More on topic 2.4. The concept of language norms:

1. The concept of Norm. Norm and Option. Stylistic variation and fluctuation of the norm. Reasons for violating the norms of literary language
2. Linguistic norms (literal language norms) are the rules for the use of linguistic means in a certain period of development of the lit language, i.e. rules of pronunciation, spelling, word usage, grammar.
3. Normalization as the main dash liter. language. Norms of letters. language in vocabulary, phraseology. phonetics, orthoepy. word formation. grammar, spelling. punctuation. Variability of literary language norms.

Language norm

Language norm- a historically determined set of commonly used linguistic means, as well as the rules for their selection and use, recognized by society as the most suitable in a specific historical period. A norm is one of the essential properties of a language, ensuring its functioning and historical continuity due to its inherent stability, although not excluding the variability of linguistic means and noticeable historical variability, since the norm is designed, on the one hand, to preserve speech traditions, and on the other, to satisfy current and the changing needs of society.

Fixing the norm

The language norm is fixed in normative dictionaries and grammars. Fiction, theater, school education and the media play a significant role in the dissemination and preservation of norms.

Some names and names (for example, names of geographical objects) can exist in a language in different forms (variants), however, usually only one of them is normalized form, that is, in a form that is mandatory for use in scientific, reference and educational publications, as well as in periodicals.

Literary norm

A special case of a linguistic norm is a literary norm.

A literary norm is distinguished by a number of properties: it is uniform and universally binding for all speakers of a given language; it is conservative and aimed at preserving the means and rules for their use accumulated in a given society by previous generations. At the same time, it is not static, but, firstly, changes over time and, secondly, provides for the dynamic interaction of different methods of linguistic expression depending on the conditions of communication.

History of ideas about the norm

Classification of norms

Natural and artificial norms

If the spontaneous use of linguistic means by different speakers of a given language is characterized by identity, we speak of a linguistic norm that has developed natural way. If there is no identity, the norm is determined purposefully(artificially). Artificial norms are established as a result rule-making activities of linguists through the preparation and publication of authoritative dictionaries and reference books, as well as legislative acts on various aspects of language use. Establishing a norm is usually done in one of the following ways:

• preference for one of the options for spontaneous use based on the higher frequency of this option compared to alternative ones;
• preference for one of the variants of spontaneous use based on its correspondence to the internal patterns of a given language identified by linguists;
• recognition of several variants of spontaneous use corresponding to the language norm.

In addition to the main methods indicated above, other reasons are sometimes used to establish one or another linguistic norm, including aesthetic, ethical, political, etc.

Descriptive and prescriptive norms

There are various approaches to establishing norms, among which two main ones can be distinguished:

• descriptive(descriptive), in which the establishment of norms is carried out primarily on the basis of an analysis of the actual use of certain linguistic phenomena by native speakers;
• prescriptive(prescriptive), in which the establishment of a norm is carried out primarily on the basis of the authoritative conclusion of linguists about the correctness or incorrectness of a particular use.

In their pure form, neither one nor the other approach is usually used, however, the linguistic traditions of a particular country usually give preference to one of them. Prescriptive rule-making usually presupposes a disdainful attitude towards dialects and other regional or social variants of the language, the presence of rigid and developed spelling and punctuation rules, the unification of the school language learning program, etc. At the same time, the descriptive approach is often expressed in the absence of strictly established rules in some aspects of the language (for example, punctuation), a loyal attitude to dialects, recording a large number of different usage options in dictionaries, etc.

By levels and aspects of language

The concept of norm applies to all levels of language. In accordance with level correlation and specificity, the following types of language norms are distinguished:

• lexical- ensure the correct choice of words;
• accentological- provide for the correct placement of stress;
• orthoepic- describe the correct pronunciation of words;
• spelling- consolidate the uniformity of speech transmission in writing;
• morphological- rules of inflection and word formation described in grammars;
• syntactic- regulate the correct construction of grammatical structures.

Morphological and syntactic norms are included in the number grammatical rules .

Notes

Literature

• Language in law. Which one? // Russian newspaper. - 2002. (On an attempt to legislatively regulate the use of language in Russia.)
• Mitrofanova A. Globalization and language policy // Top manager. - 2004. - № 625. (About languages, politics and their influence on each other.)

Links

• Federal Law of June 1, 2005 No. 53-FZ “On the State Language of the Russian Federation”. (Retrieved November 6, 2010)
• Language norm. Encyclopedia "Around the World". Archived from the original on May 19, 2012. (Retrieved November 6, 2010)
• Language and speech norms // Portal for support of Russian as a foreign language

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

See what “Language norm” is in other dictionaries:

Language norm- a set of the most stable traditional implementations of the language system, selected and consolidated in the process of public communication. N. as a set of stable and unified linguistic means and rules for their use, consciously... ... Pedagogical speech science

Language norm- A set of rules for the selection and use of language elements that operate at various levels of language. In accordance with this, spelling, lexical, grammatical, syntactic, and stylistic norms are distinguished. The totality of approved with... ... Dictionary of sociolinguistic terms

language norm- Historically accepted in a given language community (preferred) choice of one of the functional, paradigmatic and syntagmatic variants of a linguistic sign. The norm regulates the structural, symbolic, linguistic side of speech...

LANGUAGE NORM- a set of the most stable traditional implementations of the language system, selected and consolidated in the process of public communication... Modern educational process: basic concepts and terms

linguistic norm in literary language- characterized by the universally binding rules of pronunciation, use of words, grammatical forms and stylistic resources. The norms of a literary language are mandatory in social linguistic practice. The scope of their action is the language used in the national... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

A norm that is not supported by the linguistic intuition of the vast majority of native speakers and requires special training. Examples in Russian: correct use of socks/stockings [source not specified 1300 days];... ... Wikipedia

- (lat. norma). 1) measure, sample, rule. 2) the name of the famous Italian lyric opera by Bellini. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. NORM is generally an accurate measure of anything: quantity,... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

NORM, norms, women. (lat. norma). 1. Legal establishment. Legal norms. || The usual, recognized mandatory order, state. Language norm. Moral standards. Standard of behavior. Break out of the norm. This is not the norm, but the exception. 2. Established measure... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

Language levels- these are subsystems of the general language system, each of which is characterized by a set of relatively homogeneous units and a set of rules governing their use and grouping into various classes. The following units are usually distinguished: phonetic (units - sounds and phonemes), morphemic (units - morphemes), lexical (units - lexemes), morphological (units - forms and classes of words), syntactic (units - sentences and phrases).

Language norm– these are the rules of speech behavior of a native speaker, socially approved, objectified by speech practice and reflecting the laws of the language system.

Reasons for changing the norm:
Language reasons:
1) law of speech economy = law of least effort
2) Law of analogy
3) Law of speech tradition
Non-linguistic (extralinguistic) reasons for changes in the norm are various social and historical factors, as well as linguistic fashion and linguistic taste.

Signs of normality:

1) the norm is static in a certain period of time and dynamic in its development. The dynamics of a norm are associated with the existence of a triad of systems (a language system is a set and a way of expressing special ones in a given language).
2) the norm is variantless and variant. Variant refers to parallel ways of expressing the same linguistic content. Options provide more opportunities for their implementation: neutral and outdated (film, sanatorium); neutral conversational (on vacation - on vacation); neutral vernacular (theirs - theirs); neutral vernacular (compAs, Alcohol, drug addiction); neutral folk-ethical (gate - gate, maiden - red maiden)
3) universality and locality. Locality can be professional and territorial.

There are the following types (types) of structural linguistic norms:

1) Ya. n. pronunciations regulate the choice of acoustic variants of a phoneme or alternating phonemes - at each step in the development of speech and in each syllable of a separate word. It is possible - (golden), it is not possible - (golden); it is possible - (agarot, usad "ba), it is impossible - (agarod, usad "ba").

2) Ya. n. stress regulates the choice of placement and movement of a stressed syllable among unstressed ones. You can - (quarter), you can't - (quarter). N. Russian modern stress in a literary language is closely related to the morphological properties of parts of speech and turns out to be one of their formal indicators. The mobility and diversity of modern Russian stress makes it difficult to master, especially by persons for whom Russian is not a native language and is not acquired by them in early childhood, which leads to the “overlapping” of new accentological languages. to old ones already acquired in their native language.

3) Ya. n. lexical ones regulate word usage - they do not allow violation of the traditionally established correlation of a name with a specific object, a phenomenon of the real world. So, for example, it is forbidden to call a loaf of white or black bread a bun, because the word bun has a traditionally fixed correlation with another object: a bun is a product made from wheat flour that has a round or oval shape. Lexical Ya. n. determine the reproducibility in literary texts and in oral forms of communication of a certain word from a number of possible ones that have the same subject relevance in various forms of existence of the Russian language. So, for example, the first word of the indicated series is literary-standardized, although all the words of this series denote the same object or the same phenomenon: yesterday, the other day; eyes, peepers, zenks, eyesores, cataracts, balls; slap in the face, slap in the face; thank you, thank you; cold, cold, freezing; generous, torpid, etc. Phraseological Ya. n. regulate the use of figures of speech traditionally associated with the characteristics of certain phenomena. So, for example, the expression goosebumps are running as a figurative characteristic of the state of a person who feels an attack of some chills or trembling is considered codified, but the expression goosebumps are jumping (or crawling) is considered unacceptable.

4) Ya. n. word formations do not allow the use in literary texts of words whose structure violates the principles of combining morphemes. Consequently, these Ya. n. restrain the influx into the literary vocabulary of words that do not correspond to the word-formation structure of the models.

5) Ya. n. morphological ones determine the literary status of certain word forms and do not allow the use of other word forms, although they are a means of speech in various types of “speaking”. So, for example, the following word forms are recognized as literary and correct: officers (not an officer), engineers (not an engineer), elections (not a choice), professors (not professors), shurya (not brothers-in-law), brothers-in-law (not brothers-in-law), zvonche (not louder), sweeter (not sweeter), a pair of socks (not a sock), a pair of stockings (not stockings), a cup of coffee (not coffee), etc.

6) Ya. n. syntactic ones require compliance with the rules of agreement: big kangaroo, big sconce (but not big kangaroo and not big sconce), control: laugh through tears (but not through tears), rules for the arrangement of words in the structure of a sentence, expression of various relationships between parts of a complex sentence, etc. .p.

7) Ya.n. stylistic ones cover certain aspects (features) of the use of speech means in various spheres of literary-standardized communication: they predetermine the attachment of one or another means of speech to a certain sphere of speech activity, i.e. the use of words, expressions, word forms, methods combinations of words, types of syntactic constructions in certain contexts and speech situations.

Ya.n.s differ. imperative and dispositive. Imperative (i.e. strictly obligatory) Ya. n. - these are those whose violation is regarded as poor language proficiency (for example, violation of the norms of declension, conjugation or belonging to grammatical gender). Such Ya.n. do not allow options (non-variable Ya. n.), and any other implementations are regarded as incorrect, unacceptable, for example: alphabet (not alphabet), accepted (did not accept), chicken (not chicken), due to which (not due to which). In contrast to imperative Ya.n., dispositive (i.e., complementary, not strictly obligatory) allow options - stylistically different or completely neutral (variable Ya.n.), for example: barge and barge, on vacation (neutral) - on vacation (colloquial), compass - for sailors: compass. A literary norm can be a fact of codification or be in the stage of realizing codification possibilities, and also act as a potential for normalizing tendencies in the sphere of communication. That is why researchers consider it necessary to focus on the dynamic nature of the literary norm, on the dialectical nature of the very process of codification of means of communication.

At the level of speech activity, there are different types of language such as embodied, or realized, and disembodied, potential, realizable. Realized Ya.n. consists of two parts: 1) the updated part (modern, productive, active, well-recognized and practically codified), 2) the non-actualized part (it includes archaisms, obsolete variants of the language, as well as rarely used variants, doublets, etc.). RealizableI. n. also falls into two parts: 1) becoming Ya. n. - neologisms and new formations at different levels of language and 2) a fundamentally non-codable area of ​​speech activity (individual, occasional, created for the occasion, etc., but formations necessary in the process of communication). General literary Ya. n. can vary in different ways, that is, appear in the form of options as a consequence of the functional-dynamic existence of means of communication. Thus, in the accentological state of the modern literary language, there is a competing activity of variants with the stress moving to the beginning of the word bondar vm. cooper, butt vm. butt, glider vm. glider, born Vm. born), as well as variants with the stress moving to the end of the word (need vs. need).
Significant groups of words are drawn into the sphere of morphological variation. This is due to a number of factors: the presence of sonorant sounds in the outcome of the stems of nouns (eggplant, eggplant, roe deer, roe deer, similarity, passage, nursery, nursery), shifting stress (vetrov vm. winds, barge vm. barzha), etc. .p.
The increase in variability in the sphere of literary standardized communication is a complex and multifaceted process associated with the development of the literary language and its role in society; this may be a consequence of evolutionary transformations in the structure of language, the aging of some languages. and the emergence of others, the interaction of oral (spoken) and written (book) forms of speech, the competition of systemic capabilities of one or another means of communication within the literary language. And yet, the tendency towards expediency in acts of speech activity predetermines the direction of the structural-linguistic preference of the speech variant, which is expressed in the development and codification of literary norms (interaction and interpenetration of functional-speech variants, expansion of the scope of the normative weight of the variant, neutralization of functional-speech markings as a consequence of the convergence of the variants of oral and written speech, the normalization of variants as a fact of stylistic differentiation).

Codification of the norm– fixation of norms in dictionaries, reference books, grammar, etc.
Language system- a set of units of a given language level in their unity and interconnectedness; classes of units and rules for their formation, transformation and combination. In this sense, they talk about the phonological, morphological, word-formation, syntactic, lexical, semantic system of a given language or (more narrowly) about systems (subsystems) of declension and conjugation, verb and name, aspect and tense, gender and case, etc. They distinguish the core of the system, which includes the basic language units and rules, and its periphery - little-used facts that stand on the border of the literary language (obsolete, slang, dialect, etc.); a distinction is also made between the core and periphery of the grammatical system. In connection with the functional-stylistic stratification of language (colloquial, official, newspaper-journalistic, scientific, etc.) and the fundamental admissibility of discrepancy between norms in different styles, language is sometimes defined as a system of systems (or subsystems).
Uzus- (from Latin usus - use, use, custom) - in linguistics, the generally accepted use of a linguistic unit (word, phraseological unit, etc.) in contrast to its occasional (temporary and individual) use (for example, neologisms are not common units language). Uzus is speech practice, the actual use of language in different areas of communication. The concept of language is closely related to the concepts of linguistic norms and language systems. The linguistic norm captures only some of the possibilities provided by language and reflects only some of the possibilities for the usual consumption of language. Usually, the usual use of language units is recorded in dictionaries (explanatory, phraseological, spelling, spelling, etc.).

A linguistic norm is a historically determined set of commonly used linguistic means, as well as the rules for their selection and use, recognized by society as most suitable in a specific historical period. A norm is one of the essential properties of a language, ensuring its functioning and historical continuity due to its inherent stability, although not excluding the variability of linguistic means and noticeable historical variability, since the norm is designed, on the one hand, to preserve speech traditions, and on the other, to satisfy current and the changing needs of society. A special case of a language norm is a literary norm.

The main sources of language norms include:

Works of classical writers;

Works by contemporary writers who continue classical traditions;

Media publications;

Common modern usage;

Data from linguistic research.

The characteristic features of language norms are:

Relative stability;

Prevalence;

Common usage;

General obligatory;

Conformity to the use, custom and capabilities of the language system.

In literary language, the following types of norms are distinguished:

1) norms of written and oral forms of speech;

2) norms of written speech;

3) norms of oral speech.

1) The norms common to oral and written speech include:

*lexical norms;

*grammatical norms;

*stylistic norms.

2) Special norms of written speech are:

*spelling standards;

*punctuation standards.

3) Applicable only to oral speech:

*pronunciation standards;

*accent norms;

*intonation norms.

Orthoepic norms.

Orthoepic norms include norms of pronunciation, stress and intonation. Compliance with spelling norms is an important part of speech culture, because their violation creates in listeners an unpleasant impression of the speech and the speaker himself, and distracts from the perception of the content of the speech. Orthoepic norms are recorded in orthoepic dictionaries of the Russian language and dictionaries of accents. Intonation norms are described in “Russian Grammar” and Russian language textbooks.

Morphological norms.

Morphological norms require the correct formation of grammatical forms of words of different parts of speech (forms of gender, number, short forms and degrees of comparison of adjectives, etc.). A typical violation of morphological norms is the use of a word in a non-existent or inflectional form that does not correspond to the context (analyzed image, reigning order, victory over fascism, called Plyushkin a hole). Sometimes you can hear the following phrases: railway rail, imported shampoo, registered parcel post, patent leather shoes. There is a morphological error in these phrases - the gender of the nouns is incorrectly formed.

Syntactic norms.

Syntactic norms prescribe the correct construction of basic syntactic units - phrases and sentences. These norms include rules for word agreement and syntactic control, relating parts of a sentence to each other using the grammatical forms of words so that the sentence is a literate and meaningful statement. Violation of syntactic norms is found in the following examples: while reading it, a question arises; The poem is characterized by a synthesis of lyrical and epic principles; Having married his brother, none of the children were born alive.

Speech etiquette. Specifics of Russian speech etiquette.

Speech etiquette is a system of rules of speech behavior and stable formulas of polite communication.

Possession of speech etiquette contributes to the acquisition of authority, generates trust and respect. Knowing the rules of speech etiquette and observing them allows a person to feel confident and at ease, and not experience awkwardness or difficulties in communication.

Strict adherence to speech etiquette in business communication leaves clients and partners with a favorable impression of the organization and maintains its positive reputation.

Speech etiquette has national specifics. Each nation has created its own system of rules of speech behavior. In Russian society, such qualities as tact, courtesy, tolerance, goodwill, and restraint are of particular value.

The importance of these qualities is reflected in numerous Russian proverbs and sayings that characterize ethical standards of communication. Some proverbs indicate the need to listen carefully to your interlocutor: A smart person does not speak, an ignorant person does not allow him to speak. Tongue - one, ear - two, say once, listen twice. Other proverbs point out typical mistakes in constructing a conversation: Answers when he is not asked. Grandfather talks about chicken, and grandmother talks about duck. You listen, and we will remain silent. A deaf man listens to a mute man speak. Many proverbs warn about the danger of an empty, idle or offensive word: All a person’s troubles come from his tongue. Cows are caught by the horns, people by the tongue. A word is an arrow; if you release it, it will not return. What is unspoken can be expressed, what has been said cannot be returned. It's better to understate than to overtell. It buzzes from morning to evening, but there is nothing to listen to.

*Tactfulness is an ethical norm that requires the speaker to understand the interlocutor, avoid inappropriate questions, and discuss topics that may be unpleasant for him.

*Carefulness consists in the ability to anticipate possible questions and wishes of the interlocutor, the willingness to inform him in detail on all topics relevant to the conversation.

*Tolerance means being calm about possible differences of opinion and avoiding harsh criticism of the views of your interlocutor. You should respect the opinions of other people and try to understand why they have this or that point of view. Closely related to such a character quality as tolerance is self-control - the ability to calmly respond to unexpected or tactless questions and statements from an interlocutor.

*Goodwill is necessary both in relation to the interlocutor and in the entire structure of the conversation: in its content and form, in intonation and choice of words.

Functional styles. Scientific style.

Functional speech styles are styles used in one or another area of ​​human communication; a type of literary language that performs a specific function in communication.

To avoid confusion with linguistic styles, functional styles are sometimes called linguistic genres, functional varieties of language. Each functional style has its own characteristics of using a general literary norm; it can exist both in written and oral form. There are five main types of functional speech styles, differing in the conditions and goals of communication in some area of ​​social activity: scientific, official business, journalistic, colloquial, artistic.

Official business style.

Official business style is a functional style of speech, the environment of verbal communication in the field of official relations: in the field of legal relations and management. This area covers international relations, law, economics, the military industry, advertising, communication in official institutions, and government activities.

Business style is used for communication and information in an official setting (the sphere of legislation, office work, administrative and legal activities). This style is used for drawing up documents: laws, orders, regulations, characteristics, protocols, receipts, certificates. The scope of application of the official business style is law, the author is a lawyer, lawyer, diplomat, or just a citizen. Works in this style are addressed to the state, citizens of the state, institutions, employees, etc., with the aim of establishing administrative-legal relations.

This style exists more often in the written form of speech; the type of speech is predominantly reasoning. The type of speech is most often a monologue, the type of communication is public.

Style features - imperativeness (due character), accuracy, not allowing two interpretations, standardization (strict composition of the text, precise selection of facts and ways of presenting them), lack of emotionality.

The main function of the official business style is informational (transfer of information). It is characterized by the presence of speech cliches, a generally accepted form of presentation, a standard presentation of the material, the widespread use of terminology and nomenclature names, the presence of complex unabridged words, abbreviations, verbal nouns, and the predominance of direct word order.

Peculiarities:

1) compactness;

2) standard arrangement of material;

3) widespread use of terminology;

4) frequent use of verbal nouns, complex conjunctions, as well as various stable phrases;

5) the narrative nature of the presentation, the use of nominative sentences with listing;

6) direct word order in a sentence as the predominant principle of its construction;

7) a tendency to use complex sentences that reflect the logical subordination of some facts to others;

8) almost complete absence of emotionally expressive speech means;

9) weak individualization of style.

Journalistic style.

Journalistic style- functional style of speech, which is used in the following genres: article, essay, report, feuilleton, interview, pamphlet, oratory.

The journalistic style serves to influence people through the media (newspapers, magazines, television, posters, booklets). It is characterized by the presence of socio-political vocabulary, logic, emotionality, evaluativeness, and appeal. In addition to neutral, it widely uses high, solemn vocabulary and phraseology, emotionally charged words, the use of short sentences, chopped prose, verbless phrases, rhetorical questions, exclamations, repetitions, etc. The linguistic features of this style are affected by the breadth of topics: there is a need to include special vocabulary that requires explanation. On the other hand, a number of topics are in the center of public attention, and vocabulary related to these topics takes on a journalistic connotation. Among such topics, we should highlight politics, economics, education, healthcare, criminology, and military topics.

The journalistic style is characterized by the use of evaluative vocabulary that has a strong emotional connotation.

This style is used in the sphere of political-ideological, social and cultural relations. The information is intended not only for a narrow circle of specialists, but for broad sections of society, and the impact is aimed not only at the mind, but also at the feelings of the recipient.

Functions of journalistic style:

*Informational - the desire to inform people about the latest news as soon as possible

*Influencing - the desire to influence people's opinions

Speech task:

*influence mass consciousness

*call to action

*provide information

The vocabulary has a pronounced emotional and expressive coloring and includes colloquial, colloquial and slang elements. Vocabulary characteristic of the journalistic style can be used in other styles: official business, scientific. But in a journalistic style, it acquires a special function - to create a picture of events and convey to the addressee the journalist’s impressions of these events.

Lecture No. 85 Language norm

The concept of a language norm and various types of language norms are considered.

Language norm

The concept of a language norm and various types of language norms are considered.

Lecture outline

85.1. The concept of language norm

85.2. Types of language norms

85. 1. The concept of language norm

Every cultured person should be able to correctly pronounce and write words, place punctuation marks, and not make mistakes when forming word forms, constructing phrases and sentences.

The concept of linguistic norm is closely related to the concept of correct speech.

Language norm - This is the generally accepted use of linguistic means: sounds, stress, intonation, words, syntactic structures.

Basic properties of the language norm:

• objectivity - the norm is not invented by scientists or prescribed by them;
• mandatory for all native speakers;
• sustainability - if the norms were not stable, easily subject to various influences, the connection between generations would be broken; the stability of norms ensures the continuity of the cultural traditions of the people and the development of national literature;
• historical variability - as the language develops, language norms gradually change under the influence of colloquial speech, various social and professional groups of the population, borrowings, etc.

Changes in language result in variations of some words. For example, the options are absolutely equal tunnel - tunnel, galoshes - galoshes, cottage cheese - cottage cheese

However, more often the options receive different assessments: the main option is considered to be the one that can be used in all styles of speech and has a broader meaning; An option whose use is limited is considered secondary. For example, in all speech styles the option agreement, while the form agreement has a conversational tone. Form phenomenon can be used in all meanings of the word, and the colloquial version phenomenon used only in the sense of "a person with unusual abilities."

Many forms that have a vernacular coloring are outside the boundaries of the literary language: rings, got it, put it down etc.

The admissibility of traditional and new pronunciation gives rise to the idea of ​​two types of norms - “senior” and “younger”: senior - recommended, more strict; the only one possible in stage and announcer speech; the younger one is acceptable, more free, characteristic of everyday speech.

Society consciously cares about preserving language norms, which is reflected in the process codification- streamlining language norms. The most important means of codification are linguistic dictionaries, reference books, and teaching aids, from which we can glean information about the correct use of language units.

In relation to the literary norm, several types of speech are distinguished, for example:

• elite speech, which is characterized by compliance with all literary norms, mastery of all functional styles of the Russian language, transition from one style to another depending on the sphere of communication, compliance with ethical standards of communication, respect for a partner;
• average-level literary speech, which most of the intelligentsia speaks;
• literary and colloquial speech;
• conversational-familiar type of speech (usually speech at the level of the family, relatives);
• colloquial speech (speech of uneducated people);
• professional speech.

85.2. Types of language norms

The most important quality of good speech - correctness - is based on compliance with various language norms. The types of language norms reflect the hierarchical structure of the language - each language level has its own set of language norms.

Orthoepic norms - it is a set of rules that establish uniform pronunciation. Orthoepy in the proper sense of the word indicates how certain sounds should be pronounced in certain phonetic positions, in certain combinations with other sounds, as well as in certain grammatical forms and groups of words or even individual words, if these forms and words have their own pronunciation features.

Let us give some examples of mandatory spelling norms (pronunciation of consonants).

1. The plosive sound [g] at the end of the word is deafened and [k] is pronounced in its place; pronunciation of the fricative [γ] is allowed in the words: God, Lord, good.

2. Voiced consonants, except for sonorant ones [r], [l], [m], [n], at the end of words and before voiceless consonants are deafened, and voiceless consonants before voiced ones, except for sonorant ones, are voiced: [teeth] - [zup] , [kas'it'] - [kaz'ba].

3. All consonants, except [zh], [sh], [ts], before vowels [i], [e] become soft. However, in some borrowed words the consonants before [e] remain hard: chalk[m'el], shadow[t'en'], but pace[tempo].

4. At the junction of morphemes, the consonants [z] and [zh], [z] and [sh], [s] and [sh], [s] and [zh], [z] and [h'] are pronounced as long hissing sounds: sew[shshyt’], squeeze[burn’].

5. Combination Thu in words what, to, nothing pronounced [pcs].

No less important for orthoepy is the question of stress placement. As noted by K.S. Gorbachevich, “correct placement of stress is a necessary sign of cultural, literate speech. There are many words, the pronunciation of which serves as a litmus test for the level of speech culture. It is often enough to hear from a stranger the wrong emphasis in a word (such as: youth, store, invention, newborn, tool, document, percentage, whooping cough, beets, athlete, self-interest, associate professor, briefcase, condolences, transferred, transported, make it easier, people, etc. .p.) in order to form a not too flattering opinion about his education, the degree of general culture, so to speak, the level of intelligence. Therefore, there is no need to prove how important it is to master the correct stress” [K.S. Gorbachevich. Norms of modern Russian literary language. M., 1981].

Issues of pronunciation of words are discussed in detail in orthoepic dictionaries, for example: Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language. Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms / edited by R.I. Avanesova. M., 1995 (and other editions)

Lexical norms- these are the rules for using words in accordance with their meanings and compatibility possibilities.

Is it possible to name the exhibition vernissage? The seagull on the curtain is mascot Art theater or its emblem? Is the use of words the same? thanks to- because of, become - stand up, place - place? Is it possible to use expressions a cavalcade of buses, a memorial monument, a forecast for the future? Answers to these questions can be found in lectures no. 7, № 8, № 10.

Like other types of norms, lexical norms are subject to historical changes. For example, it is interesting to trace how the norm of using the word has changed applicant. In the 30s and 40s, both those who graduated from high school and those who entered a university were called applicants, since both of these concepts in most cases refer to the same person. In the post-war years, the word was assigned to those graduating from high school graduate, A applicant in this meaning has fallen out of use. Applicants began to be called those who take entrance exams at universities and technical schools.

The following dictionaries are devoted to the description of lexical norms of the Russian language: V.N. Vakurov, L.I. Rakhmanova, I.V. Tolstoy, N.I. Formanovskaya. Difficulties of the Russian language: Dictionary-reference book. M., 1993; Rosenthal D.E., Telenkova M.A. Dictionary of difficulties of the Russian language. M., 1999; Belchikov Yu.A., Panyusheva M.S. Dictionary of paronyms of the Russian language. M., 2002, etc.

Morphological norms- these are the rules for the formation of words and word forms.

Morphological norms are numerous and relate to the use of forms of different parts of speech. These norms are reflected in grammars and reference books.

For example, in the nominative plural of nouns, most words, according to the traditional norms of the literary language, correspond to the ending -s , -And : mechanics, bakers, turners, searchlights. However, in a number of words there is an ending -A . Forms with ending -A usually have a conversational or professional tone. Only some words have an ending -A corresponds to the literary norm, for example: addresses, shore, side, board, century, bill of exchange, director, doctor, jacket, master, passport, cook, cellar, professor, class, watchman, paramedic, cadet, anchor, sail, cold.

Variant forms, forms corresponding to the literary norm, are described in detail in the book: T.F. Efremova, V.G. Kostomarov. Dictionary of grammatical difficulties of the Russian language. M., 2000.

Syntactic norms- these are the rules for constructing phrases and sentences.

For example, choosing the right form of control is perhaps the most difficult thing in modern oral and written speech. How to say: dissertation review or for a dissertation, production control or for production,capable of sacrifices or to the victims,monument to Pushkin or Pushkin, control destinies or fate?

The book will help answer these questions: Rosenthal D.E. Handbook of the Russian language. Management in Russian. M., 2002.

Stylistic norms- these are the rules for choosing linguistic means in accordance with the communication situation.

Many words in the Russian language have a certain stylistic connotation - bookish, colloquial, colloquial, which determines the characteristics of their use in speech.

For example, the word dwell has a bookish character, so it should not be used in combination with words that are stylistically reduced, evoking ideas of a reduced nature. This is why it is incorrect: I went to the barn where there were pigs...

Mixing vocabulary of different stylistic colors can be used for artistic purposes, for example, to create a comic effect: The forest owner loves to feast on polydrupes and angiosperms... And when the siverko blows, how the dashing bad weather makes fun - the overall metabolism of Toptygin sharply slows down, the tone of the gastrointestinal tract decreases with a concomitant increase in the lipid layer. Yes, the minus range is not scary for Mikhailo Ivanovich: no matter how much hair there is, and the epidermis is notable...(T. Tolstaya).

Of course, we should not forget about spelling norms, which are given the most attention in the school Russian language course. These include spelling standards- rules for writing words and punctuation norms- rules for placing punctuation marks.