Spelling vowels in the root. Spelling vowels in the root of a word

1) spelling unstressed vowels ;
2) spelling of roots with alternating vowels ;
3) use ;
4) spelling of vowels after sibilants and ts; 5) vowels s/i after the consoles.

III. Use of the letter E

Vowel letter e used primarily after soft consonants and at the beginning of a word, after vowels, if it denotes two sounds [j] + vowel ( food, local historian ). At the same time, according to tradition, in many words after hard consonants and after vowels (where there is no sound [j]) e is also written, not e.

When choosing a vowel, you should use the following rules:

IV. Spelling of vowels after sibilants and Ts

1. Vowels a, u, i, e after sibilants After hissing (f, sh, h, sch ) letters are not written I, yu, s, uh , but are written according to tradition a, y, i, e (sting, w k, giraffe, rod; hut, joke, awl, six; seagull, miracle, tweet, honesty, sorrel, pike, cabbage soup, heck). Exceptions: brochure, jury, parachute, as well as proper names of foreign origin, for example:Jules Verne, Siauliai, Longjumeau, etc..

2. Vowels e – o in the root after sibilantsUnder stress after sibilants it is written: e , if you can find a cognate word with e (yellow - yellow, whisper - whisper); O , if it is impossible to find a cognate word with e.

On the highway the car was speeding. Sat in the cockpit chauffeur , and in the back they were shakingprim Scotsman, former Majordomo, Zhora the Glutton, jockey, juggler and saddler . Everyone was busy with their own business. Zhora ate chocolate and washed it down with a crochon. The juggler juggled gooseberries trying to string it on cleaning rod Jockey with saddler agreed on new blinkers for a horse. Scotsman primwas silent, closing his eyes hood . Zhora suggested clink glasses. He was in a mood major as if he was on his way to have fun show

Suddenly there was a rustling sound. It was the glutton who burst the seam on his shorts . Everyone, of course, was shocked.

Thicket, slum, rattle, pulp, zhokh (rascal), heartburn, Borjomi, dude, gherkin, chauvinism, burn, arson(nouns: hand burn , but the verbs: burned, set fire: burned my hand).

3. Use of vowels after C

After c letters are written according to tradition y, a, e: kingdom, price, price. Letters e, yu, i after c found only in foreign words: Drutse, Zurich, Qiannan, etc..

After c in the roots of words it is written:compass, exercise, number, etc..

Exceptions: The gypsy on tiptoe tsked at the chicken: “Tsits!”

After c letters are written under stress o and e according to pronunciation:plinth, aim, church.

After ts it is written o in the word tsokat and its derivative clatter , as well as in some foreign words:duke, mezzo, palazzo etc..

V. Vowels ы/и after prefixes

1. After prefixes ending in a vowel, the letter And written according to pronunciation: re and play, po and sk, archi and interesting.

2. After Russian prefixes ending in a consonant, instead of and it is written s:

and to search - to seek, to seek, searching, searching; and gla - without needles; and skus - without yummy, without y artificial; and then - to sum it up; and next – previous; and me - nameless, nameless; and action is without principle, and initiative is without principle proactive; history - pre y history; and infarction – pre-infarction; And interesting - not without You're interesting.

Notes 1. After consoles over-, inter- the letter is saved and : over and exquisite, over interesting; between and institutional, between and irrigation.

2. After all borrowed prefixes ending in a consonant(dis-, counter-, pan-, post-, sub-, trans-), the letter and is written: disinfection and infection; counter and gra; Pan and Islamism; post and infarction, sub and inspector; trans and indian.

3. Spelling and and s after prefixes does not apply to the writing of compound words, the first part of which ends in a consonant, after which a letter is written and: sports and equipment, sports and gra, fin and inspector.

S.B. Nazhnova, Russian language teacher

Additional materials and exercises on the website "Innovative computer didactics".

1.1.Introduction

The branch of linguistics in which the rules of writing words are studied is called spelling. Significant parts of words (roots, prefixes, suffixes, endings) are called morphemes. Russian spelling is studied writing morphemes: merged, separate, semi-merged (hyphen), as well as the use of capital letters and the rules for hyphenating words. The rules of spelling reflect the history of Russian written culture. Therefore, the spelling of many Russian words is based on traditional principle.

The rule for writing some words is: as we hear, so we write. This is phonetic principle writing words. The spelling of such words corresponds to their pronunciation.

However, in Russian orthography, traditional and phonetic spellings are not widespread. The spellings of most words follow a morphological principle. According to it, morphemes are always written the same way, regardless of pronunciation. For example, the roots of words in related words have the same spelling.

1.2. Vocabulary words

There are many words in the Russian language whose spelling is not regulated by spelling rules. Such words are called dictionary words. Their spelling cannot be checked by selecting related words or other dictionary forms. It is based on tradition or borrowed from European languages. Dictionary words are written according to the spelling norm, which is established not according to any rule, but specifically for a given word. This norm is recorded in spelling dictionaries.

Spelling vowels in the root

1.3. Tested unstressed vowels in the root

The spelling of unstressed vowels can often be checked by changing the word or selecting words of the same root so that the questionable sound is stressed, for example: leg - legs, run - run. In this case, the same vowel is written in the unstressed syllable of the root as in the corresponding stressed syllable in another word form or in related words: water - water - underwater. In order not to make a mistake in writing vowels at the root, You can check unstressed vowels by changing words. For example, so that the emphasis falls on a dubious sound, you can put nouns in a different case: head - head - heads. In other cases, it is possible to select related words with emphasis on a dubious sound: talk - talk, talkative; hurry - hurry.

Correct spelling of the tested unstressed vowels is necessary to distinguish between words that sound the same in oral speech.

Often, the incorrect choice of a test word leads to a distortion of both the spelling of the word being tested and its interpretation (meaning). For example, the word valley has a common root with the word dol, and not with the word dal; The verb to bless is formed from the combination good word, and not good glory.

1.4. Vowel alternation in the root

In some roots there is an alternation of vowels: dawn - dawn (alternating a - o); die - die (alternating e - i). In such roots, the unstressed vowel is checked not by stress, but by special rules. The main ones are given below.

1. In the roots gar - mountains under stress it is written A , without accent - O (tan - tanned).

2. At the root zar - zar the vowel that is heard is written under stress; it is written without stress A (glow, lightning, illuminate - dawn).

3. In the roots clan - clone, creature - creation under the stress, the vowel that is heard is written, without stress - O (bend - bow, bow - bend; creature - creativity, create).

4. At the root lag - lie written before r A, before w is written O(offer - propose).

5. Root poppy written in verbs meaning “immerse in liquid” (dip a brush into paint). Root mock written in verbs with the meaning “to let liquid through” (wet, wet, waterproof).

6. At the root float vowel and can be stressed or unstressed (float, buoyancy). Root pilaf written in the words swimmer, swimmer.

7. Root equals written in words with the meaning “equal, identical, on a par” (to compare, to become equal). Root exactly written in words with the meaning “even, straight, smooth” (to equalize, same age). Exception: plain.

8. At the root growing up - growing up it is written a before the combination st and the letter u, in other cases it is written O(grow, growth - grown, thickets, shoots). Exception: industry, Rostov, Rostok, Rostislav.

9. At the root skak - skoch written before k A, before h is written O(jump - jump).

10. When forming aspect pairs of some verbs (perfect and imperfect forms), there is an alternation of sounds in the root o - a: to be late - to be late, to prick - to prick, to assimilate - to assimilate.

11. For some words in which the vowel sound is stressed, the following spelling options are possible: stipulate - stipulate, concentrate - concentrate, empower - authorize, challenge (obsolete) - challenge.

1.5. Vowels o - e after sibilants at the root of the word

After the sizzling f, h, w, sch under the stress, e or е is written in the root (although the sound o is pronounced), if e is written in related words or in another form of the same word (yellow - to turn yellow, silk - silk).

In words of foreign language origin after hissing words, it is possible to write about in an unstressed syllable: jockey, juggler, shock, chocolate, highway, driver, Scottish. In proper names, the spelling about after hissing is found both under stress and in an unstressed syllable: Georges, Pechora, Sholokhov, Shchors, Shostakovich, Chopin, Giordano. It is necessary to distinguish between the spelling of the nouns burn, arson and the verbs burn, set fire (The fireman received a burn. The fireman burned your hand.)

1.6. Vowels after the letter c

1. Consonant sound ts in Russian it is always hard. Therefore, after it it is written a (not ya), y (not yu). Deviations from this rule are found in geographical names and foreign-language surnames (Zurich, Kotsyubinsky). However, according to tradition, after c it is customary to write e (not e), although after a hard consonant one hears [e]: goal.

2. Vowels o - e after c they can alternate. Then, in accordance with the pronunciation, o is written under stress, and e is written in an unstressed syllable: dance - dancer, tsk - tsk. However, in some borrowed words, under the influence of the source language and in an unstressed syllable, o is written: duke, mezzo, scherzo.

3. Vowel spellings i-s after ts based on different spelling rules. Contrary to the pronunciation in the roots of some words, u is written after c: quote, figure. These are words borrowed from Russian, and their spellings are influenced by their source languages. Some native Russian words also do not obey the general rule: chick, gypsy, chick, on tiptoe.

Spelling of letters e, y

2. Letters at the beginning of words uh And e written according to pronunciation: this, echo, eat, go, food.

3. In the middle of words after consonants it is written e :adequate, dandy, lady, stand. Exceptions to this rule: mayor, peer, sir(as well as derivatives from these words: city hall, peerage) and some proper names: Bela, Bacon, Ulan-Ude etc.

4.Vowel uh preserved after a consonant: in a prefix (save, unexamine), in complex, compound words and abbreviations (three-story, quintessence, political economy, NEP).

5. As a rule, after the vowel it is written e : diet, sharp, requiem. Writing uh after and occurs only in complex foreign words ( polyester), as well as after prefixes on and ( anti-aesthetic).

6.After the remaining vowels it is usually written uh according to pronunciation: duel, duet, canoe, maestro, poetry, silhouette. Exceptions to this rule: project, projection, registry etc.

7.Letter th at the beginning of the word it is written if it is a borrowed word or a proper name: yogurt, iodine, New York.

Use of uppercase and lowercase letters.

Word hyphenation rules

1. Words are transferred syllable by syllable (ma-ma, ba-ra-ban)

2. You cannot separate a consonant from the following vowel (ge-ro"y),

3. You cannot leave a part of a syllable on a line or move part of a syllable (pu-stjak, pus-tyak - correct; pust-yak (incorrect),

4. You cannot leave or transfer one vowel on a line, even if it represents a whole syllable (ana-to-miya - correct; a-na-to-mi-ya - incorrect),

5. You cannot separate ь (soft sign) and ъ (hard sign) from the previous consonant (detour, less),

6. The letter does not break away from the previous vowel (district),

7. When combining several consonants, transfer options are possible (sister, sister, sister); in such cases, such a transfer is preferable in which the morphemes are not parsed (pod-zhat).

Spelling vowels in the root.

If the root vowel is in a weak (unstressed) position, then in writing the problem of choosing which letter to write arises.

1. If it is possible to select a related word or change the word so that this vowel is stressed, then such a vowel is called verifiable. For example, pillars - one hundred foreheads; to reconcile (friends) - mi"r.

2. 2.If an unstressed vowel cannot be verified by stress, then such vowels are called unverifiable, and the spelling of words with such vowels must be memorized or checked in a spelling dictionary (potato, elixir).

3. 3.The Russian language has a number of roots with alternating vowels. As a rule, the vowel that is heard is written under stress; The choice of a letter in an unstressed position depends on certain conditions:

· from the accent - gar-gor: under the accent it is written a (zaga"r, razga"r), without emphasis - o (tanned, burn), exceptions: you"garki, and"sunburn, smoldering;

Zar-zor: without stress it is written a (zarnitsa, illuminate), with stress - what is heard (zarka, zareva), exception: zareva;

Klan-clone: ​​without emphasis it is written about (bow, bow), with emphasis - what is heard (bow, bow);

Creation - creation: without emphasis it is written about (create, creation), with emphasis - what is heard (creativity, creature), exception: at "creation;

from subsequent letters or combinations of letters:

Kaskos: if the root is followed by a consonant n, then it is written o (touch, touch), in other cases it is written a (tangential, touch);

Lag-lozh: before g it is written a (adjective, adjective), before w it is written about (application, offer), exceptions: po "log;

Rast- (-rasch-) - grew: before st and sch it is written a (grow", nasar"shchivag), before s it is written o (za"rosl, grown up), exceptions: o"brass", rostok"k, you "rostok, usurers" k. Rosto"v;

Skak-skoch: before k it is written a (jump), before h it is written o (jump “jump”), exceptions: jump “k, jump”;

From the presence or absence of the suffix -a- after the root:

Ver-vir-, -der-dir, -mer- world, -per- pir, -ter- tier, -blest- blest, -zheg-zhig, -steel- became, -reads: before the suffix -a- it is written and (collect, light, lay), in other cases it is written e (bleat, light), exceptions; combine, combination;

Roots with alternation a (ya) - im (in): before the suffix -a- it is written im (in) (jam, clamp), in other cases it is written a(ya) (jam, clamp) ;

· from the meaning: - mak-mok: -mak- is used in the meaning of “immerse in liquid, make wet” (dipping bread in milk), -mok - in the meaning of “let liquid through” (shoes get wet);

Equal: -rav- is used in the meaning “equal, identical, on a par” (to become equal),

Rovn - in the meaning “even, straight, smooth” (u “level, level”);

Swim-swim-swim: o is written only in the words plover"ts and plavchi"ha, y - only in the word quicksand, in all other cases it is written ya (lavu "honor, float"k).
Spelling of vowels after sibilants and Ts

· After the hissing consonants zh, ch, sh, shch, the vowels a, u, i are written, and the vowels i, yu, y are never written (thicket, bold). This rule does not apply to words of foreign origin (parachute) and complex abbreviated words in which any combination of letters is possible (Interjury Bureau).

· Under stress after sibilants it is written in, if you can find related words or another form of this word where e is written (yellow - yellowness); if this condition is not met, then o (clink glasses, rustle) is written.

· It is necessary to distinguish the noun burn and its related words from the past tense verb burn and its related words.

· A fluent vowel sound under stress after a hissing sound is indicated by the letter o (sheath - nozhon "n). Spelling vowels after c.

· At the root after c it is written i (civilization, mat); exceptions: gypsy, on tiptoe, tsyts, chicken and their cognates.

· The letters i, yu are written after ts only in proper names of non-Russian origin (Zurich).

· Under stress after c it is written o (tso "cat"). Vowel selection; and or e.

· In foreign words it is usually written e (adequate); exceptions: mayor, peer, sir and their derivatives.

· If the root begins with the letter e, then it is preserved even after prefixes or a cut with the first part of a complex word (save, three-story).

· After the vowel it is written e (requiem), after the other vowels - e (maestro).
The letter is written at the beginning of foreign words (yod, yoga).

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We find out which letter should be written in place of an unstressed vowel by checking with other forms and words in which in the same significant part (prefix, root, ending, suffix) the vowel we are interested in being tested is in this position under stress. For example: dial (we check with the word “typed”), mountain - mountain, mountains, in the house (in the table), earthen (oat).

What is this article about?

The general rule that governs the spelling of vowels was presented above. However, there are a number of exceptions and special cases. After reading this article, you will become familiar with the topic of “spelling vowels in the root of a word.” This will help you avoid spelling mistakes. The spelling of verifiable and unverifiable spellings will be examined in detail by us.

Unstressed vowels that are checked by stress

The writing of letters in roots in place of any unstressed vowels, according to the general rule, is established by checking forms and words with the same root, in which the vowel being tested is under stress.

The following examples can be given: gardens (kindergarten, garden), water (aquatic, water), pig (pigs), talk (conversation, talk), egg (eggs), young (youth, young, young), naughty (prank), heat (heat, hot ).

How should some unstressed vowels not be checked?

In some cases, the general rule governing the spelling of vowels in the root of a word cannot be applied because differences in spelling exist due to the fact that they belong to different languages. These are the incomplete unstressed combinations la, ra ( cut, gate, head, reins, drag, cloud and others), which are always written with “a”, since by origin these combinations in Russian roots correspond to olo, oro ( short, gate, head, furrows, drag). These words do not obey the general law governing the spelling of unstressed vowels. The rules of Russian spelling, therefore, have their exceptions.

The unstressed vowel “o” cannot be verified by any imperfective forms when we are dealing with the roots of perfect verbs. For example, in words be late, flood, split, swallow, trample The vowel “o” is checked by the following cognates: late, trampling, two, throat, although there are verbs: be late, flood, bifurcate, swallow.

The general rule governing the spelling of vowels in the root of a word cannot be applied to foreign language concepts, since the test and test vowel in them may be related to morphemes of different origins. For example, in the word "accompaniment" -ement is a suffix of French origin, and in the word "accompany" -irovana is a German suffix. Compare: “engagement - to engage”, “subscription - to subscribe”, as well as the words “intelligence” and “intelligentsia”, formed in Latin from different root stems.

When choosing which vowel to write ("a" or "o") in an unstressed position, you should not use verbs with the imperfective suffix -ыва- (-iva-) to check.

For example, in the roots of the words “trample”, “throw”, “be silent”, “look”, to check the corresponding unstressed vowel one should use such forms and words as “transfer”, “throw”, “looks”, “tramples”, “ silently", "look", "be silent", but not the verbs "to trample", "to throw", "to consider", "to keep silent", in which there is an alternation of "a" - "o" (learn - assimilate, earn - earn and etc.).

You need to be especially careful when writing words that contain homonymous roots, the unstressed vowel in which is pronounced the same, but is indicated in writing by different letters.

Compare: purity (clean) and frequency (frequent), rinse (rinse) and caress (weasel), for the time being (still) and pairs (vapors), fox (foxes) and forests (forest) etc.

After paired soft and sibilant consonants, the letter “e” is written both in accordance with “o” (in the letter “ё”) and with “e”. Compare: vela (led) and whitewash (white), rustle (rustle), selo (rural and villages) and silk (silk), acorn (acorn), pearl (pearl).

Unstressed vowels not verified by stress

There are many words in our language in which the root vowels cannot be checked by stress. In this case, you should remember the spelling of unstressed vowels at the root of the word. This spelling is determined by the dictionary. This list includes both borrowed and native Russian words. Some of them: antagonism, aborigine, beefsteak, badminton, lobby, grease, bagpipes, vinaigrette, delicacy, range, demagogue, airship, initiative, dependency, cannonade, bondage, criminology, burner, koschey, holster, waste paper, macaque, charm, obsession, optimism, opportunity, panegyric, panorama, front garden, privilege, confusion, plasticine, utilitarian, tunnel, Esperanto.

Difficult case of writing vowels in the root

In the word "velvet" in the unstressed position after the "x" the letter "a" is written (the same as "velvet", "velvet"), although in the word "velvet" the vowel "o" is stressed (option: "velvet" "). In the word “swan” in the second syllable, the unstressed vowel represented by the letter “e” corresponds to “ya” and “e” under stress: swan, swan, winch. In the word "rook" "a" is written without stress, and in the word "boat" under stress - "o".

In the words “baby”, “cub”, “childbirth”, “children”, etc., the letter “e” should be used without stress in accordance with the “e” in the stressed syllable: “children” or, for example, “childhood”, “ childless", "childish", etc. In the word "child", however, as well as in some colloquial variants, for example, "childish" and "dite", it is written "and" (in "dityatko" there is a stressed "and").

Unstressed connecting vowels

When two or more stems are combined into one complex concept, as well as when forming words whose components are morphemes of an international nature, a connecting vowel is used, which is represented by the letters “e” and “o”.

After hard ones the letter “o” is written, and after hissing ones, “ts” and soft double ones, as well as “j” the letter “e” is used, for example: worldview, sound engineer, haymaker, voice recorder, employer, disposable, Moskvoretsky, hundred-ruble, ninety-year-old, ancient Russian, navigator, public, vacuum cleaner, freshly painted, thousand-year-old, sheep breeding, mousetrap, tea party, butter-cheese, mud bath.

So, as you have seen, the general rule governing the spelling of unstressed vowels at the root of a word has several nuances. Spelling connecting vowels, for example, is a special case.

Spelling alternating vowels in the root of a word

There are roots in the Russian language in which one cannot be guided by a general rule when writing the corresponding letters in place of certain unstressed vowels, since it is subject to tradition. Let us therefore consider the spelling of the word separately. The following roots can be distinguished, in which alternating vowels are present.

1. With the letters "o" and "a"

gore-gar. In place of the unstressed word, “o” is written here, although under the stress we have “a”, for example: burn, burn, burn out, burn out, burnt out, tanned, combustible, but: tan, soot, fumes, soot. The exceptions are (in which "gar" is unaccented): dross, fumes, cinder(along with option cinder), burnt.

zar-zar. The rule governing the spelling of the unstressed vowel at the root of the word is as follows. "A" is written in the position of an unstressed vowel: lightning, dawn, illuminate, glow, illumination, illuminate, robin (bird); under stress there can be “o” and “a”: radiant, glow, dawn, radiant, dawn, dawn, dawn, dawn.

kos-kas. In these roots, “a” is written when it is followed by “a”, in other cases - “o”: touching, touching, touching, touching, but touching, touching, touching(the vowel does not occur under stress).

clone clan. The spelling of these roots is as follows: “o” is written in the position of an unstressed vowel, for example: bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down; “o” and “a” are emphasized: inclination, bow, inflexible, inclined and bow, bow, bow.

crop-speckled “O” - without emphasis in words with a specific meaning, namely “to cover with splashes, drops”: sprinkling (from sprinkle), sprinkling, sprinkling, sprinkling, sprinkling; in words with the meaning “to cover with specks, small dots” - the letter “a”: speckled, marked, interspersed. Only “a” is written under the accent: speckled, speckled, interspersed, speckled, speckled, interspersed.

log-log-log. The spelling of the unstressed vowel in the root of the word is as follows: in place of some unstressed vowel located before “g”, “a” should be used, and “o” - before “zh”, for example: impose, lay down, attach, assume, urgent, decompose, vagina, adjournment, addendum, adjective, but: lay down, lay down, put, put aside, attach, propose, position, presentation, versification, sentence, adjourned, cover. The accent is always written "o": pledge, tax, false, put, put. In the word “canopy”, where there is a root “-log-”, it is no longer distinguished in the modern language, therefore “o” is written without emphasis before “g”.

Mock-mock-mock. The spelling of these roots is as follows: before the “k”, in place of the unstressed one, the letter “a” is written, in words with the following meaning: “immerse in liquid, dip”: dip, dip, dunk; the letter "o" - in those of them that mean "get wet": get wet, get wet, get wet, get wet, derived from the word “wet” (phlegm, wet, woodlice) and meaning “to dry with something that absorbs moisture”: get wet, get wet, blotter, blotter. The letter "o" is always written before the "h": wet, wet, soaked, wet. This is the spelling of the root vowels in these cases.

2. Letters "e" and "i" in roots

shine (t,k) - shine - shine. The letters “i” and “e” are written in the position of an unstressed vowel: before “st” - “i” with the next stressed “a”, for example: shines, shines, shines, resplendent, shines, resplendent, in other cases - "e": glitters, shines, glittering, shiny, glitter, sparkle etc. Under the accent - “ё” and “e”: shines, sparkle, sparkle, glittering, flash, sparkle, sparkles. The spelling of the unstressed vowels of the root word "bles(t,k)/blesh/blist, therefore, is regulated by a very specific rule.

weight-vis. In the verb "to hang" ( hanging, hanging) in place of the unstressed vowel is written “and”, in derivatives from it ( hang down, hang etc.), as well as in prefixed verbs that have a common part “-hang”: hang down, hang down, hang down etc. (under stress: hang, hang); the letter "e" - in words such as signboard, hang out, hinged, suspended, suspended(emphasis: hang, hang, hang). This is the spelling of the root vowels in these cases.

Position after sizzling

After “ch”, “zh”, “sch”, “sh” the letters “s”, “yu”, “ya” are written, but, accordingly, “i”, “u”, “a”, for example: farewell, seagull, squint, miracle, sew, fat.

Exceptions: jury, brochure, pshute, parachute, fichu and other words of foreign origin.

This rule also does not apply to proper foreign names ( Julie, Jules etc.), as well as letter abbreviations and compound words in which any combination of letters is possible ( Interjurisdictional Bureau etc.).

Under the stress at the root, after sibilants, “e(e)” is written, in pronunciation corresponding to the sound “o”, if in another form of this word or in “e” is written ( yellow - yellowish, black - turns black b); "o" is written in the absence of such relations. Compare:

A) evening, string, chewed, cheap;

b) artichoke, pulp, junk, zhor.

Writing “o” is possible in words that are borrowed, after sibilants that are in an unstressed syllable, for example: juggler, jockey, chauvinism, chocolate, chauffeur, Scottish, highway.

Vowels after "ts"

The letters "yu" and "ya" after "ts" can only be written in proper non-Russian names (surnames, geographical names, etc.). For example: Qianshan, Zurich, Tsyavlovsky, Tsyurupa.

After “ts” in the stressed syllable, “o” is written if the sound “o” is pronounced at the same time: clatter, clatter, clatter.

In the root after “ts” it is written not “s”, but “i”: tsibik, cyanide, civilization, cicada, chicory, cycle, circus, quote, figure etc.

Exceptions: chick, gypsy, chick, tiptoe and single-rooted.