises.
One of the main riches of the Koryak district is also considered river inhabitants , especially salmon. The largest river in the district Penzhina. In coastal waters marine bays are found herring, navaga, pink salmon, chum salmon.
An adventure for real “adventurers”
By visiting Koryakia, you will experience a true adventure. A trip to Koryakia is an option for real “adventurers” (in the good sense of the word) who are not afraid of difficulties and obstacles. Most attractions can be easily reached on foot; it is convenient to get to remote places by renting an all-terrain vehicle. Riding an all-terrain vehicle is a separate adventure; river crossings are especially impressive. You can raft along the river to the sea and along the way go fishing. In the rivers of Koryakia there are large numbers of grayling, whitefish, char, salmon.If you find yourself in the right place at the end of summer during salmon spawning, you will encounter a large number of fish along the way. bears who go out to the river to hunt for fish. As you know, during spawning the river is full of bears. A well-fed bear is prone to mischief. His character is just like that of a child: he sleeps during the day, wanders around in his shorts at night, plays dirty tricks in the villages, comes close to people and dogs, which evokes vivid feelings of fear, delight and contributes to the birth of unusual stories. You can also get a good look at the spawning salmon themselves through the clear water. The amount of fish is impressive; in August-September life in the river and around it is in full swing. The spectacle is unforgettable!
For unspoiled European fishermen, large lowland river Vyvenka , size and current speed comparable to the Oka. The section of its lower reaches will seem like paradise to you.
Oh, how man needs nature, its wise and healing tranquility! It is better not to go into the forest in a large group, so as not to bring with you the confusion and vanity of city life. Loneliness in small doses is a cure. Minutes alone with nature knowledge of happiness. The leaves burst into flames. The wind rushed up and hit me in the face with the thick smell of autumn. Millions of raindrops sparkled on the ruffled grasses.
- Green worlds of Koryakia humpback
The hum of mosquitoes through the noise of the river.
We got here guys
Despite everything in the world!
We are here again and nothing is needed
No titles, no ranks, no positions.
Now we have only one joy,
So that our friend Big Stream sings a song,
So that in a dream the soul flies over the valley,
So that the fire does not go out in the heavy rain,
So that your back doesn't hurt too much,
So that the route is successful and good.
We need so little in this world
An inch of space, a breath of time,
Blue sky gear and pockets of joy!
But the main thing is the willow spirit of countless fires.
A. V. Galanin
According to statistics, on the territory of the Koryak Autonomous Okrug with an area of 301.5 thousand square meters. km (this is the territory of Italy) there are two urban-type settlements and 31 settlements.
According to statistics, on the territory of the Koryak Autonomous Okrug with an area of 301.5 thousand square meters. km (this is the territory of Italy) there are two urban-type settlements and 31 settlements.
Communication between populated areas is carried out by air and road (all-terrain vehicle) transport, as well as partially by sea during summer navigation. The average population density is 0.1 people per square kilometer. The Karaginsky district is the most densely populated - there the population density reaches 0.3 people. The district is divided into 4 administrative districts - Karaginsky, Olyutorsky, Penzhinsky and Tigilsky. The total population is 32.8 thousand people. The emergence of settlements and the specific features of people's lives in inextricable interaction with harsh nature are closely related to the history of the development and settlement of the peninsula. The clerk of the Okhotsk prison (1669) M. Sosnovsky and the Cossack Pentecostal Vladimir Atlasov (1700) added their names to this history. Peter I showed great interest in Kamchatka, on whose initiative the navigators Vitus Bering and Alexei Chirkov set off to its shores (1741). The name of Stepan Krasheninnikov, a participant in the Second Kamchatka Expedition (1737 - 1746), will remain in this story.
On the shore of the Bay of Korf, named after Baron Modest Andreevich Korf, a Russian statesman, historian, honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, the village of the same name is located. This is one of the easternmost points of our country. The border guards are the first to greet the dawn here. In addition, Korf is the “aviation” capital of the Koryak Autonomous Okrug. Otherwise, this is almost the most ordinary northern village, of which there are many on the coast. Three thousand inhabitants, two dozen streets, a school, a hospital, an airport. However, there is one peculiarity.
Corfu is the geological capital of the district.
In 1969, the village became the base of the North Kamchatka geological exploration expedition. During Soviet times, this expedition worked very successfully. Deposits of tin, gold, sulfur, coal, etc. were discovered. Perestroika, with all its problems, did not bypass the expedition. In 1992, CJSC Koryakgeoldobycha was created to conduct geological research with associated mining. We started by extracting gold from placers on the Prizhimny stream. Several kilograms of the mined precious metal became the first product. Then platinum placers of the Seinav-Galmoenan node were discovered, which are estimated to be the second in Russia. At the same time, the node is only part of the large Vyven-Vatan platinum-bearing zone, reaching a length of about 400 km and a width of 20 - 30 km. There are grounds to believe that in the near future there will be a new platinum-bearing province of global scale in the Koryak Autonomous Okrug, since it has a continuation in Alaska. According to experts, the discovery of platinum placers was the most important event in Russian geology at the end of the 20th century.
Opposite the village of Korf, behind the lagoon, is the center of the Olyutorsky district, the village of Tilichiki. About two thousand three hundred people live here. The village has a port point, a municipal service with an agricultural plot, a power plant, several construction organizations, as well as an enterprise for the production of fur products. There are schools, kindergartens, a hospital, a TV station, a House of Culture and a museum. There is a bathhouse and two dozen shops. New banks, a tax office and a treasury appeared. Seventeen percent of the population is indigenous.
Palana is one of two urban-type settlements on the territory of the district - the administrative center (since 1930) of the Koryak Autonomous District. Located on the right bank of the Palana River, 8 kilometers from its confluence with the Sea of Okhotsk. It is 990 km from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky by air. More than 4 thousand people live in the village.
Palana has been known as a village since 1876. In the XIX - early XX centuries its inhabitants were engaged in fishing and hunting, as well as collecting berries, roots and herbs. In 1962, the village received the status of an urban-type settlement. Currently, residents are engaged in fishing and fish processing, hunting and reindeer herding, and grow vegetables and fruits in greenhouses. The village has an ethnographic museum, which contains household items of the indigenous population of the district.
The village of Khailino is a national village, the center of the Korfsky reindeer state farm. About a thousand inhabitants live here - Chukchi, Koryaks, Evens, Itelmens. Every year, guests from all over the district come here to take part in the national holiday - Reindeer Herder's Day - with reindeer and dog sled races, senega wrestling, games, folk dances and songs. In this regard, it is worth mentioning the national dance ensemble “Mengo”, which is known far beyond the borders of the Koryak Autonomous Okrug and Russia.
Reindeer breeding is a difficult profession; essentially it is a way of life. People who practice it spend most of the year away from home, wandering with herds of reindeer. They herd the deer, protect them from attacks from predators, heal them, maintain the size of the herd, etc. Deer and man are very close. Shepherds say that as children they ran into the tundra to suck reindeer milk. It is known that fawns sometimes suck on a woman’s breast in order to survive. Apparently, in order to live in this region, you have to love it very much. Do the names mean anything to you - Ossora, Slautnoye, Achaivayam, Manila...?
Natural conditions in most of the Koryak Autonomous Okrug are slightly or moderately favorable for the life of the population. Large investments are required to change the current situation. In this regard, let us turn to the statements of deputy V. Loginov, head of the budget-forming enterprise “Koryakgeoldobycha” for the district: “The infrastructure of the district is very poorly developed - there are no roads, there are problems with heat supply, electricity generation, coal supply... There is only one way out - attracting investment from outside. We will be able to attract investors -...social infrastructure will begin to develop...Today we are giving the district the opportunity to survive, tomorrow we will give it the opportunity to develop. The county has a bright future.”
The indigenous peoples who have settled on the Kamchatka peninsula since ancient times include the Koryaks, Itelmens and Evens.
The indigenous peoples who have settled on the Kamchatka peninsula since ancient times include the Koryaks, Itelmens and Evens. Today, according to the State Committee of the Russian Federation on Statistics (2002), in rural areas of the Kamchatka region. and the Koryak Autonomous Okrug are home to 5,506 Koryaks, 1,592 Evens and 1,115 Itelmens.
Koryaks. According to their economic characteristics and way of life, the Koryaks are divided into two large local groups of relatively homogeneous nomadic reindeer herders - the Chavchuvens and the sedentary Koryaks-Nymylans. Nomadic Koryaks settled in the interior regions of Kamchatka and the adjacent mainland, sedentary (coastal) Koryaks settled on the eastern and western coasts of Kamchatka, in the area of Penzhinskaya Bay and the Taigonos Peninsula.
The sedentary economy combined hunting, fishing, hunting and gathering. The hunting season, which was individual in the spring and collective in the fall, began in late May - early June and lasted until October. During the hunt, leather canoes made from bearded seal skins and single-seat canoes were used. Later, towards the end of the 19th century, as a result of the decrease in the number of whales and walruses, fishing began to play a more important role. Locks, nets, fishing rods and hooks on a long strap resembling a harpoon were used.
The nomadic Koryaks (Chavchuvens) were characterized by large-scale reindeer herding with a herd size of 400 to 2000 heads. During the year, reindeer herders made four main migrations: in the spring before calving, to moss pastures, in the summer to places where there were fewer midges, in the fall - closer to the camps. Where there was a massive slaughter of deer, and in winter there were short migrations not far from the camps.
The winter and summer dwelling of the nomadic Koryaks was a portable yaranga (yayana) - a cylindrical-conical dwelling, the basis of which was made up of three poles from three and a half to five meters high, placed in the form of a tripod and tied at the top with a belt. A tire made of sheared or worn deer skins with the fur facing out was pulled over the frame of the yaranga.
The predominant type of dwelling among the sedentary Koryaks was the semi-dugout (lymgyyan) up to 15 m long, up to 12 m wide and up to 7 m high.
Itelmens. The name itself is itenmen, which means “Living.” He who is, who exists.” In the 18th – early 19th centuries. The Itelmens were divided into a number of large local divisions that had their own self-name and cultural characteristics: Kamchatka, Avacha, Bolsheretsk, Western, Khairyuzov. In the first half of the 19th century, while the territory was preserved, the number of Itelmen settlements decreased. From the second half of the 19th century they settled mainly on the western coast of Kamchatka. In Russian documents from the 19th century they are known as Kamchadals. Anthropologically, the Itelmens, like the Koryaks, are included in the mainland group of populations of the Arctic small race of the northern Mongoloids.
The main occupations were sled dog breeding, highly developed gathering, and the predominance of fishing over other types of economic activity. The Itelmen settlement consisted of one or two half-dugouts, which in Itelmen were called kist, i.e. house. For summer housing, a so-called booth or ma'am was built. The summer dwelling was placed on stilts, three rows up to 3 m high; a flooring was made on this base, and a gable hip roof was erected on it, which was covered with grass. These buildings constituted a complete housing complex. The heroes of fairy tales, settling down, built themselves kist and ma'am. Without knowing metal, the Itelmens were able to use stone adzes to make boats from a whole poplar trunk - bats, which outwardly resembled an Indian pirogue. Due to their small numbers, the Itelmens do not have their own autonomy. They live mainly in the Koryak Autonomous Okrug. Currently, the bulk of Itelmen live in the villages of Kovran, Tigil, Palana and Khairyuzovo.
Evens (self-name), obsolete. Russian - Lamuts (“seaside residents”). In the past, there were two large ethnographic groups of Evens: reindeer herders and sedentary “foot Tungus” (the latter were already completely assimilated in the 20s. They live in local groups in Yakutia, Magadan and Kamchatka regions, Chukotka and Koryak Autonomous Okrugs and Khabarovsk Territory). :beach
Reindeer pastures live in mountain tundras and lowland areas, because these regions are rich in moss. To this day, the Koryaks are engaged in interesting home crafts, which include metal processing, weaving, bone and wood carving, sewing national clothes, making carpets using bead embroidery and deer skins. It is also worth noting the Koryaks’ love for water; they receive inner satisfaction when they hear the sound of an oar on the river.
Tourism
Tourists visiting the Koryak Autonomous Okrug will have a great experience of true adventure. Real adventurers are invited to Koryakia, because this region is designed to overcome obstacles and difficulties. In general, most local attractions can be reached on foot. And if you want to get to remote places, then it is better to rent an all-terrain vehicle. Let us note that this is a separate adventure - riding an all-terrain vehicle, especially crossing rivers leaves a lasting impression. There is a unique opportunity to raft down the river all the way to the sea, and also go fishing during breaks.
Rich nature
European fishermen are not spoiled by rich rivers and lakes, so they are attracted by the large flat river Vyvenka, which can be compared with the speed and size of the Oka River. Especially, the lower reaches are a paradise for fishing.
The nature of the Koryak Autonomous Okrug has a healing and wise effect on humans. Experienced travelers advise walking into the local forests in small groups; this will allow you to feel a special calm and atmosphere. At night, the stars are within arm's reach, so many tourists come here with tents. Fans of beautiful landscapes and untouched nature love to come here every year. At the same time, the region is gradually beginning to enjoy great popularity among foreign tourists.
