A sentence is a unit of speech, which is a combination of interconnected words that has a certain meaning and intonation. At the end of a sentence there may be a period, an exclamation or question mark, or an ellipsis. Let's look at what offers there are, based on different classifications.
According to the purpose of the statement
Here are some sentences based on the purpose of the statement:
- Narrative. Report on ongoing processes and phenomena. Their purpose is to convey certain information to the interlocutor. Example: “It will cost a lot of money, but I think it will pay off.”
- Interrogative. They formulate a question in order to obtain certain information from the interlocutor. Example: “What is unclear here?”
- Incentive. Serve to motivate certain actions. They express orders and demands. Example: “Look what he gave me a few years ago!”
By intonation
Let's move on to the next characteristics of proposals. Now let’s determine what types of intonation sentences there are.
- Exclamation marks. They are accompanied by a special heightened emotionality; a word expressing a certain emotion is distinguished by an increase in tone. Example: “All this just makes my head spin!”
- Non-exclamatory. They do not carry any special emotional connotation. Example: “People, to their misfortune, do not understand each other well.”
Complex and simple sentences
- A simple sentence is a syntactic unit in which there is only one syntactic connection between the subject and the predicate. Example: “He came.” in a simple sentence there is one grammatical basis.
- Complex sentences are several simple sentences that are united by a common meaning or by using conjunctions. Example: “There are coppers, but if you look for it, you’ll find silver money.” A complex sentence contains two or more grammatical stems.
Two-part and one-part sentences
In turn, simple sentences are divided into:
- Two-part. Simple sentences with two main members: subject and predicate. Example: “The sun is shining.”
- One-piece. Simple sentences with only one main member: subject or predicate. For example: "It got dark."
Types of one-part sentences
Let's look at what kind of one-part sentences there are in Russian:
- Vaguely personal. Examples: “I was invited to visit”; “We did everything right.”
- Generalized-personal. Examples: “You won’t find luck in this land”; “If you go to the right, you will lose your horse.”
- Impersonal. Examples: “Evening”; "He's not feeling well."
- Definitely personal. Examples: “I lie down and read”; “He looks at this and thinks.”
- Infinitives. Example: “Go! We can’t retreat!”
- Nominal. Examples: "Love."; "War."; "Hope."; "Moment.".
- Incomplete sentences. They are missing one or more major or minor members, but the context clearly indicates them. Example: “Did you know? Whom? Her".
Complex sentences
Let's consider what kind of complex sentences there are.
- Compound sentences are made up of simple independent sentences using conjunctions called coordinating conjunctions: but, a, yes, or, either, and, but, however. There are also complex coordinating conjunctions: either...that, or...that, or, not that...not that. Example: “The wind blew away the clouds and the moon appeared”; “Then the daughter will look out the window, then the son will look at his watch.”
- Complex sentences consist of simple sentences, and one of the parts of such a sentence is grammatically dependent on the other. The parts are connected by allied words and subordinating prepositions: where, so that, what, where, why, which, whose. Subordinating conjunctions include: instead of, despite the fact that. A conjunctive word or subordinate conjunction is always present only in a subordinate clause. Example: “I know they are colleagues”; "She doesn't want us to be late."
- Non-union proposals. Their parts are non-union sentences, usually independent, but do not always have equal semantic rights; allied words and conjunctions are absent in such sentences. Examples: “It was raining, drops were knocking on the roof”; “I heard a knock and opened the door.”
Common and non-common
Depending on the presence of minor members in sentences, the following are distinguished:
- Unexpanded proposals. There are no secondary members of the sentence. Example: “Summer has passed.”
- Common offers. The sentence contains minor members. Example: “This summer has passed unnoticed.”
Now you know what types of sentences there are in Russian, and you will never confuse them again.
The central concept of syntax, its central unit, is the sentence.
A sentence is a minimal communicative unit of language and speech, which is the main means of forming, expressing and communicating thoughts.
A sentence differs from a word and a phrase primarily functionally: a sentence has a communicative function, but a word and a phrase do not: a word and a phrase are not capable of independent, i.e., outside the sentence, use in acts of speech. The main function of a word is nominative, it is also characteristic of a sentence, but a sentence names not a separate object or phenomenon, but an event, a situation.
A sentence is a very complex unit in its structure. It should be considered in at least 3 aspects: 1) structural, or constructive, 2) semantic, 3) pragmatic, or communicative, i.e. in terms of form, meaning and use. These three aspects can also be the basis for classifying proposals.
The grammatical content of a sentence is predicativity - a syntactic category that relates information to reality, contrasting the sentence with all other units (words and phrases). Wed: “Rain!” with a special intonation, unlike the word “rain”, it is characterized by the fact that it is based on an abstract pattern, a model capable of relating information to the plane of present and future time: “Rain!” - “It was raining.” - “It will rain.”
The main means of forming predicativity is the category of mood, with the help of which what is being reported appears as actually occurring in time (present, past or future), i.e. is characterized by temporary certainty, or is thought of in terms of unreality - as possible, desirable, due or required, i.e. characterized by temporary uncertainty. The differentiation of these features is based on the opposition of the forms of the indicative mood to the forms of the unreal moods (subjunctive, conditional, incentive, etc.).
Classification:
1) - one-component (one-component). Single-component schemes include only one main member, which in specific sentences can take the form of either a subject (for example, “Winter.” “Fire!”) or a predicate (“It’s getting light”), but is neither one nor the other. It is necessary to distinguish elliptical sentences from one-component sentences, with the omission of any member in the speech, including the main ones: Where are you going? - To the cinema. Who gave this to you? - Vitya. Missing members of a sentence are easily restored from the context.
Two-component (two-part). Two-part structure diagrams contain a subject and a predicate, for example: The moose drank water from the stream. The sun has risen. If a sentence includes only the main members, it is uncommon, if the secondary ones are common: “A lie outrages.” and “I resent lies.”
2) - simple - monopredicative, i.e. the predicative relationship between subject and predicate is presented once.
Complex – polypredicative, i.e. it contains several predicative centers, several predicative constructions (subjects + predicate), representing structural-semantic unity. Complex sentences are divided into complex sentences (predicative constructions are connected by a coordinating connection): “Evening is coming, it’s getting cool,” and complex sentences (predicative constructions are connected by a subordinating connection): “I know that he is not to blame.”
Complex sentences are those that include homogeneous and isolated members (participial and adverbial phrases, addresses, isolated definitions, etc.)
3) – common
Undistributed
Classification of sentences according to the purpose of the statement
1) According to the assessment of the content of the statement, sentences are divided primarily into:
- positive (affirmative)
- negative.
2) According to the purpose of the statement, sentences are divided into:
- narrative,
- interrogative (rhetorical, interrogative-inviting (“Do you want to wash the dishes?”) and proper-inciting
- incentive
Its grammar usually corresponds to a complete statement. It can act as a separate message, which is text with a minimum length.
A sentence consists of one or more words that appear in a linear order or in morphological forms provided for by the grammar of the Russian language.
The structure of sentences is a matter of syntax, and their main distinguishing property is predicativity or the ability to be a grammatical unit that is suitable for communication and expresses temporal or modal actualization. For example, “ripe apple” and “apple is ripe”, “fall of a star” and “star is falling”.
The connection between words in a sentence and syntactic groups is expressed using many syntactic mechanisms - such as agreement, control and adjacency.
In the great and mighty Russian language there are different types of sentences. Based on the nature of the attitude to reality expressed in them, experts distinguish between real and unreal modal sentences, with different shades of modal meaning.
Types of sentences can be affirmative or negative if they have or do not have a connection between objects and their definitions in reality.
Declarative, interrogative and motivating are those sentences that differ in the purpose of the statement, as well as with intonations depending on these purposes.
Some types of sentences that fall into these three subgroups can become exclamatory. This can happen by adding appropriate emotional colors to them, expressed in special exclamatory intonations.
The characteristics of the structure of a sentence are, as a rule, based on taking into account its various features. For example, a sentence can be complex or simple, depending on the number of predicative units - several or one.
Simple “units of coherent speech”, in turn, are divided into types which are diagnosed by the main member, and two-part ones, or those that have two main organizing centers.
They consist of at least two, and sometimes more, parts that are connected into a single whole intonationally and in meaning. These parts in structure are simple types of sentences that are combined into one complex one, essentially maintaining their structure. However, at the same time they cease to have semantic completeness and the intonation of completeness.
If conjunctions or allied words are used as a method of communication, then we have complex allied sentences. And if the parts are connected in meaning and intonation, then this is already a non-union sentence.
Types are defined by the fact that their means of communication is subordinating allied words or conjunctions.
Single-part or complete if they contain all the obligatory members of the sentence structure. And vice versa, they will become incomplete in the case when several or even one member from a given sentence structure is omitted, but is easily restored from the context.
Such types of sentences as common or non-common are determined by the presence or absence of minor members.
In the design of a sentence, intonation plays an important role, which performs both a grammatical and stylistic function. With its help, the completeness of any sentence is created, it is divided into syntactic units, and the emotionality of oral speech, its volitional impulses, and different shades of modal meanings are expressed.
Offers are divided into simple And complex. Both simple and complex sentences can be common And uncommon, i.e. whether to contain or not to contain, in addition to the main ones, secondary members (definitions, additions, circumstances, etc.): He came very quickly. And He came.
Simple sentence
A simple sentence is a syntactic unit formed by one syntactic connection between the subject and the predicate or one main member.
A two-part sentence is a simple sentence with a subject and predicate as necessary components: They laughed. He was smart. The cloud is black, heavy in outline.
A one-part sentence is a simple sentence that has only one main clause (with or without dependent words). There are one-part sentences:
- Vaguely personal: Me called to the director.
- Generalized-personal: Without difficulty you can't get it out and fish from the pond.
- Impersonal: On the street it got dark.
- Definitely personal: Sitting And I'm drawing.
- Infinitive: Be silent ! You already drive.
- Nominal: Night. Street. Flashlight. Pharmacy.
- Incomplete sentence is a sentence that lacks one or more members (major or secondary), which are indicated by the context or situation: The truth remains the truth, but rumor - rumor. We started talking as if we've known each other forever. You probably know about our work? And about me? I'll put it on this is blue.
Complex sentence
A complex sentence consists of two or more simple sentences related in meaning and/or by means of conjunctions. Complex sentences are divided into:
- Compound Sentences consist of parts (simple sentences), independent grammatically, connected in meaning and through coordinating conjunctions and, a, but, yes, or, or, however, but, as well as complex coordinating conjunctions neither... nor..., then... then..., either..., or..., not that..., not that... etc.: The rain has stopped , And The sun has risen. That the phone will ring , That the doorbell will ring.
- Complex sentences consist of parts (simple sentences), one of which is not independent in grammatical and semantic terms; parts are connected using subordinating conjunctions and allied words: what, in order to, where, when, where, why, if (if), how, while, although, therefore, which, which, whose etc., as well as complex subordinating conjunctions: thanks to the fact that, in view of the fact that, due to the fact that, instead of, despite the fact that, before, since etc. The subordinating conjunction and the allied word are always in a subordinate clause: I know , What they are friends. He doesn't want , to they were waiting for him. Sergey did not answer , because I didn't hear the question.
- Non-union proposals. Parts of a non-union sentence (simple sentences) are almost always independent grammatically, but sometimes unequal in meaning; There are no conjunctions and allied words: The sun was shining, the birches were green, the birds were whistling. I hear a knock on the door. The cheese fell out - such was the trick with it.
Types of offers
Declarative, interrogative and incentive sentences (by type of statement)
Depending on purpose of the statement There are narrative, interrogative and incentive sentences.
Narrative sentences are those that contain a message about some fact of reality, phenomenon, event, etc. (affirmed or denied). Narrative sentences are the most common type of sentences; they are very diverse in their content and structure and are distinguished by the relative completeness of thought, conveyed by specific narrative intonation: a rise in tone on a logically highlighted word (or two or more, but one of the rises will be the largest) and a calm fall tones at the end of a sentence: The carriage drove up to the porch of the commandant's house. The people recognized Pugachev's bell and ran after him in a crowd. Shvabrin met the impostor on the porch. He was dressed as a Cossack and grew a beard (P.).
Interrogative sentences are those whose purpose is to encourage the interlocutor to express an idea that interests the speaker, i.e. their purpose is educational.
The grammatical means of forming interrogative sentences are as follows:
1) interrogative intonation- raising the tone on the word with which the meaning of the question is connected;
2) word arrangement(usually the word with which the question is associated is placed at the beginning of the sentence);
3) question words- interrogative particles, adverbs, pronouns, for example.
Interrogative sentences are divided into
actually interrogative,
interrogative and motivating
and interrogative-rhetorical.
Actually interrogative sentences contain a question that requires an answer.
A peculiar type of interrogative sentences, close to interrogatives proper, are those that, being addressed to the interlocutor, require only confirmation of what is stated in the question itself. Such proposals are called interrogative-affirmative.
Interrogative sentences can contain the negation of what is being asked, this is interrogative negative sentences.
Interrogative-affirmative and interrogative-negative sentences can be combined into interrogative-narrative, since they are transitional in nature - from a question to a message.
Interrogative and incentive sentences contain a call to action expressed through a question.
In interrogative and rhetorical sentences contain an affirmation or negation. These sentences do not require an answer, since it is contained in the question itself. Interrogative-rhetorical sentences are especially common in fiction, where they are one of the stylistic means of emotionally charged speech.
Essentially, counter questions (an answer in the form of a question) also belong to interrogative-rhetorical questions.
Inserted constructions can also have the form of an interrogative sentence, which also do not require an answer and serve only to attract the attention of the interlocutor, for example.
A question in an interrogative sentence may be accompanied by additional shades of a modal nature - uncertainty, doubt, distrust, surprise, etc.
Additional shades can be emotional, for example,
shade of negative expression: Are you deaf or what?;
a shade of politeness (softening the question is usually achieved with the help of the particle not): Won't you come to me tomorrow? Wed: Will you come to me tomorrow?
Incentive sentences are those that express the will of the speaker; their purpose is to encourage action.
They can express:
1) order, request, plea, for example;
2.) advice, proposal, warning, protest, threat,
3) consent, permission, for example;
4) a call, an invitation to joint action, for example;
5) desire.
Many of these meanings of incentive sentences are not clearly differentiated (for example, plea and request, invitation and order, etc.), since this is expressed more often intonationally than structurally.
Using grammatical means incentive offers are:
1) incentive intonation;
2) predicate in the form of the imperative mood;
3) special particles that introduce an incentive tone into the sentence (come on, come on, come on, yes, let it).
Incentives vary according to the way of expressing the predicate:
The most common predicate expression verb in the imperative mood.
An incentive connotation can be introduced into the meaning of the verb special particles.
As a predicate incentive sentence it can be used verb in the indicative mood (past and future tense).
As a predicate - subjunctive verb. Among these proposals, the following stand out: with the word to, and the verb may be omitted. Such sentences characterize colloquial speech.
The predicate in an incentive sentence can be infinitive.
Infinitive with particle would expresses a gentle request, advice.
In colloquial speech incentive offers are often used without verbal expression of the predicate- a verb in the imperative mood, clear from the context or situation. These are peculiar forms of sentences in living speech with a leading word - a noun, adverb or infinitive. For example: Carriage for me, carriage! (Gr).
The structural center of incentive sentences (also in colloquial speech) can be the corresponding interjections: come on, march, tsyts, etc.
Exclamatory sentences
Exclamatory sentences are sentences that are emotionally charged, which is conveyed by a special exclamatory intonation.
Different types of sentences can have emotional connotations: narrative, interrogative, and incentive.
For example,
declarative exclamatory:He faced death face to face, as a fighter should in battle! (L.);
interrogative-exclamation:Who would dare to ask Ishmael about that?! (L.);
exclamatory exclamations:- Oh, spare him!.. wait! - he exclaimed (L.).
Grammatical means of design The exclamation sentences are as follows:
1) intonation, conveying a variety of feelings: joy, annoyance, grief, anger, surprise, etc. (exclamatory sentences are pronounced in a higher tone, highlighting the word that directly expresses the emotion), for example.
2) interjections, for example: Ah, alas, Uh, Ahti, Ugh;
3) exclamation particles interjection, pronominal and adverbial origin, giving the expressed emotional coloring: well, oh, well, where, how, what, what, etc.
Common and non-common offers
Uncommon is a sentence that has only the positions of the main members - subject and predicate.
Sentences that, along with the main ones, have positions of secondary members are called common.
A sentence can be extended by compatible, controllable and adjacent word forms (according to the rules of word connections), included in the sentence through phrases, or by word forms relating to the entire sentence as a whole. Supply distributors are generally called determinants. As a rule, various circumstances and additions that express a semantic subject or object are determining.
Thus, sentence propagators can be included in the predicative stem of a sentence, distributing either the composition of the subject or the composition of the predicate, or be proliferators of the stem as a whole. The term “determinant” was introduced by N.Yu. Shvedova.
Simple and complex sentences
A simple sentence has one predicative center that organizes it and thus contains one predicative unit.
A complex sentence consists of two or more predicative units combined in meaning and grammatically. Each part of a complex sentence has its own grammatical composition.
A complex sentence is a structural, semantic and intonation unity. This idea about the integrity of a complex sentence was substantiated in the works of N.S. Pospelov.
Although parts of a complex sentence structurally resemble simple sentences (they are sometimes called that by convention), they cannot exist outside of a complex sentence, i.e. outside a given grammatical association, as independent communicative units. This is especially clearly revealed in a complex sentence with dependent parts. For example, in the sentence I don’t know how it happened that we still don’t know you (L.) none of the existing three parts can exist as a separate independent sentence; each of them requires explanation. As analogues of simple sentences, parts of a complex sentence, when combined, can undergo structural changes, i.e. they can take on a form that is not characteristic of a simple sentence, although at the same time these parts have their own predicative nature.
Parts of a complex sentence can be combined
as equals,grammatically independent, For example: Branches of blossoming cherry trees look out my window, and the wind sometimes strews my desk with their white petals (L.);
and as addicts, For example: On three sides the crests of cliffs and branches of Mashuk blackened, on top of which lay an ominous cloud (L.).
The main difference between a simple and complex sentence is that a simple sentence is a monopredicative unit, a complex sentence is a polypredicative unit.
