Do-it-yourself groom-grzhimailo oven. Description of travel to Western China

Heating stoves are conventionally divided into two main types: outdated designs and modern stoves.

A competent craftsman introducing new varieties of these designs into life must be well aware of the shortcomings of old surviving samples. He must also be able to carry out alterations or repairs with his own hands. To this end, he must have an understanding of the most common models, both outdated and new devices, know what a drawing and layout of a furnace with his own hands looks like, and most importantly, be able to apply his knowledge in practice.

Scheme of laying the furnace V.E. Grum-Grzhimailo

This oven has a ductless system. The design provides for the complete absence of any smoke circulation. The movement of gases is carried out not so much under the influence of the draft of the chimney, but under the influence of gravity. As a result, under the influence of gravity, heavier, already cooled gases will fall down, and hotter, that is, lighter gases will rise up.

The design of this sauna stove has a round shape, enclosed in a case made of sheet steel. This device consists of two main parts. At the same time, its lower part is occupied by the firebox. In order to ensure the passage of flue gases directly to the upper part, a small mouth (higho) is provided in the ceiling of the firebox. The upper part is a chamber in which there are no smoke circulations. Outwardly, it resembles an overturned cap, like a glass. In this regard, such furnaces are often called ductless or bell-type furnaces.

Heated flue gases will not escape from the mouth into the chimneys, since they will first rise under the roof, after which, cooling, they will gradually begin to descend along the walls directly to the base. Then they will begin to penetrate the chimney, as a result, under the influence of draft, they will gradually be carried away into the atmosphere.

In the diagram presented, the vertical section A-A is made across the firebox, and the section B-B is made along it. From rows 1 to 9 of brickwork, horizontal cuts are made. Section 9-9 allows you to examine the so-called buttresses in detail. That is, vertical ribs (made in 1/4 brick), which are located along the surface of the walls from the stove ceiling directly to the ceiling of the vault. As a result, they form a nozzle and are arranged in order to increase the internal heat absorption surface, as well as improve the perception of heat from the exhaust flue gases by the furnace array. The fins heated by gases allow the stove to retain heat for a long time.

Advantages

This design uses almost 80% of the heat of the burned fuel. Thanks to the iron case, enclosing structures can be made with a thickness of 1/4 brick, due to this the device can heat up quite quickly.

The process of laying this structure is absolutely simple. The advantage is the fact that if the smoke valve located on the pipe is not closed tightly, the upper half of the stove will not be cooled by the cold air flow that enters the firebox. The air flow entering the firebox through the cracks of the fuel and ash doors rises through the firebox. Since it is much heavier than hot flue gases, it will instantly flow into the side channels, after which it will go into the chimney. That is why the entire part under the mouth (the entire cap) is not subject to the cooling process.

Flaws

The main disadvantage of this design is the heating of mainly the upper part. In order to reduce it, it is recommended to make holes in the walls of the firebox, somewhere in the fifth order of the brickwork. The stove operates perfectly on lean coals and anthracite. If the structure is heated with firewood (especially damp), the cracks located between the buttresses will simply become overgrown with soot.

In this case, it is quite difficult to clean the soot, since the cleaning doors are located in the 8th row of the brickwork, thereby preventing it from completely entering all the spaces of the buttresses. Smoke will be discharged into the main pipe.

Based on the principle of free movement of flue gases, ductless structures are rectangular and square. They can be performed either in a metal case or without it. However, in the latter option, the walls of the cap must be increased to 1/2 brick.

Vladimir Efimovich Grum-Grzhimailo (1864-1928) an outstanding Russian metallurgist, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, practitioner, author of the hydraulic theory of calculating combustion furnaces, worked for 22 years at Ural factories and most of all at the Nizhnesaldinsk plant. Several years of his service in Nizhnyaya Salda were spent together with K.P. Polenov.

Vladimir Efimovich was born on February 12, 1864 in St. Petersburg. As a nine-year-old boy, together with his older brother, he was assigned to the St. Petersburg military gymnasium and, after successful completion, entered the mining institute.

After graduating from the Mining Institute in 1885 with honors and a prize for the best project, Vladimir Efimovich was invited to work as a practical engineer at the Nizhny Tagil plant. Here he designed and built a blast furnace and after a year of work in Nizhny Tagil, in 1886, he was transferred as an assistant manager to the Nizhnesaldinsky plant. At the same time he performed the duties of a plant mechanic. Here, in Nizhnyaya Salda, his talent as an organizer and inventor was most fully demonstrated. He worked on improving steam and hydraulic engines, became familiar with the process of gas movement in furnaces, and studied the Bessemer method introduced by K. P. Polenov at the Nizhnesaldinsk plant.

His joint activities with the outstanding figure of the mining and processing Urals K. P. Polenov gave a lot to Vladimir Efimovich. Recalling later, he wrote: “I went through two schools that taught me to think conscientiously. As a child, my brother Dmitry forced me to think through to the very basics of the subject explained to him. As a young man, K.P. Polenov forced me to do the same.”

His studies in Salda of the so-called “Russian Bessemerization” created the theoretical foundation for Polenov’s statements about the benefits of overheating low-silicon cast irons and formed the basis for the first scientific article by V. E. Grum-Grzhimailo in the “Mining Journal” - “On Bessemerization at the Nizhnesaldinsk Plant,” which has already at that time brought him worldwide fame. Then two more works were published, written on materials from the Nizhnesaldinsky plant.

Having worked for eight years at the Nizhnesaldinsk plant, it was here that Vladimir Efimovich laid the foundations of his future hydraulic theory. Meeting Pyotr Fedoseevich Shisharin, a master of stone work, a wonderful Ural nugget, working with him on furnaces became a good school for Grum-Grzhimailo. The work begun in Salda continued throughout the following years and culminated in the creation of the hydraulic theory of combustion furnaces.

His first acquaintance with his future wife also took place in Nizhnyaya Salda - Sofya Germanovna Timme came to the plant as a sightseer with her father, the chief forester of the district.

From 1894-1897 V.E. Grum-Grzhimailo worked at the Aleksandrovsky steel plant in St. Petersburg, and then came to the Urals again. Since May 1897, he was the manager of the Verkhnesaldinsky plant and the chief engineer at the construction of a rail rolling shop in Nizhnyaya Salda.

M.A. Pavlov described this period as follows: " Now he could spread his wings more widely, he was tasked with building a new rail-rolling plant, and I found him doing a lot of work: he designed everything himself. All equipment, except for the 6000-horsepower vehicle exported from Germany, was made at the Tagil factories according to Groom's designs. The construction was successfully completed, no additions or alterations were needed".

The great merit of V. E. Grum-Grzhimailo was that at the Nizhnesaldinsk plant he created an excellent school of craftsmen. Vladimir Efimovich wrote about teamwork and mutual sympathy in his memoirs, mentioning the names of I. M. Smirnov, T. A. Plaksin, S. F. Konovalov, P. F. Shisharin, P. N. Voronin6.

In the fall of 1902, the Groom family moved to Alapaevsk, and in 1907 they left the Urals. He moves on to teaching work at the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute, where he heads the department of steel metallurgy.

22 years of practice at Ural factories prepared V. E. Grum-Grzhimailo for scientific activity. Without defending a dissertation, without exams and trial lectures, he was awarded the title of adjunct. Then in 1911 he was elected to the position of full professor in the department of metallurgy. The depth of the subject content in the lectures was supported by the wealth of practical experience accumulated over the years of work in the Urals.

At the institute, he created the original courses “Steel Production”, “Rolling and Calibration” and completed his “Hydraulic Theory of Metallurgical Furnaces”. For the course “Rolling and Calibration” I.M. Smirnov made a working model of the Nizhnesalda rolling mill of 1/5 size. This amazing copy is still in the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute.

On August 1, 1915, the opening of the “metallurgical bureau of V. E. Grum-Grzhimailo” took place, where the theoretical principles of hydraulic theory developed by him were practically applied.

After the Civil War, V. E. Grum-Grzhimailo again worked in the Urals as a professor at the Ural Polytechnic Institute. In 1924, an experimental smelting with Siberian coke was carried out in Nizhnyaya Salda; on the occasion of this event, Vladimir Efimovich visited the places that were special to him for the last time. Despite the fact that he did not accept communist Russia, the Soviet period of his life was fruitful: on his initiative, the Bureau of Metallurgical and Thermal Constructions was created, and he was elected a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

• Saldinians

IN SEARCH OF A PASS THROUGH THE TIEN SHAN The foreman and the Torgouts accompanying him, having brought us to the fields mentioned above, stopped their horses and announced: “Here our land ends, and then go as you know!..”. “But you undertook to lead us to the pass through Boro.” “As long as we’ve lived here, we’ve never heard of such a thing!.. But we promised to bring you to the Chinese authorities and, as you can see, we fulfilled our promise!.. It was a blatant lie, and the figure of those who spoke expressed so much arrogance and shamelessness, that the only answer to them could only be a proposal to leave immediately. Having driven away the guides, we were left alone among the poppy plantations and fields of barley and wheat. A little further, fences made of clay, some dilapidated buildings, and, finally, the entire village of Bortunge appeared. Due to the lack of running water, which was all taken away for watering the fields, for some time we did not know where to shelter, at least until tomorrow morning. The Chinese who came running vied with us to offer us monstrous radishes, eggs and bread, but were indifferent to our questions about water. Finally, one emerged who decided to show us an excellent place where, according to him, we could find in abundance everything we needed. Following him, we wandered out of the village, turned away from the road and walked among the reeds. The reeds ended, and we saw in front of us a tiny pond of stagnant, blooming water, at one end churned up by a herd of Chinese pigs lying around; it wasn’t even a pond, but rather a dirty puddle... - Listen, my dear, is it really possible to drink this water? This question, however, was superfluous, because one of the Chinese boys, a whole crowd running after us, immediately demonstrated the method that the local population uses to quench their thirst. He lifted his shirt, jumped into the water and began to drink it in exactly the same way as our dog, who was now smugly walking around in this puddle. - Do you really have no other water here than this?.. - We have a river... Don’t worry, yours will have enough of this water in abundance!.. They barely explained to the Chinese that there was not enough matter, but in quality. But this only amused many of them, while on the faces of others we clearly read our condemnation. When we were about to continue our journey further, a very decently dressed Chinese suddenly pushed his way towards us and announced that the difficulty that had arisen could easily be eliminated, since running water could be immediately put into any of the irrigation ditches. - And you will do it? - I have already given the appropriate orders. This was very kind of the Chinese, and we, of course, were not slow in expressing our deepest gratitude to them. The water, however, did not arrive to us until about two hours later, and even then it was not the local residents who let it in, but our Cossacks. The next morning we reached the village of Bortunge. It was nine o'clock. There is not a cloud in the sky, there is silence and extraordinary stuffiness in the air, the surroundings are undulating clay-sandy steppe, covered with thick, but already yellowed grass: faded colors, boring landscape! And in the distance, the violet massifs of mountains, crowned with snow - a combination of so many contrasts with this dull terrain... And under the influence of the heat and dust, all these wild rocks or dense spruce forests so common there, cut by streams and full of coolness and shade, were doubled in our imagination more tempting than perhaps they were in reality... The front echelon of our packs suddenly began to quickly descend, but where - from the place where I was then, was not yet visible. - Khorgos! “Ah!.. finally!..” and I set off at a trot to overtake the mercilessly dusty packs. Khorgos, like most of the rivers of southern Dzungaria that have been crossed so far, dug itself a deep and extensive bed in post-Tertiary conglomerates. You look from above: it’s like streams, intertwining and breaking into branches, are running along a rocky bed, and when you go down, an abyss of streams roars, carrying a huge amount of muddy water... And it’s also fortunate that the latter was scattered, and if it flowed here only through a pipe, perhaps , it would not always be even possible to cross it. On the opposite, even steeper bank, some Chinese fanza huddled alone - the beginning of a village, screened from the main road by a chain of clay-sandy hillocks. Right there, with its back to these buildings, there was a shop in which some enterprising Chinese was briskly selling all sorts of small goods. Seeing us, he came out from behind the counter and with great swagger began inviting us for a cup of hot tea. The offer was tempting, and we agreed to it. And although the Chinese, instead of the promised tea, poured some bitter and musty stuff into our cups, we drank it with pleasure... In response to our question regarding the passes over the mountains, this Chinese said that small parties of Kalmyks come here every year in early spring due to mountains, going down the Ulan-us river. We decided to take advantage of this indication and follow the path indicated to us, turning here and our packs that had gone far ahead. The path first ran like a ravine, then began to bend around hillock after hillock of loess-like clay, mixed with pebbles, and finally got completely lost in the poppy plantations. Somehow we made it to the outskirts of the village of Niu-juan-tzu, but with our appearance we created a terrible commotion here: dogs barked, doors slammed, and everything that seemed to be alive in the village immediately hid somewhere... We They picked up speed and soon pulled into a gorge, where they spent the night at the edge of a spruce forest. From our parking spot the road climbed steeply along a slope. Higher and higher... Finally, we are on the crest of the spur. Ahead are huge cliffs of bare stone, to the right and left are the deepest crevices overgrown with forest. The path ended, and the last traces of it were lost in the grass, almost waist-deep. Where to now? Should we really go back to the village of Niu-juan-tzu?... - No, it’s better to go down that ravine... We’ll finally get out somewhere! And we began to descend. The pack horses had to be dismantled, and the saddle horses were driven away empty. The cheeks of the ravine consisted entirely of clay-sand steep slopes baked in the sun, along which our horses had to literally slide, risking falling off every minute. And then, when we slid down this steep slope, below we encountered a new difficulty: a thicket of spruce and all kinds of bushes, through which it was not at all a joke to get through with packs. But, finally, we coped with this task and went out onto a meadow, which was crossed in its entire width by a large arby road. - And there are the Kalmyks! The packs were abandoned, and all of us who were free galloped to the village. But we found no one there, except for two or three teenagers, fearfully looking around at the unfamiliar aliens. They were so amazed by our appearance that at first, obviously, they didn’t even know what to decide; but, finally, they considered it best to be afraid, rushed into the yurt and hid there between the cats. We were about to rush in search of the adults, when suddenly they themselves seemed to have sprung up from the ground in front of us. “We saw,” they said, “how you drove up to our yurts, and hurried here... Although we are poor people, we still invite you to enter our dwellings and reinforce your strength...” “Thank you.” , but we are in a hurry... - But where did you come to us from and where are your respectable families? - We, as you see, are Russians... your lands are unfamiliar to us, and we are lost. Show us how to get to the pass through this ridge... - To the pass? But you won’t go through any of the passes now! There are wild mountains, bad roads, the snow on the passes is deep everywhere, but at this time of year it is already so loose that there is not the slightest possibility of getting through it... - But how did the Chinese assure us that there was a good pass in the upper reaches of the Ulan River ? - Oh, what do the Chinese know! There really is a pass there, but how do you get to it now? Ulan-Usu is completely impassable for fording in summer... - However, we want to try... Just let one of you guide us... But they refused this offer. How is it possible! Are they free people? They are woodcutters, enslaved by the Chinese and obliged to deliver a significant shipment of timber to Manas on time... But show the way to the river valley. They can and do not refuse Ulan-us... And they really pointed it out, and two of them even walked us for a kilometer. - And where did that Arby road go?.. - Yes, nowhere. It's right here, a lot, if it ends half a mile away. This is a forest road: along it we transport timber to Manas... Having said goodbye to the Kalmyks, we moved in the indicated direction and, having walked no more than eight kilometers among high clayey and sandstone hills, in some places covered with still green cereals and in the decays densely overgrown with bushes of meadowsweet (Spiraea sp.) and caragana (Caragana tragacanthoides), finally got out, without much difficulty, into the valley of the Ulan-usu, i.e., the “Red River”, which, as if in contradiction with the nickname given to it by the Mongols, now carried water as pure as crystal. Having crossed it without difficulty and on this occasion, having laughed plenty at the unsuccessful invention of the Torgouts to frighten us with this shallow water, we pitched our bivouac on a lovely lawn, surrounded by rocks, forest and the steep bend of Ulan-usu. In order, however, to set off without a guide, it was necessary to become at least generally familiar with the nature of the upcoming movement along the gorge, and we decided to explore it that same day... For this purpose, we sent the Cossacks Komarov and Glagolev. They traveled for about six hours and returned when it was already dark night. But while they were traveling, and some of us were excursions in the surrounding mountains, this is what happened at our bivouac. We had barely begun to have afternoon tea when several horsemen appeared from behind the forest. They dismounted and approached our yurts. - Ah, traders! Welcome... where are you going? - To you. - Back to us again? What do you need from us? The Torgouts hesitated, then took Nikolai aside and began to insistently and passionately suggest something to him. It turns out that the Torgouts living in these mountains were frightened when they learned that the Russians intended to go up the river. Ulan-usu. This is certain death for the entire detachment! And who will be responsible then? No one but them, the Torgouts... It’s better not to trust this river. And now at its peaks it is impassable in places, but what will happen later, in a few days, when the water in it becomes very noticeably profitable? And that's not all. Behind the pass flows another river, which in the lower reaches is called Manas, and in the upper reaches Khust: this is a huge stream, through which, and then only at the source, they are crossed by chance in early spring, usually at a time when its waters are frozen. “What will happen,” the Torgouts added in horror, “if you now reach the banks of this river? And the fact that you will end up in a stone box, from which there is no way out either back or forward... A terrible situation in the future too starvation!". The Torgouts have deceived us so many times that we stopped believing them a long time ago. They didn’t believe it even now, but thought: “They’re lying, of course! They really want us to deviate from the straight path again. We’d better wait for our Cossacks and listen first to what they have to say.” And finally they waited, and they told us quite a lot of horrors. - If you don’t believe me, your honor, go see it yourself! - Is there really no way around it anywhere? - Maybe there are, but where could we look for them today?! Moreover, the path along which we were traveling is, perhaps, impossible to even consider as a path at all... and it’s been two months since no one has ridden it, then trust your conscience, that’s right! It was decided the next day to explore the gorge as far as possible ourselves. But still my heart felt sad. Apparently, we had to finally give up the hope of getting to the southern slopes of Boro-horo. And the night, meanwhile, quiet and beautiful, had long since spread its dark tent over us. Because of the spruce forest and rocks, which at the same time took on completely fantastic shapes, we could not see the entire sky, but with what myriads of stars this part of it shone, and how brightly it was illuminated by the still invisible moon, which was bound to already look out from behind the stone colossus, which in its shadow hid us with our tiny meadow and a good half of the opposite mountainous bank of the river. But higher up the latter clearly appeared to us with its whimsical forms, reminiscent of the ruins of some former castle of giants. The silence in the air is undisturbed, and only the water makes noise and rumbles, clearly turning over pebbles on its way, and no, no, and some strange sound will fly over us from afar, either the cry of an eagle owl, or God knows what. .. Wild place! But on the other hand, it is clear and felt that everything that is around is virgin nature, which has not yet been touched by the hand of man... And this is a joyful feeling!.. The next day, we had barely driven a few hundred meters from our bivouac, as Komarov already found it necessary to warn: - Crossing! - How, already?! We tumbled into the water and quite unexpectedly scooped up water into our boots. - Wow, deep! But a new surprise awaited us further. The river rushed with terrible swiftness, beat among the boulders and, showering them every now and then with shreds of foam and millions of splashes, was carried away into the distance in solid white foam... And a little higher, with a wall of one and a half to two meters, powerful windfalls emerged from under the windfall that had cluttered the river bed. streams of water crashing against the stone strongholds with a groan and roar that filled this entire gap until nothing could be heard two steps away... And the dampness, and this noise, and the semi-darkness that reigned here, which was cut only by one ray of sunlight, fell into the river from somewhere from a height and drowned in it, and all these rocks, as if covered with bristles over a spruce forest, and, finally, these boulders, polished by water and now wet from the fog - all this made some strange impression on us : either the soul shuddered with delight, or with some kind of fear... Yes, a remote, wild place! And imagine now our amazement when the path, having reached the waterfall, turned sharply towards it and, before our eyes, went under the foaming surface of the water. - Is there really a crossing here? - Here... under the ridge of water. It's creepy, even very creepy, but... what can you do? The main thing is to always remember that fluctuations in such cases are very dangerous. The rider’s uncertainty is quickly transmitted to the horse, and then at least come back! She will be a coward, and if you get her with a whip to the point that she finally rushes into the water, she will walk so timidly that not even such a stream will knock her into the stones... More or less safely, we passed six more such crossings, all in the same way. They managed to bypass two of them, figured out a way to transfer pack horses and sheep through the rest, and, satisfied with their trip, returned back. - Tomorrow before daylight to the pass! The order was given, but we could not hide from ourselves that we were going at random. However, we had our own plan. At the eighth crossing we found a wonderful place for a camp. We’ll stop here for the day, we thought, explore the gorge another ten kilometers higher, maybe drag ourselves there, and then it’ll probably be close to the pass... In the evening, the Torgouts came to them for the second time. - Well, are you still going? - We're going... - Did you go far up the river today? - Yes, to the spring that flows into Ulan. - Far away... Your horses must be good... but ours won’t make such a road... Well, we wish you success!.. The sincere tone of the last wish greatly alarmed us: “Is it really all that true?” "What did they tell us about the road ahead?" You can get an idea of ​​how we crossed Ulan-Usa the next day from the following picture. The dull roar of the river covered everything... All that could be heard was the conversation of those closest, and occasionally the loud cry of Glagolev could be heard, whose powerful, almost naked figure was clearly depicted on a block of stone, sticking out higher than the others above the stormy surface of the foaming stream: - Catch! And then the lasso soared, swept in a diverging spiral over the waterfall and fell into the hands of another Cossack, who, in one shirt, fearlessly balanced on the trunk of an old spruce tree, tilted strongly over the bubbling abyss. The end of it was tied to a pack wrapped almost to the back, and the command was heard: “come on! let’s go!” - and after that, the nimble, thin Grigory, already wet from head to toe, but with his cap jauntily twisted to one side, who had already plunged into the water several times with his horse, led the pack, which could barely cope with the flow, to the right bank. He was jubilant, and his whole figure seemed to be telling us: “What a great fellow I really am!” Yes, and really well done! Others carried packs along the crest of the waterfall once or twice, but he alone brought twelve of them together... And we praised him: “Oh, well done, Gregory!” But, probably due to these praises, he soon began to even look with some disdain both at those who were not as wet from head to toe as he was, and at those who were spinning both with business and without business between the packs . In particular, Davydka the Dungan and the translator Nikolai got it from him. - Well, you nightmare, give me some packs! Well, you horde, hold your horse! - he poured out both to the right and to the left, and they both held and handed to him... He somehow felt like he was in the position of a hero, and therefore he fussed, gave orders and generally tried his best to keep his person in sight. Finally, Tashbalta became familiar with it. - Why are you giving orders here! Get out, and everything will be fine here without you!.. Tashbalta Khodzhaev is a veteran of all my travels; such a crossing, of course, is not new to him, but he looks at it as a serious matter, and does not look in it only for fun or, moreover, an excuse to show off his youth. Nikolai and David immediately sided with Khodzhaev. To reconcile the warring parties, I sent Gregory to the place where the sheep were transported. He was sad at first, but, looking forward, he beamed. Indeed, I sent him on a funny business! There they tied rams across the bodies and, despite desperate resistance on their part, dragged them to the water and threw them into the foam of the stream with a swing... The current immediately, of course, carried the unfortunate people forward, but thanks to the lasso, they always invariably reached the opposite stones shore, where they were already met by two saving human hands. The picture was ordinary, but it gave Gregory unusual pleasure. He immediately changed the role of the spectator to the role of the main character, and not a single ram could escape his hands... When all the horses were already standing on the right bank of the Ulan-Usu, I and the Cossack Glagolev rode ahead, and my brother remained with the packs, taking upon himself the supervision and management of the further movement of the caravan up the river. At the third ford, Glagolev and I, in turn, split up: I once again crossed the stream, but he remained in place, because each of us had to clear and correct our own section of the road. A lot of time must have passed, the clearing was already widening twenty to forty meters behind me, and our packs were still nowhere to be seen... What could this be?! And I headed towards the shore. Imagine my amazement when on the opposite side I found such a picture. Apparently, the whole caravan was already crowded there. They were running and fussing, some for some reason hanging in large festoons on nearby trees pieces of colorful calico and calico, taken to exchange for sheep; others carried chests and sacks into the thicket of the forest or took already unpacked horses there... Two Cossacks came running, grabbed the lassos and ran away again. And from where they fled, a shot was heard, echoing loudly among the rocks. -What is it? But they didn’t hear me... I rushed to the horse and then I just noticed for the first time what had happened to the river... A few hours ago, the completely transparent waters of the “Red River” were now actually painted this color, but at the same time they rose so significantly that even all the stones that had previously served us as a ford indicator were flooded. The situation was becoming dangerous, and it was impossible to hesitate... I drove into a wildly roaring stream... What happened to me next is difficult to describe. I experienced a feeling that, it seems to me, a person thrown into an abyss should have experienced, with the significant difference, however, that at the same time I was taking a cold shower. When I woke up from surprise, I saw myself among bubbling foam and boulders sticking out from everywhere. It seemed to me that I was at the top of an inclined plane, from which, with excessive speed, I was rushing down somewhere, into some kind of black gap, where, again, nothing but white foam and black tops of boulders could be seen... And Weird! At this serious moment I felt nothing: no fear, no desire to get out of a dangerous situation one way or another... I also remember only one moment: I was as if thrown around a black rock, and then I somehow immediately realized that I was already out of any danger: the horse felt solid ground under its feet, and with one jump jumped out onto the stones... Another effort, and we were both on the shore... but, unfortunately, not on the one where our packs were... Everything that was told lasted only one moment, which is why our people, although they saw my adventure, did not even have time to figure out how and how to help me. They waved their hands in every possible way, pointed at something and tried to shout out the roar of the stream, but, alas! completely in vain, since I could barely hear the meaningless: uk, uk! - Glory to you, Lord! And we were already thinking... - What do you have here?! Where's brother?.. - And not at all here, so okay... Three horses fell into the water... they barely saved it, and their things were all wet. And what happened to the cigarettes, and all the other things, don’t even tell me!.. And one horse. Churkin's bay was shot... His foot must have hit the stones and either dislocated it or broke it, but he just couldn't move... His honor must still be there to this day... That's how the first ended our passage up the river. Ulan-usu, the predictions of the Torgouts came true. In the evening it began to rain, and we, having climbed into the Cossack yurt, together discussed the question: should we continue our movement up the river or, before it’s too late, go back? We decided, no matter what, to go to the pass, but first of all to thoroughly explore the gorge a few kilometers ahead. To this end, I, Grigory and three Cossacks were supposed to set off at dawn the next day. After passing several crossings, we finally reached the place where the river cascades out of the gap. Komarov was about to plunge into the river, but the water immediately knocked him off the saddle, and both, the Cossack and the horse, barely made it to the shore. - We have to look for a way around, guys... You can’t get through here with packs anyway... - Where can we go with packs! . Having entrusted our horses to Gregory, together with the Cossack Churkin we climbed the neighboring mountain. The deciduous forest ended and we ran into a rock. It was damp here, weeds and nettles grew. Even higher there is moss, and there is a cliff and a platform... - Well, you can’t get through here with packs either! However, we nevertheless climbed forward, since I wanted at least to get acquainted with the character of the mountains and to spot some of the outstanding peaks of these latter. The stone was exposed everywhere. The ridges were extremely steep, and we were forced to use the most insignificant rock ledges in order to move forward at least a little. In the end, however, we nevertheless got to the top of the spur, from which, although a wide panorama of the mountains opened up, but, unfortunately, only to the west, and the east still remained hidden behind the neighboring spur. If I had suspected then what enormous accumulations of snow it was masking, I, without a doubt, would have spared no effort, would have descended into the valley and climbed the opposite mountain, but now I considered it unnecessary. Even without that, we spent more than an hour climbing, went beyond the upper horizon of the spruce forests and reached the zone of creeping juniper. From here the river seemed like a narrow white ribbon, closed in rocky black cheeks, above which, wherever you looked, a spruce forest stuck out, which covered all the hills with a continuous forest right up to the horizon of char. The emerald snakes of meadows covering the honeydews divided this forest into sections, and each section was a bristling cone, closely pressed against a stone rampart, apparently composed of the same metamorphic rocks as all the surrounding mountains. Two kilometers ahead of the river. Ulan-usu turned sharply to the southeast, and its valley was no longer visible to us from here; but its main tributary was clearly visible, which ran down from the snow fields, backed up like a moraine barrier by a narrow belt of large screes, among which streams flowed here and there. Thinking that we could gain some money during the descent, we took a right turn, but soon repented. At first everything still went well. Somehow we even descended from a steep cliff, but then we got out to an area from where there was no way out. There was an abyss ahead, behind and on both sides there were rocky slopes, along which there was still at least some possibility of going down, but of which there was no way to climb up. Churkin, however, somehow still managed to literally clasp a block of stone with his arms and legs and crawl onto a nearby ledge of rock, but I felt that such an experiment would be beyond my strength, that I would certainly break off, and I hesitated. .. But there was no other way out, and I decided what to do... - Here, here my leg, right, right!.. Convulsively grabbing some ledge of rock with my hands, I hung over the abyss, trying in vain to find the on the smooth surface of the stone there is at least some kind of support for the foot. Finally, the last one was found, but my right leg remained suspended... I lay flat on the stone and did not have the strength to throw my arms forward. - Now grab the bush! I saw this bush, a pitiful and almost dried out juniper, sticking out of the nearest crack, but could not reach it... But somehow I managed to do this too... Trusting the strength of the tree, I again hung in the air, making vain efforts to find kicking a new rock ledge. - Right, right!.. Quickly!.. Look, a bush!.. The bush, indeed, was slowly crawling out of the crack. Obviously, its roots could not withstand my weight... I didn’t see it, but I felt it... And with just this consciousness, my vision darkened. I let go of the bush from my left hand and began to mechanically grab at all sorts of protuberances in the rock; I grabbed something prickly and, despite the acute pain, squeezed this something in my hand. Then a few more kicks, and I was already out of danger... - Phew! I almost fell off!.. Looking around at the new site, we realized that we had fallen from the fire into a fire: the latter also ended in a cliff, and rested against a rock at the back. Luckily for us, however, an old spruce fell on the rock, from which time had not only already stripped off all the bark, but also painted it a thick gray color. Having completely trusted its strength, we descended along it and soon found ourselves again in the spruce forest, the path along which no longer presented any difficulties. We found Gregory alone at the bottom, but the Cossacks, without waiting for us, crossed somewhere lower and left for the pass. They also did not return with good news: “We climbed and climbed, finally abandoned our horses and, jumping from rock to rock, walked about a kilometer, but still did not reach the pass and returned...”. Our decision to get out to the southern slopes of the Tien Shan, therefore, turned out to be impracticable, and we turned back... On July 11, we arrived at the place of our first stop at the mouth of the gorge of the river. Ulan-usu, and on the 12th they completely parted with this latter, turning at the camp of Manchu soldiers who were grazing a government herd here, again to the east. Here we again entered a hilly area overgrown with meadow grasses and among them continuous plantations of strawberries (Fragaria collina) and wild strawberries (Fr. vesca) - a fact interesting in that it indicates the probable retreat of forests in this part of the Tien Shan . On one of the hills we suddenly saw the silhouette of a tall Kara-Kuiryuk. Kara-Kuiryuk is here too, so high in the mountains, what an unusual phenomenon indeed! Of course, the attempt to knock him down with a rifle at a distance of many hundreds of steps ended in failure, but this episode, nevertheless, aroused such lively talk that we did not even notice how we got there, rounding a deep and wide valley, in which we once again came across the Manchurian herd, to fields sown with poppy. Then we turned into the mountains, and very soon, along the Fou-he river, we reached the lower limit of the spruce forests (5,952 feet, or 1,812 m above sea level), where we stopped. Less than half a kilometer from our bivouac there were Kalmyk yurts. It turned out that these were families of deer hunters who moved here in early spring from beyond the Tien Shan, from Yuldus and from the outskirts of Karashar. Despite the systematic killing of male deer for the sake of antlers, there are still a lot of them in these forests. Almost from Urumqi to Khorgos, the northern slopes of the mountains, within the forest zone, are almost completely uninhabited; Probably, this is the only thing that is saving them here from complete extermination, which they suffered already in the Khamiya Mountains and to the west of here, beyond Kuitun and Jirgalty. However, we ourselves were not able to hunt well here. Whether it was unfamiliarity with the customs of the deer, or the ineptitude of our hunters, but each time they returned empty-handed. Given the presence of dense bushes, tall grass, and a forest in full foliage, it was not easy to find a deer here, and it was even more difficult to approach him... Taking advantage of the fact that the Torgouts had gotten into the habit of coming to us, we made an attempt to persuade one of them join us for a good salary as a guide; but they flatly refused: “We are afraid of the Chinese,” they said... In view of this, we had to go to the Chinese foreman in the above-mentioned village of Shiquan Tzu. Contrary to the Torgout stories, this foreman turned out to be a good-natured person. He responded very cordially to all our needs, helped us order four hundred Chinese steamed bread (mian tau) and find a guide through Manas. Completely reassured about the future fate of our movement to the east, we returned to our camp and the next day set out towards the river mentioned above. The road first went down the Fou-he river. The countless meanders of this latter, the soft grass of its banks, groups of poplars, bushes and gray blocks of stones, separated from the rest of the massif, in some places narrowing the valley of this river - all this in places represented such a beautiful combination with each other that this area, in all fairness, should be considered one of the most picturesque in the Eastern Tien Shan. The Fou-he valley is very lively, thanks to the coal quarries located about two kilometers above the village of Shi-quan-tzu. Coal appears here in veins up to one and a half meters thick among carbonaceous-calcareous shales and ferruginous-quartz conglomerates, intruded by quartzite. However, the almost vertical extent of these veins makes it extremely difficult for the Chinese to work. The village of Shiquanzi is small, very scattered and surrounded by a significant area of ​​cultivated land. Its bazaar is small, but it is so picturesquely nestled under the shade of huge trees and among fast-flowing streams of clear water that you can’t help but forget the nondescript nature of the surrounding buildings. The packs should be far away now! We left the village at a trot and, to shorten the journey, we got out onto the road, which, before reaching Shi-quan-tzu, left the Fou-he valley and turned towards the mountains. We caught up with our caravan, however, not soon, although we saw it at the very first ascent to the high ridge that serves as the eastern edge of the Fou-he valley, which has expanded so impossibly here. From the next ridge, in the south, a completely unexpected view of a gigantic group of complex colossi opened up, which the Kalmyks called us Dos-myogen-ola. It was a majestic, rare sight! Nothing but green mountains and valleys that stretched far into the distance, merging there into one green field, and directly above them five snow giants, clearly visible against the dark blue background of the clear sky! But we didn’t have time to admire this picture for a long time: we had to hurry so as not to lose our way somewhere, since the paths in this hilly area ran in all directions. Going downhill, we passed a field, a poppy plantation and a fanza; then the road led us from ravine to ravine until it finally led us to a spring of bitter-salty water flowing in a ravine overgrown with vines, rose hips and other shrubs. Along this spring, along a path barely outlined on the caked clay-sand slopes of the gorge, we descended to Manas. A dull rumble informed us of the proximity of a huge stream of water; but this roar came as if from underground, and only when we had already approached the cliff of the second terrace and looked into it, we finally saw, deep below, in a narrow canyon, with a noise that seemed to shake the neighboring rocks, rolling rolls of foaming gray water. This was Khusta (Khosutai), in the lower reaches - Manas. Colonel Galkin, who made a very difficult journey through the mountains of the Eastern Tien Shan and visited the sources of Khusta, gives a vivid description of this area 2. Comparing it with what I reported about this, probably the wildest and most inaccessible part of the Heavenly Mountains in a letter from Hami 3, it is not difficult to notice the almost complete identity of these two descriptions, although, of course, I did not know Colonel Galkin’s report at that time . This gives me the confidence to assume that the information we have collected about Dos-myogen and the surrounding mountainous country is trustworthy. The map attached here accurately reproduces the northern slopes of the Tien-shai as depicted by their brother. But in that part of them that he drew on the basis of researched data and a few notches, namely in the mountains of the upper Khusta, an error may have crept in, which I do not consider myself entitled to pass over in complete silence. From the outer hills of the Fou-he valley, as the reader already knows, we saw directly above the green highlands a mountain group of five colossal peaks rising. We called this mountain group Dos-myogen-ola. The further we moved to the east, however, the longer and longer the chain of snowy peaks became, and finally we did not lose sight of Dos-myogen at all, as if lost in a sea of ​​dazzlingly shining snow that crowned all the mountains on the southern side of the horizon. From this I conclude that the entire mass of the mountains of the upper reaches of Khusta represents a rise that is rare in its height even in the Tien Shan system, perhaps a short ridge, the highest points of which however fall on that part of it that we first saw from the Fou-he valley . By our definition, such points are located to the west of the breakthrough of this ridge p. Hustoy, in other words, the latter, as it were, washes the base of this colossal swelling - a fact that is all the more possible since the Pamir and Tien Shan plateaus provide many similar examples. Colonel Galkin writes that the highest points of the swelling on which the river mentioned above originates are located thirty-five kilometers north of the Odon-kure pass (Adunkar of our maps). And since Dos-megen, even in the depiction of the Kalmyks, appears to be a mountain from the southern slopes of which Kash and Khust originate, then, it would seem, there is no reason to doubt our mistake, on the one hand, and the accuracy of the orographic picture depicted by Colonel Galkin - on the other. And yet it is hardly true, and here's why. The same Kalmyks who gave us such clear information about the upper reaches of Khusta, among other things, described Dos-megen in the following terms: this is the greatest of the Kalmyk mountains, from which the rivers flow to the north: Khorgos, Ulan-usu and Khunun-sala - the left, largest tributary of the Manas River. It follows from this that Dos-megen, in the minds of the Kalmyks, is a ridge that stretches from the sources of Kash to the breakthrough through the Khusta Mountains and, carrying masses of snow, at the same time has a significant depression at the sources of Ulan-usu, where the only pass runs through it to the north from the upper Khusta basin. As for the question of where the highest points of this swelling are located, then in this case it is impossible not to notice that Colonel Galkin could easily have been mistaken in determining the relative height of the snow giants precisely because his path directly ran along the bottom of the latter. Summarizing all of the above, I think that the valleys of the upper Kash and upper Khust are depicted on our maps not entirely correctly: they should be somewhat narrowed by the assignment of the eastern end of Iren-Khabyrg to the south and, depending on this, the straightening of Dos-megen-ol. The name Dos-myogen was not completely unknown to Colonel Galkin; only he confines it to the mountainous country lying to the east of the Khusta valley, between Abdur-cholon and the Khotuk-biy tract, as can be seen from the following: “The hills of Abdur-cholon,” writes this brave traveler, “are adjacent to the hills in the east Dosh, already belonging to the Bogdos Mountains. B tract Khotuk-biy The Bogdos Mountains are somewhat lower, the sharp contours are smoothed out, the valleys expand and turn into luxurious alpine meadows, which attract a significant number of traders with their numerous herds in the summer months. To the west of Khotuk-biy. the mountains again become more torn, the alpine meadows are gradually replaced by rocky placers, which especially develop in the Dosh mountains, lying in the upper reaches of Balshitai and adjacent to the already described Abdur-Cholon hills 4 I find it difficult to reconcile this contradiction. Khusta originates from the firn fields. sliding down the southern slope of Dos-myogen-ol. First it flows to the east, then turns sharply to the north, breaking through the ridge along a gorge, the steep walls of which rise up to 3,000 feet (914 m) above the river valley 5. Above this grandiose breakthrough, the Khust valley, according to the description of the Torgouts, is a stone box, closed from everywhere by the highest cliffs, through which all the known passes, with the exception of the Keldyn (Dunde-Kelde) in the south and Ulan-usu in the north, are high and very inaccessible. A narrow strip of meadows stretches here and there just near the water; then there is food only in places in the side gorges - the rest of the space is completely covered with screes, large fragments of rocks, snow and ice; rain and snow are very frequent here; in general, according to the Torgouts, the entire valley has a wild and gloomy character, which is why it is visited only in exceptional cases, and even then mainly by hunters alone. Regardless of whether we place the Dos-Mögen mountain group so close to the Khusta turn by mistake or not, and whether the mountains of its upper reaches will be known in the future under this or another name, it is now beyond doubt for me that with the passage through Ulan-usa to the Manas River basin we left behind us the Iren-Khaburg ridge and entered the foothills of another equally independent part of the Heavenly Mountains; and therefore it is quite timely to take a retrospective look at the space we have covered and combine everything that has been said about these mountains in a short essay. Despite the shortness of both its origins, the Iren-kha-burga - Boro-khoro ridge is very high; and this determines all further features of these mountains. Countless pointed peaks of the Iren-Khaburg ridge and dazzlingly shining snow valleys between them, alternating ad infinitum, occupy the entire southern horizon and on its outskirts little by little merge with the violet tones of the vast distance. Over its vast length, it is completely monotonous, and its crest, with all its points extending beyond the boundaries of the eternal snow, nowhere represents either particularly prominent peaks or particularly significant saddles. This uniformity in the outline of the ridge is broken only in the extreme east in the upper reaches of Kuitun, where the jaggedness of the ridge is deepest, and on the Achal meridian, where the ridge spreads out, at the same time descending quite significantly. This appearance of the ridge already sufficiently determines its inaccessibility, which was so fully reflected in our repeated attempts to get to the ridge. In general, both the Boro-Khoro mountains and its further eastern extension, Iren-Khaburg, are a combination of the highest cliffs and deep gorges, along the bottom of which there are almost no paths at all: they are so narrow and so completely cluttered with all kinds of rock fragments; therefore, all the paths here are molded along the ridges of the spurs and often run down, to the north, to the base of the foothills, thereby bypassing a deep gap into which descent is impossible. I don’t know, of course, what prevented the Torgouts from showing us the passes through Boro-Khoro, but I think that one of the reasons was the low accessibility of the latter. Subsequently, from one Ili native, who, according to him, was well acquainted with the Kash valley, we heard that the easternmost of the passes through Boro-horo accessible to pack traffic should be considered Myngete; further to the east there are only hunting trails, along which communication completely stops at the height of summer. Whether this is really so, of course, I cannot say; I remember, however, the story of a Torgout who assured us that the Karashar deer hunters move to the northern slopes of Boro-Khoro with their families because only in the fall they get the opportunity to return to their native nomads on the river. Hajdu-goal. The inaccessibility of Boro-horo is also greatly enhanced by the rivers flowing from it and the spruce forests covering it. There are no river valleys in this mountain range; in the upper reaches they are replaced by cracks that are inaccessible even on foot, in the middle reaches by canyons, the walls of which, as we have already seen, are composed of loose diluvial conglomerates. And despite the fact that the undeveloped foothills of Boro-horo do not allow significant rivers to form here, each of them nevertheless only in rare cases has convenient fords. The high fall of the water turns them into rapid streams, seething at all the crossings or rushing in a foamy cascade among the rocks and windfalls piled up with them, and this makes crossing them always almost difficult, if not completely impossible. Furrowed with gorges, the extremely steep ridge of Boro-Khoro, even well below the line of eternal snow, is still devoid of continuous vegetation cover; It is also remarkable that there are no continuous screes here, although crushed stone and large fragments often cover the cheeks and bottoms of gorges for considerable lengths, along which snow water flows drop by drop. Due to the steepness of the walls, there is still no place for vegetation to take root; but it develops even more magnificently lower down, on the foothills and more sloping slopes of the ridge, which seem to support the axial rocky massif. The latter disappears under the meadow just west of the river. Dzhir-galty, i.e. in places of greatest depression of the ridge. Wherever a platform or not too steep slope was formed, a spruce appeared there. Spruce covers Boro-horo with continuous forests from 9,000 to 6,000 feet (2,743 to 1,828 m) and, together with the meadows, forms the dominant formation here. In the absence of undergrowth and in the dryness of the forest soil, these spruce forests most closely resemble the upland spruce forests growing in dry lands in central Russia; at the same time, however, they also represent some differences caused by the drier climate of mountainous Asia: berries, ferns and mushrooms are completely absent here, while moss covers the soil only in rare, the most shady and humid places and, moreover, exclusively facing the north. In total, we found the most moss spaces in the upper part of the river gorge. Ulan-usu. Tien Shan spruce generally rarely descends into ravines and to the bottom of gorges, where, on the other hand, a variety of shrubs and herbs grow luxuriantly, so that in the Boro-Horo mountains landscapes are not at all rare, the whole originality of which lies in the long chain of cone-shaped hills overgrown with spruce, surrounded by a narrow ribbon of emerald meadows . We did not encounter any deciduous forests in the Boro-Horo mountains. Mixed with spruce, poplar, willow, birch, rowan, elm (Ulmus campestris) and buckthorn grow almost everywhere in the gorges. Below, however, the maximum distribution of spruce in river valleys, poplar is most often found, which often forms shady groves, further down turning into urema. To the east of the river. Manas, as we will see below, all the river valleys before they exit the foothills are densely overgrown with deciduous forest; here such cases are rare. In general, in the Boro-Khoro mountains there is a gradual vertical rise of the wormwood steppe formation limit from east to west, i.e., towards the most humid northwest winds - a fact, of course, not without significance and explained, it seems, by the orography of this part of Dzungaria. In the Bogdo-ola Mountains, east of Urumqi, we observe a completely opposite phenomenon: the meadow belt, very wide in the west, gradually narrows more and more towards the Hamiya Mountains. Thus, the bend formed by the Tien Shan near Urumqi serves as the main receiver of precipitation carried into Dzungaria by northwestern winds. The steppe nature of the vegetation and even to some extent the desert of the western part of the Boro-Khoro Mountains is also explained by the proximity of the high Dzungarian Ala-Tau, shielding it from the influence of the above-mentioned winds to such an extent that, judging by the flora, it stands closer to the mountains of the northern ledges of the Pamirs, than to the more eastern part of the same ridge. In general, we very rarely encounter the wormwood steppe formation in these mountains; It is found in small patches on the southern slopes of the side spurs, and below 5,000 feet (1,520 m) its representatives cover river valleys and coastal hills with rare plantings. Alpine meadows also occupy only small areas in these mountains, which is explained by the fact that chars very often rise here directly from the spruce forest zone. Thus, this part of the Tien Shan is distinguished primarily by the extreme monotony of its flora, which does not remain without influence on the composition of the fauna, which is extremely poor in species and, moreover, of little originality. Colonel Galkin writes that in the upper reaches of Kasha Boro-Khoro granites and clayey shales 6 are composed; prof. I.V. Mushketov also mentions the outcrops of red layered granitosyenites in the gorge of the Talti River 7 . Finally, throughout the Boroburgasu gorge we found felsite porphyry rocks everywhere, heavily destroyed in places. All this suggests that the southern slopes of this ridge, in contrast to the northern ones, are very rich in outcrops of massive rocks, to which, in addition to the above, should also be added diorite and almond rocks 8. On the northern slopes of Boro-horo, except for the above-mentioned only one questionable case of finding crystalline rock in the valley of the river. Ulan-usu, we did not encounter massive rocks: Carboniferous limestones, phyllites and metamorphic schists predominated here, which formed the crest of the ridge wherever they were accessible to us and at the same time revealed strongly pronounced folding. Thus, the description of I.V. Mushketov: “Boro-Khoro (Iren-Khabarga) is predominantly a metamorphic ridge” 9 was fully confirmed by our research here. The southern slope of Boro-horo is shorter than the northern one; connecting this circumstance with the massive rocks exposed everywhere on them, one should think that the sedimentary rocks that once overlayed them were partly washed away by the waters of Kasha. Both from the south and from the north, this main massif is overlain in places by strongly eroded deposits of Jurassic and Tertiary formations, which only once formed in the middle height of the mountain, namely along the Fou-he river, where, contrary to the general rule, Jurassic ferruginous-quartz conglomerates and carbonaceous-calcareous shales with layers of coal show a steep decline. They are everywhere adjoined by newer deposits - loess and conglomerate, which reveal horizontal bedding in the sections of its rivers. Everything that we managed to learn about the mineral wealth of Boro-horo has already been presented in its place; I can only add that in the mountains that form the left edge of the river valley. Ulan-usu, silver was once mined by the Chinese; Now this mine is abandoned, and we could no longer find a guide to it.

We present the full text on indoor stoves from the textbook of the creator of the Soviet school of heat engineering of stoves, Professor Grum-Grzhimailo, “Flame Stoves”, 1932. A genuine author's test is necessary, since at present the works of Grum-Grzhimailo are often used by outright charlatans to cover up their technical illiteracy and deceiving customers. Another of Grum-Grzhimailo’s ideas began to be distorted by another of his students, Judas Joseph Samuilovich Podgorodnik, who first called his stoves, which openly distorted Grum-Grumzhimailo’s ideas, “stoves of the Grum-Grzhimailo system,” and then, when defending his Ph.D. thesis, he called Grum-Grzhimailo stoves stoves, having no right to exist. At the same time, Podgorodnik, describing his “freak stoves” (which he called “stoves of the Grum-Grzhimailo system”), recommended not to use the Grum-Grzhimailo stoves, but to build his own, “bell-shaped” Podgorodnik stoves. This was a long time ago, but already now, illiterate charlatans under the leadership of a certain Kuznetsov have organized a new company, following the example of Podgorodnik, to discredit the ideas of Grum-Grzhimailo and promote their bell-type furnaces, endangering the lives of their customers, hiding behind the name of Grum-Grzhimailo, imposing their explosive and fire-hazardous furnaces “with furnaces of the Grum-Grzhimailo – Podgorodnik – Kuznetsov system.” They use the same methods as Judas Podgorodnik, who in his denunciations during the years of repression of the 30s called all stove makers who refused to build his stoves “enemies of the people”, called on the NKVD to put them in prison. The new Judases simply modestly call their “creations” “the best Russian stove-making system, given to them by God,” therefore critics of their monster stoves are called enemies of progress and blasphemers, on the basis that they posted on their websites written thanks to God for their nightmarish visions .
Now about the real Grum-Grzhimailo stoves (included in all GOST standards for heat-intensive stoves) and perversions and parodies of them.
First, we will give quotes from Grum-Grzhimailo, then the distortion of these quotes by Judas I.S. Podgorodnik and his modern followers.

Tests from the book “Flame Furnaces” by V.E. Grum-Grzhimailo, 1932, pp. 111-116

The main disadvantage of our indoor stoves is their inefficiency and the difficulty of controlling this seemingly simple device. The most common type is the round iron stove for heating rooms. These ovens are primarily divided into two classes: ovens with a sealed door and ovens with an ordinary door.
...a stove with a sealed door saves us from a very big concern - burning out the remaining charcoal in the stove and not freezing the stove or causing waste. Having a stove with sealed doors, we can close the stove without closing the pipe, and the coal in the stove will burn out very slowly due to the air being sucked through the cracks. When there is no hot coal left in the firebox, the pipe must be closed.
In this way, the most difficult period of the furnace is eliminated, when the remaining charcoal is burned out and a tenfold excess of cold air is passed through the furnace in vain, chilling the heated furnace.
Excess combustion air is the root cause of poor stove performance.
Meanwhile, ordinary people are not at all aware of this and heat the stoves with the doors wide open.
The amount of air entering the furnace depends on:
a) from traction force and
b) on the size of the gap that we leave during the fire, opening the door slightly.
Once there is complete combustion in the firebox and strong draft has been fully established, then the door should not only be closed, but the peephole that is made in it must also be closed.
With such a firebox, a minimum of air will enter the furnace, and the furnace will heat up well, because this minimum is always greater than the volume of air required for combustion. And this happens due to the imperfection of the door as a blower. Indeed, tell the fireman of a steam boiler to fire the boiler with the door ajar. He will look at you in amazement. He knows well that the air rushing in through the door, bypassing the firebox, not only cools the boiler, but even disrupts the combustion reaction and contributes to the release of black smoke from the chimney. For proper combustion, all air entering the firebox must pass through the grate and filter through the layer of fuel. This is precisely what is not done in ordinary room ovens; fireboxes usually do not have a grate; The firewood is placed on the hearth, and air enters through the slightly open door. They do this for two reasons. A sealed ash door and a grate cost an extra 3-5 rubles. On the other hand, some stove makers fail to cope with the task of arranging the ash pit and grate so that the stove can be heated with the door tightly screwed on: quite often the door becomes red hot and even smokes.