Ions have a positive effect on human well-being. City air is dangerously low in negative ions

AIR IS THE PASTURE OF LIFE

Air is a mixture of gases that forms a protective shell around the Earth, called the atmosphere.

Air necessary for life on Earth - for breathing and for plant nutrition. Air also protects the Earth's surface from dangerous ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. Air consists of nitrogen - 78%, oxygen - 21%, other gases - 1%.

The oxygen atom has 6 electrons in its outer shell. In order to become stable, it needs to fill its shell with two more electrons, so an air oxygen molecule easily attaches 1 or 2 free elements to itself, ionizes and turns into an oxygen air ion (anion) of negative polarity. Ions are atoms or molecules that have lost or gained an electron, resulting in a positive or negative charge.

By losing or gaining one or more electrons, an atom becomes an ion. All ions are electrically charged particles. Charge in an ion occurs because the number of positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons becomes different.

An atom that has lost an electron becomes a positively charged ion - a cation (from the Greek kation, literally - going down). An atom that has acquired an electron becomes a negatively charged ion - an anion (from the Greek anion, literally going up).

Atmospheric air always contains both negative and positive particles. The main source of this natural ionization is those present in the air:

1. Gaseous decay products of radium and thorium in the air. They cause the dissociation of air molecules, giving rise to negatively charged oxygen molecules called light air ions.

2. Gamma radiation from radium salts found in the surface layer of the earth’s crust in negligible quantities. It has been established that almost all rocks are radioactive. Natural waters also contain salts of radioactive substances.

3. Solar radiation.

4. Ultraviolet light from the Sun.

5. Cosmic rays.

6. Electrical discharges in the atmosphere (lightning, discharges on mountain tops).

7. Crushing and spraying of water over waterfalls, the surface of the sea during surf and high tide, sea storm, and rain - this is the balloelectric effect.

8. Triboelectric effect - mutual friction of grains of sand, dust particles, snow, hail.

9. Decomposition of organic substances, various chemical reactions, BUY
flowing on the soil surface, water evaporation.

In the mountain air near waterfalls, stormy rivers, and on the seashore during intense surf, the number of light negatively charged anions increases sharply. It is enough to stay in negatively ionized air for several minutes, and the electrical potential of all cells in the body begins to increase and then remains at the achieved level for a long time.

This means that the electrostatic “baggage” of the body can be controlled.

Under the influence of oxygen of negative polarity, the quality of organ functions and the general neuropsychic state of the body changes.

How do negative ions affect humans?

* help a person feel better physically and psychologically

* help cope with stress

* relieve muscle pain

* increase sexual activity

* help fight aggression and fatigue

* have some analgesic effect

*help in regulating blood pressure

* beneficial effect on skin condition

* reduce cellular sclerosis

* help with coronary and respiratory problems, sore throats, etc.

* help improve metabolism

Anions help cure many diseases. These are diseases of the cardiovascular system, from which not only older people began to suffer, these are hypertension and angina pectoris, which also became younger. The success of the treatment of hypertensive and hypotonic diseases is determined by the fact that negative oxygen ions stabilize the functional state of the central nervous system and hemodynamic center, change the tone of vascular smooth muscles, and reduce cholesterol levels. Ionized air has a beneficial effect on the human respiratory and ENT systems; sore throat, seasonal catarrh, and even the initial stages of tuberculosis can be treated with aeroion therapy. Anions increase working capacity, stimulate a good appetite and force the intestines to function properly, and also enhance metabolism in the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract by more than 50%, and this accelerates the rate of regeneration and eliminates ulcerative defects. Neuroses, insomnia, migraines, irritability, fatigue recede under the influence of anions, which reduce the excitability of the nervous system (including the autonomic one) and stabilize its tone at an optimal level. Negative oxygen ions have a good effect in vegetative-endocrine disorders. Negative oxygen ions can also give good results in cosmetology; they improve skin turgor and lead to the disappearance of premature wrinkles

How do negative oxygen ions affect the cardiovascular system?

Most cardiovascular diseases are associated with impaired blood clotting and the integrity of the walls of blood vessels. Blood components have a negative charge, which prevents them from sticking to each other. With the loss of charge, blood viscosity increases and blood clots form. At the same time, cholesterol is deposited in the walls of blood vessels, the vessels lose their elasticity, and their lumen narrows. This is precisely the cause of blood pressure disorders, heart attacks and strokes.

Negative oxygen ions restore the electrical charge on the blood cells, and blood flow returns to normal. Experiments have shown that when air ions are inhaled, the vessels remain elastic and atherosclerotic plaques do not form.

Thus, negative oxygen ions have an antithrombotic and anti-atherosclerotic effect, which helps reduce the risk of cardiovascular accidents.

When treating hypertension with oxygen ions A.L. Chizhevsky noted a decrease in blood pressure in patients by 10-20 units after the first session. Then the pressure rose almost to the initial level, and after 30-35 sessions it steadily returned to normal. Moreover, the results were more successful, the worse the initial condition of the patients.

Why do light air ions help preserve youth?

Over the years, significant changes occur in the human body: the amount of water in tissues decreases, the electrical charge of cells decreases, tissue electrical exchange deteriorates, that is, a gradual electrical discharge of the body occurs. All these changes are characteristic of aging.

This means that if you slow down the electrical discharge by constantly breathing air with the optimal amount of air ions, you can stop old age.

In the laboratories of Mordovia State University, it was established that oxygen ions reduce the content of free radicals in the blood, which destroy cell molecules and lead to aging.

University of California professor M. Rose discovered a regenerator gene that renews cells. With age, its activity decreases, which leads to aging. It is possible that the extension of life by oxygen ions is due to the fact that they increase the activity of the regenerator gene.

One way or another, constant use of an air ionizer gives a person several additional years of life: breathing and skin condition improve, wrinkles recede, and hair stops falling out.

In the first experiments A.L. Chizhevsky (1918-1924), experimental animals that inhaled negative oxygen ions lived 42% longer than their counterparts, and the period of activity and vigor was extended. A.L. Chizhevsky calculated that it takes 180 years for the electrical potential of cells to drop to a level incompatible with life. This is the life span allotted to man by nature.

Numerous electrometric observations have shown that in 1 cm3 of air:

The concentration of negatively charged ions and its effect on human health:

The average lifespan of anions is 46-60 seconds. In clean air - 100 seconds or more.

Anions are fast-moving. The average speed of their movement is 1-2 cm/sec. The mobility of a negatively charged ion is hundreds of times greater than the mobility of positively charged ions.

Numerous observations show that ionization of negative polarity dramatically improves the physiological state of experimental animals, while the predominance of positive charges with a deficiency of negative ones turns out to be harmful for them.

This action of ions, as is known, was discovered and used at the beginning of the last century by the great Russian scientist Chizhevsky. He proposed enriching indoor air with negative ions using the air ionizers and negative ion generators he designed. He believed that it was especially important to do this in stone buildings containing an excess of positive ions and a lack of negative ones.

Air ions were first “offered” to animals on January 2, 1919. The first results were obtained very quickly: “negative air ions have a good effect on the body, while positive ions, on the contrary, are harmful to health and negatively affect the height, weight, appetite, behavior and appearance of animals.”

After a series of experiments, Chizhevsky came to the conclusion that aero-ionization could become a significant factor in solving the problem of maintaining health and prolonging human life.
This is how the well-known Chizhevsky chandelier appeared.

Modern habitat

Recently, American psychoanalysts drew attention to one feature of their patients: in those who complain of a gloomy mood, the right nostril is wider than the left. We checked how things were going with the optimists, and it turned out that their left nostril, on the contrary, is wider than the right. This random observation, analyzed together with physiologists and otolaryngologists, made it possible to put forward an original hypothesis about the connection between the method of nasal breathing and the mental state of a person.

What does which nostril he inhales have to do with a person’s mood? And in general, maybe he breathes at the same time with both, or alternately with one or the other. Indeed, at first glance, the hypothesis of American psychoanalysts is perceived as a hoax. But let's give the floor to the experts.

According to otolaryngologists, according to statistics, in most people the right nostril is slightly wider than the left, and many breathe predominantly through the right nostril. Moreover, as a result of a deviated nasal septum, breathing through the left nostril is much more difficult.

According to some physiologists, it’s all about saturating the body with ions. When breathing air, positive and negative ions enter the human body. At the same time, a person’s nose works as a filter: when breathing through the nose, negative ions enter the body mainly through the left nostril, and positive ones through the right.

The right and left halves of the nose differ in the acuity of smell. Greater sensitivity of the left side of the nose to odors was found in 71% of adults, the right side in 13%, equal sensitivity in 16%. For children, the numbers are completely different: 35%, 30% and 35%, respectively. As we can see, the asymmetry of the sense of smell in adults doubles compared to children. Scientists explain this by the curvature of the nasal septum, which occurs in most people after 30-40 years.

It is known that air enriched with negative ions has a beneficial effect on the general health and psyche of a person. Negative ions are called ions of health and good mood. It is believed that the lack of negatively charged ions in the air of unventilated rooms (and therefore an excess of positive ions) causes considerable harm to the body.

Negative ions, which are abundant in the fresh air, increase the tone of the autonomic nervous system through receptors in the skin and mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. As a result, vitality increases, vigor and good mood appear. That is why on the seashore, in the forest or even in the city after a thunderstorm, we breathe in the life-giving air with pleasure. Why? Because it is enriched with negatively charged ions.

According to yogis, for most people, when waking up in the morning, only the left nostril, corresponding to the lunar side of a person, functions. At noon they breathe through both nostrils. In the evening, when you go to bed, the right nostril functions, interacting with the solar side.

We are accustomed to the fact that our mood rises or falls only due to external factors, weather, food, shopping, watching a movie, troubles or success at work. An invited toastmaster to a wedding lifts the spirits of hundreds of guests, and a humorous program brings a smile to the face of thousands of viewers! What happens if external factors are excluded, leaving a person with himself?

Psychologists, having connected the data they had, came to a practical conclusion: you can improve your mood with the help of breathing.

It is necessary to increase the flow of negative ions through the left nostril and at the same time make it difficult for positive ions to flow through the right nostril. To do this, it is enough to periodically close your right nostril for a few minutes and breathe only with your left.

This recommendation is so simple that everyone can immediately try it for themselves. First, breathe alternately through your right and left nostrils to compare the ease of air passage. It’s good if air flows noticeably easier through your left nostril. But even if this is not the case, do not be sad. Press your right nostril with your finger or insert a swab into it and breathe through your left nostril for two to three minutes. After several such sessions at intervals of about half an hour, you will probably feel that your mood is improving.

One might suspect that this happens due to self-hypnosis. But the test showed that it plays only a minor role. To verify the validity of the hypothesis, experiments were carried out during sleep, when our consciousness turns off. The subjects had a tampon inserted into their right nostril overnight, and in the morning even those who were prone to depression woke up in a good mood.

This conclusion of Western psychotherapists surprisingly coincides with the ideas of Eastern healers. Master instructor of the healing Tao Sergei Oreshkin, to whom many secrets of Eastern medicine were revealed, tells how to fall asleep correctly:

Every person should know their sleepy nostril. Usually it's on the left. Why? Because the left nostril is directly connected to the right hemisphere. While we are awake, we solve many issues, straining the left hemisphere, which is responsible for logic. Sleep time is given to us in order to balance these two hemispheres. When we begin to breathe more actively through the left nostril, we energize our right hemisphere

As you know, in the East they pay great attention to proper breathing. It is taught for a long time and painstakingly to those who want to master yoga. But there are also simplified breathing techniques that are more accessible to Westerners. One of them, proposed by Richard Hitleman, helps to quickly relieve tension and relax. Hitleman calls this technique alternate nostril breathing.

Place the index and middle fingers of your right hand on the middle of your forehead. In this case, the thumb will be on the right side of the nose, and the ring and little fingers on the left.

1. Pinch your right nostril with your thumb. Take a slow, deep breath in through your left nostril, allowing your lungs to replenish as you count to eight.

2. Pinch your left nostril (both are now closed) and hold your breath for eight seconds.

3. Release the right nostril (while keeping the left one closed) and exhale evenly through the right nostril for a count of eight.

4. Having finished exhaling, do not stop, but immediately begin inhaling through the right nostril, counting eight seconds.

5. Pinch both nostrils and hold your breath for a count of eight.

6. Now exhale through the left nostril for eight seconds.

Do all these steps in reverse, that is, start by inhaling through the right nostril (clamping the left nostril).

This alternating breathing seems to equalize the activity between the left and right hemispheres of the brain. According to my own observations, it not only relaxes but also improves your mood.

Scheme of calming alternating breathing by R. Hitleman

Inhale from the left......8

Pause...............8

Exhale to the right...8

Inhale to the right.....8

Pause...............8

Exhale to the left.....8

Tysinyuk N.M. About the chemical composition of light ions and their effect on people’s well-being

Millions of people, especially in old age, experience periodic deterioration in health, often coinciding with sudden changes in weather. Chronic diseases are aggravated, long-healed wounds ache, pain is felt in the joints and muscles, mental and neurological diseases are exacerbated, the performance of even healthy people decreases, the accident rate in transport and production increases, mortality increases for a variety of reasons, especially with cardiovascular diseases . Small children also feel sudden changes in weather. The influence of weather conditions is usually explained by changes in atmospheric pressure, temperature and humidity. It is easy to prove that these weather parameters in most cases have nothing to do with human suffering. In everyday life, we are affected by significantly large fluctuations in atmospheric pressure, temperature and humidity, but we don’t even notice it. Having taken the elevator to the top floor, a person experiences in a few seconds such a change in atmospheric pressure that does not occur in nature. We experience the same thing with regard to temperature and air humidity when we leave the apartment outside on a frosty day.

Consequently, pain in people is caused by other factors that are associated with weather changes. These factors are the so-called light ions. It has long been known that ions affect living organisms. Russian scientist A.L. Chizhevsky experimentally proved that the effect of ions on humans and animals depends on their charge sign. Negative ions have a beneficial effect on living organisms. This property of ions is used to treat certain respiratory diseases. Positive ions cause exacerbation of cardiovascular and other chronic diseases. The mechanism of this effect remains not fully understood.

Let's try to explain the reason for the ambiguous influence of ions of different charge signs on people's well-being. To solve this issue, it is necessary, first of all, to determine the chemical composition of light ions. As you know, the air contains 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and about 1% other gases. As a result of the action of ionizing radiation of terrestrial and cosmic origin, neutral molecules of air gases are ionized to form a free electron and a positive molecular ion. In the process of chaotic movement, neutral oxygen molecules collide and stick to the electron. Nitrogen molecules do not stick to the electron and negative ion because they have no electron affinity. This is a physical property of molecular nitrogen. Thus, negative light ions consist of several tens of oxygen molecules with a small admixture of gases other than nitrogen.

Approximately the same number of neutral molecules of these gases adhere to the positive molecular ions of oxygen and nitrogen. But, firstly, there is 3.7 times more nitrogen in the air than oxygen, so the probability of the former sticking is just as many times greater. Secondly, a neutral nitrogen molecule has a proton affinity energy 15% greater than an oxygen molecule (4.8 and 4.1 electron volts, respectively), so it sticks more energetically to positive ions, displacing oxygen molecules. As a result, positive light ions are formed, consisting mainly of nitrogen molecules.

Thus, the chemical composition of light ions is determined by their charge: negative ions consist of oxygen molecules, and positive ions consist of nitrogen molecules.

We explain the influence of light ions on people’s well-being not by their charge, but by their chemical composition.

Negative ions consisting of oxygen, entering the blood, enhance oxidative processes, facilitate breathing, and have a beneficial effect on the entire body.

Neutral nitrogen does not dissolve in the blood and, when exhaled, is completely excreted without changes. Positive ions, consisting of nitrogen molecules, dissolve well in liquids, including blood. When they enter the blood during respiration, they break down into individual nitrogen molecules. Nitrogen not combined with other chemical elements in people with poor kidney function is not excreted from the body, fills blood vessels and capillaries in the form of microbubbles, and accumulates in the heart area, creating additional difficulties in blood circulation. This is felt in the form of malaise, headaches, increased blood pressure, and so on.

Under normal conditions, when the concentration of ions in the atmosphere does not exceed 10 3 ions per 1 cm 3, an insignificant amount of nitrogen enters the blood, which does not create any special problems for well-being and health. With a significant increase in the number of ions in the atmosphere, the concentration of nitrogen entering the body may exceed the ability of the kidneys to remove it from the body. In this case, there is a gradual accumulation of free nitrogen in the blood. The state of health of people with cardiovascular and other diseases worsens several hours after the onset of this factor, and sometimes even after it stops, when a sufficient amount of nitrogen has accumulated in the blood. Therefore, it is often difficult to link deterioration in well-being with the factor that caused this deterioration.

The concentration of light ions in the atmosphere, including positive ones, depends on weather conditions, the level of radioactive contamination of the area, as well as corpuscular and hard electromagnetic radiation coming to the Earth from the Sun and from Space. The Moon makes certain adjustments to the corpuscular flow entering the Earth. That is why we link our well-being to the weather, solar activity, moon phases and increased radioactive background. The influence of the latter factor was felt by thousands of people in conditions of radioactive contamination of the area and air as a result of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Small doses of ionizing radiation, which ionize and destroy the components of cells, are practically not felt by a person until a disease of some organ occurs. Sensitivity to low doses of radiation is caused by the above positive light ions produced in the air as a result of ionizing radiation. The mechanism of influence of positive light ions on the well-being of people operates regardless of their origin: high-energy charged particles of solar or cosmic origin, convective or other phenomena in the atmosphere, or radioactive decay products of man-made or natural origin. A person, depending on age, the state of the cardiovascular system and the performance of the kidneys, to one degree or another feels an increased concentration of positive ions.

The influence of light ions on people’s well-being can be eliminated or reduced by using special filters that purify the inhaled air from positive ions.

In addition to positive light ions, other natural factors also affect our well-being. We are talking about so-called biologically active radiation. These radiations have a global impact on all biological objects, including humans. The mechanism of influence of biologically active radiation on people’s well-being is completely different from that of positive ions, but the occurrence of these radiations is associated with the same weather conditions, solar activity and, to some extent, depends on the phases of the Moon.

L I T E R A T U R A

1.Yagodinsky V.N. Alexander Leonidovich Chizhevsky. M.Science. 1987. 315 p.

2. Radzig A.A., Smirnov B.M. Handbook of Atomic and Molecular Physics. M. Atomizdat. 1980. 240 p.

3. Tverskoy P.N. Meteorology course. L. Gidrometizdat. 1962. 693 p.

The phenomenon that made it possible to create batteries is the difference in the properties of metals, and in particular different electrode potentials associated with the presence of a double electric layer in the area of ​​​​contact between the metal and the electrolyte. Some metals have a positive electrode potential, others a negative one.

APPEARANCE OF ELECTRODE POTENTIAL

Double electrolayer formed after immersion of zinc.

When a zinc electrode is immersed in an electrolyte, the zinc receives a negative potential. The crystal lattice of zinc is made up of atoms and ions that are in dynamic equilibrium. Water molecules act on the ions of the surface layer of zinc, the ions pass into the electrolyte, and a positive charge is imparted to the electrolyte. The zinc now has an excess amount of electrons, giving the electrode a negative charge. Positive ions in the electrolyte are attracted to the zinc. The increased content of positive ions near the surface of zinc inhibits their exit from the zinc, but some of the positive ions from the electrolyte, attracted by electrons, are introduced into its crystal lattice. When the rate of exit of ions from zinc and entry of ions from the electrolyte into zinc becomes equal, a dynamic balance is established between them. The number of ions leaving the zinc is equal to the number of ions entering it. As a result of the established dynamic balance of ions, a stable double electrolyte layer appears, one half of which is located on the zinc, and the other is the adjacent group of ions in the electrolyte.

The distribution of charges at the interface between zinc and electrolyte creates a potential jump.

The ionic layer is partially blurred in the electrolyte due to the thermal movement of particles. In the area of ​​contact between the metal and the electrolyte, a potential jump occurs, which is the electrode potential. The structure of the double layer and, as a consequence, the electrode potential are determined not only by the metal itself, but also by the saturation of electrolyte ions and temperature.

RANGE OF ELECTRODE POTENTIALS

Different metals part with ions in the electrolyte in different ways, some faster, others slower. To reflect the property of ionizing the electrolyte, a number of electrode potentials were created. The series of metals is arranged from the most active to the most inert. The magnitude and sign of the electrode potential correspond to the position of the metal in the series. The lowest potential at the beginning of the series is for the most active metal, lithium, -3.04 V, and the highest for gold, +1.68 V. Metals from the left side of the series are more active and displace chemical elements located to the right from salts. When chemical elements from the beginning of the series, including aluminum, come into contact with water, hydrogen is displaced.

Li, Rb, K, Ba, Sr, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Mn, Zn, Cr, Fe, Cd, Co, Ni, Sn, Pb, H, Sb, Bi, Cu, Hg, Ag, Pd, Pt, Au

A series of electrode potentials.

It is impossible to measure the electrode potential of one electrode placed in an electrolyte and establish the charge distribution experimentally in a double electrolyte layer. The study of metal potentials is carried out relative to a standard hydrogen electrode - a platinum plate placed in an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid, therefore a number of potentials contain hydrogen. A stream of hydrogen is passed through the solution, washing the platinum. The electrode is saturated with hydrogen, as a result, the surface of the plate is covered with a layer of hydrogen. Between the surface layer of hydrogen on the platinum and the solution, equilibrium occurs and a potential difference is formed, which is taken as zero. If zinc is studied, then the movement of electrons will be directed towards platinum, therefore, the potential of zinc is less than the reference electrode.

POTENTIALS OF BATTERY POLES

Two electrodes are involved in the operation of the battery, each of them creates its own potential. The farther apart the metals from which the battery electrodes are made are located in the series of potentials, the greater the potential difference between them will be.

Let's check this in practice. To do this you will need a copper and aluminum part. As a copper electrode, I used a small piece of foil-coated fiberglass, used for making printed circuit boards. A radiator can be used as an aluminum electrode to cool the processor or other components of the PC system unit.

The simplest battery made of two metals and paper soaked in saline solution.

It is not difficult to prepare an electrolyte; in our case it will be a weak solution of table salt. You need to soak a small piece of paper with the solution. We place a piece of paper soaked in a saline solution on one of the plates, and an aluminum piece on top of it. Using a voltmeter or tester set to a measurement limit of 2 volts, we check the voltage of our battery. To do this, install the positive probe on copper, and the negative probe on aluminum. The voltage generated by the battery will be about 0.65 volts. Let's check the short circuit current - it is about 1 mA. Let's replace copper with silver, the voltage increases to 0.8 volts, replace it with gold - the voltage is 0.9 volts, which means that a number of electrode potentials are working, in which gold is located to the right of copper. Let's take a pair of aluminum and iron, we get 0.11 volts. The voltage developed by our battery is lower than the difference in electrode potential of the metals used, indicated in the series. This is caused by the scanty power of the battery. The internal resistance of the voltmeter is sufficient to overload our power source.
It is easy to see that the difference in electrode potentials is a relative value and the battery is characterized by the potentials of the electrodes only relative to each other, and not by the absolute value of one electrode potential. If the reference electrode potential is placed between sodium and magnesium, then the potential difference, which is of practical interest, will not be affected. For the negative electrode material in batteries, zinc or lithium is usually used, and the positive electrode is a paste-like mixture of carbon powder and various chemical compounds, for example MnO2, into which a graphite rod is inserted, which is a current conductor. The reaction occurs on the surface of the graphite current lead, but it itself does not take part in the reaction. Such a non-consumable electrode is called inert. It has a catalytic effect on the electrode reaction.
The electromotive force (EMF) of a battery is determined by the potential difference between the electrodes when the external circuit is open.

This theory was developed based on research conducted by a group of scientists led by Kenji Tazawa, a professor at the Toyama University of Medicine and Pharmacology, and Professor Noboru Horiuchi, director of a cancer clinic in Sakaide (Kagawa Prefecture).

A detailed report on the study results was made at the Japan Cancer Association conference, which began in Nagoya today.

Negative ion therapy is widely used in medicine to rehabilitate the body after suffering a serious illness. The ability of negative ions to “refresh” the body has been known for a long time.

As Professor Horiuchi explains, if a person is in a room saturated with negative ions, under their influence his body produces an antioxidant called ubiquinol. Ubiquinol destroys highly active molecules and ions formed from oxygen. Scientists call these compounds "active oxygen".

"Active oxygen damages cellular proteins and thus stimulates a process that leads to the formation of a cancerous tumor," says Horiuchi.

But ubiquinol affects active oxygen before it begins to affect proteins, that is, it makes it safe.

The scientists conducted their experiment in two rooms. One room had a negative ion generator installed, while the other room did not have such a generator. The generator produced 27 thousand ions per 1 cubic centimeter in a range of 3 meters. Thanks to the generator in the room, the volume of ion saturation increased by 27 times.

11 people with an athletic build were invited to participate in the experiment, since it is athletes who have an increased content of active oxygen in the body. Over the course of six nights, five people slept in the ionized room and six people slept in the normal room. On the last day, blood and urine tests were taken from each participant in the experiment.

The experiment showed that all those in the ionized room had levels of ubiquinol in their bodies that were five times higher than those in the control group.

“This once again confirms that negative ions interact with active oxygen and do not allow it to have a negative effect on the body,” the scientists said.

Negative ions - air vitamins (part 2). A positive effect is not always good

A person, like any living organism, has its own “shell” of electrical charges of the corresponding surface density. An excess of positively charged ions around a person leads to a “discharge” of the body and destruction of its electrical balance. Aeroions enter the body through the skin and respiratory tract. Inhaling positive ions for 20 minutes causes cough, headache and runny nose. Positive ions can cause improper functioning of the thyroid gland, cause depression, insomnia, and tachycardia. Why is this happening?

It has been noticed that people who are in an atmosphere of positive ions begin to produce serotonin, a hormone that is responsible for the function of the nervous system. An oversaturation of serotonin (also called “stress hormones”) leads to nervous exhaustion - a typical disease of the 21st century. According to Japanese researchers, positive ions are the cause of many cardiovascular and nervous diseases.

Ionic indoor climate
The conditions created by man for his living, work and rest are far from a healthy ionic climate. People become victims of “poisoning” by positive ions: residents of large cities do not think about their future illnesses. The situation gets even worse in rooms with central heating, accumulation of electrical appliances and household appliances that destroy the ionic balance. The air (especially in a car), being altered and electrified, loses almost all negative ions and gains a harmful excess of positive ones. Carbon monoxide also reduces the amount of air ions. Ventilation greatly contributes to the normalization of the ionic microclimate in a car, and, unfortunately, not all drivers like to open windows while driving. In such cases, the best solution is to purchase and install a negative ion generator, or more simply, an ionizer, in the car’s interior.

Negative ions in a concentration close to natural do not affect those functions that are carried out normally and do not have a negative impact on a healthy body.

●Immunity enhancement

● Strengthening the immune system

● Reduced susceptibility to disease

● Improved microcirculation

● Normalization of blood pressure

● Prevention of thrombosis, myocardial infarction, stroke

● Normalization of metabolism

● Increased concentration and attention

● Prevention of psychological diseases, dementia, Alzheimer's disease

● Prevention of rheumatism, gout, diabetes

● Treatment of various diseases of the lungs and bronchi (eg bronchial asthma)

● Mitigation of the effects of traditional cancer treatment (radiation, chemotherapy)

● Reducing the risk of operations, accelerating the recovery process after illness

● Normalization of heart rate

● Reduction of tinnitus

●Prevention and treatment of retinopathy

● Treatment of migraine, headache

● Stimulation of physical and mental performance

● Treatment of chronic fatigue

● In cosmetology

● Anti-aging

And what do we breathe at home, at work, in transport -
in other words, where we spend most of our time?
Dust, microorganisms, influenza viruses, bacteria…. It is clear even to a child that an open window does not solve the problem of air purity...

And a person, alas, is like a car, every exhalation is an exhaust of positively charged oxygen molecules. Up to 500 thousand in one cubic centimeter of exhaled air). This especially happens during sleep, so you should not drink water that is left on the bedside table in the bedroom until the morning.

The composition of the air very much depends on the environmental situation in a particular area. Near the sea, in mountainous areas in pine forests, it is fresher, since it contains from 1000 negatively charged oxygen ions (anions) per cubic centimeter of air.

At the same time, in cities, especially in megacities, in apartments and offices without an air ionizer, their content tends to zero, and even if they exist, they are not the light ions that help the body, but the heavy ones that clog the organs.

An ion is a negatively or positively charged molecule that is obtained through the process of ionization, that is, charging the molecule - this is how light ions (anions) are obtained, but if a charged molecule is attached to dust or water, then it will be heavy and will cause harm. In rooms where people are, the number of heavy ions increases, and light ions (anions) disappear, since the person himself produces a huge amount of heavy ions.

It is worth noting that only an air ionizer can correct this situation; only an ionizer can saturate the air with a large number of air ions (light - negatively charged particles) as in the best mountain and sea resorts.

If there is no air ionizer, and there are many people in the room, then a person’s health can be undermined, since he will not receive the required amount of anions, and the organs will switch to an economical mode, which, of course, will not have the best effect on well-being and health . This is why city residents need to use ionizers at home.

The ionizers use the electroeffluvial effect. The high-voltage rectifier gives a negative charge to the oxygen molecules in the air of the apartment.

But what’s interesting is that scientists have now managed to create tissue that, under certain conditions, generates negative ions. It turned out that by using this technology in feminine sanitary pads, scientists achieved the same health effect as using an ionizer at home.

Miracles - you say?

How is ordinary tissue able to generate negatively charged oxygen ions? How and why did this become possible? The fact is that this is an ordinary and at the same time unusual fabric. Tourmaline thread is woven into this fabric.

This thread, being in a humid, warm environment, gives its electron to the atomic oxygen molecule, which is released when moisture hits the moisture-retaining gel of the pad.

And the result is an even faster effect of restoring health, because in the moist environment of our mucous membrane, the speed of movement of anions is several times higher (about 12-15 meters per second).

This means that negative ions quickly deal with free radicals that have accumulated in our body from stress, cell phones and computers. Anions manage to reach all cells in the human body at such a speed. The electrostatic charge of cells is restored. And this is youth and longevity.

This is a difficult time - more than half of the women who consult a gynecologist suffer from inflammatory diseases. Their main cause is infections that arise in different ways. Including due to the use of non-sterile pads and tampons, as well as complications after the flu, sore throat. A major role is played by decreased immunity, stress and hormonal imbalances.

Ovarian diseases, cystosis, polycystic disease, polyps, cystitis, pyelonephritis, infertility have become almost the norm.

But we must not allow this to remain the norm!!!

Why should you suffer through all this?

How to avoid the consequences of all of the above?
Where and how to get affordable, effective treatment?

THERE IS A WAY OUT!!! ANIONS!!!

Negatively charged oxygen ions
or “air vitamins”
Anions are the main reason for the longevity of people living in the mountains. Productive longevity: healthy and youthful – exactly what every woman wants.

SO LET'S GET TO THE ESSENTIAL

Not only ionizers produce anions at home.

As it turns out, scientists have now managed to create a special tissue that, under certain conditions, generates anions. It was this fabric that was used in women's medical pads.

This local impact turned out to be so effective
that gynecologists are sometimes shocked by the results

Miracles - you say? How is normal tissue able to produce negatively charged oxygen ions?

The fact is that this is an ordinary and at the same time unusual fabric. A tourmaline thread is woven into it.

Tourmaline is a precious Brazilian mineral.

This thread, being in a humid, warm environment, gives its electron to the oxygen molecule released from the moisture-retaining gel of the pad.

Through the moist environment of our mucous membrane, anions with enormous speed with the blood flow manage to reach every cell in your body. They quickly deal with free radicals accumulated primarily from stress, infections, computers, cell phones, and televisions.

The anion chip in the gasket can produce up to 6000 anions per 1 cc - this is an amount that can bind all free radicals in the body and stop not only inflammatory processes but also the aging process.

Vitamins A, C and E can be used as antioxidants, but “air vitamins” are much more effective.

Anions are a breakthrough in the science of longevity!!!

Anions
Air is a pasture of life and a complex system of chemical and physical factors.
Air is a mixture of gases that forms a protective shell around the Earth called the atmosphere. Air is necessary for life on Earth - for breathing and feeding plants. Air also protects the Earth's surface from dangerous ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. Air consists of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% other gases.
The oxygen atom has 6 electrons in its outer shell. In order to become stable, it needs to fill its shell with two more electrons, so an air oxygen molecule easily attaches 1 or 2 free elements to itself, ionizes and turns into an oxygen aeron (anion) of negative polarity.
Ions are atoms or molecules that have lost or gained an electron, resulting in a positive or negative charge.
By losing or gaining one or more electrons, an atom becomes an ion. All ions are electrically charged particles. Charge in an ion occurs because the number of positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons becomes different.
An atom that loses an electron becomes a positively charged ion - a cation. An atom that has acquired an electron becomes a negatively charged ion - an anion. An anion has more electrons than protons.
Negative oxygen ions, drifting and diffusing in all directions, enter the respiratory tract and then into the human body, where they trigger a chain of biochemical reactions that leads to a positive therapeutic effect.
Atmospheric air always contains both negative and positive particles.

The main source of this natural ionization is those present in the air:
1. Gaseous decay products of radium and thorium in the air. Their emanation, which in turn continuously disintegrates, causing the dissociation of air molecules, giving birth to negatively charged oxygen molecules, called light air ions.
2. Gamma radiation from radium salts found in the surface layer of the earth’s crust in negligible quantities. It has been established that almost all rocks are radioactive. Natural waters also contain salts of radioactive substances.
3. Solar radiation.
4. Ultraviolet light from the Sun.
5. Photoelectric Stoletov-Galvans effect.
6. Cosmic rays.
7. Electrical discharges in the atmosphere (lightning, discharges on mountain tops).
8. Crushing and spraying of water over waterfalls, the surface of the sea during surf and high tide, sea storm, during rain - this is the balloelectric effect.
9. Triboelectric effect - mutual friction of grains of sand, dust particles, snow, hail.
10. Rotting of organic matter, various chemical reactions occurring on the soil surface, evaporation of water.

In the mountain air near waterfalls, stormy rivers, and on the seashore during intense surf, the number of light negatively charged anions increases sharply. It is enough to be in negatively ionized air for several minutes, as the electrical potential of all cells of the body begins to increase and then remains at the achieved level for a long time. This means that the electrostatic “baggage” of the body can be controlled.
Under the influence of oxygen of negative polarity, the quality of organ functions and the general neuropsychic state of the body changes.

Staying in an atmosphere saturated with anions:
1. improves blood composition;
2. normalizes breathing;
3. increases metabolism;
4. stimulates growth;
5. activates the hormonal system.
Aeroionization has a universal action.

Numerous electrometric observations have shown that in 1 cm3 of air:
- forests and meadows contain from 700 to 1500 anions per 1 cm3
- country air contains up to 1000 anions per 1 cm3
- air of large cities 150-200 anions per 1 cm3
- in residential premises their number drops to 25 anions per 1 cm3, this amount is barely enough to maintain the life process.

The average lifespan of anions is 46-60 seconds. In clean air - 100 seconds or more.
Anions are fast-moving. The average speed of their movement is 1-2 cm/sec. The mobility of a negatively charged ion is hundreds of times greater than the mobility of positively charged ions.
Numerous observations show that ionization of negative polarity dramatically improves the physiological state of experimental animals, while the predominance of positive charges with a deficiency of negative ones turns out to be harmful for them.
Recognition of air ionization as an indicator of its biological usefulness is an important achievement of science. The presence of electric charges in the air is one of the necessary conditions for the normal development of highly organized life.

Physiological basis of the effects of anions

A living organism is a receiver of anions that have a physiological effect on it.
It is possible to outline two main pathways through which the action of anions on the body occurs.
The first way is the release of anions' charges to the surface of the body.
The second way is their entry into the lung tissue during respiration, and then into the bloodstream - adsorption and diffusion of anions.
The mucous membrane has better conductivity than the epidermis due to its moisture content.
The flow of anions, bombarding the skin surface, excites electric currents on it, which through the pores penetrate deep into the underlying layers of the skin and affect physiological functions. The body makes its electrical connection with the outside world both through the lung tissue and through the skin. The flow of anions, reaching the surface of the skin, is a fairly strong irritant. It stimulates the growth of plumage, hair and fur. Numerous cases of cure of some skin diseases under the influence of anions have been described.
Anions increase the intensity of redox processes in intestinal tissues. Catalase occupies a responsible place in the chemistry of the cell. By studying the change in the amount of catalase, one can judge the intensity of oxidative processes occurring in the body. Anions of negative polarity significantly increase the catalase index towards its increase.
Anions affect the acid-base balance:
Positive ones increase the acidity of the blood, and negative ones increase its alkalinity.
The human body requires a constant supply of molecular oxygen, as well as electrically active oxygen.
Anions play a huge role in respiratory function, redox processes and general metabolic phenomena.

Mechanism of action of anions

Normally, there is an electrostatic balance of blood colloids!
It is disrupted under the influence of even weak doses of anions, resulting in a physiological effect that is quantitatively incomparable with the absorbed electrical energy.
The electrostatic balance between blood and tissues under the influence of negative ionization moves to a higher level and entails certain physiological changes. These phenomena are beneficial for the body; they are necessary for it to maintain basic functions at normal heights. It is the one that the body constantly loses during life, or even more so in pathological conditions.
The human body has receptors of the greatest sensitivity, perceiving a power equal to 1010 - 10 12 erg/sec., That is, microdoses have a biocatalytic effect! This is the situation when chemical processes give way to physical or ionic processes.
With extreme dilutions, the molecule leaves the bonds in which it is located in the colloidal system, that is, it goes into a special active state. With extreme dilutions, the molecule “decompresses” and it enters the stage of high biological activity.
Ionized oxygen molecules are nothing more than biocatalysts that can affect surrounding molecules, raising their energy levels.
The function of catalysts is that their presence causes a certain special state of the reacting substances, facilitating the course of the reaction.
Catalytic phenomena can be detected in almost any chemical reaction. It is known that almost every process occurring in a living organism is closely related to catalytic phenomena.

By studying electromagnetic fields, scientists have discovered that they are literally made up of positively and negatively charged particles called ions, which are so microscopic that they can penetrate the ground, air, etc. Experiments by scientists have shown that the positive or negative charge of ions affects the psychophysical functions of the body in a specific way. Therefore, if a person is able to control these energies, he can control both his psyche and his physical body.

Studies have shown that the predominance of negative ions had a stimulating and healing effect on the body, while the overwhelming amount of positive ions suppressed the immune system: people fell into a lethargic state, became irritable, suffered from headaches, and had breathing problems. With the increase in the mass of negative ions, vitality was quickly restored and people recovered. Thus, it was established that the ionized atmosphere plays a vital role in life. If there were no ions, not a single creature could survive.

The presence of positive and negative ions in a living system ultimately affects all mechanisms of the body. They influence the nervous system, breathing rhythm, digestion, regulation of the endocrine system, and our thinking, speech and, finally, fate itself depend on all this. Therefore, the absorption of positive and negative ions from the air we breathe determines the condition of our respiratory organs.

When we leave the city and all its industrial complexes and go to the mountains, to the forest or to the river bank, we always feel more energetic. This is mainly due to the natural accumulation of negative ions in such regions. When we say “breathe fresh air,” what we really mean is inhaling negative ions. City air is saturated with positive ions, and therefore in these conditions it is not easy to remain cheerful. Modern technology recklessly destroys, especially in densely populated areas, the natural balance of ions in the atmosphere. A reduced concentration of negative ions has a detrimental effect on all living things and is today the main factor in the spread of disease and human suffering. How can a person live and think correctly if his psyche and body are out of balance? Therefore, any yoga system first of all advises the student to live where there is clean air and a simple environment.

In Chizhevsky's first experiments, experimental animals that inhaled negative oxygen ions lived 42% longer than their counterparts, and the period of activity and vigor was extended.

Numerous observations show that ionization of negative polarity dramatically improves the physiological state of experimental animals, while the predominance of positive charges with a deficiency of negative ones turns out to be harmful for them.

As is known, the action of ions was discovered and used at the beginning of the last century by the scientist Chizhevsky. He proposed enriching indoor air with negative ions using the air ionizers and negative ion generators he designed. He believed that it was especially important to do this in stone buildings containing an excess of positive ions and a lack of negative ones.

After a series of experiments, Chizhevsky came to the conclusion that aero-ionization could become a significant factor in solving the problem of maintaining health and prolonging human life.

Due to air pollution, there are even fewer negative ions. There are dangerously few negative ions in city air, the natural ratio of positive and negative ions - 5:4 - is disrupted, so people are inevitably and constantly poisoned by positive ions. More than half of the urban population suffers without realizing why they are not feeling their best.

Numerous electrometric observations have shown that in 1 cm3 of air:

Wild forest and natural waterfall 10,000 ions/cc
Mountains and sea coast 5,000 ions/cc
Rural areas 700-1,500 ions/cc
City Park Center 400-600 ions/cc
Park alleys 100-200 ions/cc
Urban area 40-50 ions/cc
Air-conditioned indoor spaces 0-25 ions/cc

The concentration of negatively charged ions and its effect on human health:

100,000 – 500,000 ions/cc Achieves a natural therapeutic effect
50,000 – 100,000 ions/cc Gain the ability to sterilize, deodorize and destroy toxins
5,000 – 50,000 ions/cc Beneficial effect on strengthening the human immune system, helping to fight disease
1,000 - 2,000 ions/cc Providing the basis for a healthy existence
Less than 50 ions/cc Prerequisite for psychological disorders

In country air there are about 6,000 dust particles per 1 ml, and in industrial cities there are millions of dust particles in 1 ml of air. Dust destroys air ions that strengthen human health. And first of all, dust “eats” negative ions, because Dust is positively charged and is attracted to negative ions, which turns the light negative ion into a harmful heavy ion. Regular measurements on the main streets of St. Petersburg, Dublin, Munich, Paris, Zurich and Sydney show that at noon there are only 50 - 200 light ions per 1 cm³, this is 2-4 times lower than the norm necessary for normal well-being.

How ion depletion works in a closed space was demonstrated back in the late 30s by Japanese scientists from the Imperial University of Fr. Hokkaido. The temperature, amount of oxygen and humidity in the room could be changed, and negative ions could be gradually removed. 14 men and women aged 18-40 were in this room. Temperature, humidity and oxygen levels were at optimal levels and negative ions began to be removed from the air. The subjects felt ailments ranging from a simple headache, fatigue and increased sweating to a feeling of anxiety and low blood pressure. Everyone stated that the room was stuffy with “dead” air.

The second group was in a cinema, where in a full theater, due to dust and a large number of people, there were almost no naturally occurring light negative ions left. After finishing the film, viewers felt an unpleasant headache and sweating. These people were taken to a room in which negative ions were generated, and soon they felt lighter, their headaches and sweating disappeared.

The next time, scientists sent people into a crowded cinema hall, and when many began to complain of headaches and sweating, negative ions were released into the air of the hall from several places. The number of negative ions has reached 500 - 2500 per 1 cubic meter. see. After 1.5 hours of the film, those suffering from headaches and sweating completely forgot about them and felt good.

Psychiatrists and psychologists have been talking about the enormous size of the problem of “worry” for the last 20 years. To some level, anxiety is normal and fundamental to human survival. But the level of anxiety became much higher than “healthy”.

The symptoms of positive ion poisoning are very similar to those with which doctors are treated for anxiety psychoneurosis: unreasonable restlessness, insomnia, unexplained depression, irritability, sudden panic, attacks of absurd uncertainty and constant colds.

A doctor at the Catholic University of Argentina treated patients suffering from classic anxiety with negative ions. They all complained of inexplicable fears and tension, typical of anxiety psychoneurosis. After 10-20 15-minute sessions of negative ion air treatment, anxiety symptoms disappeared completely in 80% of patients.

– Here is SNIP No. 2152-80, developed back in the USSR and which no one has canceled. It states that in one cubic centimeter of air in industrial and public premises there should be from 3000 to 5000 air ions. The minimum that is acceptable in the most extreme case is 600 ions. What do we really have? In city apartments there are catastrophically few air ions - from 50 to 100! We open the window to breathe clean air. But even on the street there are not much more of them: 2-3 hundred per cubic centimeter.

Now you understand that aeroion starvation is a terrible reality, but it is invisible and unnoticeable. That’s why hiding it from the people was as easy as shelling pears. Like radiation after Chernobyl.

cooking ability of gastric juice. Eating excessively hot food leads to atrophy of the gastric mucosa, which is accompanied by a sharp decrease in the secretion of gastrointestinal enzymes. These changes in gastrointestinal secretions in turn affect the bioavailability of drugs.

The influence of the nature of the liquid used to swallow medications. The nature of the liquid with which the medicine is taken plays a certain role in the bioavailability of drugs. Often, to mask the unpleasant taste and smell of medicinal substances, various fruit, berry or vegetable juices, tonic drinks, syrups, and milk are used. Most fruit, berry and vegetable juices are acidic and can destroy acid-labile compounds, such as ampicillin sodium salt, cycloserine, erythromycin (base), benzylpenicillin potassium salt. Juices can slow down the absorption of ibuprofen, furosemide, and enhance the pharmacological effect of adebite, barbiturates, diacarb, nevigramon, nitrofurans, salicylates. Fruit juices and drinks contain tannins that precipitate digitoxin, caffeine-sodium benzoate.

The composition of the tonic drinks “Baikal” and “Pepsi-Cola” includes iron ions, which in the gastrointestinal tract form insoluble complexes with lincomycin hydrochloride, oleandomycin phosphate, tetracycline hydrochloride, sodium thiosulfate, unithiol, slowing down the absorption of the latter.

Tea and coffee widely used for these purposes contain, in addition to caffeine and theophylline, tannin and various tannins and can potentiate the pharmacological effect of paracetamol, acetylsalicylic acid, form sparingly soluble compounds with chlorpromazine, atropine sulfate, haloperidol, codeine, morphine hydrochloride and papaverine hydrochloride . Therefore, it is not recommended to take medications with them, with the exception of hypnotic barbiturates, which should be washed down with 1/2 glass of warm, weak and unsweetened tea.

When sweetening medications with syrups or milk sugar, the absorption of isoniazid, ibuprofen, calcium chloride, tetracycline hydrochloride, and furosemide sharply slows down.

Some medications that have an irritating effect on the gastrointestinal mucosa are washed down with milk. Medicines are mixed with milk and dairy products for use by infants. Milk can change the drug substance and reduce the bioavailability of, for example, benzylpenicillin, cephalexin. A glass of whole milk reduces the blood concentration of tetracycline hydrochloride, oxytetracycline and metacycline hydrochloride by 50-60%, having a slightly lesser effect on the absorption of doxycycline hydrochloride. It is not recommended to take drugs that have an acid-resistant coating (enteric-resistant), for example bisacodyl, pancreatin, pancurmen, with milk, as there is a risk of premature dissolution of the protective coating. For the same reason, it is not advisable to drink these medications with alkaline mineral waters (Borjomi, Luzhanskaya, Svalyava, Smirnovskaya). On the contrary, alkaline mineral waters should be taken with pancreatin, PAS, salicylates, citramon, phtazin, novocephalgin and sulfonamide drugs. The latter are acetylated in the body, and acetyl compounds do not dissolve in neutral and acidic environments and precipitate in the form of stones. In an alkaline environment, acetylated sulfonamides are in a dissolved state and are easily excreted from the body.

Children taking medications mixed with milk may interfere with the accuracy of their dosing. Take with milk those medications that irritate the surface of the gastrointestinal mucosa, do not change their activity at milk pH (6.4), do not bind to milk proteins and calcium (butadione, indomethacin, prednisolone, reserpine, trichopolum, potassium salts, nitrofurans, vibramycin, ethoxide, mefenamic acid, iodine preparations, etc.).

Some patients, when taking the medicine, do not drink it at all, which is not recommended, since capsules, tablets, dragees, sticking to certain parts of the inner surface of the esophagus and gastrointestinal tract, are destroyed without reaching the site of absorption. In addition, they cause irritation at the site of adhesion, and the lack of sufficient fluid delays their absorption.

Influence of food products (diet). In the vast majority of cases, when prescribing medications, it is necessary to select an appropriate diet so that food components do not change the bioavailability of the drugs and do not cause unwanted side effects.

Poor nutrition during illness affects the entire course of treatment, can contribute to the disease of individual organs and cause relapses. For example, an excess of sodium chloride in food contributes to an increase in blood pressure, and animal fats contribute to the development of atherosclerosis and diseases of the digestive system.

An irrational diet can lead to inactivation of drugs and the formation of difficult-to-digest complexes, as, for example, in the case of a combination of calcium ions (cottage cheese, kefir, milk) with tetracyclines.

At the same time, by eating vegetables and fruits, you can regulate intestinal function, replenish the deficiency of macro- and microelements, phytoncides, essential oils

è aromatic substances that affect the immune status, regulate the secretion of digestive glands, lactation

è ò. ä.

Potassium deficiency in the body can be compensated for by eating dried apricots, raisins, beets, apples, pumpkins, and dried fruits.

The effectiveness of antianemic drugs can be increased by consuming foods high in iron (strawberries, apricots, apples, beets, pomegranates) in combination with ascorbic acid.

In the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract, the use of watermelons is recommended.

The use of low-calorie vegetables (cabbage, carrots, turnips, cucumbers, tomatoes, eggplants, zucchini, and so on) reduces the calorie content of the diet, prevents the absorption of cholesterol, enhances its removal from the body, and promotes bowel movements.

Correct selection of therapeutic nutrition when prescribing

! availability, and therefore reduce their dosage

ku, avoid unwanted side effects when maintaining proper efficiency. drug research makes it possible to significantly increase their bio-

RECTAL ROUTE OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION

The rectal route of drug administration (through the rectum) ensures their rapid absorption (in 7-10 minutes). It is used for both local and general purposes. With the rectal route of administration of drugs, a minimum therapeutic concentration is created in the blood within 5-15 minutes. This is explained by the presence in the rectum of a dense network of blood and lymphatic vessels, good absorption of medicinal substances, soluble in both water and fat, through the mucous membrane of the rectum. Substances absorbed in the lower part of the rectum enter the systemic circulation through the inferior hemorrhoidal veins, bypassing the hepatic barrier. The fact that when administered rectally, drugs are not destroyed by the liver enzyme system as a result of the “first pass effect” significantly increases their bioavailability compared to oral administration.

When administered rectally for bioavailability

! blood supply to the rectum, the state of its mucous

that (with age, with systematic use of laxatives and systematic lack of plants, they can influence individual characteristics

Without fiber in food, the functional state of the intestinal mucosa worsens).

The glands of the colon mucosa secrete a liquid alkaline secretion (pH sometimes exceeds 9). Changes in intestinal pH, as well as changes in gastric pH, significantly affect the degree of ionization and absorption of drugs.

The process of intestinal absorption is influenced by the autonomic nervous system (α2 - and β-adrenergic agonists stimulate absorption, and cholinergic agonists stimulate secretion), the endocrine system, and biologically active peptides. The endocrine, autonomic nervous and neuropeptide systems also regulate the motor activity of the colon, which, in turn, determines the duration of the presence of drugs in the intestine.

In addition, a number of diseases of the rectum (hemorrhoids, anorectal fissures, proctitis) worsen

bioavailability of drugs administered rectally.

INHALATION ROUTE OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION

When administered via inhalation, the drug is quickly absorbed into the systemic circulation through the bronchial mucosa without undergoing primary metabolism in the liver. With this route of administration, the bioavailability of drugs can be affected by concomitant diseases of the bronchopulmonary system, smoking (as a factor contributing to the development of chronic bronchitis with a corresponding restructuring of the bronchial wall structure), as well as the state of blood circulation in the bronchopulmonary system.

3.2.2. INFLUENCE OF BODY TEMPERATURE AND ENVIRONMENT

Body and environmental temperature have a significant impact on the course of physiological and biochemical processes in the body.

In conditions of increased temperature and air humidity, the transfer of heat from the body to the environment becomes more difficult and can only occur when the mechanisms of physical thermoregulation are strained (dilation of peripheral blood vessels, increased sweating). Obstruction of heat transfer leads to overheating of the body. An increase in body temperature is accompanied by a sharp stimulation of the central nervous system, respiration and blood circulation, and increased metabolism. Excessive sweating leads to dehydration of the body, thickening of the blood, a decrease in the volume of circulating fluid, and electrolyte imbalance. All this, in turn, affects the processes of absorption, distribution and metabolism of drugs, and their bioavailability.

Moreover, greater changes in the functions of organs and systems develop during fever. The excitability of the respiratory center changes, which can cause a decrease in alveolar ventilation and partial oxygen tension in the blood. Heart rate increases. Spasm of skin vessels at the beginning of the development of a febrile reaction

increases total peripheral vascular resistance to blood flow, which causes a rise in blood pressure. Subsequently, due to the dilation of blood vessels, increased sweating and loss of fluid from the body in the second stage of fever, blood pressure drops, sometimes significantly. The occurrence of fever is also accompanied by significant changes in metabolism: the breakdown of muscle protein increases, gluconeogenesis increases, protein synthesis in the liver, and the rate of biochemical processes in hepatocytes and cells of other organs change.

When the temperature rises, the absorption, metabolism and transport of drugs proceed faster, and when the temperature decreases, they slow down. Local cooling of body tissues leads to vasospasm, as a result of which absorption sharply slows down, which should be remembered when administering the drug locally.

The influence of temperature on pharmacokinetics

! practice in cases where drugs are prescribedpatients with severely impaired thermoregulation. drugs must be taken into account in clinical

3.2.3. INFLUENCE OF MAGNETIC FIELD AND METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS

The magnetic field has a significant impact on the higher centers of nervous and humoral regulation, biocurrents of the heart and brain, and the permeability of biological membranes. Men are more sensitive to the activity of the Earth's magnetic field than women. Patients with disorders of the nervous and cardiovascular systems are most sensitive to magnetic storms in the Earth's atmosphere. On days of magnetic storms, they experience an exacerbation of the disease, hypertensive crises, cardiac arrhythmias, angina attacks, decreased performance, etc. In turn, changes in the work of the heart, the intensity of blood circulation and, above all, the permeability of biomembranes can significantly change the bioavailability of drugs during various routes of administration, both in the direction of decreasing and increasing it.

Meteorological factors (absolute air humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind direction and strength, average daily temperature and others) affect the elasticity of blood vessels, viscosity and blood clotting time. A decrease in atmospheric pressure by 1.3-1.6 kPa (10-12 mm Hg) can lead to vascular disorders; rainy weather causes depression. Thunderstorms and hurricanes have a particularly adverse impact on human health. A cubic centimeter of air usually contains from 200 to 1000 positive and negative ions. They affect the intensity of the heart, breathing, blood pressure and metabolism. A large concentration of positive ions causes depression, suffocation, dizziness, decreased overall tone, fatigue and fainting in people. And the increased concentration of negative ions has a beneficial effect on the body: it helps improve mental state and mood. This is apparently due to the fact that they interfere with the production of serotonin (a neurotransmitter associated with the sensation of pain). During a thunderstorm, the amount of negative ions in the atmosphere increases.

The state of the central nervous system, general tone

! niya in various organs and tissues and, to a certain extent, the intensity of biotransformation of drugs

substances into metabolites. This is reflected in the changes understanding the absolute and overall bioavailability of drugs. sa of the body regulate the intensity of blood circulation

3.2.4. INFLUENCE OF AGE AND GENDER OF A PERSON

A person's age also affects the bioavailability of drugs. Young patients are characterized by higher rates of absorption and excretion, and the shortest time to reach the maximum concentration of drugs; for older people - a higher half-life of drugs.

When prescribing medications to children, it is necessary to remember

! taken orally, differs only slightly from that in adults. However, their absorption (both active and passive) occurs very slowly. As a result

small concentrations are created in the blood plasma, often insufficient to achieve a therapeutic effect. that in children under one and a half years of age the bioavailability of drugs,

In children, the rectal mucosa is delicate, easily irritated, and the resulting reflexes lead to rapid bowel movements and a decrease in the bioavailability of rectally administered drugs.

When administered by inhalation, the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract is also easily irritated and reacts to it with copious secretions, which significantly complicates the absorption of drugs. At the same time, when applying the medicine to the skin of children, it should be borne in mind that any substances are absorbed through it much easier than in adults.

Since ancient times, differences in the effects of drugs due to gender have been noticed. The residence time of the drug in the body of women is much longer than that of men; accordingly, the level of concentration of drugs in the blood of women is higher. It is believed that this is due to the relatively high content of “inert” adipose tissue in women, which plays the role of a depot.

3.2.5. INFLUENCE OF BIORHYTHMS

One of the most powerful factors influencing a person and the effectiveness of drug therapy is the effect of biorhythms. Every cell of our body senses time - the alternation of day and night. A person is characterized by an increase in the daytime and a decrease in physiological functions at night (heart rate, minute blood volume, blood pressure, body temperature, oxygen consumption, blood sugar, physical and mental performance).

Biological rhythms cover a wide range of periods: secular, annual, seasonal, monthly, weekly,

daily allowance. All of them are strictly coordinated. The circadian, or circadian, rhythm in humans manifests itself primarily in the alternation of periods of sleep and wakefulness. There is also a biological rhythm of the body with a much lower frequency than the daily one, which affects the reactivity of the body and affects the effect of drugs. This is, for example, hormonal rhythm (the female menstrual cycle). Daily rhythms of enzyme systems have been established

liver, involved in the metabolism of many drugs, which in turn are associated with external rhythm regulators.

The biological rhythm of the body is based on the rhythm of metabolism. In humans, metabolic (mainly catabolic) processes that provide the biochemical basis for activity reach a minimum at night, while biochemical processes that ensure the accumulation of substrate and energy resources reach a maximum. The main factor determining biological rhythm is the living conditions of the organism. Seasonal and especially daily rhythms act as conductors of all oscillatory processes in the body, and therefore the attention of scientists is most focused on the study of these rhythms.

Taking into account physiological rhythms is mandatory

! condition for justifying the optimal time of taking medications.

The experience of pharmacotherapy has necessitated the use of medicinal substances at a certain time of day, month, season, and so on, for example, taking sleeping pills or sedatives in the evening or night hours, tonics and stimulants in the morning or daytime, antiallergic drugs for the prevention of seasonal ( spring or summer) allergic diseases.

The rapid development of medicine and biology in the second half of the twentieth century made it possible to establish, explain and predict the influence of time factors, or rather, the phase of the body’s biorhythm during which the drug was used, on its effectiveness, the severity of side effects, and to identify the mechanism of this influence.

The issues of the effect of medicinal substances on the body depending on the time of day and seasons of the year are studied by chronopharmacology, which establishes the principles and rules of rational drug administration and seeks schemes for their use for the treatment of desynchronosis. Chronopharmacology is closely related to chronotherapy and chronobiology. The objectives of chronotherapy in general can be formulated as the organization of a treatment process based on taking into account

individual biorhythmological status and its correction using all methods available to modern medicine.

When the body's biorhythms mismatch with time sensors, desynchronosis develops, which is a sign of physiological discomfort. It always occurs when moving from west to east or from east to west, in living conditions with unusual work and rest schedules (shift work), the exclusion of geophysical and social time sensors (polar day and night, space flights, deep-sea diving), exposure to stressors factors (cold, heat, ionizing radiation, biologically active substances, mental and muscle tension, viruses, bacteria, food composition). Therefore, the rhythms of a healthy and a sick person differ significantly.

During the day, the body's sensitivity to optimal and toxic doses of drugs varies. The experiment established a 10-fold difference in the lethality of rats from Elenium and other drugs of this group at 3 a.m. compared to 8 a.m. Tranquilizers exhibit maximum toxicity during the active phase of the day, which coincides with high physical activity. Their lowest toxicity was observed during normal sleep. The acute toxicity of adrenaline hydrochloride, ephedrine hydrochloride, mezatone and other adrenergic agonists increases during the day and decreases significantly at night. And the acute toxicity of atropine sulfate, platyphylline hydrotartrate, metacin and other anticholinergics is much higher at night, in the inactive phase of the day. Greater sensitivity to sleeping pills and anesthesia is observed in the evening hours, and to anesthetics in dentistry - at 14-15 hours of the day (at this time it is recommended to remove teeth).

The intensity of absorption, transport and breakdown of various medicinal substances is subject to significant fluctuations during the day. For example, the half-life of prednisolone when administered to patients in the morning is approximately 3 times longer than when administered in the afternoon. Changes in the activity and toxicity of the drug may be associated with the periodicity of liver enzyme systems and renal function.