Oryol province: history of the Oryol province. "History of the Oryol region

Appendix 1.

Material on the topic “History of the Oryol region”

1. 
   In ancient times, our region was covered with dense forests. Only near the rivers were clearings and meadows. In that distant time, the lands of the modern Oryol region were inhabited by one of the Slavic tribes. The elder of this tribe was called Vyatko. By his name the tribe called themselves Vyatichi.

In the second half of the 11th century, the Vyatichi were subordinated to the Kyiv prince. Time passed. Large settlements began to turn into cities. After a long struggle between the princes, the lands of the Vyatichi became part of the Chernigov principality.

The hordes of Batu Khan, who invaded the Russian lands in 1237, devastated most of our region. Residents of our region took part in the battle with the Mongol-Tatars. After the overthrow of the Mongol-Tatar yoke in 1480, the Russian state grew and became stronger. But he had new enemies - the Crimean Tatars. In order to block the Tatars’ path to Moscow, it was decided to strengthen the southern borders of our state, which ran along our edge. Frequent raids by the Crimean Tatars required strengthening and construction of fortresses. The chronicle of the 16th century tells how one day Tsar Ivan 4 ordered the construction of a new fortress in the place where Orlik flows into the Oka. This was in 1566. This date is considered to be the year the city of Orel was founded.

In the 16th century there was a lot of free land in our region. They were settled by runaway peasants from other places fleeing serfdom. A peasant uprising led by Ivan Bolotnikov began in the country. The Tsar and the landowners brutally dealt with the rebels.

On the night of June 24, 1812, the French army invaded Russia. The people rose up to defend the Fatherland. Only 11 thousand people from our region rose up in a short time. In the cities and villages of the Oryol province, the collection of food, warm clothes and shoes for the army began. Many Oryol residents showed courage in the fight against the French conquerors.

2) The struggle of the peasants against serfdom forced the tsar and landowners to abolish serfdom. According to the law of 1861, peasants were freed from the power of landowners, but they were given negligible land. At this time, plants and factories began to appear, and a railway was laid.

On February 28, 1917, a message was received in Oryol about the overthrow of the Tsar. The overthrown landowners and capitalists wanted to restore their power. A civil war began, in which many Oryol residents showed themselves to be true heroes of the Red Army.

After the civil war, it was necessary to defeat an equally formidable enemy - devastation. Power plants, factories, factories were built in the Oryol region, and collective farms were created.

On June 22, 1941, Nazi Germany attacked our Motherland. Like all Soviet people, the Orlovites fought heroically for their Motherland and defeated a very strong enemy.

The Oryol land presented a terrible picture after the expulsion of the Nazi hordes. With the labor of workers and peasants, cities were rebuilt, factories, railways and hospitals were restored.

Now the Oryol region is a subject of the Russian Federation. Many sights and memorable places have been preserved in the region. The Oryol region is known as the birthplace of many masters of artistic expression.

Material on the topic “The surface of our region. Flora and fauna"

1) Surface The Oryol region is a hilly plain heavily indented by ravines and ravines, not very high above sea level.

The highest point is located in the Novoderevenkovsky district - 282 meters.

The climate of our region is moderately warm and humid.

Soils are one of the main resources of the region. They are not the same in their properties and fertility in different places in our region. Well-cultivated and fertilized soil rewards the labor expended with a rich harvest.

2) The Oryol region is located in the forest-steppe zone, however forests there are few left in our region. They occupy only 9% of its area. They are distributed unevenly, more in the western regions. The forests of our region consist of deciduous and coniferous trees.

The forest provides timber, furs, mushrooms, and berries for the national economy.

Steppes of our region are almost entirely plowed up and turned into cultivated fields. Steppe vegetation has been preserved only on the slopes of ravines and ravines, near steep banks.

The fauna of the region is diverse. It is home to 65 species of mammals, 11 species of amphibians, 7 species of reptiles, 150 species of birds and about a thousand invertebrates.

Material on the topic “Reservoirs of our region. Life of fresh water"

1) 265 rivers and streams flow in the Oryol region. The largest of them is the Oka, which flows into the Volga. The length of the Oka is about 1,500 kilometers, of which 211 kilometers are within our region.

There are sources that write that the name of the Oka River comes from the Finnish “joki”, which means “water”.

Rivers are filled with water in the spring from melting snow, in the summer - with heavy rains, and at all times of the year - with groundwater.

33 species of fish live in the Oryol region.

2) River waters are widely used in the national economy. Hydroelectric power stations have been built on large rivers. Oryol factories cannot operate without water, which is provided by Oka and Sosna Zusha. Agriculture also cannot do without water. Groundwater provides drinking water to all cities, towns and villages. In addition to rivers, there are many ponds in our region - artificial reservoirs. The water from the ponds is used for irrigation; in some ponds fish and waterfowl are bred. Ponds feed groundwater.

As a result of people’s influence on the condition of rivers, they become silted, garbage dumps are formed along river banks, and plowing of river banks entails the washing away of fertilizers from fields and the death of aquatic organisms. Cutting down near-water vegetation reduces the water content of rivers; washing cars on the river contributes to the release of oil products into the water.

Material on the topic “What does our region give to the country?”

1) Our region is rich in a variety of minerals. For construction you need building materials - stone, sand, clay. Limestones and dolomites - yellow and white stones - are used for burning lime and producing cement. Limestone outcrops are clearly visible along the valleys of the Oka, Zushi, Sosna rivers and their tributaries.

Sand is used to produce sand-lime bricks, asphalt and concrete. A large sand deposit, Kaznacheevskoye, is located 20 km north of Orel.

The Oryol region is rich in plastic and colored clays. Clays are available in all areas.

There are iron ore deposits on the territory of the Oryol region.

2) The Oryol region is part of the regional economic association “Chernozemye” (9 regions). Its economy is represented by large industrial and agro-industrial complexes.

In the industrial structure, the leading place is occupied by: ferrous metallurgy (Oryol steel rolling plant), non-ferrous metallurgy (Mtsensk non-ferrous metals and alloys plant, Mtsensk aluminum casting plant), mechanical engineering

(enterprises produce technological equipment). Mechanical engineering enterprises are located in Orel, Bolkhov, Livny, Mtsensk. The food industry is developing. There are thermal power plants in Orel and Livny.

3) Agriculture predominates in the agro-industrial complex. The region occupies one of the first places in Russia in grain production per capita. (1.5 t.) In livestock farming, the leading role belongs to cattle breeding, pig farming and poultry farming.

Material on the topic “Environmental protection in the Oryol region”

1) In nature, everything is interconnected - inanimate and living nature, plants and animals and humans.

There is a proverb: “What comes around, comes around.” If, through the fault of people, the balance in nature is disturbed, it turns against the people themselves. After all, nature and people are one whole.

Environmental work is being carried out in the region. The Oryol Polesye National Park was created here, 23 reserves, 31 hunting grounds were created, and 131 natural monuments were taken under protection. The total area of ​​Oryol Polesie is 84,205 hectares.

2) The Oryol region has its own Red Book. The publication includes 120 species of rare plants and animals found in the Oryol region.
Red Book of the Oryol Region - 250 pages of full-color edition. A description of each species is accompanied by a map of its habitat and two illustrations.

The Christianization of the Vyatichi was late. Historians cite the reasons for this as the difficult conditions of land cultivation, when it was difficult to reclaim arable land from the forest - in connection with this, the “forest” tribes held on to the egalitarian principle of product distribution longer than others, which corresponded to the pagan principle: “to all gods equally, to the main god more kind; all members of the clan equally, more for the elder.” Inequality barely made its way in these parts. But it was precisely this that destroyed the principle of equal distribution and dealt a blow to paganism.

The initiators of the change in religion were the tribal nobility and warriors led by the prince. When accumulating material wealth, they were the first to abandon polygamy (this scattered the inheritance), human sacrifices by lot, and blood feud, from which they were not insured. Strong dissatisfaction with paganism arose, first of all, in the militia environment. The warriors, as you know, were the first to be baptized.

Those of the Slavic tribes who lived “near the great waterway,” which brought them closer to each other and introduced them to the enlightened Byzantium, were the first to become part of the Russian state and were the first to accept Christianity. The inhabitants of the Oryol region were located away from it, in the midst of dense forests, impenetrable swamps and swamps, in the neighborhood of the Finns, Khazars and Pechenegs, who stood in hostile relations towards them and, in any case, could not serve at least as indirect conductors of Christianity.

Russia was waiting for enlightenment from the south, from the Orthodox Constantinople, and geographical conditions placed our ancestors facing either the gloomy north, where they had to conquer a place for their settlements from the Finns, or the barbarian east, which was preparing to make them its tributaries. The Vyatichi were the first of the South Russian Slavs to recognize the power of the Khazars over themselves and were the last to emerge from their dependence. Khazar rule loomed over them for more than a century. And life in the circle of hostile neighbors, alien to them in language, morals and customs, with complete separation from fellow tribesmen grouped near the Dnieper basin, developed in the Vyatichi exceptional self-isolation, strict tribal separatism and blind devotion to their origins. That is why, when under the formidable blows of Svyatoslav Igorevich the power of the Khazars was crushed and their kingdom fell, our ancestors with such energy began to defend their freedom from the Russian princes and after, when they were forced to yield to the power of the Russian sword, they defended their paganism for so long and stubbornly life and their legends.

In the 9th-10th centuries, the Vyatichi were forced to pay tribute to the Khazars. Grand Duke Svyatoslav Igorevich (reigned from 957 to 972), who defeated the Khazars, managed to impose tribute on them, but he could not completely conquer them. The Nikon Chronicle brought to us the vague news that the Kiev prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich baptized the “best men” of the Vyatichi, settled in the border towns along the Desna, Osetra, Trubezh and Sula rivers. The bulk of the Vyatichi still remained pagan. In former tribal centers, perhaps in Mtsensk, Kromy, Dedoslavl and others, the prince located his administration and garrisons, and after the baptism of Rus' - the clergy. New cities and the first churches were built, and the Vyatiche fortified refuges were transferred to the boyars as owner's castles. But Vladimir did not deprive the Vyatichi of self-government and, before his death, did not appoint any of his sons to reign here.

The Vyatichi regularly refused to pay tribute to the Kyiv princes, and they brought them to submission. Echoes of that time are reflected in the epic about Ilya Muromets and the Nightingale the Robber, which possibly depicts the campaign of a princely warrior against the Vyatic prince. Probably, the name “Nightingale” was not only a proper name, but also a tribal totem. In the upper reaches of the Vytebet River were the possessions of Solovy Rakhmatovich. There, according to legend, in the Nine Oaks tract (modern Khotynetsky district), his fight with Ilya Muromets took place. The village is located near the watershed of the Snezhet and Tson rivers, and Nightingale the Robber could attack military and merchant ships when they used the portage to get from the Desna basin to the Oka. The Smorodinka River mentioned in the epic also flows here.

The country of the Vyatichi was a remote corner of the Kyiv state. There was no direct road here from the south. When in 1015 Prince Gleb from Murom, on the Oka River, was traveling to Kyiv, he turned northwest, crossed the Volga above Tver, turned south to Smolensk and descended along the Dnieper to Kyiv.

In 1078 - 1097 Chernigov prince Vladimir Monomakh undertakes two winter campaigns and forces this tribe to recognize their power. There is a legend that the prince decided to punish the Vyatichi for their refusal to pay tribute and military resistance, and therefore moved his army deep into their country. The Vyatichi sent several detachments against him, led by the princes Khodota and his son Kordn. They were separated from each other, and Monomakh killed the rebellious Khodota and Kordna, and took Kuksha alive as a prisoner. (However, there is another interpretation of the word Kordn, or Kordno, which considers it the name of the city).

After the Lyubech Congress and the Treaty of 1097, the lands of the Vyatichi finally became part of the Seversky and Ryazan appanages of the Chernigov principality. The lands along the Desna and Oka went to the first, and the entire course of the Sosna River went to the second. Later, three independent principalities were formed from it: Chernigov, Novgorod-Seversky and Murom. According to this division, the land of the Vyatichi goes to the Novgorod-Seversky principality. However, their lands in church terms still constituted something unified and were under the control of the Chernigov See, which could take upon itself the spread of Christianity among the Vyatichi. The first missionaries appeared in these parts at the beginning of the 12th century.

In 1113, a Christian mission headed by Kuksha and his disciple Nikon was sent to the Vyatichi region. Jacob Tikhomirov believed that, fearing uprisings and wanting to remove the captured Prince Kuksha from hereditary power, Vladimir Monomakh took him to Kyiv, converted him to Christianity and tonsured him as a monk, depriving the Vyatichi of their hereditary leader. “After a long time, the once warlike prince of the Vyatichi became known in history under the name of the humble monk Kuksha, the enlightener of his people,” notes Tikhomirov. According to another version, Kuksha came from among the “best men” baptized by Saint Vladimir, among whom Christianity continued to develop, and this may explain the vague legends about his nobility. At his tonsure, according to legend, he received the name John. However, there is no reliable information about this, since the Church canonized him under the name that he received in paganism. Many historians also saw this as additional evidence of his noble origin. The custom, in addition to a Christian name, to also have a folk one, persisted for a long time in our region after the adoption of Christianity. Even under Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, in the census books of the Bolkhov Tithe, published by Apukhtin, the following names are mentioned: “Bear Nechaev, son of Kishaev”, “Unstroy Ivanov, son of Belenikhin”, “Selya Ivanov, son of Kokorev”, “Druzhina Vasilev”, “Milenka Karpov” , son of Kalinin”, “Shestak Mikh, son of Ivashchentsev”, “Zhdanko Ivanov, son of Kudinov”. Among such names, the name Kuksha was also common.

In the 19th century, the Oryol Church Historical and Archaeological Society made attempts to philologically explain the name of the ascetic. It was pointed out that in the language of the people that the Vyatichi ousted from our region, a house of prayer was called “Kukshaya,” and a temple minister in the same language could also receive the name Kuksha. According to P.I. Yakobi, a supporter of the Finno-Ugric origin of the Vyatichi, the name of the holy martyr is based on the root Kuk, which means dry. An extensive list of geographical names of the Oryol province of the early 20th century with this root convinces us that St. Kuksha came from the lands of the Vyatichi.

It is reliably known that the holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Hieromartyr John Kuksha was a monk of the famous Kiev-Pechersk Monastery, founded in the middle of the 11th century by the Monk Anthony during the reign of Yaroslav the Wise. Already at the time of the founder, the number of the monastery brethren reached one hundred people. The monastery was a leading spiritual center, and the monks, in the words of N.M. Karamzin, “served zealously to God and humanity,” leaving their names in Russian history.

One of the main forms of activity of the monastery at that time was the apostolic mission in the lands of the pagans. In this regard, the territory of the Vyatichi probably attracted the attention of Kyiv monks for a long time, among whom a certain Theodosius from the Kursk region, neighboring the Vyatichi, is mentioned, and then the Monk Nikola Svyatosha, Prince of Chernigov, entered the monastery. He and the Chernigov princes and their families who visited him could tell a lot about the warlike pagans.

The Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, from where the mission was carried out, was closely connected with the Chernigov department. Most likely, Saint Kuksha was called to preach the Gospel among the Vyatichi by the Chernigov Archbishop John, who turns his attention to the spiritual state of the Vyatichi. Obviously, the mission consisted of several people, otherwise it would have been impossible to sail such distances and overcome the jungles of forests and swamps on river boats.

In 1113, Archbishop John was replaced by Saint Theoktist, abbot of the Kiev Pechersk Monastery from 1103 to 1113, whose closest associate was Kuksha. The spiritual mission under the leadership of the Monk Kuksha united the best forces of the Kiev Pechersk Lavra and the Chernigov diocese, with the assistance of secular authorities.

Historians believe that the missionaries set off in the spring and summer of 1113, and not in the fall or winter, since in general the best routes of communication were waterways, and only one convenient route from Chernigov led to the Vyatichi - along the Desna River. From the chronicle it is known that St. Kuksha went to preach to the Vyatichi people along this river.

Further the path presented significant difficulties. Having passed Novgorod-Seversky and Trubchevsk, inhabited by northerners, the mission reached the Vyatichi borders near the city of Bryansk and launched its activities. In the Bryansk district, according to the observations of Iakov Tikhomirov, a legend has been preserved about a “great man” who was once in that area and did great things. This was followed by a transition to Karachev, after which the monks entered the pagan lands through impassable jungles and swamps. Having reached the Oka, we set off along the river to Mtsensk. Here the Monk Abraham of Pechersk separated from the mission and preached in the land of Novosilsk.

According to legend, Saint Kuksha in the Mtsensk Church of the Presentation - a small wooden church cut from huge oak trees that grew nearby - erected a miraculous image of St. Nicholas, Archbishop of Myra, and a large eight-pointed stone cross. The image of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker was carved from wood to human height. In his right hand he held a sword, and in his left - the ark for the Holy Gifts. Soon news spread about him that he healed and had miraculous powers. In 1238, when Batu went to Mtsensk, the priests hid him at the foot of the cathedral mountain in a hidden underground passage, near a hidden spring. It was found only in the year of the final victory of Christianity in Mtsensk.

Kuksha's preaching was accompanied by miracles. About them, the compiler of hymns in honor of the saint said this: “The sacred vessel with the disciple, the priest of existence, carried the name of Christ before the infidels, surprising them with signs and wonders to the point of prudence.” As it is sung in the 4th and 5th songs of the canon, Kuksha “healed the sick and through miracles brought many to Christ.”

In the Pechersk Patericon we read that Kuksha’s contemporary, Bishop of Vladimir Reverend Simon (Simeon), in his letter to Blessed Polycarp, later Archimandrite of the Kiev Pechersk Monastery, wrote: “It is not appropriate to say a lot, where deeds clearly testify, as they do about these blessed ones. The blessed hieromartyr, called Kuksha, is one of the fathers of the holy Pechersk monastery, we all know, Zane Vyatichi and people darkened by unbelief, baptized and enlightened many with faith. Do many and great miracles.” He drives away the demons, “the rain has driven away the clouds and dried up the lake.” Among the deified elements was water, personified in the image of Kupala, and all lakes and rivers, according to the ideas of our ancestors, were filled with lower deities who bore the general name “water ones.” Thus, the lake dried up by Saint Kuksha had a sacred character for the Vyatichi.

“Overshadowed by grace from above,” it is said about Kuksha in the Dictionary of Historical Saints glorified in the Russian Church, “he performed many miracles,” and “the pagans, amazed at his wonderful power, began to accept the teachings of St. preacher and be baptized.” The Kiev-Pechersk Patericon reports that the saint “worked many miracles, and through many torments he was beheaded with his disciple Nikon.” No information has reached us about who he was, but the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra commemorates him together with the memory of Saint Kuksha and the fasting Pimen. Since Saint Simon does not call Nikon a holy martyr, there is no doubt that he did not have holy orders, but was a simple novice or cell attendant under Kuksha.

According to legend, for prayer, the holy enlightener of the Oryol region, 12 km from the city of Mtsensk, in the direction of Bolkhov, near the right bank of the Oka, in the forest on a slope 1.5-2 versts from the village of Karandakovo, set up a hermitage house, and nearby he dug a “Bogomolny” , or "suffering saint", well. At the beginning of the twentieth century, local residents said that Saint Kuksha lived in these places. A local old peasant told Tikhomirov that he had heard from his grandfathers that Kuksha came to Mtsensk, shed blood near Karandakova, and showed a place located half a mile from the wells, in the forest along a high road near a swamp, the banks of which were gradually narrowing. There was some water visible at the bottom.

Apparently, on an August night, it was here that the pagans attacked the missionary camp, subjected the monks to torture, and then Saint Kuksha, “through many torments from the infidels,” was taken half a mile to the side and beheaded by a swamp - with a sword “he and his disciple were beheaded” (Nikon) . His spiritual brother, the ascetic of the Pechersk Monastery, blessed Pimen the Faster, saw through the martyrdom of the saint. In the Pechersk Patericon we read that he, too, from God, “saw the truncation of what was far away, in the middle of the Pechersk church he cried out loudly: our brother Kuksha on this day, against the light, is killed. And this river, reposed on the same day with Kuksha, his holy disciple.” The words “against the light,” most likely, should be understood to mean that he suffered martyrdom at dawn on August 27, 1113. Apparently, the killers sought to take him by surprise.

There is no information about the murderers of Saint Kuksha. The compilers of the “Historical Dictionary of Saints Glorified in the Russian Church” believed that the tormentors and murderers of the saint were priests from the Vyatichi. Although, if we assume that the Vyatichi, like other Slavs, did not have a special priestly class, then perhaps the murderers were elders, descendants of princes who fought against Russian rule. G. M. Pyasetsky assumed that, having lost political significance in their country, these elders hoped to retain influence in the religion and life of the tribe.

Kyiv monks sent people to the country of the Vyatichi to search for the bodies of missionaries. The Pechersk monks who arrived at the scene of the tragedy took away only the relics of the first baptist, which were placed in the nearby (Antonie's) caves of the Lavra, where they remain to this day. Kuksha’s student Nikon could have been tied up and taken to another place for execution. There were legends about his relics, which might be revealed in the village of Grigorovo. The memory of the holy martyr Kuksha is celebrated by the Russian Orthodox Church on August 22 (September 8).

The anonymous author of “Church Historical Research on the Ancient Region of the Vyatichi” (1862) wrote about Saint Kuksha as follows: “The greatness of the feat he accomplished eclipsed in the memory of his contemporaries the previous not so favorable efforts; and the chroniclers close to that time, reverently before the memory of the holy martyr, attributed to his person all the honor of the conversion of the harsh Vyatichi.” The Christian preaching of the holy martyr took root in the Vyatic environment.

Five years after Kuksha’s death, traces of Christianity can be found in the cities of the region. Thus, near Krom, in 1147, a peace treaty between Svyatoslav Olgovich and his Chernigov relatives was signed and approved by kissing the cross of prominent Vyatichi. In the oath of 1147, confirming loyalty to the Chernigov princes, they talk about obedience to earthly authorities - these ideas were drawn by them from Christian doctrine. Historian V.I. Tatishchev noted that not only the mayors, but also a significant part of the Vyaticha “foremen” were already introduced to Christianity. The first chronicle mentions of the city of Mtsensk, which was part of the Seversk Principality, date back to this time. Bishops Porfiry I and Porfiry II on their way to Vladimir passed through the Mtsensk region more than once. The bishops' assistants in the matter of Christian enlightenment of the region were its secular rulers - the princes of Chernigov and Seversk, who built churches and decorated them with dignity.

Thus, with the close unity of the great centers of Christian life in Kyiv and Chernigov, a spiritual mission was finally able to form, which had as its task to plant and establish Christianity within the Oryol region and adjacent areas. Chernigov Archbishop Filaret had no doubt about this beneficial interaction: “By the time to which the exploits of the Vyatchan enlightener Reverend Kuksha should be attributed, by the piety of the Venerable Bishop Theoktist and by the spiritual love that bound the Pechersk ascetics, we cannot doubt that the Chernigov Saint Theoktist took an active part in the apostolic deed of the Monk Kuksha and assisted him in all ways that depended on him.” The author of the “History of the Russian Church,” Professor E. E. Golubinsky considers Saint Kuksha to be only one of many preachers in the land of the Vyatichi; he says: “Of the probably considerable number of preachers who worked on the conversion of especially stubborn people in the fatherland, we know only one outsider - the monk of the Pechersk Monastery of St. Kuksha."

According to the church division of the 11th century, the land of the Vyatichi was assigned to the Chernigov diocese. It was, therefore, the duty of the Chernigov bishops to support the work of Christian enlightenment of the Vyatichi, begun by Saint Kuksha. And the Chernigov bishops fulfilled this duty: they sent new preachers and priests to the Vyatichi to strengthen and spread Christianity, perform services and sacraments, and sometimes they themselves, at least while passing through, visited this region far from them.

The memory of the Hieromartyr Kuksha was maintained at first. Thus, Saint Simon, Bishop of Vladimir and Suzdal (died in 1226) wrote that in his time Saint Kuksha was known and revered by everyone.

According to peasants in the 19th century, the well where the enlightener was killed was a “holy place” and pilgrimage near it “has taken place since time immemorial.” According to legend, near the swamp at the site of the death of the Hieromartyr Kuksha, above the “Bogomolny” or “suffering saint” well, his admirers built a chapel with a cross, where local residents gathered annually on the second day of the Holy Trinity - the Day of the Descent of the Holy Spirit Blessing of water prayer before icons from the parish church. Tel'che. When asked what made them go with the icons so far from the village, they answered: “Our grandfathers and fathers prayed like that, and we pray; but if we don’t pray, some kind of misfortune will happen.” They said that one year local residents did not go to the well to pray, and there was a drought, the fields were burning, and the cattle were dying. Frightened by the disasters, the peasants went in procession with icons to the well. Soon the disasters stopped. On the road opposite the well there was a cross with a built-in mug for collecting donations. However, over time, this veneration gradually began to weaken. By the end of the 19th century, these structures collapsed and were restored only at the beginning of the 20th century. Apparently, these places were forgotten for a long time because during serfdom, the owner of Karandakovo, landowner Sheremetyev, bought peasants from the landowner Lykov from the village of Rybina (Mtsensk district) and settled them in Karandakovo. He transferred its indigenous inhabitants to Belev and Moscow.

On the Oryol land, old pagan beliefs were still strong at that time. The pagans still gathered between the villages “for games and dancing and demonic songs, and here they kidnapped their wives, with which one of them conferred in advance”; They had two and three wives. They did not bury their dead, but burned them on bonfires and, collecting the ashes in clay urns, lined the crossroads with them. Robbers also lived in large numbers alongside the civilian population and interfered with the preachers. Four miles from Naryshkino, near the village of Sergievskoye, there was a mountain with a swamp in the middle, bordered by forest. According to legend, the robber Kudeyar lived here until, in his old age, he moved to the Bryansk forests. In Bolkhov, the oak-covered ravines of Ragozino, Obryn, Yastrebiny, Okhotny served as a refuge for robbers; Alyanoi Meadow was no less terrible, and Sukhaya Zusha of Mtsensk district was even more terrible. Those who were traveling from Bolkhov to Mtsensk said goodbye to their relatives, preparing for death, and cried for them as if they were dead.

Only by the middle of the 12th century did the movement of settlers “through the Vyatichi” pave such a clear path from south to north that Yuri Dolgoruky led his regiments along this road. Initially, the residents of Novgorod moved here, and then, in flight from the nomads, the people of Kiev.

The legend dates back to this time that in the middle of the 12th century a convent was founded in Novosil by Olga, the wife of Yuri Dolgoruky. However, there is no other information about him. By the middle of the 12th century, the first cities appeared and grew stronger: Vshchizh (1142), Boldyzh (1146), Bryansk (1146), Karachev (1146), Sevsk (1146), Domagoshch (1147), Yelets (1147), Kromy (1147) ), Mtsensk (1147), Novosil (1155), Trubchevsk (1185). In some of these cities the Chernigov princes settled, in others - princely mayors, obliged to collect tribute from the surrounding area. It is not difficult to understand how strong support the Chernigov bishops had in the matter of Christian education of the Vyatichi people was provided by the secular rulers of the region - the Chernigov, Seversky and Murom-Ryazan princes. Hoping, through the Christian faith, to unite into one whole the diverse composition of the pagan population in their principalities or out of sincere disposition towards the Christian faith, the princes, often resorting to military force, established Christianity in their destinies, especially in those cities that served as their residences. The result of this joint activity of the Chernigov bishops and princes was an increase in Christian commons among the Vyatichi, the construction and decoration of churches, and the provision of church utensils and land for them. The first leaders of believers within the Oryol region were the Chernigov hierarchs, who later shared power with the Ryazan bishops; Our ancestors owed them the preaching of Saint Kuksha and the first successes of the faith of Christ; but in general, slowly and with great obstacles, the Church of Christ was strengthened in our country under the spiritual leadership of the Chernigov archpastors.

The successful spread of Christianity in the Oryol region was hindered by the vastness of the Chernigov diocese, which, according to the description of Chernigov Archbishop Philaret, included the following provinces: Chernigov, Oryol, Kursk, Kaluga, Tula, Ryazan and partly Voronezh, Vladimir, Moscow, Mogilev and Smolensk. It is clear that, with such a vast diocesan territory and with the scarcity of educational means, the Chernigov archpastors could not personally monitor the condition of their flock and timely satisfy their spiritual needs. The chronicler mentions only two travels of the Chernigov ruler during the 12th century to the far north of his diocese; but these travels, undertaken by Bishop Porfiry in 1177 and 1187, were caused not by the needs of the church, but by the political views of the Chernigov prince, and were so hasty that, in any case, they could not be accompanied by beneficial consequences for the Oryol region, through which they should The archpastor was passing by. In addition, the activities of the Chernigov hierarchs in relation to the Oryol region were greatly hindered by the enmity that existed between the Chernigov and Seversk princes. At the same time, the archpastor, naturally, had to support the interests of the former, his closest sovereigns and patrons, and be at some distance from the latter. Fortunately, the lack of diocesan attention to the spiritual interests of the Oryol region was largely compensated by the pious desire of the Seversky princes to eradicate paganism among their subjects. At the same time, often occupying the grand-ducal throne, the Seversky princes were often in the closest relations with the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra and could conveniently use its spiritual riches for the Christian enlightenment of their region.

A close spiritual connection between the Pechersk monastery and the Seversky rulers, established since the time of St. Kuksha, continued not only in the 12th century, when the memory of Saint Kuksha and his Equal-to-the-Apostles exploits was still alive, but also after a long time.

Like the Seversky princes, the Ryazan princes also took care of their volost. In 1198, the southeastern part of the region, in the Sosna River basin, became part of the newly formed Ryazan diocese. The size of the dioceses of that time made it difficult to preach Christianity (from Orel to Ryazan or Chernigov at least 350 kilometers).

This division of the Oryol province between two neighboring dioceses was, without a doubt, beneficial for it in church terms. But before Christianity had time to win a complete victory over paganism here, both of these sees - Chernigov and Ryazan - were completely destroyed by the Mongols.

In 1240, during Batu’s attack on Chernigov, Chernigov Bishop Porfiry II was captured and taken to Glukhov. From here the Tatars allowed him to go wherever he wanted; but the saint, depressed by disasters, as can be seen from the life of the holy noble prince Michael of Chernigov, did not return to Chernigov, where everything was given over to fire and sword, but was looking for a new place to settle. The most convenient place for the stay of the Chernigov archpastors seemed then to be the city of Bryansk, in which the Chernigov Prince Boris Mikhailovich established his residence, and the boyars and all the “best people” of the Chernigov principality settled with them.

For the Oryol region, this had a positive meaning: after the burning of Chernigov in the middle of the 13th century, the episcopal see was moved to Bryansk, which brought the center of spiritual education closer to the territory of the future Oryol diocese. But this happened when the local district became part of Lithuania. The seizure of the region's lands by Lithuania in 1365 created a particularly unstable situation. Over the course of a century and a half, the Chernigov diocese passed either to the Lithuanian Metropolitanate or to the jurisdiction of Moscow. The Grand Duke of Lithuania Olgerd made every effort to ensure that Orthodox Rus' in the south separated from the Moscow Metropolitan and submitted to the Patriarch of Constantinople.

The time of Lithuanian rule over the Oryol region was a bloody drama that played out against the backdrop of a dispute between the parties for the possession of these lands, which lasted about a century and a half. The khans of the Golden Horde, the princes of Ryazan, and the princes of Moscow waged disputes. The cities of Mtsensk, Karachev, Bryansk, Trubchevsk more than once passed from hand to hand, more than once they indulged in fire and robbery along with their villages; residents were taken captive, either to the Horde, then to Ryazan, or to Moscow. “Complaints were heard from all four sides; and everyone justified themselves to each other through fire, captivity and murder.” The Bryansk diocese is becoming the subject of a long struggle between the Moscow Metropolitan and the Lithuanian Metropolitan. The city of Mtsensk also changed hands; at the insistence of the Lithuanian prince, he was expelled from the Ryazan diocese to Bryansk and thus shared the fate of the western cities.

The struggle for the Bryansk diocese was accompanied by the destruction of homes, churches, cities, and bloodshed inflicted by the Lithuanian prince Olgerd under the influence of Metropolitan Roman on the inhabitants of the Bryansk land. Success in this struggle was either on the side of the Lithuanian or the Moscow Metropolitan. Bryansk bishops, embroiled in strife, sometimes voluntarily went over to the side of the Lithuanian metropolitan (like, for example, Archbishop Isaac).

In 1500, the western cities of the Oryol region were finally conquered by the Grand Duke of Moscow John III (1462 - 1505) from the Lithuanian prince Alexander. Bryansk Bishop Jonah, a supporter of the Lithuanian prince, was sent to Moscow as a prisoner, and the Bryansk diocese again came under the jurisdiction of the Moscow Metropolitan.

The time when the boundaries of the Chernigov-Bryansk diocese were the arena of political and church struggle between Moscow and Lithuania was unfavorable for church affairs in the western borders of the Oryol region. The Troubles brought confusion and disorganization into church life - the Bryansk flock constantly wavered between the inevitable choice of the Moscow or Lithuanian metropolitan, Orthodoxy or union with Rome.

In those years, the outskirts of Rus' were 300 km from Moscow, and the cities of the region, primarily Mtsensk, were on the border of Lithuanian possessions with the Russians. The Grand Duke of Moscow and the Metropolitan could not put up with the fact that pagans were living next to them, especially since Mtsensk came under Lithuania relatively recently.

During the period of temporary possession of the region by Moscow, by order of princes Vasily and Andrei, on May 29, 1415, the baptism of Amchan residents took place. This is how the ancient legend about the conversion of the inhabitants of Mtsensk to Christianity in 1415 and the appearance of the miraculous image of St. Nicholas, the alleged author of which was Presbyter Photius, also known as John, tells about this: “In the summer of 6923, I ruled the scepters of the great principality of Vasily Dimitrievich and his brother Andrei Dimitrievich, in the limits and cities and in all places of non-believers, I enlightened them to the faith of Christ. In the city of Mtsensk there are many (besha) who do not believe in Christ our God.”

This statement indirectly confirms that there were Christians in the city, albeit small in number. Both pagans and Christians lived as one family, calling themselves “Amchans.” Political unrest and attacks by Lithuanians and Tatars, clashes with neighbors brought them closer together. “Then a besha was sent from the great princes with many troops and from Metropolitan Photius the prosbyter (according to legend - John). The living Metsians were afraid and attacked them, and were overcome with blindness,” that is, the inhabitants of Mtsensk opposed the adoption of Christianity and were struck with blindness as punishment.

This had such an effect on them that they themselves were baptized and began to call others. “They came and exhorted them to holy baptism. Tenth week of Passover, on Friday, reception of Holy Baptism, the Metznians of Khodina, Yushinki, and Zikia and received their sight; and having found the cross of the Lord, another stone was cut, and the image of St. Nicholas, like a warrior, had an ark in his hand, in it were the rods of the body and the blood of the Lord. In the city of faith, all sorts of ailments were freed; living around the country, the parishioner was freed from all illnesses and created a church on the tenth week of Friday.” Thus, the legend indicates that the first of the residents of Mtsensk to be baptized were the Khodins, Yushinki and Zikiyas, who immediately received their sight, and found at the foot of the steep mountain the image of St. Nicholas and a large stone eight-pointed Cross, hidden, according to legend, during the attack of Batu’s troops in the 13th century.

In honor of this event, the residents of Mtsensk built two churches on the cathedral mountain. One - wooden - in honor of St. Martyr Paraskeva Friday, since this event took place on her day, and the other - stone - in honor of St. Nicholas of Myra. Until the revolution, pilgrimages to the Cross were constant and numerous.

DECREE ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE ORYOL GUKERNIYA ( 1778 .)

We, considering it good to re-establish the Oryol province, most mercifully ordered our general Prince Repnin to travel around this province, without wasting time, and, according to the approximate schedule given by us, to 12 districts on the spot, to conveniently inspect them and, both about this and which ones again To assign cities to them, we will need to submit them personally.

Catherine II

The starting point of the history of the Oryol province can be considered the founding of the city of Oryol in 1566 by Tsar Ivan the Terrible and the formation of the Oryol district.

In 1708, the first provinces were formed in Russia - Oryol district, together with Volkhov, Bryansk, Liven, Mtsensk, Novosilsky and others, became part of the Kyiv province.

Already in 1719, the Oryol province appeared as part of the Kyiv province and united the district cities of Volkhov, Belev, Mtsensk, Novosil and Chern.

Having retained its borders, the Oryol province in 1727 became part of the Belgorod province, and under these conditions the life of the Oryol residents proceeded calmly until 1778.

And on September 5, Catherine II issued a Decree on the formation of the Oryol vicegerency of thirteen districts: Arkhangelsk, Volkhov, Bryansk, Deshkinsky, Yeletsk, Karachevsky, Kromsky, Livensky, Lugansk, Mtsensky, Oryol, Sevsky and Trubchevsky. The territory of the Oryol governorship occupied 41,040 square miles, and its population was 968,300 people.

Until 1796, the Governor-General ruled the Oryol, Belgorod and Smolensk governorships. And in 1796, the General Governments were abolished. The name “government” was abolished, and the territory of the Oryol region began to be referred to only as the Oryol province.

The cities and villages of the Oryol region were transformed. The villages of Deshkino, Lugan, Arkhangelskoye were transformed into cities and the latter was renamed Maloarkhangelsk.

Novosilsky district was assigned to the Tula governorate.

In 1782, the district center from the village of Lugani was moved to the village of Dmitrovka, renamed the city of Dmitrovsk.

Deshkinsky district existed until 1798, then it was divided between Volkhov and Mtsensk districts. The city of Deshkin was abolished (now the village of Deshkino, Mtsensk district). In the same year, the cities of Dmitrovsk and Maloarkhangelsk were abolished; in 1802 they were restored again and again became the centers of county towns. Finally, from the above year, the Oryol province was finally formed, and its administrative and territorial division remained until 1920.

In total, in the 19th century there were twelve counties: Volkhovsky, Dmitrovsky, Bryansky, Yeletsky, Karachevsky, Kromskoy, Livensky, Maloarkhangelsky, Mtsensky, Orlovsky, Sevsky and Trubchevsky.

The territory of the province occupied 46.7 thousand square kilometers, the population according to the 1897 census was 2,033,798 people.

ORYOL REGION is a subject of the Russian Federation.

Located in the center of the European part of Russia. It is part of the Central Federal District. Area 24.7 thousand km2. Population 775.8 thousand people (2013; 929.0 thousand people in 1959; 890.6 thousand people in 1989). The administrative center is the city of Orel. Administrative-territorial division: 24 districts, 7 cities, 13 urban villages.

Organizations of the state government

System-te-ma or-ga-nov of state power ob-las-ti op-re-de-la-et-sya Kon-sti-tu-tsi-ey of the Russian Federation and Us-ta-vom (Basic za-ko-no) Or-lov-skoy region (1996). State power in the region is implemented: a representative (representative) body of state power, the highest official person of the region, the highest executive body of state power, other executive bodies in conjunction with the veterinary authorities vii with za-ko-nom ob-las-ti. The highest and only legislative (representative) body of the state region - Orlovsky Regional Council folk de-pu-ta-tov. It consists of 50 de-pu-ta-tov, from-bi-paradise for 5 years on the basis of all-generally equal but-th and direct-from-bi-rational law with secret go-lo-co-va-niy; at the same time, 25 de-puta-tov from-bi-ra-yut-sya according to one-man-dat-nym ok-ru-gams (1 ok-rug - 1 de-pu-tat) and 25 de-pu -ta-tov - according to a single from-bi-ra-t-ru-gu pro-por-tio-nal-but number of go-lo-sov from-bi-ra-te-leys, according to- the best ones from the lists of kan-di-da-tov, you-move-the-well-from-bi-rational units. De-pu-ta-you about-la-st-no-go So-ve-ta work-bo-ta-yut on a professional basis or not on a basis -ve. How many de-pu-ta-tov, working on a professional, permanent basis, op-re-de-la-et-sya for-ko-nom about-las-ti. Governor-on-tor - the highest official of the region. From-bi-ra-et-sya citizens of the Russian Federation, pro-li-va-yu-schi-mi on the territory of the Oryol region. In rya-dok pro-ve-de-niya vy-bo-rov and tre-bo-va-niya to kan-di-da-there us-ta-nov-le-ny Fe-de-ral-nym for -ko-nom (2012) and us-ta-vom ob-las-ti. The governor appears before the region's government - the highest organ of issuance full power of the region. The bodies of executive power form the government.

Nature

Relief. The Oryol region is located in the central part of the Middle-Russian elevation and occupies the northern part of the Oryol-Kursk region. go pla something. Height up to 282 m (in the north-east) - the highest in the region. The surface appears to be a strongly hilly plain, divided down to the rivers. Shi-ro-ko-vi-you ov-ra-no-ba-loch forms of relief-e-fa, the area of ​​which is 15% of the territory -theory of the Oryol region and will continue to increase. The most popular islands are the central regions of the region. Landslide forms of relief are found in places close to the daytime water on top -resistant clays. In the north-eastern and eastern parts, in the areas of dis-countries from West-nya-kovs and Mer-ge-leys, kar-st forms have developed , most often represented by raven-ka-mi and no-ra-mi.

Geo-logical structure and useful resources. The territory of the Oryol region is located on the northern slope of the Vo-ro-nezh an-tek-liza of the Russian plate of the ancient Eastern European platform. Depth-on-behind-le-ga-niya ar-hey-sko-ran-not-pro-te-ro-zoy-go-go-cry-stal-lic fun-da-men-ta less than 1 km . The wasp-daughter case is complicated with the top-ne-de-von-ski-mi and the bottom-ne-stone-no-coal-ny-mi ter-ri-gen-no-kar-bo- nat-ny-mi from-lo-zhe-niya-mi, middle-not-legal-ski-mi and shi-ro-ko dis-pro-country-ny-mi me-lo-you-mi, mainly in the image of kar-bo-nat-ny-mi, po-ro-da-mi (writing chalk, from-vest-nya-ki, mer-ge-li), eo-tse-no-you-mi and neo -ge-no-you-mi ter-ri-gen-ny-mi siege-ka-mi (in the south-east and south-west). The cover of loose quaternary deposits on the waters is represented by elu-vi-al-no-de-lu-vi-al -ny-mi about-ra-zo-va-niya-mi, in the river valleys - al-lu-vi-al-ny-mi na-no-sa-mi. In the northern part, there are no ice and water ice from the middle-not-play-sto-tse-no-vo- of the Dnieper-river ole-de-ne-niya.

The subsoil of the Oryol region is poorly used. The southwestern part of the las-ti region in the pre-de-la of the same-le-zo-rud-no-go basin-sei-na Kur-skaya mag-nit-naya anno- ma-lia, the most-important place - No-vo-yal-tin-skoe, perspective-us Vo-ro-nets-koe and Or-lov-skoe place-sto-ro-zh-de-niya. There are places of melting clays (Ma-lo-ar-khan-gel-skoe II), mineral paints (Bu-tyr- skoye), cement limestone and clay rocks (Za-re-chen-skoye, Kru-toy Verkh), building stones (Kar-pov- skoe, Ryb-nitskoe, Mu-zhi-kovskoe, etc.), carbonate rocks for soil irrigation (Bol-khovskoe, Pis- ka-ryo-vo-Ka-ra-sev-skoe, Khal-chev-skoe), car-bo-nat-types for the production of construction materials (Li-ven-skoe I , Li-ven-skoe II, Cha-pa-ev-skoe), construction sands, ceramic clays, raw materials for the production of mineral wool, kir -pich-but-che-re-pich-no-go raw materials, underground fresh and mineral waters. On the territory of the Oryol region there are manifestations of al-ma-zov, tit-tan-zir-ko-nie-vyh sands, phosphate -nyh kind, tse-o-lit-so-holding and tse-le-sti-new kind, etc.

Climate. In the territory of the Oryol region, the climate is moderate-but-continuous with warm summers and moderately cold winters . Average temperatures in January range from -8.7 °C in the southwest of Pas-deux to -10.2 °C in the north-east (in harsh winters) we the temperature can drop to -44 °C, the city of Mtsensk, 1940), July from 18.6 °C in the north of the pas-deux to 19.0 °C in south-east-ke. The annual amount of precipitation in the north is 600 mm, in the southeast - 500 mm. In the summer, you receive 70% of their annual amount. A stable snow cover is established in the region of December and lasts an average of 125 days, its maximum height 70 cm. Length of vegetation period 175-185 days.

Inland waters. In the districts of the Oryol region there are waters of three large rivers of Eastern Europe - the Volga, the Dnieper and the Do- on. The basin of the Oka River (a tributary of the Volga) is home to 1377 rivers and streams, of which the largest streams are Zu-sha, Op -tu-ha, Ryb-ni-tsa, Nugr, Ne-po-lod, Or-lik, Tson, Kro-ma; bass-sey-nu Do-na (So-sna river and its tributaries) - 529, bass-sey-nu Des-ny - tributary of the Dnieper (rivers Na-vlya, Ne-ru -sa and their rivers) - 195. For the rivers ha-rak-ter-but you-so-low-water, low summer and winter low-low and -high flow in the autumn period. On rivers flowing in places of significant kar-st distribution, there is a decrease in the level of -top-but-st-but-go and increase-to-under-ground hundred.

Soil, plant and living world. The territory of the Oryol region is located in the forest-steppe zone. The soils are transitional from der-but-under-glow-leafed ones in the western part to black-and-green ones in the south-eastern part, from -It's a big mess. Soils under ash-leaf soils (1.6% of the total area) are ur-en-y to the western sands. equal to us, gray forest soils (46.3%) cover the water-divided areas of the western and central parts of the country. tey ob-las-ti. Thick-lo-chen-nye and pod-zol-len-black-no-ze-we (42.2%) are developed in the south-eastern part, fragment-men-tar-but meeting in the central regions. They have a great power of humming sound (up to 120 cm) and high co-holding -ni-eat gu-mu-sa up to 6%. So are the ras-pro-country meadows and al-lu-vi-al soils, which are above the flood waters. exchangeable ter-ra-sy and floodplains of the rivers Oka, Zu-sha, So-sna.

Le-sa (9% of ter-ri-to-rii) are represented mainly by oak-ra-va-mi, clear-ni-ka-mi, lip-nya-ka-mi. Along the banks of the rivers there are ol-sha-ni-ki. The existing steppe plant-ness was preserved by a fragment-men-tar-but on ter-ri-to-ri-yahs, unsuitable nykh for pa-ho-you and you-pa-sa (steep slopes of ba-lok and ov-ra-gov), and presented-to-be-on chab-re-tsom, to-you , so-koy low-koy, lap-chat-koy Don-skoy, as-t-roy ro-mash-ko-voy, etc. The modern flora of the Oryol region counts about 1200 species -dov color and spore-y plants. More than 20 rare and endangered species are not included in the Red Book of the Russian Federation.

In the Oryol region there are 64 species of mammals, about 200 species of nesting birds, 11 species of land-water animals, about 300 species of demon-sounding nocturnal animals. Fau-na ha-rak-te-ri-zu-et-sya sme-she-ni-em ti-pich-no forest (grouse, squirrel, forest ku-ni-tsa, elk , vy-dra, ko-su-la, wild boar, etc.), ti-pich-no steppe (speckled sus-lik, left-howl zha-vo-ro-nok, tush-kan-chik, steppe polecat, etc.) and migrating animals that use both forest and steppe habitats -ta-niya. In the Red Book of the Russian Federation, many representatives of the or-ni-fauna are included in the Red Book of the Russian Federation - eagle-ber-kut, eagle-snake-venom, black-kor- shun, so-kol-ba-la-ban, fi-lin, gray ne-yasyt, etc.

Condition and protection of the environment. The main environmental problem in the Oryol region is the pollution of the atmosphere in the cities of Orel, Mtsensk, Livny, urban settlement Dol-goe. The total volume of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere is 95.9 thousand tons, including from stationary public sources - 22.8 thousand tons, from the road transport port - 73.1 thousand tons (2010). A significant amount of waste is produced in electricity and housing. son-in-law due to the increase in the number of compressed things. In the general pollution of the natural waters of the Oka River, a significant role belongs to the wastewater of the city of Orel; the main pollutants are oil products, chlorides, sulphates, etc. About 1/3 of all pollutants -substances on-stu-pa-et with ter-ri-to-riy sa-ni-tar-but-not-bla-go-us-t-ro-en-nyh on-se-len-nyh places, agricultural facilities and lands that cause seasonal deterioration in the quality of drinking water. In the last decade from-me-che-na sharp de-gu-mi-fi-ka-tion of fertile soils, as well as -the same nutritional elements in them - potassium and phosphorus.

On the territory of the Oryol region - the Orlovskoye Po-lesie national park, 25 specially protected natural territories of the region -nal value and 6 - local value.

Population

96.1% of the population of the Oryol region are Russian; Ukrainians live the same way (1%) and others (2010, re-write).

The population size is decreasing (for 1995-2013 by almost 130 thousand people) mainly due to natural decline. De-mo-graphic situation is worse than the average for the Russian Federation: ha-ra-k-ter-na not-you-so-ka-ka-ka-dae-most (10.5 on 1000 inhabitants, 2011) with a higher mortality rate (16.3 per 1000 inhabitants); infant mortality rate is 7.7 per 1000 live-days. In the 1990s, there was an influx of migrants (31 per 10 thousand inhabitants in 1995), mainly from the republics of the former USSR, but it was not -pen-si-ro-val is a natural decline in the village. In the 2000s, the influx of migrants changed from the village, mainly from the peripheral regions of the region. tee. The share of women is 54.9%. In the age structure of the village, the proportion of people who work is young (up to 16 years old) 14.9%, older working age 26.1%. The average life expectancy is 69.5 years (men - 63.2, women - 75.8 years). The average population density is 31.8 people/km2. The share of the urban population is 65.8% (2013; 61.9% in 1989). The largest city is Orel (318.1 thousand people, 2013; 41% of the region’s population); other large cities (thousands of people) - Livny (49.3), Mtsensk (40.7).

Religion

Most of the believers are righteous. For-re-gi-st-ri-ro-va-no (as of November 1, 2013) 155 right-of-glorious religious organizations, under-lying -shchih Or-lov-skaya and Liven-skaya diocese (registered in 1788 as Or-lov-skaya and Sev-skaya; in 1945-1994 Or-lov-skaya and Bryanskaya, modern name since 1994) Russian Orthodox Church. Among them are 7 monasteries: 3 men’s [including Uspensky (founded in the 2nd half of the 17th century) in Or-le and Svyato-Du -khov (os-no-van in the 18th century) in the village of Za-dush-noye, No-vo-sil-sky district] and 4 women’s [including Vve-den-sky (os-no-van in 1686) in Or-le and Tro-its-kiy Ro-zh-de-st-va Bo-go-ro-di-tsy Op-tin (os-no-van in the 15th century) near the city of Bol-khov ]. In the Oryol region there are 25 pro-tes-tant-organizations of various de-no-mi-nations [Evangelical Christians-not-Bap-ti-sties, five- ti-de-syat-ni-ki, hell-ven-ti-sty of the seventh day, pre-svi-te-ria-ne, Evan-Gel-Christian-not (Evan-he-li -sty), lu-te-ra-ne, me-to-di-sty], 3 Ju-dai-st-skie, 3 Muslim or-ga-ni-za-tion, 1 Catholic or-ga-ni-za-tion, 1 or-ga-ni-za-tion svi-de-te-ley Ye-go-you.

Is-to-ri-che-sky essay

The oldest archaeological monuments on the territory of the Oryol region are dated to the top pa-leo-li-tu. The Meso-Lithic is represented by the Ye-Neva culture; neo-olith - des-nin-skoy kul-tu-roy, pa-myat-ni-ka-mi kru-ga yamoch-no-gre-ben-cha-toy ke-ra-mi-ki kul-tur-no -is-to-ri-che-community, middle-Ok-kul-tu-roy (ha-rak-ter-na-on-kol-cha-taya and on-kol-cha-to- gre-ben-cha-taya or-na-men-ta-tsiya ke-ra-mi-ki), etc. On-stu-p-le-nie of the era-hi ran-ne-go metal-la and about-of-the-household-st-va in the re-gio-not connected with the race-se-le-ni-em but-si-te-lei shnu-ro- howl of the ke-ra-mi-ki kul-tur-no-is-to-ri-che-society: the most eastern-most-precise memories are known ki of the middle-Dnieper kul-tu-ry (it was replaced by the co-snitskaya kul-tu-ra), some of them are on the move close to the fat -I'm a new cul-tu-re. To the bronze age from-no-syat-sya are also on-the-go-ki ke-ra-mi-ki, close to the ka-ta-comb-noy kul-tu-re, log-house kul-tu-re, Aba-shev-skoy kul-tu-re.

Remembrance-ni-ki of the early iron-no-go century on the north-ve-ro-behind-the-pas-de-terri-to-rii of the Oryol region from-no-syat to the top -non-Ok-skaya kul-tu-re, along a number of nearby Dnieper-Dvina kul-tu-re and Yukh-novskaya kul-tu-tu- re. The southern part of the region is near the influence of the Scythian arch-heo-lo-gi-che-kul-tu-ra. In the 1st century AD e. on the se-ve-ro-for-pas-de-region-on-yav-la-yut-sya pa-myat-ni-ki-ti-pa Po-chep, which in the 3rd century replaced-nya- they remember the Mo-schi-but, for-they are in the territory of the Oryol region in the north and north-west. In the south-eastern part of the region, by the middle of the 3rd - beginning of the 5th centuries, from the memory of the Kiev culture or Cher-nya-khov -sky culture. The further fate of this village is not clear, as is the cultural affiliation of the unique plant from Por -shi-no (village of Krug-li-tsa, Uritsky district) mid-5th century [sword, pair of gold foil fi-bulls with inserts , ring].

At the end of the 1st millennium AD. e. The territory of the Oryol region is included in the are-al Ro-men culture, connected with groups of East Slavic tribes, here - mainly with southern groups of vya-ti-whose. In the western part of the modern Oryol region, there were villages of se-ve-ryans. In the 10th-11th centuries, many lands were under Kiev's control, although they were not -vi-no-ve-nie, you-well-give-neck of the Ki-ev-princes are going to re-gi-on punitive moves. The last major campaign was carried out by Prince Vladimir Vse-vo-lo-do-vich Mo-no-mah in 1096 , reach the tribal center of vy-ti-whose Kord-but (pre-lo-resident-on-the-terri-to-ri modern Kho-tynets-ko-go district of the Oryol region). At the beginning of the 12th century, an active spread of Christianity began. The activities of the mis-sio-ne-drov were accompanied by danger, for example, in 1113, the monk of Kiev-Pecher-skogo monastery Ioann Kuk-sha was killed in the vi-ti-cha-mi not far from modern Mtsensk. In the 12th century, the re-gi-he became part of the Cher-ni-gov-skogo prince-st-va. Bol-dyzh dates back to the most ancient ancient Russian cities (first mention in 1146; connection with the city -ro-di-shem near the village. Slo-bod-ka Shab-ly-kin-go district), Do-ma-goshch (1147; connection with the city-ro-di- near the village of Go-ro-dische Bol-khov-skogo district), Mtsensk (1147), Spash (Spas; 1147; connection with the city near the village Spas-skoye Or-lov-skogo district), Krom-my (1147, upo-me-nu-you in Vos-kre-sen-skaya le-to-pi-si), No-vo-sil. According to I.K. Fro-lo-va, ancient Vo-ro-tynsk (first mention in 1155), possibly located in the territory to-rii of the Oryol region (complex of monuments near the village of Vo-ro-tyn-tse-vo of the No-vo-sil-sky district). Many cities (Bol-dyzh, Do-ma-goshch, Spash, etc.) were ra-zo-re-ny during the mon-go-lo-ta-tar-skogo -she-st-via.

In the 2nd half of the 13th - early 16th centuries, most of the modern Oryol region became part of the Verkhovsky principalities, which from the 14th century became the object of struggle between -do the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) and the Moscow Grand Duchy. In 1423, the territory of the modern Oryol region was ra-zo-re-na by khan Ba-ra-k. Constant attacks and wars led the re-gi-on to desolation, turning it into part of the so-called. Di-ko-go-la. According to the Moskovsky Pere-mir of 1503, most of the region became part of the Russian state, becoming its southern border. Through the territory of the modern Oryol region, they passed through the do-ro-gi (roads) (the main ones are Mu-rav-sky, Pakh-nut-tsev, Kal-mi -us-skiy), according to which the Crimean khans were settled. In 1521, through it they passed through it to Mo-sk-vu voy-ska ha-na Mu-kham-med-Gi-rey I. 3-4.7.1555 near the village of Sud-bi-schi (now village of Sud-bi-shche No-vo-de-re-ven-kovsky district) a major battle took place, in which the Russian troops were under at the command of I.V. She-re-me-te-va More times than not, the army of the Crimean khan of Dev-let-Gi-ray I, one-on-a-time on- run-ga ta-ta-ry raz-gra-bi-li se-le-niya along the Zu-sha river. In 1570, the Crimean ta-ta-ry ra-zo-ri-li No-vo-sil and its ok-re-st-no-sti, in 1571 the army of Dev-let-Gi-ray I pro -they walked through the Orlov lands to Moscow, and in 1595 they started to run to Liv-ny. To protect the borders, new fortresses were built, existing fortresses were renewed and restored, including Bol -khov (1556), Orel (1566), Liv-ny (1586), Kromy (1593).

In the Time of Troubles, the city of the region supported False Dmitry I and False Dmitry II. During the Bo-lot-ni-ko-va resurrection of 1606-1607, the towns of Or-la, Li-ven, Krom, you-stood on the sto-ro- not risen. Significant damage to the lands of the modern Oryol region was caused by Re-chi Po-spo-li-that intervention in the 17th century. In 1615, near Or-lom, there was a battle against Prince D.M. In a hot way with Polish troops under the command of A.I. Li-sov-sko-go. Further economic development began from the middle of the 17th century, when the territory of the modern Oryol region was for the service of ly-mi people, developed crafts and trade settlements, for-mi-ro-va-las ag-rar-eco-no -mic specialization of the region. In 1708-1727, the territory of the region was included in the Kiev province, in 1727-1778 - Belgorod gu-ber-nii. In 1778-1928, the territory of the modern Oryol region became the Oryol gubernia (until 1796 Oryol on the metro station -st-vo; with the exception of the No-strong district, part of the Tula province). In 1928-1937, the territory of the region was once-de-le-on between the Central-but-black-earth region (1928-1934) and you-de-liv-shi-mi-sya from it Kursk region (1934-1937) and Vo-ro-nezh region (1934- 1937), as well as the Western region (1929-1937).

The Oryol region was formed on September 27, 1937, it included 25 districts of the Kursk region, 5 districts of the Voro-Nezh region and 29 districts Western region. During the Great Patriotic War, from October 1941 to August 1943, the territory of the Oryol region (with the exception of Trans-Don and Krasninsky districts) was ok-ku-pi-ro-va-na with German warriors, ho-zyay-st-vu and kul-tu-re re-gio-na na-not-seni- significant damage. In December 1941, during the Moscow Battle of 1941-1942, during the Yelets operation of the Yelets island , Iz-mal-kovsky, Kor-sa-kovsky, Kras-no-zo-ren-sky, No-vo-de-re-ven-kovsky and Sta-nov-lyansky district they are the cities of Yelets, Liv-ny and No-vo-sil. In February - March 1942, fierce battles took place near Bol-khov, in the area of ​​​​the village of Kriv-tso-vo. Okon-cha-tel-but the Oryol region was os-in-bo-zh-de-na in the re-zul-ta-te Oryol-on-offensive operation (12.7-18.8 . July), Mtsensk (July 20), Zmi-yov-ka and Gla-zu-nov-ka (July 24-25), Bol-khov (July 29), Orel (July 5) gu-sta), etc. In various districts of the Oryol region, there are active par-ti-zan squads and sub-pol-schi-ki.

In 1944, from the Oryol region you became the Bryansk region, a number of districts were transferred to the Kaluga and Kursk regions -tey, in 1954, 9 districts were transferred to the newly formed Lipetsk region. The restoration of industry and agriculture was completed by the beginning of the 1950s. In the 2nd half of the 20th century, large metallurgical enterprises were created (Or-lovsky steel mill, Mtsensky -water of aluminum casting, Mtsensk plant of non-ferrous metals and alloys), facilities of ma-shi-no-construction ( production of technological equipment for textile, footwear, glass, food industry, agriculture, etc.). The Oryol region is one of the leading places in Russia for the production of grain crops; Large livestock farms have been put into operation. In April 1986, the territory of the Oryol region was exposed to radioactive contamination as a result of an accident in Cher- Nobyl Nuclear Power Plant.

Farm

The Oryol region is part of the Central economic region, which is an in-du-st-ri-al-no-ag-rar region. Volume of industrial production (processing of water-based products, production of useful products, about -production and distribution of electricity, gas and water) is more than twice the volume of agricultural products ( 2011). The region accounts for about 1/5 of the Russian production volume of central-so-so-so-s, one-of-show fronts - tall self-propelled load-bearing tiles, ceramic glazed tiles for the internal lining of the walls; The Oryol region also has the same volume of production of tires for urban and communal enterprises, dairy condensed products.

GRP structure by type of economic activity (2010, %): water production companies 20, 4, wholesale and retail trade, various household services 16.5, transport and communications 15.1, rural and forestry economy 12.7, public administration and ensuring military security, obligatory social provision 8.8, development 6.5, operations with immovable property, rent and control -lu-gi 5.2, construction 4.1, production and distribution of electricity, gas and water 4.3 , health care and social services 4.1, other types of activities 2.3. Co-ordination of enterprises by form of ownership (according to the number of organizations, %): frequent 72.0, municipal 11.8, state 7.4, public and religious organizations (ob-e-di-ne-nii) 5 ,1, other forms of own-st-ven-no-sti 3.6.

Eco-no-mi-che-ski active population 407.0 thousand people (2011), of which 96.5% are in eco-no-mi-ke. Structure of the village by type of economic activity (%): op-to-vaya and roz-nich-naya trade, various household facilities 17.7, agriculture and forestry 17.6, manufacturing water production 15.5, education 9.6, health and social services 6, 6, transport and communications 6.6, construction 5.8, operations with real estate 5.0, other com -mu-nal-nye, social-ci-al-nye and per-so-nal-nye us-lu-gi 4.0, production and distribution of electrical energy gy, gas and water 2.5, other types of activity 9.1. The unemployment rate is 6.3%. Cash income per person in the village is 14.8 thousand rubles per month (2011; 71.4% of the average for the Russian Federation); 14.5% of the population of the Oryol region has an income less than the same.

Industry. The volume of industrial production is 80.3 billion rubles (2011); of which 82.75% go to water production facilities, 17.0% go to production and distribution -le-tion of electricity, gas and water, 0.25% - for mineral resources. From the left-hand structure of the manufacturing industry (%): food industry 32.2, ma-shi-no-construction tion 32.0, metallurgical production, metal-working 16.8, production of construction materials 10.5, laid down 2.1, chemical industry 1.9, other industries 4.5.

The largest producer of electricity in the region is the Orlovskaya Thermal Power Plant (a branch of the Quad-ra company; the installed new capacity of 330 MW) provides about 40% of the region's electricity demand and about 70 % of the city of Orel's demand for heat energy.

The main specialty of metallurgical enterprises is re-working of non-ferrous metals, production of products, me-ti-call, welding ma-te-ria-lov. Leading enterprises: in Mtsensk - foundry plant (mainly aluminum and iron castings for the needs of automobiles -bi-le-construction factories, enterprises of the Russian Railways company, art-iron casting), metal-lur-gical company-pa- niya "La-tu-ni" (in conjunction with the Khol-din-ga "Vtor-met"; re-working of secondary raw materials of non-ferrous metals fishing, production of foundry la-tu-ni and bronze), "Mtsen-sk-pro-kat" (foundry production, pro-kat from-de-liy from color -nyh metals and alloys on their basis), “Mtsensky Second-color-met” (re-working of secondary raw materials non-ferrous metals), "Mezh-gos-metiz-Mtsensk" (in partnership with the American company "Lin-coln Electric"; welding ma- te - ria-ly: general-purpose and special-purpose electrics, welding wires, including copper-plated, non-rust-proof shaya); in Or-le - structural subdivisions of the Sever-stal-metiz company for the production of fasteners, welding materials, made from pro-vo-lo-ki, as well as the industrial company “Set-cha-tye from de-lia”.

The main production of ma-shi-no-building is pre-construction, communal and fire-heating technology -ka, industrial equipment, na-so-sy. Leading enterprises: in the city of Orel there are a number of factories for the production of road construction, agricultural machinery, various industrial, diagnostics -stical equipment, electrical-technical, electronic production; in the city of Mtsensk - the Kom-mash plant of communal utilities (a large pro-iz-di-tel of communal and -rozh-noy tech-ni-ki); in the city of Liv-ny - "GMS Na-so-sy" (formerly "Liv-gi-dro-mash"; na-so-sy and pumping equipment for oil -pre-production, petroleum-tech-chemical, food-processing industry, electric-energy-ge-ti-ki and other industries) and “Liv-ny-na-sos” (electric-na-pump-ag-re-ga-you with a submersible electric-motor) (both - in combination -sta-ve di-vi-zio-on “Pro-my-line-na-so-sy” “HMS Group”), plant pro-ti-in-the-hot ma -shi-no-structure (fire-technical production, including auto-cis-ter-ny on ZIL chassis, pump-equipment -va-nie), "Av-to-ag-re-gat" (large-scale production of filters and filter elements for cleaning oils, then-p -li-va and air-du-ha for auto-and mo-tech-ni-ki).

Once again, the production of construction materials (mainly ceramic tiles, reinforced concrete structures, bricks), on-these-le-new pipes, re-zi-no-technical from-de-li (medical, sa-ni-tar-no-hygienic and technical knowledge -cheniye), pharmaceutical production (in-su-lin) and light industry (stockings, tri-cottage products) de-lia, women's clothing) (most of the production capacity is in the city of Orel), as well as the production of folk art products from de-li Myslov (factories in Li-vensky, Mtsensky, No-vo-silsky and Orlovsky districts). The enterprise operates under the Al-Ma-Zov organization (a structural subdivision of the ALROSA company in the city of Orel).

In the food industry, the most important ones are sugar, flour, and dairy products. Large enterprises: for the production of sa-kha-ra - com-bi-nat in the village of Ot-ra-dinskoye, Mtsensk district (as part of the group " Raz-gu-lay"), za-vo-dy in the city of Liv-ny, in the urban villages of Kolp-na, Za-le-goshch; mu-ki - com-bi-na-you in the cities of Orel, Liv-ny, Bol-khov; dairy production - com-bi-nat of the group of companies "Da-no-ne", plant of the company "Mi-li-ni" (both - in the city of Orel), a dairy canning plant in the urban village of Ver-ho-vie, a milk production complex “Sa-bu-ro- in the Orlovsky district, a cheese factory in the city of Livny. Leading pro-iz-di-te-li-kyo-ro-vo-doch-noy production - plant "Or-lov-sky Crystal", Mtsensky spir-to-doch-ny com-bi-nat "Or-lov-skaya fortress", enterprise "Eta-nol" (city of Liv-ny); without-al-co-gol-nyh on-drinks - fi-li-al company "Ko-ka-Ko-la HBC Ev-ra-zia" in the city of Orel.

Large industrial centers: Orel, Livny, Mtsensk.

Foreign trade turnover of the Oryol region is 465.5 million US dollars (2011), including ex-port 117.3 million dollars. Ex-port-ti-ru-ut-sya (% of cost): ma-ti-ny, ob-ru-do-va-nie (55.0), pro-vol-st- vie and agricultural raw materials (35.9), metals and products from them (8.4). Imported (% of cost) are machinery, equipment and transport means (44.1), production of the chemical industry (26.4), food production and agricultural raw materials (18.9), metallurgical production (8. 4).

Agriculture. The cost of agricultural production is 36.6 billion rubles (2011), the share of water production accounts for about 70%. Agricultural land makes up about 71.0% of the region's territory, of which 82.6% is arable land. Yields (% of the sown area) grains (70.6), feeds (13.4), technical crops tu-ry (12.6; sa-har-naya beet-la, gree-chi-ha, rapeseed), potatoes and vegetables (3.4). Live-water-spe-cial-li-zi-ru-et-sya on meat-with-dairy-water-st-ve, pig-no-water-st- ve, bird-tse-water-st-ve; They also breed horses, sheep and goats in the same way. Most of the agricultural land (over 80%) belongs to the lands of agricultural organizations, about 15% belongs to the lands of farmers. ski (peasant) farms, about 5% of the land is in the personal use of the city. Most of the grain yielding part (about 82%, 2011), almost all of the seeds are sun-kissed, about 60% mo-lo -ka is produced by agricultural organizations, about 85% of potatoes and vegetables are in households -le-nia.

Sphere us-lug. The region ras-po-la-ga-et you-with-ki-ten-tsia-lom for the development of a cultural-tour-but-cognitive tourism. Among the do-with-the-pre-me-cha-tel-no-stey - State. impact me-mo-ri-al-ny and natural-museum-for-led-nik I.S. Tour-ge-ne-va “Spas-skoye-Lu-to-vi-no-vo” (Mtsensky district, village of Spas-skoye-Lu-to-vi-no-vo), Or-lov-national park Skoe Po-lesie (on the territory of Zna-men-sko-go and Kho-ty-nets-ko-go districts; includes, among other things, the Literary-Local History Museum -zey "Tur-ge-nev-skoe Po-le-sie" in the village of Il-in-skoye, zoo-free complex in the village of Zhu-der-sky, town of Kho -timl-Kuz-men-ko-in the 11th-12th centuries), a number of architectural monuments in the cities of Liv-ny, Mtsensk, Bol-khov. Raz-ra-bo-tan a number of tourist routes: Orel - Or-lov-skoye Po-lesie national park; Orel - Mtsensk - Spas-skoye-Lu-to-vi-no-vo; Eagle - Bol-khov.

Transport. The length of the railway roads is 596 km (2011). The main railway line is Moskva - Tu-la - Orel - Kursk - Bel-gorod - Kharkov (Ukraine) - Sim-fe-ro-pol; there are a number of single-track non-electric lines, including Orel - Bryansk, Orel - Yelets (Lipetsk region) from -vetv-le-ni-em to the city of Liv-ny and the urban village of Dol-goe. The length of the road with hard smoke is 5.8 thousand km. In the territory of the region there is a part of the federal highway "Crimea" (Moscow - Tu-la - Orel - Kursk - Bel-city - border with Ukraine). Through the Oryol region there pass the ma-gi-st-ral-ny oil-te-pro-vod “Druzh-ba”, gas-pro-vod Uren-goy (Yama-lo-Ne-nets -kyy autonomous district) - Po-ma-ry (Res-pub-li-ka Ma-riy El) - Uzh-city (Uk-rai-na). Orel-Yuzh-ny air port (za-kon-ser-vi-ro-van, 2013).

Health

In the Oryol region, there are 35.6 doctors per 10 thousand residents, 102.8 per 10 thousand residents (2009). Medical care is provided by 62 medical institutions (including 45 stationary), 461 field sher-obstetric center (dov-ra-che-nu-nu-nuyu assistance to the rural village), 1 ambulance station in the city of Orel and 20 departments included in the central district hospitals (2009). In the compulsory medical insurance system, there are 53 medical institutions (2009). The total number of adults in the village per 1 thousand inhabitants is 1552.3 cases; for tuberculosis - 56.1, HIV infection - 12.9, alcoholism - 1619.3 per 100 thousand inhabitants (2009). The most common diseases of blood circulation systems are 19.4% (2009). The overall mortality rate is 16.6 cases per 1 thousand inhabitants (illnesses of the blood circulation system - 63.8% , malignant innovations - 13.8%, accidents, injuries and poisoning - 9, 9%. Sa-na-to-riy "Oak-ra-va".

Education

Education of science and culture. In the region of functions (2013) 215 pre-school institutions (30.1 thousand vo-pi-tan-ni-kov) , 489 public educational institutions (71.6 thousand students), 20 institutions of primary professional education - education (7.9 thousand students), 22 institutions of secondary vocational education (12 thousand students), 7 universities call (43.2 thousand students), 16 mu-ze-ev (including fi-li-ly), 400 library-tek. The main universities, scientific institutions, libraries and museums are located in Or-le. The action is the same: All-Russian Research Institute of Grain and Cereal Cro-tours of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Streletsky village), All-Russian Research Institute of Fruit Selection cultural tour of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (village of Zhi-li-na), branches of the State University - educational in Mtsensk and Livnakh. Local History Museum named after G.F. So-lov-yo-va (1919), Artistic gallery (1999) - in Mtsensk, Regional History Museum (1918) in Liv-nakh. Is-to-rico-et-no-graphic museum in the city of Dmit-rovsk, in the village of Spas-skoye-Lu-to-vi-no-vo - State me-mo-ri-al-ny and at -native museum-of-the-led-name I.S. Tur-ge-ne-va (1922).

Media

Sta-rey-shaya ga-ze-ta ob-las-ti - “Or-lov-sky vest-nik” (city of Orel; from-da-va-las in 1873-1918, in 1889-1892 in ha -ze-te-bo-tal I.A. Bu-nin in 1991, published 1 time per week, circulation 6 thousand copies. ). The leading regional publication is the newspaper “Orlovskaya Pravda” (city of Orel; since 1917, 4 times a week, 10 thousand copies) . District and city newspapers: “In Our Time” (Verkhovsky district; since 1931, weekly, 4.3 thousand copies), “Pri-ok -skaya n-va" (Glazunovsky district; since 1934, weekly, 2.6 thousand copies), "Avan-gard" (Dmitrovsky district; since 1918 year, every week, 2 thousand copies), “The Knowing of Labor” (Dolzhansky district; since 1931, every week, 3.6 thousand copies), “Ma-yak” (Za-le-go-shchen-sky district; since 1935, once every 2 weeks, 3.3 thousand copies), “For iso-bi-lie” (Kolp-nyan -sky district; since 1932, weekly, 4 thousand copies), “Vos-khod” (Kor-sakovsky district; since 1935, weekly, 1, 3 thousand copies), “Zvez-da” (Ma-lo-ar-khan-gel district; since 1918, every week, 2.2 thousand copies), “Mtsensk region” ( the city of Mtsensk and the Mtsensk district; since 1917, 3 times every 2 weeks, 8.1 thousand copies), “Forward” (Soskovsky district; since 1935, every week) but, 1.7 thousand copies), “Rural Zo-ri” (Tros-nyansky district; since 1935, every week, 2.4 thousand copies), “Tri-bu-na bread-bo-ro-ba" (Kho-ty-nets-ky district; since 1940, every week, 1.7 thousand copies), “Sha-b-ly-kinsky vest-nik” (Shab-ly-kinsky district; since 1932, every week -del-no, 1.6 thousand copies) etc. Radio since the 1920s, television since 1959. Trans-la-tion of tele-and radio-pe-re-dacha is carried out by State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company "Oryol", tele-ra-dio-com-pa-nii "Is" -to-ki”, “Zenit”, etc.

Ar-hi-tech-tu-ra and artistic-bra-zi-tel-art

The oldest productions of art on the territory of the Oryol region - or-na-men-ti-ro-van-naya ke-ra-mi-ka (with non- oli-ta), small clay pla-sti-ka, a number of de-liy from bones, metals (mainly Ukrainian) from bronze th century to the early Middle Ages, including things from the circle of the Eastern-European you-em-cha-tyh enamel, a pair of polychrome fi-bulls of the East German circle of the 5th century from Por-shi-no, etc. With the inclusion of the region in the co- becoming the Old Russian state (Cher-ni-gov-principality) and the beginning of the right-glorious mission, headed by the fief in 1113 of the monastery of Kiev -of the Pe-cher-monastery by the holy martyr John Kuk-shey, appear to be the product of Christian art (clay-nya- nay icon of Jesus Christ from the town of Slo-bod-ka in the Shab-ly-kin district, mid-12th - early 13th centuries, Or-lovsky local history museum). The mountains of the mountains have been preserved (from the early iron-century to the Middle Ages), dis- posed women mainly on the banks of the rivers Oka, Tson, Ne-polod, Zu-sha, Nugr; fragments of the defensive line Kroma - Livny (XVI century). Since the 16th century, Ak-ti-vi-zi-ro-va-los mo-na-styr-skoe and temple-building. The wooden Trinity Cathedral in Liv-nakh (1586, burned in 1618), the Dormition Cathedral in Kromy (1594, burned down) rel in 1605). After the Time of Troubles, new foundations and restoration of old dwellings (including the Kromsky Tro- Its-ky monastery, founded around 1629, divided by the middle of the 18th century; Niko-la-evsky women's monastery in Liv-nakh, divided. in 1766), a 20-tower wooden fortress was built in Mtsensk (ruined in the middle of the 17th century). Among the unpreserved wooden buildings is the Il-insky convent in No-vo-si-le (according to one of the versions, founded in the 2nd half of the 12th century by the widow of Prince Yuri Dol-go-ru-ko-go of the Greek princess Olga Kom-ni-noy, united in 1764) .

The first stone temples in the last third of the 17th - early 18th centuries sparked the desire of Pat-ri-ar-ha Niko-na to transport -gate 5-chapter: 4-pillar 2-light Trinity Cathedral (1668-1688) of the Trinity Opt-ti-on monastery in Bol- ho-ve (founded in the 15th century, closed in 1923; revived in 2001), pillarless - Assumption Church (founded in -on in 1667, re-built with additional elements in the Rysh-kin-skogo ba-rok-ko at the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th centuries; now the St. Sergievsky Cathedral) of the former St. Uspen-sk Sergievsky Monastery in Liv-ny ( revered since 1592; converted into a parish in 1766), Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul with 2 rows ko-kosh-ni-kov (1670s; from 1694 Vvedenskaya Church) and Intercession Cathedral (1695 - 1700s; fragments of walls and 3 ap. preserved -si-dy) of the former St. Peter and Paul Monastery in Mtsensk (founded at the beginning of the 16th century, closed in 1923), Trinity what a church with a vy-ra-zhen-ny ver-ti-ka-li-mom che-ve-ri-ka and de-ko-rum in the style of na-rysh-kin-skogo ba-rok-ko in Bol-ho-ve (1708). According to the “eight-me-rik on four-ve-ri-ke” scheme, the following were built: the Church of the Ro-zh-de-st-va of Christ (late 17th - early 18th centuries) of the former Christ -a hundred-ro-zh-de-st-Ven-skogo convent in Bol-kho-ve (founded in the 16th century, divided in 1764), Voz- Ne-Sen-skaya church in the spirit of Na-rysh-kin-skogo ba-rok-ko (1695 - about 1704; the top was destroyed in 1938) of the former Voz-ne-Sen-sko- of the convent in Mtsensk (founded in 1662, closed in 1764), Church of God in Or-le (beginning of the 18th century). At the beginning of the 18th century, the following were also erected: the Introduced Church (1703-1708, erected in the early 1960s) The Introduced Women's Church monastery in Or-le (founded in 1686, moved to its present location after the heat of 1843), pillarless one -the main church of St. Dimitri So-lun-skogo with 16 de-kora-tiv-ny-mi behind-ko-ma-ra-mi in the village of Mo-re-vo (1703-1711 ). The earliest of the gate-churches preserved on the territory of the Oryol region - Alexia Mi-tro-po-li-ta Hristo -ro-zh-de-st-Ven-sky monastery in Bol-kho-ve (1701, re-built in the 19th-20th centuries), 3-tier church kov-ko-lo-kol-nya in honor of the Tikh-vin-skaya icon of God Ma-te-ri of the Holy Dormition Ser-gi-ev-skogo monastery in Liv-nakh (1731-1734, after the heat of 1753).

I feel the influence of Ukrainian bar-rock in the re-roofed eight-room Church of St. Demetrius of So-lun-sky in Dmitrovsk ( 1723-1725). Under the influence of a hundred-personal ba-rock, churches were built in the 1740s: Voz-ne-sen-skaya (1740, snow-se- on in 1956) and Ge-or-gi-ev-skaya in Bol-kho-ve (1741-1746), Zna-men-skaya in the village of Dom-ni-no (about 1742, raz-ru-she -on in 1969), 2-tier re-roofed eight-room Tro-its-kaya in Or-le (1743-1751). In the 1760-1770s, over 10 churches of the “eight-me-rik on four-ve-ri-ke” type were erected - from simple ones to non-members -now flat walls (in the village of Pen-shi-no), including complete semi-circular ones (in the village of Kras-noe, Voz- ne-sen-skaya with 2 ap-si-da-mi in the village of Ma-li-no-vo; Us-pen-skaya in the village of Shey-no, 1764; ko-vo, 1769), to the Ukrainian pi-la-st-ro-you-mi port-ti-ka-mi (in the villages of Ki-se-le-vo, 1764, Vos- cre-se-nov-ka, 1766-1769). The baroque Trinity Cathedral (1754-1775) of the Holy Spirit Monastery in the village of Za is also attached to this type. -soul-near No-vo-si-la (relying on the ode since 1637). Wooden churches of the “eight-me-rik on four-ve-ri-ke” type were not preserved (St. Nicholas in the village of Do-b-ryn, 1760s years, and Ro-zh-de-st-va Bo-go-ro-di-tsy in the village of Vol-konsk, 1769, ra-zo-bra-ny in the 1980s). Under the influence of the An-d-re-ev-skaya church in Kiev, a 5-domed Church of the Holy Cross was built in the former estate of V.I. Lo-pu-hi-na in the village of Re-tya-zhi (1765). For the art-hi-tech-tu-ry of the Oryol region of the 3rd quarter of the 18th century, the characteristics of cross-shaped churches were different in plan, in which then the transition to the eighth place is settled with the help of trom-pov: Voz-ne-sen-skaya in the village of Bol- Shoe Tyo-p-loe, Tro-its-kiye in the village of Ano-hi-no (Shchu-chee) and the village of Sha-ti-lo-vo (all 1760-1770s), St. John-an-na Pred -te-chi at the Baptist cemetery in Or-le (1774-1777). Other baroque churches were built according to the simpler scheme of “four-ve-rik with a large arch”: Zna-menskaya in the village of Zna-menskaya men-skoye (Zna-men-ka; 1763), Tro-its-kaya in the village of Lgov (1765), Ar-khan-ge-la Mi-khai-la in the village of Pi-rozh-ko-vo (1767), Kazan-skaya in the village of Zmie-vo (1768), row-naya Ni-ko-lo-Kos-mo-da-mi-an-skaya in Bol-kho-ve (1768-1774, snow- September 1955).

In the style, transition from ba-rock-to to class-si-tsiz-mu, the erection of the church: Tro-its-kaya in Mtsensk (1770- 1777; round bark in the plan, 1841, and refectory, both by architect D. Vis-kon-ti), Ro-zh-de-st-va Bo- towns in the village of Sto-ro-zhe-voye (1797); with a blank 5-gla-vi on a somk-nu-that svo-de - in honor of the Akh-tyr-skaya icon of God Ma-te-ri (1773-1786; 4-tier -naya class-si-cy-stistic ko-lo-kol-nya, 1819-1823) and Niko-lo-Peskov-skaya (Il-in-skaya, 1775-1790) in Or-le . According to the “eight-me-rik on four-ve-ri-ke” type, but in the classical style, the churches were built: Kazan-skaya in the village of Pod-cher- ne-vo (1799), Ar-khan-ge-la Mi-khai-la in the village of Kon-shi-no (early 19th century), Ro-zh-de-st-va of Christ-va in the village of Pu- ti-mets (1803), St. John-on-the-God-word in the village of Pla-to-no-vo (1804), St. Nicholas in the village of Na-ves-noe (1805), Ge-or-gi-ev-skaya in the village of Ko-ro-tysh (1806). Church of the “chet-ve-rik with a close-knit flock” type: 5-chapter Ni-ko-ly Fish-no-go in Or-le (1797, ra-zo- bra-na in the 1930s), Spa Ne-ru-ko-tvor-no-go in the village of Shu-mo-vo (1809; baroque decor), Us-pen-skaya with square ap-si-doy in the village of Bob-ri-ki (early 19th century). Among the rare churches for the Oryol region is the cross-shaped 4-pillar Church of the Entry in Bol-kho-ve (1792) -1800), ba-zi-li-kal-nuyu 3-nave Il-in-skaya church with a narrow high ba-ra-ba-n above the al-ta-rem in the village of Bo -city-city (1803). Among the early class-si-tsistic churches is the only one in the Oryol region, the 2-cole St. Nicholas Church on the estate of M. Z. Du-ra-so-va in the village of Bre-di-hi-no (1791-1796). Churches were built with low-ki-mi ba-ra-ba-on-mi: Po-Krov-skie in the She-re-me-te-vyh estate in the village of Gla-zu-no- in (late 18th - early 19th centuries) and in the village of Bolshaya Ku-li-kov-ka (1808), Tro-its-kaya in Or-le (1823-1828), Ar-khan-ge-la Mi -hai-la in the village of Gra-chev-ka (1827-1828). Since the end of the 18th century, cross-shaped churches with ku-po-la-mi on high ba-ra have been actively erected. ba-nakh: Us-pen-skaya with a 3-tiered colony in the village of Solntse-vo (1797-1798); Kre-sto-voz-dvi-zhen-skaya in Or-le (1797-1836, raised in 1933), Petro-Paul-lovsky Cathedral with 6-column the new Ionic port in Or-le (1797-1843, blown up in 1940), the Church of the Ro-zh-de-st-va of Christ in Or-le (1800 -1822, built in the 1930s), St. Alek-san-dr. Svir-sky in the village of Alek-san-d-rov-ka (1801-1814, Ti-ki built in 1826, architect V. A. Ba-ka-rev; not preserved), Uspenskaya in Or-le (1801-1817), Troitsky Cathedral in Dmitrovsk (1800s - 1821) and Nikolsky Cathedral pine forest in Mtsensk (1810-1841, both erected in the 1930s), Tikhvinskaya church in the village of Ku-ta-fi-no (1816-1826). Since the beginning of the 19th century, rectangular churches in plan with ku-la-mi at the heights have also been growing. kih ba-ra-ba-nah: uk-ra-shen-nye pi-la-st-ra-mi - Kazan-skaya in the village of Spesh-ne-vo, Bol-khov district (1821-1829 years) and Bla-go-ve-schen-skaya in the village of Al-shan (1844); with po-lu-ko-lon-on-mi - Kazan-skaya in the village of Pa-slo-vo (1820), Ge-or-gi-ev-skaya in Mtsensk (1825), Ro-zh- villages of Bo-go-ro-di-tsy in the village of Rov-nets (2nd quarter of the 19th century) and in the village of Ka-zar (1838), Vse-khsvyat-skaya in Liv-nakh (1840-1848 years, ar-hi-tek-ry I. Char-le-magne, L. Vis-kon-ti; raz-ru-she-na in the 1960-1970s); with ports - Uspensky Cathedral in Kromy (1800s - 1822, blown up in 1940), Trinity Cathedral in Liv-nakh ( 1809 - 1820s), Trinity Church (1823-1856, both destroyed in the 1950s-1960s) and the Church of St. Nicholas (1838-1856) in Kromy, Spa-so-Pre-o-ra-zhen-skaya church in Mtsensk (1835-1845, architect D. Vis-kon-ti), Church of Ro-zh-de-st-va Bo -go-ro-di-tsy in the village of Ro-zh-de-st-ven-skoe (1840-1848, preserved in ruins); with an-to-you port-ti-ka-mi-lodzhia-mi - Kre-sto-voz-dvi-women’s (Ni-kit-skaya) church in Mtsensk, Bo-go- Revealed Church in the village of Staro-Golskoye (1825). Less-distanced ro-ton-distant churches: cross-shaped Ar-khan-ge-la Mi-hai-la in the village of Svo-bod- Naya Dub-ra-va (late 18th century) and Kazan-skaya in the village of Kis-li-no (1825), Tro-its-kaya in the village of Mo-kho-vi-tsa (1810-1812, di- ru-she-na in 1943), Po-krovskaya in the village of Ar-kha-ro-vo (2nd quarter of the 19th century). The va-ri-ant of the Moscow am-pi-ra is represented by the Ar-khan-ge-la Mi-khai-la church with fa-sa-da-mi in the form of massive arches in the village of No -vo-mi-hai-lov-ka (1831, architect Do-me-ni-ko Zhi-lyar-di). Since the 1820s, the type of 4-pillar cross churches has been revived: the 5-domed Church of the Three Saints lei Mo-s-kov-skih Peter, Alexy and Jonah in the village of Alek-se-ev-ka (1820-1826, architect V.A. Ba-ka-rev), square-rat The church of Ar-khan-ge-la Mi-khai-la in the village of Va-sil-ev-ka (1824), the Church of the Holy Cross in Or-le (1840-1865, once -ru-she-na in the late 1930s-1940s). We have established the shapes of crosses in the plan of churches: Pre-image with 6-column ports ka-mi in the village of Gub-ki-no, Nikol-skaya in the village of Bo-ri-lo-vo with a plan in the form of an equal cross (1843) , Po-krovskaya in the village of Ver-ho-so-se-nye with ap-si-da, uk-ra-shen-noy 6 po-lu-ko-lon-na-mi. Some cross-churches in the corner pi-lo-nahs have passages: in honor of Tolg- the icon of God Ma-te-ri in the village of Bash-ka-to-vo (1844), Tro-its-kaya in the village of Sha-kho-vo (1845), Ob-nov-le-niya Church of the Lord in Ie-ru-sa-li-me in the village of Khar-la-no-vo (1846), etc.

Among the early usa-deb-no-par-ko-vyh en-samb-leys: the estate of Kan-te-mi-rov - Bez-bo-rod-ko in Dmit-rov-sk (double- the retz of 1726 burned down in the 1840s; the fence with the corner towers and gates, around 1782), Count M.F. Ka-men-sko-go “Sa-bu-rov-skaya fortress” in the village of Sa-bu-ro-vo (Ar-khan-ge-la Mi-khai-la church, 1755; walls and tower -ni with ele-men-ta-mi neo-go-ti-ki, 1790s), Shen-shi-nykh in the village of Vol-ko-vo (main house - 2nd half of the 18th and mid-19th centuries) , princes Go-li-tsy-nykh in the village of Go-lun (Pokrovskoye; horse yard, 1785-1787; ruins of the main house, ar-hi-tech-to-ry Jo-van-ni and Do-me-ni-ko Zhi-lyar-di according to the design of 1810 by architect A.N. Vo-ro-ni-hi-na, 2 fli-ge-la, park) , “Pre-ob-ra-zhen-skoe” Ku-ra-ki-nykh in the village of Ku-ra-kin-sky (ba-zi-li-kal-naya Kazan-naya church, around 1800; 2 from the middle of the 19th century; village of Vo-in 1st (Warriors; be-sed-ka and fli-ge-li of the late 18th - early 19th centuries; main house of the early 20th century; ro-di-na com-po-zi-to-ditch brothers Ka-lin-ni-ko-vykh), Mer-ku-lo-vykh in the village of Voy-no-vo Kor-sa-kov-sky district (residential house of the early 19th century; Bo-go-yav -Lena Church, 1796-1805), Vo-lo-de-mi-ro-vykh in the village of Tekh-ni-ku-mov-sky (main house with 2 fl-ge-la-mi and servants -nom kor-pu-som, building of the con-nyush-ni 1790), Count P.V. Mi-lo-ra-do-vi-cha in the village of Uporo-roy (main house - 1810-1820s), Mat-vee-vykh in the village of Voy-no-vo Bol-khovsky district (main house of the 1st half of the 19th century), Tur-ge-ne-vykh in the village of Spas-skoye-Lu-to-vi-no-vo, Lo-ba-no-vykh-Ros-tov-skikh in the village of Dol-ben -ki-no (church of the Renewal of the Temple of the Resurrection of the State, 1804-1805; 2 wings of the early 19th century, main house of the mid-19th century; in 1898-1917 under the Grand Duke Sergey Alek-san-d-ro-vi-chu and Eli-za-ve-te Fe-do-rov-ne since 2010; Monastery of Blessed Xenia of St. Petersburg), T.N. Gra-nov-sko-go in the village of Po-go-re-lets (wooden house - 1816-1818), in the village of Go-lo-vin-ka (village of Progress; main house - 1830-1840- e years), Sha-ti-lo-vyh in the village of Mo-kho-voe (Kazan church, 1777-1783; built in the mid-19th century) and in the village of Pan-ko-vo (the main a house and a horse farm with a building, forming a castle, mid-19th century). Mostly only parks were preserved from the estates of Po-khvis-ne-vykh in the village of Ka-menets, N.V. Ki-re-ev-sko-go in the village of Shab-ly-ki-no (1820-1830s), D. V. Yes-you-do-va in the village of Da-you-do-vo (1842), Te-p-lo-vyh in the village of Mo-lo-do-voe, etc.

Approval of new regular gene plans Or-la, Bol-ho-va, Mtsen-ska, Li-ven, Krom, Ma-lo-ar-khan- Gel-ska in 1779-1784 helped to develop the class-si-tsiz-ma in these cities. Trade rows with ar-ka-da-mi ha-le-rey are being built (in Or-le, 1782, re-built; Mtsensk, early 19th century) , buildings of public places (in Or-le, around 1783-1785, not preserved; Kromy village, mid-19th century) and other public buildings (Mo-s -kovsky gates in Or-le, 1786, ra-zo-bra-ny in 1927; Ka-det-sky building of M.P. Bakh-ti-na in Or-le, 1837 -1843, blown up by Germans in 1943), en-samb-li tu-rem (in Mtsensk, Liv-nakh, Kromakh; all late XVIII - 1st third of XIX centuries), residential houses. Many buildings are erected according to the designs of the provincial ar-hi-tech-trenches of A. Kle-ve-ra, I.O. and F.I. Pe-ton-di (spiritual se-mi-na-ria in Or-le, 1824-1826), I.F. Ti-bo-Brin-o-la (Alek-san-d-rov-skoe re-al-noe school in Or-le, 1874-1875). In the spirit of the late class-si-tsiz-ma, the Church of the Intercession in the village of Khal-ze-vo (1866-1874, architect I.P. Lu-to) -khin), Dormition Cathedral in No-vo-si-le (1882-93, not preserved). From ser. 19th century ras-stra-ni-lis different is-to-ri-che-skie styles. The 5-domed Spa-so-Pre-ob-ra-women’s cathedral in Bol-kho-ve (1841- 1844, architect P. A. Ma-la-khov; -on the monastery (1852-1856, blown up in the late 1920s - 1930s), the Church of the Holy Cross in Liv-nakh (1855-1878, typical project K.A. To-na; in 1940), Church of the Intercession in Or-le (1853-1890, erected in 1948), church in honor of Smo Len-Icon of God Ma-te-ri in Or-le (1857-1889), Trinity Cathedral at the Archbishop's House in Or-le le (1860-1879, blown up in the 1930s; all - architect N.T. Efimov); one-headed Church of the Intercession in Dmitrovsk (1863-1871, erected in the 1930s), re-roofed with a tent Vos -kre-sen-skaya in the village of Ple-shche-vo (1879, architect Efi-mov; not preserved), ok-ta-go-nal-naya in the plan of St. Nicholas in the village of Upal-loye 2 -e (1896), Spa-so-Pre-o-ra-zhen-skaya in the village of Chek-ryak (1896-1903, built on the old-ra-niya of St. George Kos- So-va; Sne-Sena in the 1930s). Church in the style of neo-ba-rock-ko - Po-krovskaya in the village of Na-gi-noe (Vya-zo-vaya Dub-ra-va; project - 1867; not preserved), Spa -so-pre-ob-ra-zhen-skaya in Or-le (1872-1880, founded in 1965); in Russian style - No-vo-Skor-bya-shchen-skaya in Liv-nakh (around 1881-1906, in 1959), tent-ro-vaya Po-krovskaya in the village of Po-krov-ka 1st (late 19th century), 9-domed in honor of the Iveron Icon of God Ma-te-ri in Or-le (1899-1902, architect N. I. Or-lov); predominantly in the neo-ovi-zan-tiy style - the 6-pillar, 5-domed Cathedral of St. Mary Magda-li-na (1884-1886, architect A. A. Cui) Ma-rie-Ma-gda-li-nin-skogo nunnery in the village of Nikolskoye, Dol-zhan-skoye district (since 1884, closed in 1918 year, restored in 1995), 5-domed cross-shaped Church of the Intercession in the village of Verkhnee Skvorchey (1891-1894 years, architect N.V. Sul-ta-nov; the ditch was erected in 1945); in the spirit of ek-lek-tiz-ma - Church of the Intercession in the Shen-shi-nykh estate in the village of Klei-meno-vo (1890, architect A.A. Khi-mets; in the basement -those - the crypt of the Fetov family). In the 2nd half of the 19th century, the forms of co-lo-co-len were used: with 2 eight-me-ri-ka-mi (in the village of Ka-men-ka, 1880s years), with a tent at the top (in the villages of Verb-nik, 1855, Su-ho-ti-nov-ka, late 19th century, Ba-ran-chik, 1895 ).

In the 2nd half of the 19th century, Ak-ti-vi-zi-ru-et-sya mo-na-styr-skoe zod-che-st-vo: the former Bo-go-ro-dich-ny All-Hallows convent in Bol-kho-ve (community since 1850, monastery since 1875, closed in 1923; 5-chapter Ri-zo-po-lo-zhen church in the Russian-Visan-Tiy style, 1859-1897, destroyed in the 1930s) with a dis- tance of 3 km from him Eka-te-ri-ninsky monastery (1894, closed in the 1920s); ex. women's Kromskaya Pre-techen-skaya community in the village of Po-sosh-ki (now not the village of Krasnaya Za-rya; since 1879, closed in the 1920s years; cathedral 1879-1887, blown up in the 1970s). Among the preserved wooden churches: St. Elijah the Prophet in the village of Kho-tynets (presumably the end of the 18th century; -re-ne-se-na from the village of Il-in-skoye in 1936), Spa-so-Pre-ob-ra-zhen-skaya with an 8-sided top in the village of Lav-ro-vo ( 1874). Representatives of other religions and denominations were built almost exclusively in Or-le: church (1859-1862, sne-se-na in the 1930s), Catholic kos-tel Ne-po-roch-no-go for-cha-tia of the Virgin Mary (1860-1864), si-na -go-ha (1909-1911, architect F.V. Gav-ri-lov).

From the construction site of the 2nd half of the 19th - early 20th centuries, the following estates were preserved: G.E. Shvartsa in the village of Bely Ko-lo-dez 1st (church-mav-zo-ley, residential and economic buildings, train station before-la-gav -shay narrow railway road, wine factory; all - 3rd quarter of the 19th century), Mi-lo-ra-do-vi -whose in the village of Uporo-roy (residential house - 1865), Su-ma-ro-ko-vykh in the village of Verkhneye Alyab-e-vo (the main house in the spirit of the late class -tsiz-ma, 2 fly-ge-la, ruins of the church, all 1870-1890s), Su-ho-ti-nykh in the village of Ko-che-ty (os-tat-ki do- ma, konyush-nya, etc., 2nd half of the 19th century), Tyut-che-vykh in the village of Khot-ko-vo (main house, 1886; konyush-nya), Tin-ko-vykh in the village of Bash-ka-to-vo (a residential building, a church in honor of the Tolg-skaya icon of God Ma-te-ri), Ple-shche-vykh in the village of Bolshaya Chern (fly-gel , 2 buildings ko-nu-shen and others, 1896-1903), bo-ta-ni-ka V.N. Hit-ro-vo in the village of Mu-ra-to-vo (a residential building of the early 20th century), etc.; only the parks were kept from A.A. Fe-ta in the place of Ste-pa-nov-ka (when-about-re-te-but pi-sa-te-lem in 1860) and Count N.D. Os-ten-Sa-ke-na in the village of Star-tse-vo.

In the spirit of neo-go-ti-ki, they were built: the building of sa-har-no-go for-vo-da V.P. Okhot-ni-ko-va in the village of Yakov-ka (So-snov-ka; the so-called Okhot-ni-kov castle, 1864), stud farm V.N. Te-le-gi-na in the village of Kru-toe (1872-1882), house of F.F. Praise-worthy in Or-le (1893-1895, architect S.N. Popov, built in 1944). Among the monuments of industrial architecture: the railway station in Mtsensk (1868), a 5-story flour mill merchants of Ada-mov in the village of Us-pen-skoye (1873); windmill in the village of Les-ki (late 19th - early 20th centuries, built in the 1990s-2000s). In the style of modern sod, the se-lek-tsi-on-ny and meteorological corps of the agricultural station were built in the aftermath of Sha-ti-lo-vo ( 1896-1900, architect P.L. Levin), building of the Northern Bank (architect A.A. Khimets), mansion of L.I. Pu-schi-na (1911, blown up in 2007; both in Or-le). In non-Russian style - the estate of V.N. and N.V. Te-le-gi-nykh "So-fi-ev-ka" in the village of Zlyn with the main house (1911, architect A.A. Khi-mets) and a horse farm (4 buildings -sa ko-nu-shen, vet-le-cheb-ni-tsa, ip-po-drome, 8-sided tower-nya-ko-lo-dets, all 1903-1911, now not Zlyn-; skiy ko-ne-za-vod).

After 1917, in the style of kon-st-ruk-ti-viz-ma, the following were built in Or-le: the Tek-mash club (1928-1930, architect L. D. Lukyanov), House of the commune on Promysh-lennaya Square (1932, not preserved); in 1931, the Orlovsky city House of Culture was founded (architect A.S. To-dorov; re-built in 1954-1958, architect V.V. Ov-chin-ni-kov). In the style of Soviet neo-klass-si-tsiz-ma: en-ensemble of the Vok-hall square with the buildings of the railway station (1949-1955, architect S.A. Mkhi -ta-ryan), House of Communications (1950-1951, ar-hi-tech-to-ry A.A. Zu-bin, S.S. Ozhe-gov, A.S. Murav-ev ) and other construction projects in Or-le. Among the buildings of the 1970-1980s is the Dramatic Academic Theater named after I.S. Tur-ge-ne-va in Or-le (1975, ar-hi-tek-to-ry B.E. Me-zen-tsev, M. Ma-de-ra-Ga-lan, etc.), House Council in Mtsensk (1981, architect Yu.V. Ko-zy-rev).

In the 1930s-1980s, many monuments of ar-hi-tech-tu-ry, especially churches, were destroyed; in Bol-ho-ve-sne-se-no more churches, in Liv-nakh - about 70%, in Dmit-rovsk and Kromy - all except one in every house in the city. Since the 1990s, the mo-na-sty-ri has been restored: Uspensky men’s in Or-le (founded in 1680; up- divided in 1819, restored in 1996; Assumption Church, 1999-2002, architect M.B. Women's school in Or-le (opened in 1686, closed in 1923, re-established in 1995). New churches were built: St. Nicholas in the village of Kho-tynets (1995-1998), Uspenskaya in the village of Uspen-skoye (1995-2000) , Vos-kre-sen-skaya in Or-le (1997-2001), Holy Apostles Peter and Paul in the village of Kolp-na, St. Pan-te-lei-mo-na in the village of Ple-shche-vo (2003-2007, all - architect Sko-ro-bo-ga-tov), ​​Kazan-skaya in the village of Ot-ra-din-skoye (2003-2009), in honor icons of God Ma-te-ri “Spo-ri-tel-ni-tsa of bread” in the village of Alesh-nya (2004-2008), Ar-khan-ge-la Mi-hai- la in Ma-lo-ar-khan-gel-sk (2005), Po-krov-skaya in the village of Po-krov-skoye, Voz-ne-sen-skaya in the village of Zmi-yov-ka, Bo-go-yav -len-skaya in the village of Za-le-goshch (2nd half of the 2000s), Tro-its-kaya in the village of No-vo-dmit-rov-ka (2007-2009, architect G.F. Sen -chuk), Kazan-skaya in the village of Yakov-le-vo (2007-2012), etc.; wooden tents in the village of Streletsky (2006-2009), in the village of Kor-sun (2007). Since 2009, a monastery has been established in the name of the holy martyr John Kuk-shi in the village of Fro-lov-ka (Vos-Kre-senskaya Church, 2009-2012).

Fine art in the Oryol region was influenced by neighboring regions. From the 17th-18th centuries, wooden carvings developed (image of Niko-la Mo-zhai from the Niko-lo-Gon-char-Church in Bolshoi) Ho-ve, XVII-XVIII centuries, Orlovsky Regional History Museum), in the 19th century a local icon-no-pi-sa-nie (mas-ter-skaya) appeared at the arch-khie-rei-sky house in Or-le, the artist is hi-ro-monah Iri-narch Or-lovsky). In the 2nd half of the 19th - early 20th centuries, the living scribes V.G. Schwartz, A.D. Li-tov-chen-ko, G.G. Meat-so-eaters, R.K. Zhukovsky, S.A. Vi-no-gradov, in the 1st half of the 20th century - N.I. Strun-ni-kov, K.S. An-d-ro-sov, N.N. Morevsky, stage designer V.A. Shes-ta-kov; since the 1950s - V.A. Dud-chen-ko, L.I. Kur-na-kov (monument “Big-shaya pi-ra-mi-da” in the village of Kriv-tso-vo, 1970), A.I. Kur-na-kov (dio-ra-ma in the museum “Or-lov-skaya on-stu-pa-tel-naya operation” in Or-le, 1983). Among the hu-dojs of the 1960-1970s - M.S. Khab-len-ko, K.V. and L.N. By-lin-ko, I.G. Stepa-nov, stage-graphers A.G. No-vi-kov, M.A. Rokhlin, sculptor V.P. Ba-sa-rev, also V.V. Ani-si-mov, N.A. Bo-ro-din, E.I. Galak-tio-nov, S.Ya. De-min, G.D. Kal-ma-khelid-ze, N.I. Rym-shin, N.Ya. Si-la-ev, M.A. Shu-ra-ev. Once-vi-kru-in-ple-te-nie (ma-nu-fak-tu-ra Pro-ta-so-howl near Mtsensk, 19th century; princess cru-zhev-nits school A.D. Te-ni-she-voy, opened in 1899), embroidery (factory in the village of Dom-ni-no), wool production no-thief-with-carpets (factory in the village of Zo-lo-ta-re-vo).

Music

The basis of the musical folklore of the Oryol region is the western, central and southern Russian traditions. Among the leading folklore collections: Spas-sko-Lu-to-vi-novsky folk choir (1950), ensemble of the village of Chi-chi-ri- but Za-le-go-shchen-sky district (1957), “Li-ven-skie gar-mosh-ki” (Liv-ny, 1964), “Ka-li-no-vy sa-dok” ( village of Il-in-skoye, Kho-tynets-ko-go district, 1991), ensemble of the village of Za-dush-noye, No-vo-sil-ko-go district (2000), ensemble of Russian song “Mtsensk Dawns” (Mtsensk).

In the private public theater of Count S.M. Ka-men-sko-go in Or-le (opened in 1815), along with dramatic spec-so-la-mi, there were operas and ba-le-you. From the beginning of the 1860s, musical and concert life actively developed in the Oryol province, its centers were created in 1861 year in Or-le music store V.F. Gen-che-la and Phil-lar-mon-nichesky society (pre-she-st-ven-nick of the modern Phil-lar-mo-nii). In 1877-1917, the Orlovsky branch of the IRMO worked; in Or-le, Liv-nah ga-st-ro-li-ro-va-li N.G. Ru-bin-stein and other mu-zy-can-you from Moscow and St. Petersburg. Opened in 1877, the music classes (school) of Orlovsky from the IRMO department are one of the oldest musical educational institutions. niya of the Russian province. At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries in Or-le, there were organ concerts in the Lu-the-ran church (the organ of the Walcker company was us-ta-nov-len in 1891; not preserved) and kos-te-le (organ not preserved). A significant contribution to the development of the musical culture of the Oryol region at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries was made by the violinist A.F. Arends, pianist A.I. Gal-li, violon-che-list and conductor N.N. Kedrin, organist A.F. Mo-ro-call. In 1898, were A.B.’s music classes open? Gav-ron-sko-go. From the beginning of the 1900s until 1921, there were many Czech musicians in Or-le ra-bo-ta-lo, among whom was F.V. Zi-ka; you stepped on a string quartet.

In 1919, former music classes of the IRMO in Or-le were transferred to the Pro-le-tar consulate, then to the music. technical godfather, who in 1932 once joined the technical godfather (since 1944, the Regional Music College, since 2007, college; with it - Museum of the History of Musical Culture of the Oryol region, 2002) and a school (now not music school No. 1 named after Vas.S. Ka-lin-ni- ko-va, with her - Ka-lin-ni-ko-va Museum, 1966). Concert life, since 1920, under the So-ra-bi-su (Union of Arts Workers), in the 1920-1930s it was ori-en-ti-ro-va-na for the development of musical sa-mo-de-tel-no-sti. In 1933, in Or-le-pro-ve-de-ny, there was a city musical work conference, a city “competition for young people.” In 1939, the Ob-la-st-naya fi-lar-mo-niya was founded.

Now-not func-tsio-ni-ru-yut (all in Or-le): Gu-ber-na-tor-sky symphonic orchestra (modern status and name since 2001), Gu -Ber-na-Tor-sky chamber choir “LIK” (first-in-the-first choir of the Church of St. Nicholas in the village of Kromy, re-ve-den in Orel , since 1997 mu-ni-tsi-pal-ny; modern name since 2004), String quartet; Orlovsky Russian folk choir trade union (1961), Choir of the regional Center for folk art (since 1970 at the regional center Ho-ro-vom society, modern name since 1992). In Or-le there is an open regional competition of pianists (since 1997) and vo-ka-listov (since 2005) named after you. WITH. Ka-lin-ni-ko-va (since 2010, inter-du-na-rod-ny). Fes-ti-va-li: in Or-le - “Ro-zh-de-st-Ven-skie musical parties” (regional, yearly since 1999) , “Orlovskaya Musical Autumn” (regional, since 2003, annual), international re-movement “Jaz-zo-vaya” pro-vin-tion" (2011); in the village of Zhud-ryo Kho-tynets-ko-go district - “Tro-its-kie ho-ro-vo-dy in the Or-lovsky Po-lesie” (since 1999; first- at the beginning of the region, now not in-between).

Theater

Theatrical life from the middle in the regional center. The oldest on the territory of the las-ti region, the Orlovsky Dramatic Theatre, traces its history back to the Kre-po-st-troupe. py graph S.M. Ka-men-sko-go. The theater opened in 1815. Here is the game-ra-la ta-lant-li-vaya kre-po-st-naya ak-tri-sa S. Kuz-mi-na, whose fate served as the plot point -new howl in weight A.I. Her-tse-na “So-ro-ka-vo-drov-ka.” On-chi-naya since 1843 in the city of ra-bo-ta-li various an-tre-pre-ny-ry. In 1862, a stone theater building was built. On the stage-not te-at-ra ra-bo-ta-li and ga-st-ro-li-ro-va-li: M.S. Shchep-kin, P.S. Mo-cha-lov, N.Kh. Ry-ba-kov (see Ry-ba-ko-you), P.A. Stre-pe-to-va, M.G. Sa-vi-na, M.N. Er-mo-lo-va, G.N. Fe-do-to-va, M.M. Tar-kha-nov, A.I. Yuzhin-Sum-ba-tov, P.N. Or-le-nev; de-bu-ti-ro-va-li V.N. Yes-you-dov and S.L. Kuznetsov. Since 1936, the corpse-pa has become a hundred-yang, since 1949 the theater no-sit name I.S. Tur-ge-ne-va, since 1996 aka-de-mi-che-sky. In 1992, a unique Museum of the History of the Orlovsky Scene was opened with the re-creation of the theater in the mini-nia-tyu-re. fa S.M. Ka-men-sko-go. Ak-ty-ry and re-zhis-syo-ry (in different years): O.A. Karinskaya, E.A. Kar-po-va, T.D. Ku-che-ren-ko-Emel-ya-no-va, E.V. Velskaya, S.I. Popov, T.E. Po-po-va, B.A. Bo-ri-sov, S.P. Kozlov, L.Yu. Moi-se-ev, P.S. Vo-rob-ev, V.V. Ko-va-len-ko, V.A. Fro-lov, M.N. Ko-le-so-va, L.N. Ma-ka-ro-va, A.N. Ma-ka-rov, A.A. Moi-see-va, N.V. Alek-see-va, A.V. Mak-si-mov, V.V. Mi-ro-nov, E.E. Shi-ba-ev, B.N. Go-lu-bits-kiy (artistic director in 1987-2012).

Further reading:

Pyasetskiy G.M. History of the Oryol diocese and description of churches, parishes and monasteries. Orel, 1899;

Is-to-ri-che-skoe description of churches, parishes and monasteries of the Oryol diocese. Orel, 1905. T. 1;

Nikolskaya T.N. Kul-tu-ra people of Bas-sey-on the Upper Oka in the 1st millennium AD. e. M., 1959;

she is the same. Whose land. M., 1981;

she is the same. The city of Slo-bod-ka XII-XIII centuries. M., 1987;

Orlovskaya region. Is-to-ri-ko-eco-no-mi-che-sky essay. 2nd ed. Tu-la, 1977;

Pluzh-ni-kov V.I. Volumetric compositions of cultural buildings in the Oryol region // Memories of Russian art-hi-tech tu-ry and mo-nu-men-tal-no-go is-kus-st-va. M., 1980;

Fe-do-rov S.I. Ar-hi-tech-tur-ry images of Or-lov-schi-ny. Tu-la, 1982;

aka. For-pis-ki ar-hi-tek-to-ra. Tu-la, 1987;

Orlovskaya region. Ka-ta-log pa-myat-ni-kov ar-hi-tek-tu-ry. M., 1985;

Ar-heo-lo-gi-che-skaya map of Russia. Orlovskaya region. M., 1992;

My Lu-ko-mor-rye: Kul-tu-ra and art-art of the Or-lov-o-las-ti. Orel, 1997;

Natural riches of the Orlov region. Orel, 1997;

Ro-ma-shov V.M., Ne-de-lin V.M. Ar-hi-tech-tour-ancients of Or-lov-schi-ny. Eagle, 1998-2009. Book 1-2;

Geography of the Oryol region. Orel, 1999; At-las Or-lov-skoy region. M., 2000;

Tikhiy V.I. Eco-no-mi-che-skaya and so-ci-al-naya geography of the Or-lov-las-ti region. Orel, 2000;

Ne-de-lin V.M. Mo-nar-hi-che-memories of the Oryol land // Archives of Heritage - 2000. M., 2001;

aka. Eagle from the beginning, XVI-XVIII centuries. Orel, 2001;

aka. Bol-khov in the second half of the 16th - early 20th centuries. // Ar-hi-tech-tour-on-the-study. M., 2010. Issue. 53;

Or-lov-skie hu-dozh-ni-ki on ru-be-same centuries: 1939-1999. Album. Orel, 2001;

Ho-lo-do-va E.V. Architects of the Kursk region of the 17th-21st centuries. Kursk, 2003;

State and protection of the environment in the Oryol region in 2003. Document. Orel, 2004;

Ko-mo-va M.A. Official church life-writing and icon-writing work in Or-le in the 19th century. on the basis of written sources // Orlovsky State. univer-si-tet. Academic notes. 2005. T. 3. Issue. 3;

Vlasov V.A. Or-lov-skie es-ki-zy. Orel, 2006;

Kras-no-shche-ko-va S.D., Kras-nitskiy L.N. Archeo-logia of the Orlov region. Orel, 2006.

2013 marks the 400th anniversary of the House of Romanov.

Since ancient times, the territory of the Oryol province and the regions adjacent to it have been closely connected by their historical roots with representatives of the princely, grand-ducal and royal families who became famous and glorified the lands in the upper reaches of the Oka. Many cities and towns received their names from the Vyatichi princes Khotynets, Korac, Radko, Khodota, Boryat, Gordeya, Zhdan, Skryab, Teshan, Khota, Dobrodeya, etc. And some settlements that existed from ancient times gave their names to a number of famous families: the city. Novosil - to the princes of Novosilsky, the city of Vorotynsk-old (now the village of Vorotyntsevo on the Zusha River, a few kilometers from Novosil) - to the princes of Vorotynsky, the city of Zvenigorod, according to V.  M. Nedelina, once located near Orel on the river. Nepolod,  - to the princes of Zvenigorod, the ancient cities of the Vyatichi Karachev and Bryansk gave the name to the princes of Karachev and Bryansk. During the devastation of Chernigov by the Tatars, the capital of the Chernigov-Bryansk principality was movedVgreatTOPrince Roman of Bryansk, father of the Holy Prince Oleg of Bryansk, to Bryansk, to lands that suffered less from the Horde. The Principality at that moment laid claim to the role of one of the centers of consolidation of Rus'.

The city of Trubchevsk marked the beginning of the families of princes Trubchevsky and Trubetskoy. Their ancestor is considered to be the Grand Duke of Trubchevsky, Bryansk and Novgorod-Seversky Koribut Olgerdovich, in holy baptism Demetrius,  - son of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Olgerd and cousin of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas.

Grand Duke Dmitry joined Moscow and took part in the Battle of Kulikovo, and also owned the city of Pereyaslavl-Zalessky. From his marriage to the daughter of the Grand Duke of Ryazan, Oleg had six sons. This union marked the beginning of many famous not only Russian, but Lithuanian and Polish families of the Voronetsky, Zbarozhsky, Poretsky and Vishnevetsky. At the end of the 16th century, the Vishnevetsky princes were related to the Gospodars of Moldavia and Wallachia Graves. The son of the Lord of Moldova Simeon, Metropolitan of Kiev Peter Mogila, became a famous church figure in the 17th century. Ivan Vishnevetsky was the first hetman of the Zaporozhye Cossacks in the 16th century. Prince Dmitry Vishnevetsky owned lands near Belev from 1557 to 1562. One of the Vishnevetskys, Prince Jeremiah, became the worst enemy of the Cossacks in the struggle for the independence of Ukraine. In 1667, Mikhail Koribut Vishnewiecki was elected king of Poland.

From the marriage of the daughter of the Grand Duke Trubchevsky, Maria Koributovna, with the prince of Novosilsky and Odoevsky Fyodor in 1442, a branch of the princes of Vorotyn and Przemysl descended. Prince Fyodor's grandfather Simeon and his uncle Stefan - the Novosilsky princes - were heroes of the Battle of Kulikovo. By the way, the mother of St. Prince Dmitry Donskoy was born Princess Bryansk. The hero of the Battle of Kulikovo, monk Alexander Peresvet, came from the Bryansk boyars.

By the end of the 14th - beginning of the 15th century, after the collapse of the Chernigov-Bryansk principality, the Novosilsky princes became the eldest in the family of the Chernigov princes, and therefore were the eldest princely branch among all the Rurikovichs.

Most of the princes who had appanages on the territory of the Verkhovsky principalities of Novosilsky, Karachevsky and Tarussky houses came from 12-16 tribes from the legendary Rurik, being descendants of the prince of Kyiv and Chernigov Svyatoslav Yaroslavich, the son of Yaroslav the Wise, known for inflicting the first serious defeat at Slavsk in 1068 to the Polovtsians and laid the foundation of the main temple of the Kiev Pechersk Monastery - the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary under Abbot Theodosius in 1075.

The great-great-great-grandson of Prince Svyatoslav Yaroslavich, Holy Prince Mikhail of Chernigov, died at the headquarters of Batu Khan in the Horde on September 20, 1246, refusing to accept pagan rites and worship idols. He became the founder of the senior branch of the Rurik root princes, whose seniority was inherited by his five sons. The eldest son Rostislav settled in Hungary and married the daughter of King Bela Anna.

The second son, Roman Bryansky, the founder of the powerful Chernigov-Bryansk principality, through two sons who settled in Poland, laid the foundation for the family of the Osovetsky princes.

From the third son, Prince Simeon of Novosilsky and Glukhovsky, came the families of the princes Novosilsky, Belevsky, Odoevsky, Vorotynsky and Przemysl.

From the fourth son, Prince Mstislav Karachevsky, came the families of the princes Mosalsky, Khotetovsky, Zvenigorodsky, Kozelsky, Bolkhovsky, Yeletsky and Gorchakov.

The fifth son, Yuri Mikhailovich Torussky, became the founder of the families of the princes of Torussky, Mezetsky, Baryatinsky, Volkonsky and other noble families.

Many representatives and descendants of these families left their mark in the following centuries on Oryol land.

On the territory of the Oryol province, in addition to the princes of Novosilsky and Vorotynsky, Bryansky and Trubchevsky, the princes of the Karachevsky house had appanages. Princes Ivan Mstislavovich, nicknamed Khotet, in the 16th generation from Rurik, gave the name to the Khotetovsky princes. Prince of Zvenigorod Titus Mstislavovich, from 1339 Prince of Kozelsky, had sons: Svyatoslav Karachevsky, who was married to the daughter of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Theodora Olgerdovna; Ivan Kozelsky, whose son Fedor, having married the daughter of Prince Oleg of Ryazan, received the city of Yelets as an inheritance and laid the foundation for the family of princes Yelets, participated in the Battle of Kulikovo, died during the defense of the city of Yelets from the troops of Tamerlane; Prince Adrian Titovich of Zvenigorod, married to the daughter of the Lithuanian prince Gamant (according to other sources, Heydemin), who gave Zvenigorod to his eldest son Fedor, who defeated the Tatars in 1377, and to the younger Ivan, nicknamed Bolkh, the city of Bolkhov, who, in turn, gave his surname to the princes of Bolkhov.

In 1408, the princes of Zvenigorod, Khotetovsky, Belevsky, Seversky, led by Prince Svidrigailo, left their lands and went to Moscow.

In the service of the Moscow Grand Dukes and Tsars, the princes of Zvenigorod, Khotetov and Bolkhov served as governors, okolnichy, steward, and ambassadors. From the princes of Zvenigorod came the Moscow nobles Ryumin, Tokmakov, and prince Nozdrevaty. Princess Maria Vasilievna Nozdrevataya, after the death of her first husband, Prince Dmitry Petrovich Yeletsky, married Prince Vladimir Timofeevich Dolgorukov, from whom she gave birth to a daughter, who became the Tsarina, the first wife of Tsar Mikhail Feodorovich Romanov. The branches of the princes of Zvenigorod, Khotetovsky, Novosilsky, Vorotynsky, Yeletsky and Bolkhovsky were cut short in the 17th and 18th centuries.

INAndhistory of the families of the Russian nobility for 1886 in the first volume, among the 339 nicknames of princes and nobles in the section of the families of princes, considered to this day to be descended from Rurik, among the five surnames the Bolkhovsky family is mentioned, about which it is said: “That there are persons called the Bolkhov princes, in particular nobles Bologovskys, but unable to document their origin. However, in previous generations no one doubted the continuation of this family.”

One of the last representatives of the family was the abbess of the Kazan Mother of God Monastery, Princess Sofya Borisovna Bolkhovskaya.

A well-known figure from the era of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, the governor, Prince Semyon Dmitrievich Bolkhovskoy, by royal decree, went to Siberia at the head of a detachment of archers together with Ermak Timofeevich’s associate Ivan Koltso for its final conquest. Leaving Moscow in 1582, he reached the Stroganovs and sailed from them along the Chusovaya River. I reached Psker only towards the end of 1583. Having united with the Cossacks, he repelled attacks from local tribes. In 1584 he died of hunger and scurvy.

In 1869, Prince Vladimir Fedorovich Odoevsky died (he ended the line of the Odoevsky princes, descended from the Novosilsky princes), the last descendant in the male line.

In addition to the natural princes, the Oryol region owes its very history and emergence as a territorial unit of the Russian state to the will of the Russian sovereigns, who often visited these lands and actively took part in their improvement. The Oryol province was formed in fact almost entirely within the boundaries of the Zvenigorod, Bolkhov, Khotetovsky, Bryansk, Trubchevsky, Karachevsky, Eletsk principalities of the previously existing appanage principalities. (The Novosilsk principality lasted the longest. According to various sources, it was abolished in the period from 1562 to 1578.)

A new stage in the history of the Oryol province began under Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible and his son Tsar Theodore Ioannovich. In 1566, Tsar John Vasilyevich visited the city of Bolkhov, rewarding the governors Ivan the Golden and Vasily Kashin, who repelled the 12-day siege of the city by the Crimean Khan Devlet-Girey. In the same year, the Oryol fortress was founded.

In the book V.  M. Nedelin “The Original Eagle” mentions the boyar Ivan Ivanovich Godunov, who was one of the few boyars in Orel under the governor Sheremetyev who did not take the oath to the impostor.

On the one hand, how could it be that close relatives of Tsar Boris found themselves at that time on the very outskirts of the Moscow state? This can be explained by the fact that Ivan Ivanovich Godunov, the son of boyar Fyodor Ivanovich, was married to the daughter of boyar Nikita Romanov, Irina. After the accession of Boris Godunov, most of the Romanovs, except for Irina Godunova and the boyar Ivan Nikitich (Kashi), were exiled or imprisoned in different parts of Russia, where most of them died or were killed. The disgrace apparently affected the Godunov branch, who became related to the Romanovs.

Irina Nikitichna Godunova, who is the niece of the last Tsar from the Rurikovich family, Fyodor Ivanovich, the son of Tsar John IV, the sister of Patriarch Philaret and the aunt of the first Tsar from the Romanov family, Mikhail Feodorovich, outlived all her relatives. Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich named his first daughter Irina in honor of his aunt Irina Nikitichna Godunova, and at the wedding of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich on January 16, 1648, she was the matron.

The bride of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich was Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya, the daughter of a poor nobleman Ilya Danilovich Miloslavsky, who owned the village of Ilinskoye near Bolkhov, whose ancestors came from Veliky Novgorod.ToDuchy of Lithuania. In 1390, Vyacheslav Sigismundovich, as part of the retinue of Sofia Vitovtovna, the bride of Grand Duke Vasily I, arrived in Moscow, his grandson Fyodor Terentyevich took the name Miloslavsky. Ilya Danilovich himself began his service as a steward, helmsmannOsolsky order, then was ambassador to Constantinople and Holland. After his daughter’s wedding, he was made a boyar. 10 days after the royal wedding, his second daughter Anna married the Tsar’s tutor, boyar Boris Ivanovich Morozov.

The Tsar's father-in-law and many of his relatives, the Miloslavskys, Pleshcheevs, Trakhonitovs, and Sakovnins, were close to the throne and were participants in many events of that time: the Salt and Copper riots, numerous wars, the Church schism, the suppression of the uprising of Stepan Razin, the mutinies of the Streltsy, and intra-dynastic struggle.

A year after the marriage of boyar B.  AND. Morozova on A.  AND. Miloslavskaya, his younger brother Gleb Ivanovich married a relative of the Miloslavskys, Feodosia Prokopyevna Sakovnina, daughter of the Tsarina’s butler Prokopiy Fedorovich Sakovnin. Subsequently, the noblewoman Morozova, in the nuns of Theodora, became one of the main opponents of the church reforms of Patriarch Nikon. To this day, she and her sister, Princess Urusova, are revered by Old Believers as martyrs. For a long time they were saved from repression by the intercession of Tsarina Maria Ilyinichna until her death in 1669.

However, the Queen, due to her natural kindness, was the intercessor of many, including Patriarch Nikon, who was deposed in 1666 by the Church Council.

The marriage of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich with Tsarina Maria Ilyinichna lasted 31 years, was distinguished by modesty and kindness, and turned out to be happy. The couple had 13 children, five died in childhood, and three more did not live to adulthood.

A year earlier, in 1668, the boyar Ilya Danilovich Miloslavsky died, buried on the territory of the Bolkhov Optina Monastery, in the crypt-tomb of the Miloslavskys, which he had built earlier, where the coffins with the remains of all the Miloslavskys were transferred.

The death of the Tsarina was used to his advantage by Stepan Razin. At the Cossack circle, he blamed the sovereign's enemies for the death of Tsarina Maria Ilyinichna and Tsarevichs Alexei and Simeon, who died in 1670 and 1669. The uprising took place under the monarchist flag of Tsarevich Alexei, who allegedly escaped from Moscow. The role of impostors was played alternately by Prince Andrei Cherkassky, who was captured by the Razins during the capture of Astrakhan, and the Don Cossack Maxim Osipov. The first city that Razin’s troops could not take on the Volga was Simbirsk; it was defended by the governor Ivan Miloslavsky for a month, until the approach of the tsarist troops of Prince Baryatinsky. After the execution of Stepan Razin on June 6, 1670, boyar Miloslavsky and his army were sent to Astrakhan to pacify the remaining rebels. When the city was surrendered on November 27, 1670, no one was executed for a year.

After the second marriage of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich to Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina in 1671, new favorites at courtmThe close boyar Artamon Matveev, uncle and educator of the new Tsarina, and her relatives the Naryshkins became the Tsar of Oskov. Many Miloslavskys were sent by governors to distant cities. In the book V.  M. Nedelin “The Original Eagle” is a description of the Oryol courtyards of the boyars Ivan Mikhailovich Miloslavsky and Bogdan Matveevich Khitrovo - Matveev’s worst enemies. And near Bolkhov, Ivan Mikhailovich after the death of his uncle I.  D. Miloslavsky crossed the village of Ilyinskoye, where he was farming at that time.

Unlike the Miloslavskys and numerous royal relatives, who were distinguished by their adherence to the old Russian and Moscow foundations, monastic views and piety, Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna and her teacher, boyar A.  WITH. Matveev, who became the Tsar’s closest friend and adviser, were admirers of Western European fashion and traditions.

The hostility of the older branch of the Romanov-Miloslavskys towards the younger - from the Naryshkins - largely influenced the course of events and history. The struggle between the two clans lasted for almost a hundred years and ended with the victory of the younger branch.

After the death of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in 1675, his 14-year-old son Feodor Alekseevich became Tsar. His cousin, boyar Ivan Mikhailovich Miloslavsky, was called in as his tutor.

After some time, Artamon Sergeevich Matveev was accused of witchcraft and a passion for cabalism, deprived of all titles, all estates and estates and exiled to Pustozersk. The investigation was led by boyar Ivan Bogdanovich Miloslavsky. The Tsarina's two brothers, Ivan and Afanasy Naryshkin, were exiled to Ryazhsk. The Tsarina herself, together with her son Tsarevich Peter, was removed to the village of Preobrazhenskoye.

Under Tsar Feodor Alekseevich, during the short 6-year period of his reign, a number of transformations were carried out: localism was abolished, councils of church and military people were convened, and church reforms continued. In 1681, Archbishoprics were established, the center of one of which should have been the city of Bolkhov. According to the decree, it included the cities of Mtsensk, Novosil, Orel, Kromy, Karachev.

The death of the Tsar in 1681 did not allow his plans to create the Bolkhov diocese in the homeland of his maternal relatives to be realized. The Tsar named his only son, who lived only a few days from his marriage to Agafia Semyonovna Grushetskaya, Ilya in memory of his grandfather Ilya Danilovich Miloslavsky, who was buried in Bolkhov.

For his second marriage, the Tsar married his goddaughter A.  WITH. Matveeva Marfa Matveevna Apraksina. A few months after the wedding, the Matveevs and Naryshkins were returned from exile. Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich treated his godson Tsarevich Peter with love. A small pond was dug in Izmailovo, where the five-year-old future Tsar had the opportunity to sail on a small boat. On April 27, 1682, Tsar Fedor Alekseevich died. Under pressure from the Naryshkins, the Zemsky Sobor, with Patriarch Jokim presiding over it, elected Peter I Alekseevich Tsar. But soon the Miloslavskys, boyar Ivan Mikhailovich, Tsarevna Sofya Alekseevna, with the support of the archers led by Prince Khovansky, restored the birthright of Tsarevich John. As a result of the coup in Moscow, boyar Matveev, the Naryshkin brothers and many of their supporters were killed. I.’s nephew and adjutant played an active role in these events.  M. Miloslavsky Pyotr Andreevich Tolstoy, founder of the line of Count Tolstoys. (Later, already under Emperor Peter I, he made a successful career as a diplomat and senator, being one of the people closest to Peter, despite his previous orientation towards the Miloslavskys. He led the search and trial of Tsarevich Alexei. Under Catherine I, he was a member of the Supreme Privy Council .)

On May 26, 1682, the coronation of two Tsars took place simultaneously - John V and Peter I under the regent Princess Sofya Alekseevna. Tsar John V Alekseevich was crowned king as the last of the Russian Tsars with the famous Monomakh cap, Tsar Peter I Alekseevich was sewn with the cap of the second outfit. When Tsar Peter came of age and his marriage in 1689 to Evdokia Lopukhina, Princess Sophia tried to organize a coup with the help of the archers, which failed, and she herself was sent to the Novodevichy Convent. In 1696, Tsar John V died, and Tsar Peter I began to rule alone.

After the Streltsy riot of 1698, many Miloslavskys fell into disgrace and imprisonment: Princesses Sophia, Martha, Maria.

The persecution did not affect only Princess Feodosia Alekseevna, who died in 1713 and was buried in the Assumption Monastery next to her sister Martha.

Tsar Peter treated the family of his late brother and co-ruler Tsar John V most favorably, with whom he maintained warm relations, despite the clan war between the Naryshkins and Miloslavskys. The three orphaned daughters of Tsar John - Catherine, Anna and Praskovya - lived in the village. Izmailovo together with his mother Tsarina Praskovya Feodorovna (nee Saltykova). In 1708, they moved to the new capital of Emperor Peter, they revered him not only as an uncle, but also as a father, calling him father-uncle.

In 1705, Peter I and Tsarevich Alexei visited the Miloslavsky estate - the city of Bolkhov. According to the Tsar's decree, there was ordered to be an Archimandry in the Trinity Optina Monastery.

In 1710, Peter married the middle daughter of Tsar John Alekseevich, Anna, to the nephew of the Prussian king Frederick I, Duke of Courland Frederick-Wilhelm. Anna's older sister Ekaterina was extradited to  1716   yearfor the Duke of Meglenburg-Schwerin Karl-Leopold from a family descended from the leader of the Baltic Slavs Nekloth.

Just two months after the wedding, the Duchess of Courland Anna was widowed, and Catherine returned to Russia six years later with her four-year-old daughter, who in Orthodoxy took the name Anna, named after her aunt Anna Ioannovna. After the unexpected death of Emperor Peter II, the Duchess of Courland Anna Ioannovna received an offer from the Supreme Privy Council to take the Russian throne. Largely under the pressure of her sister Catherine, Anna was crowned king on April 28, 1730. Empress Anna Ioannovna was the last purebred Russian Empress, although it is generally accepted that during her reign Russia suffered from German domination. This established stereotype is not entirely true, since the majority of the Germans who then served the Russian state appeared in previous years, even under Tsars Alexei Mikhailovich and Peter I. News of the birth of a son, John, to his niece Anna Leopoldovna (daughter of Catherine Ioannovna) from Prince Anton Ulrich of Brunswick Empress Anna Ioannovna was greeted with relief: the throne remained with her closest relatives - the senior line of the Romanov-Miloslavskys. Four months after the birth of the heir to the throne, on January 23, 1740, she died. The infant John VI Antonovich, named after his great-grandfather Tsar John V Alekseevich, was proclaimed Emperor of All Russia under two regents - Biron and mother Anna Leopoldovna. He remained on the throne for only one year, and spent the rest of his life in prison. After the coup carried out by Peter I's daughter Elizabeth, the baby and his parents were exiled. In fact, Elizabeth usurped the throne, since Ivan Antonovich received the throne according to the will of Empress Anna Ioannovna in accordance with Peter’s Charter on succession to the throne. Emperor John VI is one of the tragic figures of Russian history.

In 1764, during an attempt to free the Emperor, lieutenant of the Smolensk regiment V.  I. Mirovich in the Shlisselburg fortress Ioann Antonovich was stabbed to death by the guards guarding him. For a long time, in the eyes of the people, he was revered as a martyr for a just cause. His parents, mother Anna Leopoldovna and father Anton Ulrich, died in exile in Kholmogory. The brothers and sisters of Emperor John VI - Peter, Alexei, Elizabeth, Catherine - were released by Empress Catherine II at the beginning of 1780 and sent to Denmark to their aunt, Queen Juliana-Marianna. The small town of Horens was chosen as their place of residence, where they lived until their death and where they were buried in the local Lutheran church, but according to the Orthodox rite. The last to die was the eldest of the sisters, Ekaterina Antonovna, in 1807. She was the last representative of the Royal branch of the Romanovs through the female line of the Miloslavskys. In Bolkhov itself, places associated with the history of the Royal family have been preserved: the tomb of the Miloslavskys, the Trinity Optin Monastery, the Trinity Cathedral, built at the expense of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and Tsarina Maria Ilinichna, the Transfiguration Cathedral, donations for which were made by Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, Tsarevna Sophia, Kings John V and Peter I.

Cathedral BuilderbOlkhovsky governor Ivan Ivanovich Rzhevsky (ancestor of A.  WITH. Pushkin), a descendant of the princes of Smolensk, who died during the defense of Chigirin from the Turks in 1678, married to S.A. Miloslavskaya, tonsured a nun with the name Solomonia, had sons Timofey, Alexei and Ivan Ivanovich, married to Daria Gavrilovna Sakovnina, who had a daughter Evdokia Ivanovna, whose husband was the orderly of Peter I, and later the first governor-general of Moscow, one of the chicks of Petrov’s nest , a large Oryol landowner, a native of the village of Krasnoye in the current Oryol region, Count Grigory Petrovich Chernyshev. Tsar Peter I treated Evdokia Ivanovna with respect, honored her with special attention, jokingly calling Avdotya a boy-woman. Their son Peter was a prominent diplomat and senator; Grigory - foreman; Zakhar Grigorievich - Field Marshal General Shalom, an outstanding military leader of the Elizabethan and Catherine eras in the Seven Years' War, who occupied Berlin; Ivan Grigoryevich - Field Marshal General from the fleet, was the First Present and President of the Admiralty College under Emperor Paul I, his son Grigory Ivanovich, a participant in the capture of Izmail, chamberlain and diplomat, is buried on the territory of the Assumption Monastery in Orel.

One of the closest associates of Peter I was the Lord of Moldova Dmitry Cantemir, who, during Peter’s unsuccessful campaign within the principality, joined the Russian troops with his convoy after the conclusion of the Prut Peace. In Russia, he received large funds from the royal treasury, land and estates for the settlement of his people and retinue within the borders of the modern Dmitrovsky district of the Oryol region, the district and the city of Dmitrovsk were named after him. The former Gospodar Peter was given the title of Lordship, the rank of Privy Councilor and the rank of Senator. In 1723, he received the title of Prince of the Holy Roman Empire from the Austrian Emperor.

The ancestor of the Oryol landowners from the family of princes Kurakin in the region was Prince Boris Ivanovich Kurakin, a relative of Tsar Peter I, married to the sister of Tsarina Evdokia Fedorovna, Anna Fedorovna Lopukhina.

The ruler of the Oryol viceroyalty, its first governor-general, became in 1778 the great-nephew of Queen Eudokia, Abraham Stepanovich Lopukhin. His father - vice-admiral and chamberlain under Empresses Anna Ioannovna and Elizaveta Petrovna - Stepan Vasilyevich in 1748, following a denunciation by the life physician Lestocq, was exiled to Siberia with his tongue cut for expressing doubts about the rights to the throne of Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, as a premarital daughter of Tsar Peter I, and hopes for the accession to the throne of the deposed Emperor - the infant Ivan Antonovich, with whose parents the Lopukhins were close. In the Oryol province they owned the village of Sergievskoye. Numerous representatives of this family had extensive possessions and estates throughout the province. The Oryol viceroyalty was under the authority of the governor-general of Prince Nikolai Vasilyevich Repnin, who descended from the Obolensky princes, direct descendants of St. Prince Michael of Chernigov, who in the 13-16th centuries reigned together with other Olgovichs in the upper reaches of the Oka, on the lands of modern Oryol, Tula, Bryansk, Kursk, Kaluga, Lipetsk regions. Under Tsar Ivan the Terrible, the relics of St. Michael of Chernigov were transferred from Chernigov to the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin, symbolizing by this act the consolidation and unification of the clans of old Rus' into a new powerful Moscow state by the successors of the work of St. Prince Vladimir.

Many Oryol landowners and landowners were close to the Imperial family. Among them we can especially highlight: Princess Ekaterina Romanovna Dashkova, the first president of the Academy of Sciences, friend and enemy of Empress Catherine II; prominent statesmen - Prince Alexei Borisovich Kurakin and Count Alexander Andreevich Bezborodko; the favorite of Emperor Paul I, a native of Livensky district, Count Fyodor Vasilyevich Rostopchin, in 1812 governor-general of Moscow; maid of honor of Empress Maria Feodorovna, wife of the murdered Emperor Paul I, Anna Alekseevna Orlova-Chesmenskaya, daughter of the famous adjutant general Count Alexei Grigorievich, former fiancée of Count General N.  M. Kamensky (son of Field Marshal M.  F. Kamensky), after the death of her groom, she rejected all proposals for marriage and took monastic vows in the world, and then monasticism.

A friend of Emperor Alexander II was the huntsman Vladimir Yakovlevich Skaryatin. The outstanding poet Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev had the rank of chamberlain and served as Chairman of the Committee for Foreign Censorship.

The Oryol landowner was the younger brother of Emperor Alexander III, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, who owned the village of Dolbenkino, Dmitrov district, whose wife, Grand Duchess Elizaveta Feodorovna, was the chief of the 51st Chernigov Dragoon Regiment, stationed in Oryol from the end of the 19th century until the First World War. After the death of her husband, the regimental priest Fr. became the confessor of Grand Duchess Elizabeth. Mitrofan Srebryansky.

The younger brother of Tsar Nicholas II, beloved son of Emperor Alexander III, Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich was an Oryol landowner, and from 1909 to 1911 he lived in Oryol, commanding the 17th Chernigov Hussar Regiment. His secret marriage with Natalya Wulfert did not receive the Tsar’s blessing for a long timeWithfamily In 1915, Sovereign Nicholas II granted Natalya Sergeevna the title of Countess Brasova after the name of the estate of Grand Duke Michael - Brasovo, Oryol province.

One of the few servants who followed the Tsar'sWithwent into exile in 1917, was the latter’s sisterORlovsky Governor A.  IN. Gendrikova's maid of honor Anastasia Vasilievna, who died shortly after the execution of the Royal Martyrs. Trying to alleviate the fate of the prisoners were two close friends, maids of honor of the court - a native of the village of Petrushkovo, Oryol district, Margarita Sergeevna Khitrovo, and the daughter of an Yelets landowner from the village of Lipovka, Yelets district, Ekaterina Sergeevna Bekhteeva, married to Tolstaya, who were in constant contact and correspondence with the Empress. Her brother Sergei Sergeevich Bekhteev is a poet, officer, prominent figure in the monarchist movement, who devoted his entire life and work to serving the Tsar.Withemie.

It is impossible in one article to list all the representatives of the Oryol families close to the Throne: the Bekhteevs, Khvostovs, Kamenskys, Komarovskys, Sheremetyevs, Kushelevs, Golitsyns, Shenshins, Lobanov-Rostovskys, Korfs, Ermolovs, Davydovs, Yurasovskys, Osten-Sackens, Shcherbachevs, Brusilovs, Rimsky-Korsakov and many others who for centuries faithfully served God, the Tsars and the Fatherland. In the Oryol region, despite all the hard times, there are still many places and monuments associated with the TsarWitheat. This is described in more detail in the article by V.  M. Nedelin "Monarchical monuments of the Oryol region." Surprisingly, three temples built directly with royal funds have survived. This is the already mentioned Trinity Cathedral of the Bolkhov Trinity Optina Monastery, erected at the expense of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and Queen Maria Ilyinichna.

The Temple of the Iveron Icon of the Mother of God in Orel and the Church of the Archangel Michael in the village of Ploskoye were built in memory of the accession to the throne and coronation of Emperor Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra Feodorovna.

At the moment, all three temples are being restored, and on their domes, as before, the symbols of Imperial power - double-headed eagles - will shine in gold.