Friends, if you have been studying English for some time, then you must have noticed that endings play an important role in the formation of words, verb tenses, and various grammatical constructions.

Today we want to take a closer look at the ending -ed in English, what exactly it does with words and word forms, where it can be used and how to use it in grammar.

In English the ending -ed Helps form the simple past tense of regular verbs. You, of course, remember these rules: infinitive + ending -ed

• Yesterday I work ed in the garden. - YesterdayIworkedVvegetable garden.
• Tom stay ed at home last evening. Tom was at home last evening.

The Present Perfect and Past Perfect tenses of regular verbs in English are also formed using the ending -ed:

• Jimhasjustvisit ed us. — Jim just visited us.
• Ann said that she had play ed tennis yesterday - Annasaid, WhatyesterdaysheplayedVtennis.

The same ending is used to form the Future Perfect and Future Perfect in the Past, again, for regular verbs:

• We will have here ed tomorrow in the morning. - TomorrowTomorningWealreadylet's vote.
• Alex said that he would have prepared ed the test by Friday. — Alexsaid, Whatwill cooktestToFriday.

We can conclude that in the formation of past tenses in regular verbs, without ending -ed there's simply no way around it.

Passive Voice and ending -ed

The passive voice of irregular verbs simply attracts this ending! With the help of ending -ed we form Passive Voice at any time. For example:

• The flowers are plant ed by me. - Flowersplantedme.
• The house was repaired ed by my parents. — The house was renovated by my parents.
• Tomwillbeinvite ed toourparty. — Tom will be invited to our party.

Also, pay attention to the infinitive form of the passive voice:

• Wearehappytobecall ed toyourparty. - We are happy that you invited us to your party ( or verbatim : We are happy to be invited to your party.

How to form parts of speech using the ending -ed

This ending also takes part in the formation of parts of speech, mainly adjectives and participles. Please pay attention to the following offers:

• Tom is depressed ed because ofhis marksTom feels depressed about his grades.
• They were disappointing ed to learn about it“They were disappointed when they found out about it.”
• Brown-ey ed — brown-eyed

Read and pronounce words with -ed correctly!

Reading words with this ending in English is a tricky thing. We bring to your attention reading rules that will help you cope with words with this ending:

• [ d] - after voiced consonants(except [d]) and vowels sounds [b,g,v,D,z,Z,G,m,n,N,l,j,w,r + vowels]:

inform report- informed reported; informed

borrow ["bOlou] lend— borrowed ["bOloud] lent; borrowed

• [ t] - after voiceless consonants(except [t]) sounds [p,k,f,T,s,S,h,C]:

ask ask— asked asked; asked

place put- placed placed; placed

• [ ID] - after the sounds [d] and [t]:

end end— ended ["endId] finished; finished

invite invite— invited invited; invited Let's read correctly!

Remember these rules and you will not make mistakes in reading.

Let's summarize, dear readers. The formation of past tenses of regular verbs is not possible without this ending; without this ending it is impossible to form the passive voice; ending - ed participates in the formation of certain parts of speech. Those who have been studying English for a long time are accustomed to it; we wish everyone else to quickly become friends with this ending.

Probably each of us remembers standing at the chalk board during a lesson in the beautiful and powerful Russian language and, for some unknown reason, drawing an arc, a tick, or a square over a word. This whole entertaining process was pathetically called parsing a word into morphemes, namely: prefix, root, suffix and, of course, ending. Today we will talk about the latter, but only in English. There might be something you don't know!

Speaking purely in grammatical terms, the concept of “ending” ( ending) or the buzzword “inflection” ( inflexion) from the Latin “to bend” - to bind, implies a variable part responsible for the process of forming different variations of the same word, to the basic form of which special elements are added. Through these manipulations, grammatical meanings are expressed, that is, the special role that a unit of speech plays in a sentence. The endings in English grammar include: possessive case (“ s); plural (- s / -es); present tense 3rd person + singular (- s); past tense (- d), (-ed) or (- t) and ending (- ing). Well, now in order.

Inflection ""s" in English

Possessive case ( possessive case) we use when we need to say that something belongs to someone. This very case is formed by adding a special sign to the end of the word “ " "apostrophe and endings" - s" Below are a few examples for clarity.

Ending -s / -es / -ies in English

First, the simple present tense, known to everyone as the Present Simple. It is used when we talk about some facts or ordinary actions.
We form the present tense using the basic form of the infinitive (without the particle to). Golden Rule: third person singular ( he / she / it) just requires an ending - s / -es / -ies. For example:

Every morning Kelly eat s a sandwich with blueberry jam and peanut butter and drink s a mug of coffee for breakfast.
Every morning Kelly eats a sandwich with blueberry jam and peanut butter for breakfast and drinks a mug of coffee.

Secondly, when it is necessary to use a plural noun ( plural nouns), according to the rule for forming the plural, the ending is added to the singular form of a noun, depending on which letter is at the end - s / -es / -ies. For example:

Pumpkin, don't forget to buy 10 donut s, 5 orange s and 3 bananas s, please.
Pumpkin, please don't forget to buy 10 donuts, 5 oranges and 3 bananas.

Ending -ed / -ied / -d / -t in English

Firstly, the ending - ed inherent correct English verbs(regular verbs), which are used in Past Simple. As you know, the simple past tense is used to state a fact or describe a series of actions that immediately followed each other in the past. Education formula: verb(without to): bombinate ( buzz) + ed = bombed(buzzed). Example in context:

James got in the old clunker, started the engine and drove off.
James got into his wreck, started the engine and drove off.

Secondly, - ed also occurs in the past participle ( participle II). The participle is the golden mean, where the characteristics of a verb, adjective and adverb coexist comfortably, which answers the question “ what (c)did he?», « Which?" For example:

The quote, present ed in the article, caught my attention.
The quote presented in the article caught my attention.

The quote " which? or " what did she do?» — presented, i.e. the action seems to have already been completed - it has already been used in the article. The participle defines the subject in a sentence, supplementing it with new facts and characteristics.

The ending -ing in English

Firstly, the ing ending is used when constructing long English tenses Continuous = Progressive. For example:

Currently, my bearded mate is playing ing PS4.
My bearded buddy is currently playing on PS4.

Here Present Continuous: auxiliary linking verb to be in the required form + infinitive of the semantic verb without to, but with the ending - ing. However, tenses that emphasize an action or state in the process also include Perfect Continuous = Perfect Progressive. For example:

A bearded mate of mine has been play ing PS4 for six hours already.
My bearded buddy has been playing on PS4 for 6 hours now.

Present Perfect Continuous: linking auxiliary verb to have in the required form + been + infinitive of the semantic verb (without to), but with the ending - ing.

Secondly, - ing also occurs in the present participle ( participle I), which answers a number of the following questions: “ Which?», « what is he doing?», « what are you doing?. Example:

That woman, chill ing on the sofa, is my future wifey.
That woman relaxing on the couch is my future wife.

We observe that the participle is formed by adding the ending - ing To basic verb form and introduces new features that are characteristic of the subject.

PARTICIPLE I
verb base + -ing
finagle + -ing = finagle ing

PARTICIPLE II
verb base + -ed
finagle + -ed = finagle ed

Thirdly, this same inflection is also used with the gerund ( gerund), a special form of the verb that behaves in a sentence as subject(subject), object(predicate) or predicate(definition/circumstance). The gerund to some extent resembles a verbal noun, for this reason it can be translated into Russian as an infinitive, subordinate clause or noun. A few examples to illustrate:

My buddy’s favorite occupation is hang ing out with friends.
My friend's favorite pastime is hanging out with friends.

Well, to be honest, I’m not engrossed in pastel draw ing.
Well, to be honest, I'm not into pastel painting.

Types of English endings

Today we have put together the most common endings that are used everywhere in the English language. We hope that from now on you will have a complete picture of what an ending is, what it can be, when exactly and where it should be used. If there are not enough endings, then catch English suffixes for dessert. Yummy!

Big and friendly EnglishDom family

Many students are often confused -ed And -ing endings in English. For example, you want to say that you miss ( bored ), but it turns out that you are boring ( boring ) or vice versa. There is a big difference between these two meanings, confusion can occur, and this is due to the incorrect use of endings. But the rule is actually very simple. You will find in this article rules for using adjective endings, examples of their use, exercises with answers, and.

Rules of use -ed And -ing endings in English

Many adjectives have endings -ing or -ed. It's best to understand the difference by looking at specific examples:

Oleg has been reading the same story for a very long time. He does it for his little son John, because John likes the story very much. Oleg is already bored with it.

(Oleg spends a lot of time reading the same story to his little son John, because John really likes this story. Oleg is already bored with this story.)

End -ed used to express the feelings and emotions of a person or any living creature.

End -ing used in an adjective that describes an object that evokes feelings or emotions.

Oleg is reading the very boring story. Oleg is bored because the story is boring. (Oleg is reading a very boring story. Oleg is bored because the story is boring)

Can a person be boring? Of course, then he causes boredom in others:

Oleg is boring, I am bored with him.(Oleg is boring, I'm bored with him)

Comparisons and examples

IMPORTANT: you cannot use –ed endings with things, since things do not have feelings and emotions.

Exercises on endings in English -ed and -ing

1. It’s very irritated irritating when people don’t listen when you’re tlaking to them.
2. I think the whale is the most fascinated fascinating creature in the ocean.
3. I heard some really interested interesting news yesterday.
4. The new project sounds excited and exciting. I'm looking forward to working on it.
5. It was a truly terrified terrifying experience. Everybody was very shockingly shocked.
6. The hot chocolate was comforted comforting.
7. The storm was threatened threatening.
8. I was really amazingly amazed when I was offered the job.
9. I was very annoyed annoying when my sister forgot our dinner date.
10. My children were very hungry. The apples were satisfying satisfied.

End -ed added to regular verbs to form and past participle.

1. Standard case of adding an ending –ed To .

Examples: to work – work ed
to open – open ed

2. If the infinitive ends in silent –e or –ee, then it is only added –d.

Examples: to translate e– translate d
to agr ee– agree d

3. If the infinitive ends in –y with the previous one consonant, y goes into i.

Examples: to stud y– stud ied
to tr y– tr ied

But if before -y costs vowel, That y is saved.

Examples: to pl ay– pla yed
to st ay-sta yed

4. If monosyllabic the infinitive ends in one consonant, in front of which stands one doubles.

Examples: to sto p-sto pped
to dro p– dro pped

5. If disyllabic/polysyllabic the infinitive ends in one consonant, in front of which stands one vowel, then final consonant doubles, only if the emphasis falls on last syllable.

Examples: to refer r– refe rred
to equi p– equi pped

6. If the infinitive ends in -x, then the letter x doesn't double, because it conveys two sounds.

Examples: to rela x– rela xed
to ta x-ta xed

7. According to UK spelling rules, if an infinitive ends in –l, That l doubles.

Examples: to travel l– travel lled
to fail l-cance lled

7.1. According to US spelling rules, if an infinitive ends in –l, That l doesn't double.

Examples: to travel l– travel led
to fail l-cance led

But -l doubles, only when the emphasis falls on last syllable.

Examples: to compe l– compe lled

Rules for pronunciation of verbs ending in –ed.
Rules for -ed pronunciation

1. If the word ends in deaf or sibilant consonant, then we pronounce [t].

Examples: to help – helped
to mix – mixed

2. If the word ends in voiced consonant or vowel, then we pronounce [d].

Examples: to fill – filled
to live – lived

3. If the word ends in -t or -d, then the ending -ed will be read as [ɪd].

Examples: to point – pointed [ˈpɔɪntɪd]
to want – wanted [ˈwɔntɪd]

The ending -ed in English allows you to bring communication to new tenses - past and perfect. Studied at the elementary level. The use of this ending is necessary to form the logical or artistic content of the text. Ignoring the rule leads to violations in the construction of the entire text. It’s as if in Russian we said: “I come home,” “I eat before work.” That is, we use only one form of the verb - the infinitive - and it looks terrible and is difficult to read. The rules for ending -ed in English form a strict order of correct spelling and pronunciation. Let's look at them in order, starting with the rules of construction.

Writing

When writing, the ending -ed is simply added to the word. For example: talk - talked, open - opened, close - closed.

There are a few exceptions to the spelling:

1. When the verb ends with -e, only -d is added. For example: agree - agreed, smile - smiled, save - saved.
2. If the word ends in -y, preceded by a consonant, then -y is replaced by -i and the ending -ed is added. For example: marry - married, cry - cried, try - tried.
3. If the ending is preceded by a consonant with a stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled. For example: stop - stopped, drop - dropped, rob - robbed.

Pronunciation

One of the main mistakes is pronunciation. Many people pronounce the ending -ed as , which is incorrect. The correct option is , [t] or [d], depending on the situation.

For example, usage options with the sound: invited, visited. Used only after sounds [t] or [d].

Pronunciation with the sound [t] is used after voiceless consonants (except [t]). For example: helped, liked.

The sound [d] is pronounced after voiced consonants (except [d]) or vowels. For example: loved, called.

Ignoring these pronunciation rules can lead to a distortion of meaning, making it difficult for your interlocutor to understand you. So it’s better to memorize these rules and develop the habit of following them. Also, there is no need to muffle endings that should be voiced. It takes practice. It is best to try to pronounce words slowly, sound by sound, only then will you be able to develop correct pronunciation.

Regular and irregular verbs

A very important note: there are regular and irregular verbs. We looked at the correct ones in previous examples. When forming the past tense or passive voice, the ending -ed is added to these verbs, in accordance with the rules.

At the same time, the second and third forms of regular verbs completely coincide. That is, when using tenses of the Perfect group, we put the verb in the third form and, since both forms coincide, we write it in exactly the same way. For example, take the verb live (to live) and write out all three forms:

1. live;
2. lived;
3. lived.

With irregular verbs the situation is more complicated. Each of them has its own second and third forms. They may or may not coincide. For example, take the verb build:

1. build;
2. built;
3. built.

Or, another example - the verb break (to break):

1. break;
2. broke;
3. broken.

There is no rule for forming irregular verbs, you just need to remember them. There are special tables of irregular verbs for this case.

Usage

The form of verbs ending in -ed is mainly used in the affirmative form of the Past Simple (past simple), that is, when it is necessary to talk about past events (ate, slept, did, etc.). In this tense the verb is put into the second form. At the same time, in a negation or question the ending -ed is not used, because there is an auxiliary verb did, which means the main verb does not change.

For example, the affirmative form of Past Simple: I played football yesterday. — Yesterday I played football.

Negative form: I didn’t play football yesterday. - Yesterday I didn’t play football.

Interrogative form: Did you play football yesterday? — Did you play football yesterday?

Also, the ending -ed is used when we need to emphasize the importance of a property or action of an object. For example: The TV was sold. We emphasize the properties of the TV (it is sold).

All perfect tense forms require the use of the third form of the verb. In our case, we are considering regular verbs, which means that the third form will be identical to the second.

For example, use in the Present Perfect: We have decided to go home - We decided to go home.