Little secrets of Russian verbs or three important tenses. What is a verb in Russian

Table of contents

Verbs- these are words denoting the action or state of an object (answer questions what to do? what to do?) , For example: talk, read, bring, grow, save, melt, think. Every verb has an initial form called uncertain form (or infinitive). It ends with Th, -ty, -ch. The indefinite form only names an action or state, without indicating either time, number, or person.

In a sentence, the indefinite form is most often included in the compound verbal predicate ( We started training. He couldn't participate in the tournament), but can also act as other members of the sentence, for example the subject ( Study- our task), inconsistent definition ( He had a burning desire study ), circumstances ( He left study ), additions ( The teacher advised us more read ).

Transitive and intransitive verbs

There are verbs transitional And intransitive. Transitive verbs denote an action that passes to another object, the name of which is in the accusative case without a preposition, for example: read magazine, love opera, send telegram, bring newspapers.
All other verbs are intransitive verbs, for example: grow in the forest, fly south, threaten the enemy.

Reflexive verbs

Verbs with a special suffix -sya , are called returnable, for example: smoke (smoke), bathe (bathe), build (build). Suffix -sya always comes at the end of the verb after other suffixes or endings, for example: bathes Xia, bathe Xia, bathed Xia, bathe Xia .

All reflexive verbs are intransitive.

Types of verbs

Verbs have special forms that show how an action occurs. These special forms are called species verb. Verbs have two types - perfect And imperfect.

Perfect look

Perfect verbs answer the question what to do? and indicate the completion of the action, its result, the end of the action, its beginning, for example: draw, throw, take away, sing, sing. They have two tense forms: past (what did you do? - drew, threw, bloomed, sang, sang) And future simple , consisting of one word (what will they do? - draw, draw, throw, bloom, sing, start singing). Verbs do not have perfect forms in the present tense.

Imperfect view

Imperfect verbs answer the question what to do? and when denoting an action, they do not indicate its completion, result, end or beginning, for example: draw, throw, bloom, sing. They have three forms of time: past (what did you do? - drew, threw, blossomed, sang), present (what are they doing? - draws, throws, blooms, sings) And the future is complicated , consisting of two words - words will, you will etc. and the indefinite form of the given verb (what will they do? - they will draw, they will throw, they will bloom, they will sing).

Verb moods

Verbs have forms inclinations, which show how the speaker evaluates the action, that is, whether he considers it real or possible under some condition, or desirable. There are three moods in Russian:

1. indicative inclination showing. that the action is real, is actually happening, has happened or will happen, for example: We meet enemies simply: beat, beat and will beat . In the indicative mood, the verb changes tenses, has forms of present, past and future tense (see the previous example);
2. subjunctive (conditional) mood, showing that an action is possible only under certain conditions, for example: I'm not without you would have gotten there to the city and from Amerz would on the road. The subjunctive mood is formed from the past tense form by adding a particle would . In the subjunctive mood, verbs change by number, and in the singular by gender (i.e., in the same way as past tense verbs change), for example: tell - would tell(m.r.), I would tell(f.r.), would tell(Wed. R.), would tell(plural) (note the separate spelling of the particle would);
3. imperative mood mood, denoting an action that is ordered, asked, advised to be performed, for example: Whiskey and vinegar for her rub it. Spray water. Bow, sir, weigh it out! ; With him don't argue you are at random and these are false ideas quit! The imperative mood is formed by adding the suffix -And to the base of the present (future simple) tense or without a suffix, for example: carry - carry - carry it, bring - they will bring - bring it; tell - tell - tell me; cook - cook - cook . In the plural it is added -those : carry it those, bring it those, tell me those, cook those .

In the subjunctive and imperative moods, the verb does not change tenses.

In a sentence, verbs of the indicative, subjunctive, and imperative moods can be predicates (see examples above).

Verb conjugation

Changing verbs in the present and future tense according to persons and numbers is called conjugation. Depending on the personal endings, which are presented in the table, two verb conjugations are distinguished.

Notes

1. Verbs want, run refer to heterogeneously conjugated. In the singular, the verb to want is conjugated using the first conjugation ( want, want, wants), in the plural - according to the second ( want, want, want). The verb to run has the 3rd person plural form are running(1 conjugation), other forms are of the second conjugation: run, run, run, run.
2. Verbs give And There is(to eat) belong to a special conjugation and are conjugated as follows: in the singular: 1st l.- I'll give it to you, I'll eat it; 2nd l.- give it, eat it; 3rd l.- will give, eat; in the plural: 1st letter - let's give it, let's eat;2nd l.- give it, eat it: 3rd l.- give, eat. The same endings are preserved in verbs with prefixes: serve, eat..., serve, eat...

Impersonal verbs

Among the verbs, the group stands out impersonal verbs that do not change either by number, or by person, or by gender. Impersonal verbs are used in two forms:

1. in a form that coincides with the form of the 3rd person singular of the present (future) tense, for example: dawn, dawn, dawn; chills; it's getting dark;
2. in a form that coincides with the neuter form of the past tense, for example: dawn, dawn, dawn; chilled;
   It was getting dark.

In a sentence, impersonal verbs are predicates, and they do not (and cannot have) a subject, for example: Buran has calmed down. Only slightly blizzard; To me unwell something; Can't sleep, nanny.

The Russian language is quite difficult to learn. After all, many features, rules and exceptions to them can confuse and make you think about issues related to the emergence of certain linguistic processes. A rather difficult issue in learning the Russian language is the verb. For those who want to know what verbs there are in the Russian language and how to correctly use them in spoken speech and writing, this article has been created. It is worth considering that it is impossible to give a definite answer about the characteristics of verbs, since they have different qualities and features. All this is taken into account by various classifications. Let's look at them and talk about what verbs there are.

Types of verbs

The type of verb shows how the action occurs in time. The classification based on this characteristic of the verb distinguishes between the perfect and imperfect types of the verb.

• Perfect verbs answer the question “What to do?” and serve to indicate the completion of the action (read). Based on their characteristics, such verbs are designed to describe facts, something that has already happened or has reached a certain limit (The long-awaited spring has arrived, the birds have returned from the south).
• Verbs belonging to the imperfective group answer the question “What to do?” and indicate the procedural nature of the action (read). Examples of verbs of this type indicate processes that are repeated, and in general the process itself as an action (It was cold, winter was coming).

Often, a prefix allows you to translate a verb from one aspect to another, which forms an aspectual pair (read - read).

Verb moods

The question of what verbs there are in the subject of mood is also interesting. This feature of the verb indicates how the action relates to reality.

• Based on this, the indicative mood is distinguished, which is closely related to the category of time, so the action is expressed in the past, present and future. Indicators of this mood are suffixes and personal endings (stood, stood, stood, stand, will stand).
• Imperative verbs encourage action. Their peculiarity is their inability to change from time to time (stop, sing, let's begin).
• The subjunctive mood of verbs indicates the condition under which an action can occur. The indicator of this inclination is the particle would (If it had not rained, we would have gone for a walk).

Verb tenses

Depending on the temporal characteristics, it is worth paying attention to what verbs are in this case.

• Past tense verbs indicate that the action occurred before the moment of speech, it has already taken place (the girl picked a flower). The indicator here is the past tense suffixes.
• The present tense can only be determined with imperfective verbs, and it is expressed by personal endings (I’m standing, standing, standing, standing, standing).
• Future tense verbs indicate the probability, the possibility of an action occurring after the moment of speech (Tomorrow I will fly in a hot air balloon). It is worth considering that in the Russian language the categories of time and aspect are intertwined quite closely.

Verb conjugations

A very important category of a verb is conjugation. Thanks to conjugation, verbs can change according to persons and numbers. Indicative in this category are personal endings. To determine the conjugation, you should pay attention to the ending of the verb (you are sick - I conjugation, you are driving - II conjugation) and the type of infinitive (to be sick - I conjugation, driving - II conjugation). Special in this regard are verbs in which one part of the personal endings is an indicator of the first conjugation, and the other - the second. These are multi-conjugated verbs, examples of which are the words want, run, read and all their derivatives.

It’s not for nothing that our ancestors basically called speech “verb”; this word is also interpreted in V. Dahl’s dictionary. We will look at examples of verbs, their use, and changes in this article.

Verb as part of speech

The part of speech that denotes an action and answers the questions “what to do?”, “What to do?” is a verb. Relating to independent parts of speech, it is determined by its general grammatical meaning.

For a verb, this is an action. However, this part of speech differs in shades of meaning.

1. Any physical labor: cutting, chopping, knitting.
2. Intellectual or speech work: observe, speak, think.
3. Moving an object in space: fly, run, sit.
4. Subject's state: hate, be sick, sleep.
5. State of nature: cold, frozen, evening.

Morphological and syntactic features

As for morphological characteristics, we will analyze these various examples in detail later, but for now we will simply list them. Mood, person, tense, number, reflexivity, gender, aspect and conjugation.

As for the verb, most often it is used as a predicate; together with the subject, it forms a predicative or grammatical basis. The verb in a sentence can be extended. This function is performed by a noun or adverb.

Infinitive

Every verb has an initial form, which is called the infinitive. We ask the following questions: “what to do?”, “what to do?”. Examples of indefinite verbs: teach, draw (what to do?), learn, draw (what to do?).

The verb is unchangeable; time, person and number are not determined by it - purely action. Let’s compare two examples: “I work in my specialty” - “A person needs to work for life.” In the first example, the verb indicates that the action occurs in the present tense, and the speaker himself performs it (the personal pronoun “I” indicates 1 person, singular). In the second, the action is indicated in principle, without indicating the number or person.

There is still debate among linguist scientists about what is the -t(s) of the infinitive: a suffix or an ending. In this article, we agree with those who position it as inflection. If the verb ends in -ch (flow, bake, burn), then this is definitely part of the root. It should be taken into account that when a word changes, alternation may occur: oven-bake; leak-flow; burn-burn.

The infinitive can act both as a predicate and as a subject: “To read is to know a lot.” Here the first verb, “read,” is the subject, the second, “know,” is the predicate. By the way, such cases require a special punctuation mark - a dash.

Types of verb

The type of verb is determined by the question it answers. In the Russian language there are imperfect (what to do? What is he doing? What did he do?) and perfect (what to do? What will he do? What did he do?) types of verbs. Examples: speak, says, spoke - imperfect; say, say, said - perfect.

The types of verb differ in semantic meaning. Thus, imperfect denotes a certain duration of action, its repetition. For example: to write - I am writing. An action has a duration, an extension. Let’s compare it with the meaning of the perfective verb: write - I’ll write - I wrote. This indicates that the action is completed and has some result. The same verbs determine the one-time action (shoot).

Form of inclination

Verbs also change according to mood. There are only three of them: conditional (subjunctive), indicative and imperative.

If we talk about the indicative mood, then it allows the predicate to have the form of tense, person and number. Examples of verbs of this mood: “We are making this craft” (present tense) - “We will make this craft” (future tense) - “We were making this craft” Or by person: “I made this craft” (1st person) - “You made this craft" (2nd person) - "Anya made this craft" (3rd person).

Subjunctive verbs indicate the execution of an action under certain conditions. This form is formed by adding the particle “would” (“b”) to the past tense, which is always written separately. Such predicates are modified by persons and numbers. The time category is not determined. Examples of verbs: “We would solve this problem with the help of a teacher” (plural, 1st person) - “I would make this craft with the help of a teacher” (singular, 1st person) - “Anya would make this craft with with the help of the teacher" (singular, 3rd person) - "The guys would make this craft with the help of the teacher" (plural, 3rd person).

The speaker encourages some action with the help of a verb. Imperative verbs are also used to prohibit an action. Examples: "Don't yell at me!" (prohibition) - “Wash your hands before eating!” (impulse) - “Please write a letter” (request). Let's look at the last example in more detail. To give your request a polite tone, you should add the word “please” (“please”, “be kind”) to the imperative verb.

It should be remembered that imperative verbs end in and it is preserved for those that end in -sya and -te. There is an exception to this rule - the verb “lie down” (lie down - lie down - lie down).

The past tense implies that at the time of speaking the action has already completed. For example: “I bought this dress last year.” Typically, such verbs are formed using the suffix -l- added to the base of the infinitive: buy - bought. These predicates vary in numbers, and in units. number - and by birth. The shape of the face is not determined.

The present tense form is characteristic exclusively of the imperfect form. To form it, you need to add verbs. Examples: mine - wash - washes - mine - wash.

Verbs of both types, perfect and imperfect, can have the future tense form. It comes in two types: simple and complex. The first is typical for perfective verbs: I will build, I will glue, I will saw, etc. The future complex is formed by imperfective verbs. Let's compare: I will build, I will glue, I will saw. Thus, this form is formed with the help of the verb “to be”, placed in the future simple, and the infinitive.

In the present and future tenses, verbs have person and number. We'll talk about them below.

Person and number

If the verb is in the first person, it shows that the action is performed by the speaker himself. For example: “I harden myself every day by dousing myself with cold water and wiping myself with snow.”

The second person of the verb will tell us that the action is being performed by the speaker’s interlocutor. For example: “You know perfectly well how much two and two are.” Verbs in the same form can have a generalized meaning and denote actions characteristic of any person. Most often this can be found in proverbs: “You can’t put a scarf over someone else’s mouth.” It is easy to distinguish such sentences: as a rule, they lack a subject.

Verbs in the third person express an action that the subject of speech produces or performed. "Lermontov was lonely all his life." “The hurricane was so strong that hundred-year-old trees were bent like twigs.”

Each person in singular or is characterized by a certain ending of verbs. Examples: “I am flying” - “We are flying” - “You are flying” - “You are flying” - “She (he, it) is flying” - “They are flying.”

Conjugation and personal verb endings

Conjugation of a verb is a form that implies its change in persons and numbers. It is not typical for all predicates, but only for those that are in the indicative mood, present or future tense.

There are two conjugations in total. Let's present them in a table.

Impersonal verbs

Personal verbs, examples of which we examined above, are not the only ones in the Russian language. They are opposed to those that denote an action without an actor. That's what they're called - impersonal.

They never have a subject; in a sentence they act as a predicate. Such verbs do not have the category of number. That is, they define purely time, present and future. For example: “It’s getting colder” (present time) - “It will freeze even more at night” (future), “It was cold. It froze even more at night” (past).

A verb is an independent part of speech that denotes an action or state of an object and answers the questions what to do? what to do?

The initial form of a verb is called the infinitive. The infinitive is an unchangeable form of the verb that answers the questions what to do? what to do? (write, write).

Infinitives can end in -t9 -ti, -ch.

A constant feature of a verb is aspect. Verbs of the perfect form (what to do? say) indicate the completion of the action, its end or result, imperfect verbs (what to do? say) do not indicate the completion of the action.

Verbs with the suffix -sya (-съ) are called reflexive (to study). The suffix -sya (-s) differs from other suffixes in that it comes after all morphemes; it is called a postfix.

Transitive verbs are combined with a noun or pronoun in v. p. without a preposition (to love (what?) fruits). A noun or pronoun with a transitive verb can also appear in R. p.:

If the verb has a negation (negative particle NOT): did not read the book;

If the action does not transfer to the entire object, but only to a part of it: did you drink what? water.

Verbs are called intransitive if the action does not directly transfer to another subject: to ski. Reflexive verbs are always intransitive (to climb a mountain).

Verb conjugation is the change of verb in persons and numbers. There are 2 conjugations in Russian.

In order to determine the conjugation of a verb with an unstressed personal ending, you need to put it in the indefinite form and determine which vowel comes before -t.

II conjugation with unstressed personal endings includes:

Everything is on -IT, except to shave, lay, build;

7 on -EAT: look, see, hate, endure, turn, offend, depend;

4 on -АТ: hear, breathe, drive, hold.

All other verbs belong to the I conjugation.

Verbs that have endings of different conjugations are called heteroconjugated; there are 4 of them in the Russian language: want, eat, give, run.

Verb mood

Verbs in the indicative mood denote actions that happened, are happening or will actually happen: I said, I say, I will speak.

Verbs in the conditional mood denote actions that are desirable or possible under certain conditions. They are formed from the base of the initial form of the verb using the suffix -l and the particle would (b), which can appear before the verb, after it, or be separated from the verb in other words: would write.

Verbs in the imperative mood express an impulse to action, an order, a request: do it, write.

In the indicative mood, imperfective verbs have 3 tenses: present, past and future. Perfective verbs - 2: past and future.

Verbs in the present tense denote an action that occurs at the moment of speech, as well as constant and long-term actions: I am writing a letter.

The past tense of verbs is formed from the stem of the infinitive using the suffix -l or without a suffix: bought, carried. It means that the action took place before the moment of speech.

The future tense can be simple or complex. The future simple form is for perfective verbs (write), and the future complex form is for imperfective verbs. They consist of T! words: simple future from the verb to be and the infinitive: I will write.

In the present and future tenses, verbs change according to persons (I say, you say, says) and numbers (I say, we speak).

Verbs that denote actions performed without an actor are called impersonal: it’s frozen, it’s getting dark. Personal verbs can be used in an impersonal meaning: A light rain is falling. - It's dripping on the street.

Past tense verbs change according to number (drew, painted) and gender (drew, painted). The gender of the verb is determined using the ending (m.r. -

zero ending: wrote; and. r.---------a: wrote; average

gen------- o: buzzed).