The main motives of Nekrasov's lyrics. The originality of civil lyrics in Nekrasov’s poetry

1. Nekrasov’s path to literature and the poet’s acquisition of the main theme of creativity.
2. The fate of the people and its reflection in the lyrics.
3. Reflections on the purpose of the poet.

Nekrasov developed an interest in literature in his early youth, probably under the influence of his mother’s upbringing. However, the father wanted his son to become a military man. Having learned that Nikolai was going to enter St. Petersburg University, his father stopped sending him money. Nekrasov lived in poverty for several years before he achieved some fame. Nekrasov's first book of poems was written in the romantic tradition. Later, Nekrasov himself noted that his first literary experiments were an imitation of already famous poets. A great influence on the further work of the young Nekrasov, by his own admission, was made by his acquaintance with V. G. Belinsky, whom the poet perceived as a mentor. Largely thanks to the ideas of the critic, Nekrasov turned to the topic of the fate of the people, to thinking about ways to improve the lives of ordinary workers. Of course, it should be noted that childhood impressions also played a significant role in this: Nekrasov’s father was a landowner, and his son, of course, saw how peasants lived.

Comparing the lives of ordinary people and representatives of the ruling elite, Nekrasov indignantly pointed out the blatant inequality that reigns in Russian society, both in material and legal status. This is stated, for example, in Nekrasov’s poem “Reflections at the Front Entrance.”

An interesting technique is with which the poet gives readers an idea of ​​the social status of the “owner of luxurious chambers.” Nekrasov does not write about his rank, income, or connections, but he shows a picture that can be seen at the door of this “significant person” on holidays and on weekdays. There are always a lot of people here - on holidays everyone rushes to congratulate the owner of the house, on weekdays numerous petitioners crowd the doors. Nothing has happened yet, except for the usual crowd at the door, and the author’s hostility towards the person is already clearly felt, instead of the face, whose personality we see only the facade of his house:

Here is the front entrance.
On special days,
Possessed by a servile illness,
The whole city is in some kind of fright
Drives up to the treasured doors;
Having written down your name and rank,
The guests are leaving for home,
So deeply pleased with ourselves
What do you think - that’s their calling!

Very soon the reason for this hostility becomes clear to us. Nekrasov writes about how one day a small group of peasants, “village Russian people,” approached the front entrance and asked the doorman to let them through. There is no doubt that these people came from afar with some kind of request, but the servants of the “significant person” drove them away, knowing that the owner “does not like ragged rabble.” Describing this simple episode, Nekrasov convincingly conveyed the depressed state of mind of the unlucky petitioners. Perhaps an attempt to contact the owner of a luxurious house was for them the last hope for solving their problem, and not only theirs, but also their fellow villagers, because such “walkers” usually set off on a long journey according to the decision of the “peace”, that is, according to the general decision of the village residents. The poet desperately appeals to the “owner of luxurious chambers”, mired in vices:

Turn them back! their salvation lies in you!

But he immediately sighs, realizing the futility of such hopes:

Why do you need this crying sorrow?

What do you need these poor people?

Eternal holiday quickly running
Life doesn't let you wake up.
And why? Clickers' fun
You are calling for the people's good;
Without him you will live with glory
And you will die with glory!

“Reflections at the Front Entrance” is a satirical work, therefore, in order to emphasize the indifference and disdain of the majority of those in power for the common people, Nekrasov writes sarcastically:

However, why are we such a person?
Worrying for small people?

This is the fate of a man - to endure all trials and hardships without response and patiently: “this is how the providence that guides us has indicated.” And this is common for peasants... However, the tone of the poet, pretending to justify the described situation, soon changes beyond recognition. Genuine grief breaks through, empathy for the difficult life of the Russian peasant:

...Native land!
Name me such an abode,
I've never seen such an angle
Where would your sower and guardian be?
Where would a Russian man not moan?

This poem ends with an appeal to the people. However, these lines can also be understood as a call to the poet, whose work, according to Nekrasov’s ideas, must serve the interests of the people:

Will you wake up full of strength,
Or, fate obeying the law,
You've already done everything you could -
Created a song like a groan
And spiritually rested forever?..

The question of the role of the poet in the life of society was one of the most significant for Nekrasov. This problem is revealed clearly and fully in the poem “The Poet and the Citizen,” structured as a dialogue between the Poet, who has retired from public life, and the Citizen, who encourages him to take a more active position in life. According to Nekrasov, the poet has no right to stand aside when the people are oppressed: Be a citizen! serving art,

Live for the good of your neighbor,
Subordinating your genius to feeling
All-embracing Love...

Love for the homeland, concern for the fate of the people - this is Nekrasov’s civic position, which does not depend on whether a person has a poetic gift or not:

You may not be a poet
But you have to be a citizen.
What is a citizen?
A worthy son of the Fatherland.

However, the poet’s talent is not given for nothing; if a person has it, he is obliged to use this gift for the benefit of other people. The poet, according to Nekrasov, should speak without fear about the suffering of the people and the lawlessness committed by their oppressors:

Go into the fire for the honor of your fatherland,
For conviction, for love...
Go and perish impeccably.
You will not die in vain: the matter is strong,
When the blood flows underneath...

This is Nekrasov’s poetic and civic credo, which invariably sounds in his works.

...You may not be a poet

But you have to be a citizen.

N.A. Nekrasov

A poet in Russia is more than a poet.

Poets are destined to be born in it

Only to those in whom the proud spirit of citizenship roams,

For those who have no comfort, there is no peace. Evgeniy Yevtushenko

Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov is a Russian realist poet. Love for the homeland, reflection on the secrets of the national Russian character, a high sense of citizenship - these are the features of Nekrasov’s lyrics.

Proximity to the democratic revolutionaries affected Nekrasov’s views on the essence of art, on the place and role of poetry in the life of society. Supporters of “pure art” were his ideological opponents. Nekrasov stated: “There is no science for science, there is no art for art - everything exists for society, for the ennoblement of man...”

Nekrasov's citizenship is closely connected with his understanding of the purpose of the poet. What should a poet be like? What is his role in society? What are the tasks of poetry? In the poem “The Poet and the Citizen,” Nekrasov outlined his poetic program and expressed his views on the social duty of the poet. He wrote that a true poet cannot be indifferent to the grief and torment of “those who do not have bread.”

Go into the fire for the honor of your fatherland,

For conviction, for love...

Go and die perfectly,

You will not die in vain - the matter is solid,

When blood flows underneath.

“People’s pains” pass through the poet’s heart. Here they are driving the ragged mob away from the “front door”; here on the “uncompressed strip” a peasant woman is crying from backbreaking labor; here are the devastated hungry villages; threes racing off-road; here are the barge haulers groaning as they pull the barge; here is Russia, where “a swarm of depressed and trembling slaves envied the life of the last master’s dogs.” Nekrasov's Russia is a poetic reflection on the fate of the people.

The poet's muse was the companion of "the poor, born for labor, suffering and fetters." She revealed the abyss of violence and evil and called for struggle.

The poet dedicated many of his poems to courageous, strong-willed people who were an example for him during his life, and to whose behests he remained faithful in his work after their death. These are the leading figures of their time, the leaders of the social-democratic revolutionary movement: Belinsky, Dobrolyubov, Chernyshevsky, Pisarev. The pathos of citizenship and revolutionary spirit are the main differences between such poems. But Nekrasov is also characterized by the expression of simple human feelings that evoke in the poet memories of his revolutionary friends. This is a feeling of friendly tenderness, affection, care, loyalty, a feeling of gratitude.

In the poem “In Memory of Belinsky,” the poet shares with readers sad memories of a friend whose “naive and passionate soul” strove “for one high goal.” Before the reader is a real image of a man who lived, dreamed and struggled, “persevering, worrying and hastening,” and not at all a stone monument erected on the grave of friends.

You loved us, you were faithful to friendship -

And we honored you in good time!

In another of his poems dedicated to Belinsky, the poet will call him “a brother by fate,” with whom he walked “the same thorny road.” Nekrasov considers himself the successor of his closest friend. Poetry lines that have become textbooks are dedicated to the fighters for the bright future of Russia:

Mother Nature!

If only such people

Sometimes you didn't send to the world,

The field of life would die out.

The poem "Motherland" reveals another side of Nekrasov's personality. Let us read the lines about the majestic soul of a patient woman, the poet’s mother:

But I know: your soul was not dispassionate;

She was proud, stubborn and beautiful,

And everything that you had the strength to endure,

Your dying whisper has forgiven the destroyer!..

Nikolai Alekseevich carried the image of his mother, dear to his heart, throughout his entire life. Five years after her death, he will talk about the tragic fate of a dear person, consonant with the fates of many Russian women. Nekrasov always remembered his mother as a strong woman. Selfless love for her children, mercy and the ability to forgive, but at the same time, perseverance, courage, fidelity - the poet endowed many of his heroines with these characteristic features of a mother. Let us remember Matryona Timofeevna Korchagina, who endured the greatest grief for every mother - the loss of a child, and, despite this, managed to forgive Savely, the accidental culprit in the death of Demushka; Let us remember the princesses Trubetskoy and Volkonskaya, who remained devoted to their husbands, faithful to their duty.

The poet believes that it is precisely such women who should raise a new generation of Russian people; they are the ones who are able to pass on to their children all their life wisdom and spiritual beauty, teach them to be tolerant and merciful. “Don’t be afraid,” the mother will say and, holding her child by the hand, will lead him through life.

Don't be afraid of bitter oblivion:

I already hold in my hand

Crown of love, crown of forgiveness,

A gift from your gentle homeland...

It is not for nothing that Nekrasov calls the woman-mother the “long-suffering” mother of the “all-bearing Russian tribe.” Such a woman in Nekrasov’s poems becomes a symbol of her home, her native land, the memories of which are always alive in the heart of a Russian person.

And with the same feeling that permeates the lines about the saints, the sincere “tears of poor mothers,” the poet will talk about the “tears” of the Russian land:

I was called to sing of your suffering,

Amazing people with patience!

And throw at least a single ray of consciousness

On the path that God leads you...

The poet is sincerely concerned about the fate of a people capable of making not only stove pots, but also building railways and creating unique works of art. The poet himself was the greatest Citizen of his Fatherland. Until his last days, he sang of the beauty of the Russian land, the beauty of the human soul. In his work, Nekrasov continued to develop the best traditions bequeathed to Russian literature by Ryleev, Pushkin, and Lermontov. He believed in a wonderful future for Russia.

Don’t be shy for your dear Fatherland...

The Russian people have endured enough

He took out this railway too -

He will endure whatever God sends!

Will bear everything - and a wide, clear

He will pave the way for himself with his chest.

It's a pity to live in this wonderful time

Neither me nor you will have to.

Nekrasov's lyrics are an inexhaustible source of vitality and wisdom.

The ability to glorify simple everyday situations is a real talent that makes Nikolai Alekseevich an amazing poet, unlike anyone else. Nekrasov has repeatedly said that modern poetry cannot and should not be smooth. Another, difficult time has come, and writers are obliged to live up to this time.

The most important feature of Nekrasov’s lyrics is their newspaper quality, feuilletonism, and attachment to fact. This desire to convey reality almost reportorally is a feature of the new style. And it shows up in the most unexpected verses.

Nekrasov's lyrics remain relevant, modern and popular to this day.

New lyrics

Nikolai Alekseevich opened a completely new, urban reality for Russian poetry. This diversity of views makes it possible to see life from different points of view. If you read the text, you can hear polyphony.

Here is the old woman’s voice: “When the master comes, the master will judge us.” Behind her, a deceived peasant speaks up: “The master will say his word - And our land will be given to us again.” Next is a young farmer who wants to receive the master's permission to marry, and his chosen one, Natasha, in anticipation of a woman's happiness, gives her voice.

Finally one day in the middle of the road
The drogues appeared like gears in a train:
There is a tall oak coffin on the road,
And there’s a gentleman in the coffin; and behind the coffin is a new one.
The old one was buried, the new one wiped away the tears,
He got into his carriage and left for St. Petersburg.

The writer will later use these well-developed techniques of polyphony in the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'.”

Contrast is the fundamental point in Nekrasov’s lyrics.

There is noise in the capitals, the ornate thunders,
A war of words is raging
And there, in the depths of Russia, -
There is an age-old silence there.

He managed to reflect everything in his works. And life seen from different angles, and the contrast between city residents and villages, and the contrast between the noise of cities and rural silence. We can say that the writer discovered a new, urban reality in Russian poetry.

The peculiarity of Nekrasov’s lyrics, combining the incompatible, is very clearly shown in the multi-layered poem “Ballet”, written in 1866.

In the wild cold, the nobility gathers from the theater, to the premiere, to the benefit. A good half of those who arrived do not understand anything about music or ballet. And the purpose of the trip for the majority is to show themselves and each other. The author condemns, rather harshly and categorically describes society.

There are still millions in Russia,
One has only to look at the boxes,
Where the bankers' wives settled, -
A hundred thousand rubles, no matter what!
Swan necks in pearls,
A diamond in a nut in the ears!

How can you not love ballet?
Here is a peaceful citizen
Forgets summer
Forgets the rank...

And so he moves on to the fact that, parallel to the ballet action, someone, out of necessity and the need to earn a penny, is now on a convoy run in the very cold. The poet makes a short excursion into this journey and describes how the peasants walk, what they think, what they sing.

Spurred on by the bitter frost,
Making a day's trek,
He dances behind the creaking train,
He dances - he even sings songs!..

These song motifs, as an alternative to the art that was just described at the beginning of the work, are a vivid example of how Nikolai Alekseevich could combine lyrics, satire, and civic position in one poem.

Female image

The writer loved to write about women, making predictions and conclusions. Take for example the poem “Wedding”

Many cruel reproaches await you,
Working days, lonely evenings:
Will you rock a sick child?
To wait for the violent husband to come home,
Cry, work - and think sadly,
What did your young life promise you?
What she gave, what she will give in the future...
Poor thing! Better not look ahead!

The poet makes all these conclusions and appeals to the girl walking down the aisle based on the fact that he communicated a lot with older women, old women, peasant women, and saw the reality of their everyday life.

Nikolai Alekseevich knew life well not only in the village. He easily plunged into urban landowner life. And the fact that all his women suffered differently can be well analyzed in the poem “Cheap Buy or St. Petersburg Drama.”

Property is being sold. The master doesn’t care what prices will be received, but the lady negotiates painfully. The author is interested in what lies behind this scrupulousness.

Only the nanny's eyes began to water:
“So we said goodbye to our dowry!” -
The nanny said... “What dowry?”
- “He took all this for our young lady...

Here is the answer to all the scrupulousness and sadness of the lady. A young woman says goodbye to her dreams, her way of life, her desires and dreams are sold at auction.

Nanny meanwhile mournful complaints
Whispers in my ear: “They sold it cheap -
Just getting to the village would be enough.
What will happen there? I don't expect anything good!

Nekrasov has plenty of such poems about unsightly city life. Plots between mother and daughter, when it is the mother who pushes her daughter either into marriage or simply into a dissolute path, are common and cause indignation.

Mother's image

It is impossible to ignore the famous poem “Arina, Mother of a Soldier,” written from memories and based on real events. When the author was working on this work, he specially went to this Arina’s village several times, so as not to lose any details, in order to correctly convey the depth of her grief. To convey to the reader that life was bad even when everyone was alive, but after the death of her son, the woman begins to understand how much worse her condition has become.

The poor woman cries as she tells her story. The entire work is saturated with pain and suffering. From the poem we learn that just before his death, when Vanyushka imagined relief, falling, he said “Your Honor,” and it becomes clear that the soldier was beaten, did not suffer in battle, came mutilated from the army lawlessness of that time.

There are few words, but a river of grief,
Bottomless river of grief!..

In Nekrasov’s works, old women and aged heroines, in general, live their lives to the fullest. For example, the verse “What does an old woman think about when she can’t sleep.”

In the work, the image of the old woman is depicted in the listing of her sins. Going over his own sins, from his youth, an elderly man reproaches himself, castigates himself: once he left a religious procession on a date, another time he took a couple of eggs from under a neighbor’s chicken, because of the desire to meet her husband, she pretended to be sick during the very suffering, and Before the holiday I slept with him, and once I almost cheated with the soldier Fedka, I drank milk during Lent.

That's why I'm a sinner! she's a criminal!
I was lying drunk out of grief...
Mother of God! Holy patron!
I'm all a sinner, a sinner!..

Nekrasovskaya woman

Despite the fact that the writer wrote a lot about women's suffering. He did not pick around selflessly, airing his dirty laundry for everyone to see. I tried to show that inner strength that has always been characteristic of Russian women.

With sympathy and understanding, he describes the life of a simple peasant woman in the poem “In full swing of the village suffering...” written in 1862, immediately confronting the reader with the fact:

Share you! - Russian women's share!
Hardly any more difficult to find.

And right there, like a hymn to the Russian woman, in the poem “Frost, Red Nose” in 1863, Nikolai Alekseevich writes:

There are women in Russian villages
With calm importance of faces,
With beautiful strength in movements,
With the gait, with the look of queens...

☛ This is a real image that has been carried through decades, and is now quoted with pleasure when it is necessary to describe a woman who is strong in spirit and physical health, capable of coping with life’s difficulties on her own, and without the help of a man.

The Nekrasov woman will not save, she will not let you down:

In trouble he will not fail - he will save:
Stops a galloping horse
He will enter a burning hut!

Panaevsky cycle

These love lyrics are dedicated to one woman with whom the poet was close for many years.

Avdotya Panaeva, a writer and memoirist, was Nikolai Alekseevich’s common-law wife for 20 years. She published independently and in collaboration with Nekrasov, under the pseudonym Stanitsky.

The poet was attracted to everything about this woman. Her beauty, mystery, fatal passion, intelligence, literary talent. This interweaving of the merits of a lovely young woman made the writer fall in love with her seriously and for a long time. It didn’t even bother me that Avdotya was married.

Some critics claim that some of the poems from the ball are too intimate, and the writer did not publish them. The other part of the poems that were sent in letters was simply burned by Avdotya.

The poetry of the relationship between the two writers is based only on feelings and is very biographical. It's talented and expressive. The cycle itself was written over decades, and it is not surprising that poems written at different times have different moods.

The cycle began with this bright and gentle poem, written in 1847:

You are always incomparably good,
But when I'm sad and gloomy,
Comes to life so inspirationally
Your cheerful, mocking mind;
…..........................................
What's wrong with you?
I bear it wisely and meekly,
And forward - into this dark sea -
I look without the usual fear...

This glorified image of the beloved woman, despite the misunderstanding, rejection and condemnation of society, entered the classics of Russian literature.

Prepared by Zubareva O.V., teacher of MOBU secondary school. Polyakovka 2010.

Slide 2

Lesson steps

1. Comparative analysis of the concepts of “citizen” and “civicness” in the 19th-21st centuries.
2. Research work with poems by N.A. Nekrasova.
3. Work with textbook terms and dictionaries.
4. Lesson summary. Conclusions.

Slide 3

M. V. Lomonosov

“All selfless service for the good and strength of the Fatherland should be a measure of life experience...”

Slide 4

K. F. Ryleev

"Will I be at the fatal time
To disgrace a citizen san..."

Slide 5

N.A. Nekrasov

“...So you may not be,

But you have to be a citizen.”

Slide 6

Main forms of government in the 19th century.

Monarchy is a form of government in which supreme state power is concentrated in the hands of the head of state - the monarch and is inherited; the monarch represents the state in his own right, which is not derived from the power of the people; there is no legal responsibility of the monarch as head of state.

(Nicholas II: “The Russian Empire is maintained not by law, but by autocracy”).

Slide 7

Main forms of government in the 21st century.

Russia today is a rule of law state (semi-presidential republic)

The President of the Russian Federation is the head of state and acts as the guarantor of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the rights and freedoms of man and citizen. Upon taking office, he takes the following oath to the people:

“When exercising the powers of the President of the Russian Federation, I swear to respect and protect the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, to observe and defend the Constitution of the Russian Federation, to protect the sovereignty and independence, security and integrity of the state, to faithfully serve the people.”

Slide 8

The path to the formation of a democratic state, captured in literature

Radishchev Alexander Nikolaevich (1749 - 1802)

His main work, “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow” (1790), contains a sharp denunciation of autocracy and serfdom. The book was confiscated and until 1905 it was distributed in lists. Radishchev was exiled to Siberia.

Upon his return, in his projects of legal reforms (1801 -1802), he again advocated the abolition of serfdom. It is Radishchev who is credited with introducing the modern meaning of the word “citizen”.

Slide 9

Decembrists

The Decembrist uprising was an attempted coup that took place in St. Petersburg, the capital of the Russian Empire, on December 14 (26), 1825.

The goal is to liberalize the Russian socio-political system and prevent Nicholas I from ascending the throne.

The Draft Constitution planned to announce the abolition of serfdom and the granting of freedom of the press and religion.

Slide 10

The path to the formation of a democratic state, captured in literature. Magazine N.A. Nekrasova.

Slide 11

Working with a table (poem “Poet and Citizen”)