Mongolian elements are represented. This pattern is reflected in proper names. They have long been important for Tuvans.
History of the origin of names
Modern Tuvan names were borrowed from the Mongols, Russians, and Turkic peoples.
Until recently, a child was not named immediately, but months and sometimes years after his birth. Back in the 19th century, a boy received his “masculine” name at the age of approximately 10 years or more. Before that, he was simply called “son”, “little boy”, “baby” and so on.
This tradition originates from the legends and epic tales of the Tuvans, where it is explained that naming occurs only when a young man receives a horse and becomes a man. So, for example, one of the heroes of the epic tales, Khan-Buddai, received his name when he began to go hunting and was able to tame his horse, and the hero of the epic tales, Mege Sagaan-Toolai, only before going for his bride.
Many Tuvan names are associated with the child's appearance, temperament or character. For example, Biche-ool is translated as “little boy,” Kara-kys is “black girl,” Uzun-ool is “long boy,” and so on.
Often, the naming method reflects the strong desire of the parents to see this or that trait in the baby, for example, Maadyr is translated as “hero”, Mergen - “wise”.
Among the people there are names that were given by the name of a certain object: Despizek - “trough”.
Girls were often named after beautiful birds, plants, animals, for example Sailykmaa - “titmouse”, Choduraa - “bird cherry”. The most common Tuvan female name is Chechek - “flower”.
Sometimes children were named after the name of the area where the family lived, for example, Khemchik-ool (a river flowing into the Yenisei).
Back at the beginning of the 20th century, if children died in a family, the child was given some “scary” or “bad” name to scare away the evil spirit. Along with the bad nickname, he was also given a worldly “real” nickname, but it was not pronounced until the child grew up and became stronger. Currently, this custom has disappeared, but among people of the older generation you can often find people with such names and surnames that arose on their basis.
Method of education
All Tuvan names are divided into three groups by origin:
- The first group is the original national names: Mergen - “wise”, Anay “little goat”, Chechen - “graceful”, Belek - “gift”, Chechek - “flower”, Maadyr - “hero”.
Many names are two-syllable and consist of several components, for example, Belek-Bayyr - “gift and holiday”, Aldyn-Kherel - “golden ray”.
The most common component of Tuvan names for boys is the word “ool”, which translates as “boy”, “guy”. For example, Aldyn-ool is a “golden boy”.
- The second group includes those associated with Buddhism; they were modified according to phonetic laws. Tuvans often named their children in honor of Buddhist deities, Dolchan, Dolgar, Shogzhal.
Children were also named after sacred Buddhist books, for example Manzyrykchy.
- The third group includes Russian or borrowed from other European languages.
It should be noted that Tuvans use given names more often than surnames. A person is known by his personal nickname, in addition, until 1947, surnames were the old names of the tribes.
Formation of surnames and patronymics
In 1947, Tuvans were allowed to take Russian names and surnames, since the tribal names that served as surnames were quantitatively limited.
As a result of this process, national Tuvan names became surnames, and Russian borrowed ones became given names. For example, Kuskeldey Tamara, Davaa Alexander. This is especially true for the younger and middle generations.
Tuvan surnames do not have certain endings that are typical for Russians.
Middle names are formed in the following ways:
- Suffixes are added to the father's name: -evich, -ovich for men; -evna, -aries for women. For example, Kyzyl-oolovna, Kyzyl-oolo-vich.
- The father's name is placed in third place without a suffix. For example, Tanova Sofia Sedip, Mongush Alexander Kyzyl-ool.
Unusual men's
According to the established folk tradition, parents called the child strange in order to protect him from danger. They chose an unusual or ugly nickname for him. For example, Kodur-ool means “lichen”. Often a boy was called by a female name, and a girl by a male name. Sometimes children were even given a nickname. It was believed that such naming methods drove away evil spirits from the child.
List of beautiful Tuvan names:
- Aylan - "nightingale"
- Aykhaan - “lunar khan”,
- Aldinkherel - “golden ray”,
- Baazan - “born on Friday”
- Baylak - “wealth”,
- Belek - “educated”,
- Burbu - “born on Thursday”
- Maadir - “hero”,
- Mengiot - “mountain glacier”,
- Mergen - "sharp shooter"
- Chechen - “graceful”,
- Chimit - “immortal”.
For women
Among Tuvans, male names are easily converted into female ones by replacing the element “ool” with “kys”, which means “girl”, “girl”, or “urug” - “daughter”, “child”. For example, Aldyn-kys “golden girl”, Ak-urug “white child”.
One of the characteristic indicators of Tuvan names for girls is the component “maa”, this is a Tibetan word that means “mother”. For example, Saylykmaa means “titmouse”, Chechekmaa means “flower”.
List of popular Tuvan female names:
- Azunda - meaning unknown,
- Aisuu - “moon water”
- Anai - “little goat”
- Karakys - “black girl”
- Olcha - “luck”
- Saar - "milkmaid"
- Saylykmaa - “titmouse”
- Syldysmaa - “star”,
- Heralmaa - "beam"
- Kherel - “ray”
- Chechekmaa - “flower”
- Schenne - "peony"
- Shuru - “beautiful”.
Instead of a conclusion
Recently, Tuvans, along with national names for naming children, have been using borrowed names from the Russian language.
Modern male names are predominantly Tuvan (of Turkic origin), as well as Mongolian, Russian, European, and Tibetan.
Men's are easily recognized by the ending - ool, women's - kys, - maa, - urug.
For Tuvans, naming has always been of great importance, as they believed in the mystical, magical and spiritual connection between an object and a word. Therefore, children were named with words meaning positive character traits. Also popular are names derived from the name of the area in which the baby was born.
After the spread of Lamaism (16th century), Tuvans actively began to use Tibetan and Mongolian words and concepts to name children. Buddhist names appeared - in honor of deities, philosophical terms, sacred books.
Often the lama would choose a name for the child and whisper it into the right ear of the male child.
Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu today arrived in the city of Kyzyl as part of a working trip to a number of regions of Siberia. The head of Tuva, Sholban Kara-ool, took advantage of the successful coincidence of the business trip and, in the presence of a huge number of spectators of the national wrestling “Khuresh,” presented the birthday boy with a high state award. Hero of Russia Sergei Shoigu was the first to be awarded the title “Honorary Citizen of the Republic of Tyva” for outstanding services to the Republic of Tyva and personal contribution to its development.
The head of Tuva Sholban Kara-ool addressed the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation:
“I know, Sergei Kuzhugetovich, that you do not like laudatory speeches. But Tuva will not understand me if I do not say at least a few words about how proud we are of you. I won't exaggerate at all if I say that the name “Shoigu” has become the loudest brand in Tuva in Russia, and in the world. By this name, everyone now knows that Tuva is not Tula and not abroad. Your name has changed the attitude towards every resident of the republic. Suffice it to say that you are Shoigu’s fellow countryman, and the person immediately becomes one of his own in any corner of the country. Because all of Russia knows that Shoigu is decency and honor, this is a real masculine character, this is the highest professionalism in everything.
We see this in your deeds. We saw this in the Victory Parade, which shocked the whole world. We were convinced of this by how 
Our army led by you has changed. We, Tuvans, know you for everything you have done and are doing for your native republic. Sports complexes in Kyzyl and Chadan, new swimming pools, temples, large investment projects and construction projects, scientific publications about Tuva - in everything there is a huge share of your support and direct participation, your concern for your fellow countrymen.
To pay tribute to you for your contribution to the development of your native republic is very difficult, I would even say: unrealistic. Probably, the best gratitude to you would be the same selfless service to the country and small homeland, the same dedication and love for people. Only in this way, following you, each to the best of his ability, can we bring your main dream closer- to see Tuva prosperous, its people happy and full of dignity.
Nevertheless, Sergey Kuzhugetovich, allow me today, as a sign of great gratitude, to present you on behalf of all of Tuva with an award that you have long since honestly deserved. This is the title “Honorary Citizen of the Republic of Tyva”. No one has yet received this title. You are the first. And I am glad that the history of this award will be opened in your name. The bar is set to the highest! It will be incredibly difficult, extremely responsible and very honorable to look up to you!”
The Khuresh Stadium roared loudly and began chanting: Pos-drav-la-em! Pos-drav-la-e! Hurray!
The head of Tuva Sholban Kara-ool, presenting the award, touched his forehead with it and handed it into the hands of Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu.
Sergei Kuzhugetovich expressed gratitude to all those present:
“Dear fellow countrymen! Firstly, I would like to congratulate you all on a significant date in the history of our state, in the history of great Russia - on the great Victory Day! (the stadium explodes three times Hurray!) It is a great honor for me to receive the title of Honorary Citizen of the Republic. These are the merits of many, many generations of workers who have worked on this land and continue to work.
Of course, I am grateful to my teachers, my parents, and all of you for the high appreciation of our work and our contribution to the formation of the statehood of the Republic of Tyva.
Huge changes have occurred in the republic. This is especially noticeable when you are not here so often, but you come sincerely and from the heart, wanting to see your loved ones, relatives and all of you.
Thank you for this high rating! And of course, I would like to wish the athletes, wonderful wrestlers, worthy representatives of sports of the republic and not only the republic, but also our country, an honest but uncompromising fight!”
Event scenario
"Famous people of Tuva"
Group Master:
Good afternoon, dear colleagues and guests! Good afternoon, students! Theme of our event"Famous people of Tuva."
Each nation has its own special sons, whom they are proud of, whom they set as an example to others. Their deeds and actions inspire, and their fame warms the hearts of their fellow countrymen. The small but beautiful republic of Tyva, part of Russia, also has its own heroes. They are known not only in the republic, but also abroad. And now we will learn more about some of our famous contemporaries.
(Video from the film “A Year as Minister of Defense”).
Presenter – 1
Shoigu Sergei Kuzhugetovich - born on May 21, 1955 in the city of Chadan, Tuva Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, into a family of employees. Sergei graduated from school with average academic performance. After finishing 10th grade in 1972, he entered the Krasnoyarsk Polytechnic Institute to major in civil engineering. Already in his first year at the University, he met his future wife, Irina Antipina. Five years later they got married, and subsequently two daughters were born into the family.
Presenter-2
The professional path of Sergei Shoigu can be outlined as follows:
in 1991 he headed the Russian Rescue Corps, becoming chairman of the RSFSR State Committee for Emergency Situations,
in 1991-1994 was Chairman of the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Disaster Relief.
Afrom January 1994 to May 2012 Sergei Shoigu served as the Russian Minister for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Disaster Relief. In total, the journey is 21 years long.
Presenter-1
Spring 2012 Sergei Shoigu took office as governor of the Moscow region, andNovember 6 of the same year President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin appointed Sergei KuzhugetovichMinister of Defense of the Russian Federation. After Shoigu took office as Defense Minister, the intensity of , repeated surprise checks of combat readiness were undertaken, , many unfairly dismissed officers were returned to service.
Presenter-2
Before Sergei Shoigu took over as the Ministry of Defense, the moral climate in the Armed Forces left much to be desired, but“Shoigu, an army general, a man who went through many hot spots and emergency situations, managed to turn the situation around and become one of his own in the army”; over the year, enrollment in military schools and academies increased 7.5 times, and in universities where there are no military departments, on the initiative of the new minister, , (which allows students of these universities to serve in the army without interrupting their studies), the number of And .
Presenter-1
On Shoigu’s initiative, Arctic troops are being created to ensure the security of the Arctic region of Russia, the International Army Games, tank biathlon are held annually, and army sports are being developed.
By 2015, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation became the second most powerful army in the world. It is clear that the Tuvan people are proud of their fellow countryman.
Every time Sergei Kuzhugetovich comes to his homeland in Tyva, his fellow countrymen greet him as a very dear and honored guest.
This is what the President of the Republic of Tuva, Sholbann Kara-ool, says about Sergei Kuzhugetovich.(video of the president’s words).
Presenter-1
The Hero of Russia is Sergei Shoigu, a real man who long ago answered the question of who he is and what he wants. He has an inner core, self-confidence, he is full of strength and energy. Let us wish him to glorify Tyva and Russia with his deeds for a long time to come.
Presenter-2
In August, Tuvans celebrate their annual national holidayNaadim.
The festival competition program includes:Khuresh wrestling, horse racing, archery
and much more.
Khuresh fight
- an indispensable attribute of all celebrations.
The rules of the fight are very simple: the one who touches the ground with anything other than his feet will lose. The fight is one on one, only men participate. Before the fight, the participants in the fight put on wrestling suits.sodak-shudak , and after the victory they perform a small mime-dance skit, depicting an Eagle. People create legends about their favorite wrestlers, attributing to them superhuman qualities.
Presenter-1
Sayin-Belek - one of the favorite wrestlers in the Republic of Tyva, the idol of the boys whom he trains at the Teskhem sports school, a repeated winner of Nadyym (livestock breeders' festival).
The wrestler has a high rankArzylan-Moge (Leo). Wrestler Sayyn-Belek Tyulush was born on September 28, 1982 in the Republic of Tyva, Teskhemsky district, village of Oo-Shynaa.On September 25, during the republican tournament for the Cup of the Head of Tuva, he was awarded the title"ChaanMoge" - Elephant wrestler. Later, in an interview with Sayyn-Belek, Tyulush admitted that his main victory today was completely different.
Presenter-2
“I sincerely thank the Head of Tuva, Sholban Kara-ool, for the decision to award me the title of “Chaanmoge.” This is a very exciting moment in my life. At competitions, the strong support of my spectators always helps me. Thank you, fellow countrymen! Sayin-Belek deserved this honorary title. The people supported this fair decision of the government.
Presenter-1
There is a corner in Russia - My Father's Home, Tyva!
We serve our Fatherland faithfully,
You are one of the sons
Grow so that you are needed
Dear to your Motherland!
Presenter-2
One of the distinctive features of the national wrestling “Khuresh” is the special ritual of the wrestler"Devig" - Eagle dance. When performing it, the wrestler improvises the flight of the Eagle - a symbol of heavenly power, fire and immortality.(video of eagle dance)
Presenter-1
Tuvan throat singing. We've probably all heard about it, but believe me, it's a completely different thing to listen to it performed by famouskhoomeizhi (masters of throat singing ), in the Tuvan steppe under the stars, when from all the surrounding camps, having heard about their arrival, they come riding on squat steppe horsesarats with families.
How they know how to listen to this eternal, bewitching song of the steppe! It seems that an inhuman throat makes these amazing sounds, and this steppe itself, this wind, is filled with the aroma of bitter herbs.
Presenter-2
Ondar Kongar-ool Borisovich one of the world's most recognized masters of Tuvan throat singing; People's Khoomeizhi of the Republic of Tyva, Honored Artist of the Russian Federation, Honored Worker of Education of Tyva, excellent student in physical education and sports of the Republic of Tyva.
Awarded the medal “For Valiant Labor”, included in the book “Honored People of Tuva of the 20th Century”, winner of the prestigious international music award “Grammy”, nominated for the Oscar Award of the American Film Academy.
Presenter-1
Was born Kongar-ool Borisovich March 29, 1962 in the village of Iime-Dzun, Khemchinsky district, Tuva Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. His mother soon got married and took Kongar-ool to Chadan, where he graduated from school. Due to his stepfather's bad attitude towards Kongar-ool, his childhood was difficult. However, he did not become embittered. On the contrary, he smiled widely all his life. The most charming smile, the sygyt that penetrates the soul - made Kongar-ool Ondar an ambassador of Tuvan culture throughout the world.
Presenter-2
He performed in the most prestigious halls on the planet. Participated in talk shows of legendary American presenters Chevy Chase and David Letterman. He literally traveled all over the globe, repeatedly visiting America, Japan, almost all of Europe and other countries, glorifying Tuvan khoomei and his beloved Tyva.
His concerts always attracted full houses. He knew how to create a festive atmosphere where everyone felt welcome. Kongar-ool was the center of attraction for many musicians and musicologists in Tuva. He had a special artistic flair for the audience and knew how to “get listeners.” Kongar-ool's performances were always accompanied by thunderous applause.(video of Kongaar-ool singing)
Presenter-1
Fate decreed that he performed khoomei in front of all three presidents of Russia: Boris Nikolaevich Yeltsin, Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev, Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin.
I was surprised by the artist’s ability to keep up with everything: to give solo performances in concerts; during sports competitions, especially in the national wrestling khuresh, to sound the wrestling competitions with your magnificent khoomei; during horse racing - commentate; when conducting charity marathons - to be a director and presenter.
Presenter-2
Another character trait of the people's favorite is natural generosity, desire and readiness to help others if he had such an opportunity.
For many years, Ondar Kongar-ool was a constant member of the jury of the International Festival of Ethnic Music and Crafts"Sayan Ring" in the village of Shushenskoye, now the festival is called “World of Siberia”.
His musical group “Alash” annually took first place in the “Throat Singing” nomination. In the last years of his life, Kongar-ool did a great job of reconstructing the dilapidated building of the former museum and creating the Center for Tuvan Culture, of which he was appointed director in the city of Kyzyl.
Presenter-1
In 2012 The artist celebrated his50th anniversary, which brought together real starsworldmusic(WORLD MUSIC) in Kyzyl. One of the popular US beat-boxers Schodeke came to the celebration.
In March 2013, four months before his death, Kongar-ool was recognized"Star of culture" of Tuva, having received the appropriate sign from the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Tyva.
Presenter-2
The sudden death of Kongar-ool Borisovich was a blow to the entire modern Tuvan culture. He was a fanatic, in the good sense of the word, of his Motherland. And he wanted everyone to love her the way he loved Tyva. The media all over the world responded vividly to the death of the Tuvan khoomeizhi. The sad news was reported by Russian news agencies, and it was picked up and published by Western news agencies, including the largest American newspapers.
In December 2013 The masters of Tuvan throat singing on their forum decided to erect a monument to their comrade. Khoomeizhi - in full height, in national costume, withchanzy - a three-string musical instrument. And, of course, with his signature Kongar-ool smile. The planned height of the sculpture is two meters.
Presenter-1
August 9, 2014 At the international competition “Khoomei”, all laureates received a prize-figurine, a prototype of the future monument to the famous khoomeizhi.
The fond memory of Kongar-ool Borisovich Ondar lives on in his students. Kongar-ool is a famous artist, legend, star of the Tuvan people, who has traveled all over the world, and a performer of the traditional art of throat singing - khoomei.
Presenter-2
What did you hear in my ancient song -
The color of the spring taiga, the hot wind of the steppes.
Burning heat, sparkle of clear lakes
The beauty of the majestic snow-capped mountains.
Foamy roar of water on river rapids,
The sound of autumn foliage of golden poplars,
The hum of endless flocks, the rhythmic knock of herds.
The smell of tea and smoke from home!
Presenter-1 The creativity of Kangaar-ool-Borisovich is associated with the rapid flowering of khoomei in Tyva, with Tuvan folk music, its originality, and beauty. Thanks to his concerts, performances by his students, and the ensembles he created “Ertine”, “Alash”, “Chirgilchin”, the whole world learned about Tuva, from America to Japan. Modern youth of the Tuvan Republic continue to honor these traditions, taking into account modern musical tastes.(video by Kuulara)
Group Master
The generous Tyvinian land raised many famous and talented people. Today we met only three of them. I think that we will not limit ourselves to one meeting; we will definitely talk about the glorious Tuvan people and their heroes.
Students from Tyva who have talents study in our branch. They will perform several amateur performances.
The song will be performed by the trio Chingis, Aydin, Belek.
Dance performed by the group: Elementrix.
A poem about Tyva performed by Monge-Bayir.
Thank you all for your attention!
The Russian Federation is a great state, occupying first place on the planet in terms of territory and size national wealth. However, its main pride is its outstanding citizens who have left a noticeable mark on history. Our country has raised a huge number of famous scientists, politicians, military leaders, athletes and artists of world renown. Their achievements allowed Russia to occupy one of the leading positions in the list of superpowers on the planet.
Rating
Who are they, outstanding citizens of Russia? The list can be continued endlessly, because every period in the history of our Fatherland has its great people who became famous in different fields of activity. Among the most prominent personalities who, to one degree or another, influenced the course of both Russian and world history, it is worth mentioning the following:
- Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky.
- Peter the Great.
- Alexander Suvorov.
- Mikhail Lomonosov.
- Dmitry Mendeleev.
- Yuri Gagarin.
- Andrey Sakharov.
Minin and Pozharsky
The outstanding citizen of Russia Kuzma Minin and his equally famous contemporary Prince Dmitry Pozharsky went down in history as the liberators of Russian lands from Polish invaders. At the beginning of the 17th century, the Time of Troubles began in the Russian state. The crisis, which engulfed many areas of life, was aggravated by the presence of impostors on the capital’s throne. In Moscow, Smolensk and a number of other cities, the Polish gentry ruled in full swing, and the western borders of the country were occupied by Swedish troops.
In order to drive out foreign invaders from Russian lands and liberate the country, the clergy called on the population to create a people's militia and liberate the capital from the Poles. The Novgorod zemstvo elder Kuzma Minin (Sukhoruk), who, although not of noble origin, responded to the call, but was a true patriot of his Motherland. In a short time, he managed to gather an army from the residents of Nizhny Novgorod. Prince Dmitry Pozharsky from the Rurik family agreed to head it.
Gradually, residents of surrounding cities, dissatisfied with the dominance of the Polish gentry in Moscow, began to join the people's militia of Nizhny Novgorod. By the fall of 1612, the army of Minin and Pozharsky numbered about 10 thousand people. At the beginning of November 1612, the Nizhny Novgorod militia managed to expel the Poles from the capital and force them to sign an act of surrender. The successful operation was made possible thanks to the skillful actions of Minin and Pozharsky. In 1818, the memory of the heroic liberators of Moscow was immortalized by the sculptor I. Martos in a monument erected on Red Square.
Peter the Great
The significance of the reign of Peter I, nicknamed the Great State for his services to the state, is difficult to overestimate. The outstanding citizen of Russia Peter the Great was on the throne for 43 years, coming to power at the age of 17. He turned the country into the greatest empire, founded the city of Petersburg on the Neva and moved the capital to it from Moscow, carried out a number of successful military campaigns, thanks to which he significantly expanded the borders of the state. Peter the Great began trading with Europe, founded the Academy of Sciences, opened many educational institutions, introduced compulsory study of foreign languages, and forced representatives of the noble classes to wear secular attire.
The significance of the reign of Peter I for Russia
The sovereign's reforms strengthened the economy and science, contributed to the development of the army and navy. His successful internal and foreign policy became the basis for further growth and development of the state. Voltaire highly appreciated the internal transformations of Russia in Peter's times. He wrote that the Russian people managed to achieve in half a century what other nations could not achieve in 500 years of their existence.
A. V. Suvorov
The most outstanding citizen of Russia in the second half of the 18th century is, of course, the great commander, Generalissimo of the Russian land and naval forces, Alexander Suvorov. This talented military leader fought more than 60 major battles and was not defeated in any of them. The army under the command of Suvorov managed to win even in cases where the enemy forces significantly outnumbered it. The commander took part in the Russian-Turkish wars of 1768-1774 and 1787-1791, brilliantly commanded Russian troops during the storming of Prague in 1794, and in the last years of his life he led the Italian and Swiss campaigns.
In battles, Suvorov used combat tactics that he personally developed, which were significantly ahead of their time. He did not recognize military drill and instilled in his soldiers a love for the Fatherland, considering it the key to victory in any battle. The legendary commander made sure that during military campaigns his army was provided with everything necessary. He heroically shared all the hardships with the soldiers, thanks to which he enjoyed great authority and respect among them. For his victories, Suvorov was awarded all the high military awards existing in his time in the Russian Empire. In addition, he was a holder of seven foreign orders.
M. V. Lomonosov
Outstanding citizens of Russia glorified their country not only in the art of statecraft or military tactics. Mikhail Lomonosov belongs to the cohort of the greatest Russian scientists who made a huge contribution to the development of world science. Born into a poor family and unable to receive a decent education, from early childhood he had a high intelligence and was drawn to knowledge. Lomonosov's desire for science was so strong that at the age of 19 he left his village, walked to Moscow and entered the Slavic-Greco-Roman Academy. This was followed by studies at St. Petersburg University at the Academy of Sciences. To improve his knowledge of the natural sciences, Mikhail was sent to Europe. At 34, the young scientist became an academician.
Without exaggeration, Lomonosov can be considered a universal person. He had brilliant knowledge of chemistry, physics, geography, astronomy, geology, metallurgy, history, and genealogy. In addition, the scientist was an excellent poet, writer and artist. Lomonosov made many discoveries in physics, chemistry and astronomy, and became the founder of the science of glass. He owns the project for the creation of Moscow University, which was later named after him.
D. I. Mendeleev
The world-famous chemist Dmitry Mendeleev is the pride of Russia. Having been born in Tobolsk in the family of a gymnasium director, he had no barriers to receiving an education. At the age of 21, young Mendeleev graduated from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the St. Petersburg Pedagogical Institute with a gold medal. A few months later, he defended his dissertation for the right to lecture and began teaching practice. At the age of 23, Mendeleev was awarded a master's degree in chemistry. From this age he began teaching at the Imperial University of St. Petersburg. At the age of 31 he became a professor of chemical technology, and after 2 years - a professor of general chemistry.
Worldwide fame of the great chemist
In 1869, at the age of 35, Dmitry Mendeleev made a discovery that made him famous throughout the world. We are talking about the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements. It became the basis for all modern chemistry. Attempts to systematize elements by properties and atomic weight were made before Mendeleev, but he became the first who managed to clearly formulate the pattern existing between them.
The periodic table is not the only achievement of the scientist. He wrote many fundamental works on chemistry and initiated the creation of the Chamber of Weights and Measures in St. Petersburg. D.I. Mendeleev was a holder of eight honorary orders of the Russian Empire and foreign countries. He was awarded a doctorate from the Turin Academy of Sciences, Oxford, Cambridge, Priston, Edinburgh and Göttingen universities. Mendeleev's scientific authority was so high that he was nominated for the Nobel Prize three times. Unfortunately, the winners of this prestigious international award were different scientists each time. However, this fact in no way diminishes the merits of the famous chemist to the Fatherland.
Yu. A. Gagarin
Yuri Gagarin is a prominent citizen of Soviet-era Russia. On April 12, 1961, on the Vostok-1 spacecraft, he flew into space for the first time in the history of human existence. Having spent 108 minutes in Earth's orbit, the cosmonaut returned to the planet as an international hero. Even world movie stars could envy Gagarin’s popularity. He made official visits to more than 30 foreign countries and traveled throughout the USSR.
An outstanding citizen of Russia, Yuri Gagarin, was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union and the highest insignia of many countries. He was preparing for a new space flight, but a plane crash that happened in March 1968 in the Vladimir region tragically cut short his life. Having lived only 34 years, Gagarin became one of the greatest people of the 20th century. Streets and squares in all major cities of Russia and the CIS countries are named after him, and monuments to him have been erected in many foreign countries. In honor of Yuri Gagarin's flight, International Cosmonautics Day is celebrated all over the world on April 12.
A. D. Sakharov
In addition to Gagarin, there were many other outstanding Russian citizens in the Soviet Union. The USSR became famous throughout the world thanks to academician Andrei Sakharov, who made an invaluable contribution to the development of physics. In 1949, together with Yu. Khariton, he developed a project for a hydrogen bomb - the first Soviet thermonuclear weapon. In addition, Sakharov conducted a lot of research on magnetic hydrodynamics, gravity, astrophysics, and plasma physics. In the mid-70s, he predicted the emergence of the Internet. In 1975, the academician was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
In addition to science, Sakharov was engaged in active human rights activities, for which he fell out of favor with the Soviet leadership. In 1980, he was stripped of all titles and highest awards, after which he was deported from Moscow to Gorky. After the start of Perestroika, Sakharov was allowed to return to the capital. In the last years of his life, he continued to engage in scientific activities, and was also elected as a deputy of the Supreme Council. In 1989, the scientist worked on a draft of a new Soviet constitution, which proclaimed the right of peoples to statehood, but sudden death did not allow him to complete the work he had begun.
Outstanding citizens of Russia of the 21st century
Today in our country there live a huge number of people who glorify it in politics, science, art and other fields of activity. The most famous scientists of our time are physicists Mikhail Allenov and Valery Rachkov, urbanist Denis Vizgalov, historian Vyacheslav Vorobyov, economist Nadezhda Kosareva, etc. Outstanding artists of the 21st century include artists Ilya Glazunov and Alena Azernaya, conductors Valery Gergiev and Yuri Bashmet, opera singers Dmitry Hvorostovsky and Anna Netrebko, actors Sergei Bezrukov and Konstantin Khabensky, directors Nikita Mikhalkov and Timur Bekmambetov and others. Well, the most outstanding politician in Russia today is its President, Vladimir Putin.
