Rurikovich.
862 –1598
Kyiv princes.
Rurik
862 – 879
IX century – formation of the Old Russian state.
Oleg
879 – 912
882 - unification of Novgorod and Kyiv.
907, 911 – campaigns against Constantinople (Constantinople); signing a treaty between Rus' and the Greeks.
Igor
912 – 945
941, 944 - Igor's campaigns against Byzantium. /the first one is unsuccessful/
945 - Treaty between Rus' and the Greeks. /not as profitable as Oleg/
Olga
945 –957 (964)
/regetsha of the young prince Svyatoslav/
945 - an uprising in the land of the Drevlyans. Introduction of lessons and graveyards.
Svyatoslav
I957 –972.
964 – 966 - defeat of the Kama Bulgarians, Khazars, Yasses, Kosogs. The annexation of Tmutarakan and Kerch, a trade route to the East was opened.
967 – 971 - war with Byzantium.
969 - appointment of his sons as governors: Yaropolk in Kyiv, Oleg in Iskorosten, Vladimir in Novgorod.
Yaropolk
972 – 980
977 - the death of Prince Oleg in the struggle with his brother Yaropolk for leadership in Rus', the flight of Prince Vladimir to the Varangians.
978 - victory of Yaropolk over the Pechenegs.
980g. - Defeat of Yaropolk in the battle with Prince Vladimir. Murder of Yaropolk.
VladimirISaint
980 – 1015
980g. – pagan reform /unified pantheon of gods/.
988 –989 - adoption of Christianity in Rus'.
992, 995 - battles with the Pechenegs.
Svyatopolk the Accursed
1015 - 1019
1015 - the beginning of strife between the sons of Vladimir. The murder of the young princes Boris and Gleb on the orders of Svyatopolk.
1016 - the battle of the princes of the skiatopolk and Yaroslav near Lyubich. Flight of Svyatopolk to Poland.
1018 – return of Svyatopolk to Kyiv. Flight of Yaroslav to Novgorod.
1018 – 1019 -war between Yaroslav and Svyatopolk.
Yaroslav the Wise
1019 –1054
Beginning XI century - compilation of the “Russian Truth” (Yaroslav’s Truth), which consisted of 17 articles (according to academician B.A. Rybakov, this was an instruction on fines for scandals and fights).
1024 - the battle between Yaroslav and his brother Mstislav Listven for control over all territories of Rus'.
1025g. - division of the Russian state along the Dnieper. Mstislav is the eastern, and Yaroslav is the western part of the state.
1035 - death of Mstislav Vladimirovich. Transfer of his inheritance to Yaroslav.
1036 – formation of the Kyiv Metropolis
1037 – the beginning of construction of the Church of St. Sophia in Kyiv.
1043 - Vladimir Yaroslavich’s unsuccessful campaign against Byzantium.
1045 - the beginning of construction of the Church of St. Sophia in Novgorod.
IzyaslavIYaroslavich
1054 – 1073, 1076 – 1078
1068 - defeat of the Yaroslavichs on the river. Alte from the Polovtsians.
1068 – 1072 – popular uprisings in Kyiv, Novgorod, Rostov-Suzdal and Chernigov lands. Supplementation of “Russian Pravda” with “Pravda Yaroslavichs”.
Svyatoslav
II 1073 –1076gg.
Vsevolod
1078 – 1093
1079 - speech of the Tmutarakan prince Roman Svyatoslavich against Vsevolod Yaroslavich.
SvyatopolkIIIzyaslavich
1093 – 1113
1093 - the devastation of Southern Rus' by the Polovtsians.
1097 - Congress of Russian princes in Lyubich.
1103 - defeat of the Polovtsians by Svyatopolk and Vladimir Monomakh.
1113 – the death of Svyatopolk II, the uprising of townspeople, smerds and purchases in Kyiv.
Vladimir Monomakh
1113 – 1125
1113 – addition of “Russkaya Pravda” to the “Charter” of Prince Vladimir Monomakh on “purchases” /debtors/ and “cuts” /interest/.
1113 –1117 - writing “The Tale of Bygone Years.”
1116 - the campaign of Vladimir Monomakh with the sons of the Polovtsians.
Mstislav the Great
1125 – 1132
1127 – 1130 - Mstislav’s struggle with the Polotsk appanage princes. Their exile to Byzantium.
1131 – 1132 – successful campaigns in Lithuania.
Strife in Rus'.
Moscow princes.
Daniil Alexandrovich 1276 – 1303
Yuri Danilovich 1303 –1325
Ivan Kalita 1325 – 1340
Semyon the Proud 1340 – 1355553
IvanIIRed 1353–1359
Dmitry Donskoy1359 –1389
VasilyI1389 – 1425
VasilyIIDark 1425 – 1462
IvanIII1462 – 1505
VasilyIII1505 – 1533
IvanIVGrozny 1533 – 1584
Fyodor Ivanovich 1584 – 1598
The end of the Rurik dynasty.
Troubled times.
1598 – 1613
Boris Godunov 1598 – 1605
False DmitryI1605 – 1606
Vasily Shuisky 1606 – 1610
“Seven Boyars” 1610 – 1613.
Romanov dynasty.
1613 –1917
4. Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev (04/17/1894-09/11/1971)
Soviet statesman and party leader. First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR from 1958 to 1964. Hero of the Soviet Union, Three times Hero of Socialist Labor. The first laureate of the Shevchenko Prize, reign 09/07/1. (Moscow).
Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev was born in 1894 in the village of Kalinovka, Kursk province, into the family of miner Sergei Nikanorovich Khrushchev and Ksenia Ivanovna Khrushcheva. In 1908, having moved with his family to the Uspensky mine near Yuzovka, Khrushchev became an apprentice mechanic at a factory, then worked as a mechanic at a mine and, as a miner, was not taken to the front in 1914. In the early 1920s, he worked in the mines and studied at the workers' department of the Donetsk Industrial Institute. Later he was engaged in economic and party work in Donbass and Kyiv. Since January 1931, he was at party work in Moscow, during which time he was the first secretary of the Moscow regional and city party committees - MK and MGK VKP (b). In January 1938, he was appointed first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine. In the same year he became a candidate, and in 1939 - a member of the Politburo.
During World War II, Khrushchev served as a political commissar of the highest rank (a member of the military councils of a number of fronts) and in 1943 received the rank of lieutenant general; led the partisan movement behind the front line. In the first post-war years he headed the government in Ukraine. In December 1947, Khrushchev again headed the Communist Party of Ukraine, becoming the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine; He held this post until he moved to Moscow in December 1949, where he became the first secretary of the Moscow Party Committee and secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. Khrushchev initiated the consolidation of collective farms (kolkhozes). After Stalin's death, when the Chairman of the Council of Ministers left the post of Secretary of the Central Committee, Khrushchev became the “master” of the party apparatus, although until September 1953 he did not have the title of First Secretary. Between March and June 1953 he attempted to seize power. In order to eliminate Beria, Khrushchev entered into an alliance with Malenkov. In September 1953, he took the post of First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. In June 1953, a struggle for power began between Malenkov and Khrushchev, in which Khrushchev won. At the beginning of 1954, he announced the start of a grandiose program for the development of virgin lands in order to increase grain production, and in October of the same year he headed the Soviet delegation to Beijing.
The most striking event in Khrushchev's career was the 20th Congress of the CPSU, held in 1956. At a closed meeting, Khrushchev condemned Stalin, accusing him of mass extermination of people and erroneous policies that almost ended with the liquidation of the USSR in the war with Nazi Germany. The result of this report was unrest in the Eastern bloc countries - Poland (October 1956) and Hungary (October and November 1956). In June 1957, the Presidium (formerly Politburo) of the CPSU Central Committee organized a conspiracy to remove Khrushchev from the post of First Secretary of the Party. After his return from Finland, he was invited to a meeting of the Presidium, which, by seven votes to four, demanded his resignation. Khrushchev convened a Plenum of the Central Committee, which overturned the decision of the Presidium and dismissed the “anti-party group” of Molotov, Malenkov and Kaganovich. He strengthened the Presidium with his supporters, and in March 1958 he took the post of Chairman of the Council of Ministers, taking into his own hands all the main levers of power. In September 1960, Khrushchev visited the United States as head of the Soviet delegation to the UN General Assembly. During the assembly, he was able to hold large-scale negotiations with the heads of government of a number of countries. His report to the Assembly called for general disarmament, the immediate elimination of colonialism and the admission of China to the UN. During the summer of 1961, Soviet foreign policy became increasingly harsh, and in September the USSR ended a three-year moratorium on nuclear weapons testing with a series of explosions. On October 14, 1964, by the Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, Khrushchev was relieved of his duties as First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee and member of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee. He was succeeded by becoming the First Secretary of the Communist Party, and by becoming the Chairman of the Council of Ministers. After 1964, Khrushchev, while retaining his seat on the Central Committee, was essentially in retirement. Khrushchev died in Moscow on September 11, 1971.
Adam and Eve from a geneticist's point of view
Konstantin Severinov, an expert in molecular biology, explains how linguists have helped biologists discover where humanity comes from, who mitochondrial Eve is, and whether she met Adam
In order to analyze where people come from, you can use, oddly enough, not genealogical, but linguistic approaches - the procedure for finding the root of living people and life on Earth in general is very similar to the procedure for determining the root of some modern languages belonging to the same group .
Each individual person - living now or who lived previously - from the point of view of genetics can be considered as a very long text. This text is our genome. This genetic message consists of a simple language - the language of deoxyribonucleic acid, the alphabet of which contains only four letters: A, G, C and T. Using these letters, a text is composed of approximately three billion letters, arranged in a certain order. In this text it is written in genetic language that this is, for example, Kostya Severinov or someone else. Three billion letters is a lot; so many letters would be contained in a book a thousand times larger than War and Peace.
It is obvious that we are all not only more or less similar, but also different. This difference is due to the fact that among the three billion letters that make up the genome of each individual person, there are a number of differences. The number of such "typos" between any two human individuals is approximately 0.1% of the total number of letters. That is, between two specific individuals there will be a difference of approximately three million positions.
African origins of man
If we take a genetic text that says that this is, for example, a chimpanzee, then there will also be about three billion letters, but the number of differences between the average chimpanzee and the average person will not be 0.1%,
as between people, but 1%. However, overall the text is still very similar. The genetic text of other mammals will be more different, but will still be very similar to ours.
The genomes of various organisms are now being determined every day.
and are compared with each other. The approach is identical to how linguists search for the root of, say, Slavic languages. They compare languages and highlight the most similar ones. So, Ukrainian is more similar to Russian than everyone
of them individually is similar to Czech. In this way, family trees are built, on which the tongues coming out are shown in the form of branches.
from a common root, and the closer the branches are to each other, the closer the languages that are designated by these branches. Geneticists also build such trees, and in an interesting way it turns out that the genetic tree of life has one root.
It is more convenient to compare genetic texts of people if you use small sections of DNA several thousand letters long, which are located in special organelles of our cells called mitochondria. Mitochondria and the DNA contained in them are passed on only through the maternal line. That is, we get our mitochondria from our mother, our mothers get them from their mothers, and so on. If we start comparing these texts, it turns out that the greatest diversity of mitochondrial DNA, the greatest number of “typos” in these similar texts, is concentrated in Africa, somewhere where modern Ethiopia is. That is, people there are the most diverse. And in the Americas, Europe, Asia, Australia and Oceania they are more similar to each other - often more similar than the inhabitants of neighboring African villages.
The simplest explanation for this unexpected fact is that ancient people originally lived and evolved (that is, became more diverse and acquired typo mutations in their DNA) in Africa,
and then some small groups of these people, constituting only a small part of the total diversity, left (or perhaps were expelled) from their original habitat and eventually spread across the planet, populating first Europe, then Asia and Oceania, and then the Americas.
A closer analysis shows that there were several such exoduses from Africa. Gradually, the descendants of these people changed and accumulated additional typo mutations. But still, they all as a group represented only a small subset of all that genetic diversity, all those typos that came out of the original place. On the other hand, the typos that the settlers acquired were absent in Africa itself - after all, the likelihood of independently obtaining the same typo is very small.
What was Eva like?
The fact that we all come from Africa is beyond any doubt, but the exact answer to the question of when this exodus or exoduses occurred is not entirely clear. But in any case, the migration began no earlier than one hundred and fifty thousand years ago. This estimate is derived from the concept of Mitochondrial Eve, which itself has nothing to do with the fact that we are all from Africa, but states that all the mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA of living people can be traced back to a single woman who lived in Africa for about a hundred years. fifty thousand years ago.
As already mentioned, mitochondria are inherited through the maternal line, that is, only the mother gives mitochondria to both boys and girls. Let's do a little mental experiment: look at all the multitude of people who now live on the planet - every man and every woman, of course, had a mother, and it is easy to understand that the number of mothers who gave birth to all people is less than the number of people who are now living. Moving in this way from each generation to the previous one, we will gradually reduce the number of mothers needed to produce the next generation, and, moving along such a cone, we will very quickly come to the conclusion that there had to be one and only one woman, - this is the so-called mitochondrial Eve, whose mitochondria served as the source of all people living today, and she lived one hundred and fifty thousand years ago.
Of course, we don’t know what she was like, this Eve, but we know what mitochondrial DNA she had, what her DNA sequence was, just as we know about the Proto-Indo-European language not because someone speaks it now, but because , that it can be reconstructed from modern languages that originate from it. It is important to understand that Eva was by no means the only woman of her time and did not stand out among her contemporaries in any way. She was neither more beautiful nor more sexy, productive or intelligent than other women of her time. All we know is that she had at least two daughters, and one of the daughters had a mistake, a typo in the mitochondrial DNA, so that it became different from her sister's mitochondrial DNA, and each of the sisters left female descendants who, in turn, had daughters.
Meeting of Adam and Eve
The question naturally arises about a man to whom all humanity can be reduced. He is called, accordingly, Adam. The exact same situation arises with him: from a school biology course we know that a boy can only receive the Y chromosome from his dad. And just as we bring out Eve, we can bring out Adam. This is a certain man who, on the direct paternal line, is the source of all Y chromosomes in all living men. But if you calculate when this person lived, it turns out about fifty thousand years ago. That is, Eve is older than Adam. This is explained by the fact that a man can have more children than a woman, which allows the Y chromosome to spread faster than mitochondrial DNA. Adam, too, was not famous for anything special, he is simply the source of the Y chromosomes of all men living today.
Rurikovich- a princely and royal dynasty that ruled in Ancient Rus', and then in the Russian kingdom from 862 to 1598. In addition, in 1606-1610 the Russian Tsar was Vasily Shuisky, also a descendant of Rurik.
Numerous noble families go back to Rurik, such as the Shuisky, Odoevsky, Volkonsky, Gorchakov, Baryatinsky, Obolensky, Repnin, Dolgorukov, Shcherbatov, Vyazemsky, Kropotkin, Dashkov, Dmitriev, Mussorgsky, Shakhovsky, Eropkin, Lvov, Prozorovsky, Ukhtomsky, Pozharsky, Gagarins, Romodanovskys, Khilkovs. Representatives of these clans played a significant role in the social, cultural and political life of the Russian Empire, and then of the Russian diaspora.
The first Rurikovichs. Period of the centralized state
The Kyiv chronicler of the early 12th century brings the Rurik dynasty “from beyond the sea.” According to the chronicle legend, the peoples of the north of Eastern Europe - the Chud, the Ves, the Slovenes and the Krivichi - decided to look for a prince from the Varangians, who were called Rus. Three brothers responded to the call - Rurik, Sineus and Truvor. The first sat down to reign in Novgorod, the center of the Slovenes, the second - on Beloozero, the third - in Izborsk. Rurik's warriors Askold and Dir, having descended the Dnieper, began to reign in Kyiv, in the land of the glades, saving the latter from the need to pay tribute to the nomadic Khazars. Many scientists identify Rurik with the Scandinavian king Rorik of Jutland; F. Kruse was the first to put forward this hypothesis in 1836.
The direct ancestors of the subsequent Rurikovichs were the son of Rurik Igor (ruled 912-945) and the son of Igor and Olga (945-960) Svyatoslav (945-972). In 970, Svyatoslav divided the territories under his control between his sons: Yaropolk was planted in Kyiv, Oleg in the land of the Drevlyans, and Vladimir in Novgorod. In 978 or 980, Vladimir removed Yaropolk from power. In Novgorod (Slovenia) he planted his eldest son - Vysheslav (later Yaroslav), in Turov (Dregovichi) - Svyatopolk, in the land of the Drevlyans - Svyatoslav, and in Rostov (land Merya, colonized by the Slavs) - Yaroslav (later Boris), in Vladimir -Volynsk (Volynians) - Vsevolod, in Polotsk (Polotsk Krivichi) - Izyaslav, in Smolensk (Smolensk Krivichi) - Stanislav, and in Murom (originally the land of the Murom people) - Gleb. Another son of Vladimir, Mstislav, began to rule the Tmutorokan principality - an enclave of Rus' in the Eastern Azov region with its center on the Taman Peninsula.
After Vladimir's death in 1015, his sons launched an internecine struggle for power. Vladimir wanted to see his son Boris as his successor, but power in Kyiv ended up in the hands of Svyatopolk. He organized the murder of his three brothers - Boris and Gleb, who later became the first Russian saints, as well as Svyatoslav. In 1016, Yaroslav, who reigned in Novgorod, opposed Svyatopolk. In the battle of Lyubech, he defeated his younger brother, and Svyatopolk fled to Poland to his father-in-law Boleslav the Brave. In 1018, Boleslav and Svyatopolk set out on a campaign against Rus' and were taken to Kyiv. Having returned the Kyiv throne to his son-in-law, the Polish prince returned. Yaroslav, having hired a Varangian squad, again moved to Kyiv. Svyatopolk fled. In 1019, Svyatopolk came to Kyiv with the Pecheneg army, but was defeated by Yaroslav in the battle on the Alta River.
In 1021, the war with Yaroslav was waged by his nephew, the Polotsk prince Bryachislav, and in 1024 - by his brother, the Tmutorokan prince Mstislav. Mstislav's forces won a victory at Listven near Chernigov, but the prince did not lay claim to Kyiv - the brothers entered into an agreement under which the entire left bank of the Dnieper with its center in Chernigov went to Mstislav. Until 1036, there was dual power in Rus' between Yaroslav and Mstislav Vladimirovich, but then the second died, leaving no sons, and Yaroslav concentrated all power in his hands. To prevent a repetition of civil strife, he drew up a will, according to which Kyiv and Novgorod remained in the hands of one person - the eldest son of Izyaslav. In the south of Rus', power was to be shared with Izyaslav by his brothers Svyatoslav (Chernigov) and Vsevolod (Pereyaslavl). After the death of Yaroslav in 1054, this “triumvirate” shared supreme power in the state for 14 years, after which Rus' again faced strife. The Kiev table was captured by the Polotsk prince Vseslav Bryachislavich (in 1068-1069), and then Svyatoslav Yaroslavich (in 1073-1076). After 1078, when Vsevolod Yaroslavich became the prince of Kyiv, the situation in Rus' stabilized. In 1093, after his death, internecine struggle broke out with renewed vigor: the grandchildren and great-grandsons of Yaroslav competed for power. A particularly fierce struggle took place in the South-West of Rus'; in addition to the Russian princes, foreigners - the Hungarians and Polovtsians - were involved in it. At the turn of the 11th and 12th centuries, the descendants of Yaroslav were able to agree on the distribution of volosts: at the congress of princes in Lyubech (1097) it was decided that the descendants of the three eldest sons of Yaroslav Vladimirovich should own the lands received from their fathers - “patterns”.
The period of strengthening the supreme power in Rus' began after the reign in Kyiv in 1113 of the son of Vsevolod Yaroslavich and the daughter of the Byzantine Emperor Constantine IX Monomakh - Vladimir Vsevolodovich, who also received the nickname “Monomakh”. He reigned in Kyiv until 1125. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Mstislav Vladimirovich, after whose death the process of separation of the principalities became irreversible. Several state entities appeared on the territory of Rus'. Of these, only the Kyiv land did not have its own dynasty or its semblance, and, as a result, until the invasion of Batu, Kyiv was the object of constant struggle between different princes.
Rurikovich during the period of fragmentation
All lands gained political independence at different times. The Chernigov land actually received it before 1132. By decision of the Lyubech Congress, Davyd and Oleg Svyatoslavich, the sons of the Kyiv prince Svyatoslav Yaroslavich, settled here, and then their descendants - the Davydovich and Olgovich. In 1127, the Murom-Ryazan land was separated from the Chernigov principality, inherited by Oleg and Davyd’s brother Yaroslav and later divided into Murom and Ryazan. The Przemysl and Trebovl principalities united in 1141 under the rule of Vladimirko Volodarievich, the great-grandson of the eldest son of Yaroslav the Wise Vladimir. Vladimirko made Galich his capital - this is how the history of the separate Galician land began. The Polotsk land in 1132 again passed into the hands of the descendants of Izyaslav Vladimirovich. Representatives of the senior branch of the descendants of Vladimir Monomakh (from his first wife) ruled in the Smolensk and Volyn lands. His grandson Rostislav Mstislavich became the first independent prince in Smolensk and the founder of an independent Smolensk dynasty. In the Volyn land, a local dynasty was founded by Izyaslav Mstislavich, the brother of the previous one, and in the Suzdal (Rostov) land - the son of Monomakh from his second marriage, Yuri Dolgoruky. All of them - Rostislav, Mstislav, and Yuri - at first received their lands only as a holding, but after some time they secured them for themselves and their closest relatives.
Another territory where the power of the Monomashichs was established was the Pereyaslavl land. However, a full-fledged dynasty did not form there - both branches of Monomakh’s descendants argued over ownership of the land.
The Turovo-Pinsk land passed from hand to hand for a long time, and only towards the end of the 1150s did the princely family, founded by Yuri Yaroslavich, the grandson of Svyatopolk Izyaslavich, gain a foothold there. In 1136, the Novgorod land also finally separated from Kyiv - after the expulsion of Prince Vsevolod Mstislavich, the period of the Novgorod Republic began here.
In the conditions of division of the state, the most powerful princes tried to expand their possessions and political influence. The main struggle took place over Kyiv, Novgorod, and, from 1199, the Galician table. After the death of Vladimir Yaroslavich, the Galician land was captured by the Volyn prince Roman Mstislavich, who united the Galician and Volyn lands into a single power. Only his son Daniel, who ruled the Galician-Volyn principality from 1238 to 1264, was able to finally restore order in these territories.
Monomashichi - descendants of Yuri Dolgoruky
Suzdal Prince Yuri Dolgoruky had several sons. In an effort to protect the Suzdal land from internal fragmentation, he allocated land to them not within its borders, but in the South. In 1157, Yuri died and was succeeded in the Suzdal land by Andrei Bogolyubsky (1157-1174). In 1162, he sent several brothers and nephews outside the Suzdal region. After his death at the hands of the conspirators, two of his expelled nephews - Mstislav and Yaropolk Rostislavich - were invited by the Rostov and Suzdal residents to the throne. Meanwhile, the “younger” cities of Suzdal land supported the claims to power of Andrei’s brothers - Mikhalka and Vsevolod. In 1176, after the death of his brother, Vsevolod began to reign individually in Vladimir, and a year later he defeated the Rostov squad of Mstislav Rostislavich near Yuryev. Vsevolod Yurievich ruled until 1212, he received the nickname Big Nest. He began to title himself "Grand Duke."
After the death of Vsevolod the Big Nest, his sons, and then the sons of his son, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, became the Grand Dukes of Vladimir for several decades, one after another. In 1252, Alexander Nevsky received the label for the great reign of Vladimir. Under him, the authority of the Grand Duke's power strengthened, and Novgorod and Smolensk finally entered its field of influence. After the death of Alexander, under his sons Dmitry Pereyaslavsky (1277-1294) and Andrei Gorodetsky (1294-1304), Vladimir’s political weight, on the contrary, weakened. The “ladder system” of succession to the Vladimir throne assumed that the great reign would belong to the eldest descendant of Vsevolod the Big Nest, and from the beginning of the 14th century the great princes of Vladimir preferred to live in the centers of their fiefs, only occasionally visiting Vladimir.
Moscow dynasty
The independent Principality of Moscow arose under Alexander Nevsky. Daniil of Moscow became the first prince. By the end of his life, he annexed a number of territories to his inheritance, and the young principality began to quickly gain strength. The goal of Daniel's eldest son, Yuri (1303-1325), was the great reign of Vladimir: in 1318, having defeated the Tver prince Mikhail Yaroslavich, Yuri received the label, but in 1322 Khan Uzbek transferred it to the Tver prince Dmitry. Having gone to the Horde to defend his rights, Yuri was killed by Dmitry Tverskoy. Childless Yuri was succeeded by his younger brother Ivan Danilovich, better known by his nickname Kalita. His goal was the rise of Moscow. In 1327, he took part in the punitive campaign of the Tatars against Tver, the inhabitants of which killed a large Tatar detachment, and soon received the khan's label for the great reign of Vladimir. Both Kalita and his sons Semyon the Proud (1340-1353) and Ivan the Red (1353-1359) strove in every possible way to maintain peace in relations with the Horde. Ivan the Red was succeeded by his young son Dmitry. Under him, the great reign of Vladimir became the “patrimony” of the Moscow princes. In 1367, the Moscow ruling elite took into custody the Tver prince Mikhail, who came to the negotiations. He miraculously escaped from captivity and complained to his son-in-law, the Lithuanian prince Olgerd. The Lithuanians marched on Moscow three times. In 1375, Dmitry Ivanovich marched to Tver with a large army. The city withstood the siege, but Mikhail Tverskoy decided not to risk it and recognized himself as a vassal of Dmitry of Moscow. In the mid-1370s, Dmitry began to prepare for war with the Horde. Many princes supported him. In 1380, Russian troops won a decisive victory over the forces of the Horde commander Mamai in the Battle of Kulikovo, but the princes failed to quickly unite in the face of a new danger. In the summer of 1382, Moscow was captured by the troops of Khan Tokhtamysh, and Dmitry had to resume paying tribute. After Dmitry Donskoy, his son Vasily I (1389-1425) reigned. Under him, Moscow managed to avoid plunder twice: in 1395, Timur, who had already occupied the city of Yelets, unexpectedly abandoned the campaign against Moscow, and in 1408, the Muscovites managed to pay off Timur’s protege Edigei, whose troops were already standing under the walls of the city.
In 1425, Vasily I died, and a long dynastic turmoil began in the Moscow principality (1425-1453). Some of the descendants of Dmitry Donskoy and the nobility supported the young Vasily II, and some supported his uncle, Prince Yuri of Zvenigorod. A weak ruler and commander, in the summer of 1445 Vasily II was captured by the Tatars and was released in exchange for a huge ransom. The son of Yuri Zvenigorodsky, Dmitry Shemyaka, who ruled in Uglich, took advantage of the outrage over the size of the ransom: he captured Moscow, took Vasily II prisoner and ordered him to be blinded. In February 1447, Vasily regained the Moscow throne and gradually took revenge on all his opponents. Dmitry Shemyaka, who fled to Novgorod, was poisoned in 1453 by people sent from Moscow.
In 1462, Vasily the Dark died, and his son Ivan (1462-1505) ascended the throne. During the 43 years of his reign, Ivan III managed to create a unified Russian state for the first time after hundreds of years of fragmentation. Already in the 1470s, Ivan Vasilyevich ordered that in diplomatic correspondence he be called “the sovereign of all Rus'.” In 1480, with the stand on the Ugra, more than two centuries of the Horde yoke ended. Ivan III set out to gather all Russian lands under his scepter: one after another, Perm (1472), Yaroslavl (1473), Rostov (1474), Novgorod (1478), Tver (1485), Vyatka (1489), Pskov fell under the rule of Moscow. (1510), Ryazan (1521). Most of the estates were liquidated. Ivan III's heir was ultimately his son, Vasily III, born in marriage to Sophia Paleologus. Thanks to his mother, he won the long dynastic struggle with the grandson of Ivan III from the eldest son born of his first wife. Vasily III ruled until 1533, after which the throne was taken by his heir Ivan IV the Terrible. Until 1538, the country was actually ruled by the regent, his mother Elena Glinskaya. Ivan Vasilyevich's heir was his eldest son Ivan, but in 1581 he died from a blow from a staff that his father dealt him. As a result, his father was succeeded by his second son, Fedor. He was incapable of government, and in fact the country was ruled by his wife’s brother, boyar Boris Godunov. After the death of the childless Fyodor in 1598, the Zemsky Sobor elected Boris Godunov as tsar. The Rurik dynasty on the Russian throne came to an end. In 1606-1610, however, Vasily Shuisky, from the family of descendants of the Suzdal princes, also Rurikovich, reigned in Russia.
Tver branch
The Tver principality began to gain strength in the second half of the 13th century, becoming an independent inheritance of Alexander Nevsky's younger brother Yaroslav Yaroslavich. After him, Svyatoslav Yaroslavich (until 1282) and Mikhail Yaroslavich (1282-1318) reigned in Tver in turn. The latter received the label for the great reign of Vladimir, and Tver became the main center of North-Eastern Rus'. Serious political mistakes led to the loss of leadership in favor of Moscow of the Tver princes: both Mikhail Tverskoy and his sons Dmitry Mikhailovich the Terrible Ochi (1322-1326) and Alexander Mikhailovich (1326-1327, 1337-1339) were executed by order of the Horde khans. The fate of his two older brothers forced Konstantin Mikhailovich (1328-1346) to be extremely careful in his political steps. After his death, another son of Mikhail Tverskoy, Vasily Mikhailovich (1349-1368), reigned in Tver. As a result of long strife, he eventually lost the throne, and Tver came under the rule of the appanage prince Mikhail Alexandrovich Mikulinsky. In 1375, he made peace with Dmitry of Moscow, after which Moscow and Tver did not conflict for a long time. In particular, the Tver prince maintained neutrality during the war between Dmitry of Moscow and Mamai in 1380. After Mikhail Alexandrovich, Ivan Mikhailovich (1399-1425) ruled in Tver; he continued his father’s policies. The heyday of the Tver principality came under the successor and grandson of Ivan Mikhailovich, Boris Alexandrovich (1425-1461), but the continuation of the policy of “armed neutrality” did not help the Tver princes prevent the conquest of Tver by Moscow.
Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod and Ryazan branches
The Principality of Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod occupied a prominent position in North-Eastern Rus'. The short-lived rise of Suzdal occurred during the reign of Alexander Vasilyevich (1328-1331), who received the label for the great reign from the Uzbek Khan. In 1341, Khan Janibek transferred Nizhny Novgorod and Gorodets from Moscow back to the Suzdal princes. In 1350, Prince Konstantin Vasilyevich of Suzdal (1331-1355) moved the capital of the principality from Suzdal to Nizhny Novgorod. The Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod princes failed to achieve the flourishing of their state: the uncertain foreign policy of Dmitry Konstantinovich (1365-1383) and the strife that began after his death undermined the resources and authority of the principality and gradually turned it into the possession of the Moscow princes.
The Ryazan principality, which emerged in the middle of the 12th century, was ruled by the descendants of Yaroslav Svyatoslavich, the youngest son of Svyatoslav Yaroslavich of Chernigov, one of the three Yaroslavichs. In the second half, Prince Oleg Ivanovich Ryazansky ruled here. He tried to pursue a flexible policy, maintaining neutrality in the confrontation between the Tatars and Moscow. In 1402, Oleg Ryazansky died, and dynastic ties between Ryazan and Moscow began to strengthen. Prince Vasily Ivanovich (1456-1483) married the daughter of Ivan III of Moscow, Anna. In 1521, Vasily III included the lands of the Ryazan principality into his possessions.
Polotsk, Chernigov, Galician dynasties
The Polotsk princes did not descend from Yaroslav the Wise, like all the other Russian princes, but from another son of Vladimir the Saint, Izyaslav, therefore the Principality of Polotsk always kept itself apart. The Izyaslavichs were the senior branch of the Rurikovichs. From the beginning of the 14th century, rulers of Lithuanian origin reigned in Polotsk.
In the Chernigovo-Bryansk and Smolensk principalities, Moscow competed with Lithuania. Around 1339, Smolensk recognized the suzerainty of Lithuania over itself. In the winter of 1341-1342, Moscow established family relations with the Bryansk princes, vassals of Smolensk: the daughter of Prince Dmitry Bryansk was married to the son of Ivan Kalita. By the beginning of the 15th century, both Smolensk and Bryansk were finally captured by the Lithuanians.
At the beginning of the 14th century, the grandson of Daniil Galitsky Yuri Lvovich (1301-1308), having subjugated the entire territory of Galicia-Volyn Rus', following the example of his grandfather, took the title of “King of Rus'”. The Galicia-Volyn principality acquired serious military potential and a certain foreign policy independence. After Yuri's death, the principality was divided between his sons Lev (Galich) and Andrei (Vladimir Volynsky). Both princes died in 1323 under unclear circumstances and left no heirs. With the passing of the Yuryevichs, the Rurikovich line in Galicia-Volyn Rus', which had ruled for more than a hundred years, came to an end.
The Rurik dynasty is the very first grand-ducal dynasty on the Russian throne. It was established, according to the text of the Tale of Bygone Years, in 862. This date has the symbolic name “calling of the Varangians.”
The Rurik dynasty lasted 8 centuries. During this time, there were a lot of displacements, mistrust, and conspiracies against its representatives. The first representative of the dynasty, that is, its founder, Rurik. was invited to rule the city's people's council in Novgorod. Rurik laid the foundation for statehood in Rus' and became the founder of the first grand-ducal dynasty. But it is worth noting that more than half of the representatives of the Rurik region still came from Kievan Rus.
So, the Rurik dynasty, a list of which will be presented below with all the characteristics of its figures, has its own branched system. The second representative was Oleg. He was the governor of Rurik and ruled when his son was young. He is known for uniting Novgorod and Kyiv, and also for signing the first treaty between Rus' and Byzantium. When Rurik's son Igor grew up, power passed into his hands. Igor conquered and conquered new territories, imposing tribute on them, which is why he was brutally killed by the Drevlyans. After Igor, power passed into the hands of his wife. This wise woman carried out the first economic reform on Russian soil, establishing lessons and graveyards. When Olga and Igor’s son Svyatoslav grew up, naturally, all the power went to him.
But this prince was distinguished by his military thinking and was constantly on campaigns. After Svyatoslav, Vladimir 1, better known as Vladimir the Holy, ascended the throne.
He baptized Rus' at the end of the 10th century. After Vladimir, Svyatopolk ruled; he was in an internecine war with his brothers, which was won by Yaroslav the Wise. This is whose reign was great: the first Russian code of laws was compiled, the Pechenegs were defeated and great temples were erected. After the reign of Yaroslav, Rus' will remain in a kind of turmoil for a long time, because the struggle for the great princely throne is getting tougher and no one wants to lose it.
The Rurik dynasty, whose tree was very complex, received its next great ruler almost 100 years later. It was Vladimir Monomakh. He was the organizer of the Lyubechsky Congress, he defeated the Polovtsians and preserved the relative unity of Rus'. The Rurik dynasty branched out again after his reign.
Yuri Dolgoruky and Andrei Bogolyubsky can be distinguished from this period. Both princes were prominent figures in the era of fragmentation of Rus'. The remaining period of this dynasty will be remembered by several names: Vasily 1, Ivan Kalita, Ivan 3, Vasily 3 and Ivan the Terrible. It is with the names of these figures that the creation of a unified Russian state is associated; it was they who began the annexation of all lands to Moscow and they also completed it.
The Rurik dynasty gave our land statehood, huge spacious territories that were united by the last representatives of this dynasty, and an extensive cultural heritage.
