Spelling rules for surnames. VI

1. with two male names (Peter and Andrey Makarevich),
2. with the words husband and wife (husband and wife of Birikha),
3. with the words father and son (father and son Weinermans).

1. with two female names (Svetlana and Nina Kim),
2. with female and male names (Olga and Oleg Bauer),
3. with the word wife (wife Schmidt),
4. with the words brother and sister (brother and sister Wulf).

Morphological norms of the adjective name
Education of degrees of comparison

1. When forming the degree of comparison of an adjective, one should not allow the combination of simple and compound degrees of comparison (For example, the forms are erroneous: brighter, the whitest).
2. Three adjectives form a simple comparative form in a suppletive way. Bad is worse, good is better, small is less.
3. The unproductive suffix -e is characteristic of adjectives with a base on g, x, d, t, st, which alternate to a comparative degree with zh, sh, ch, sh (tight - tighter, dry - drier, thick - thicker, young - younger , steep - steeper). The suffix -she is also unproductive; only a few forms are found with it: further, thinner, earlier, older, longer.
4. The simple form of the comparative degree cannot be formed from adjectives with the suffix -sk-: friendly, comic, childish, tragic, suffering; from many adjectives with the suffix -l-: emaciated, faded, dilapidated; from some adjectives with the suffixes -n- and -k-: manual, bloody, cumbersome; from adjectives with the suffix -ov-: business, ordinary; from adjectives with the suffixes -enk- (-onk-), -ovat-: plump, thin, rude; from adjectives with prefixes of subjective assessment: cheerful, stupid, cunning. Many of these adjectives are relative in origin. In this case, the compound form of the comparative degree is used.
5. Limitations in the formation of a simple comparative degree may also be due to the peculiarities of the semantics of adjectives. Among them are:

• adjectives denoting animal colors: dun, black, bay;
• adjectives of relative origin denoting colors: apricot, pomegranate, peach, cherry;
• words whose lexical meaning contains an element of comparison: equal, identical, analogous, identical, similar;
• adjectives whose lexical meaning does not allow an element of comparison: barefoot, blind, dumb, dead, deaf.

More on topic VI. Declension of surnames:

1. 20. Normative and stylistic characteristics of case forms of nouns and number forms. Declensions of first and last names.

1. Geographical names

1.1. If the geographical name is not declined, then it is marked several. In other cases, for each toponym a gender form is given. pad. It is given in full:

1) with monosyllabic names: Belz, Bel lza; Gzhel, Gzheli;

2) in non-word names, which are ordinary phrases: Stary Oskol, Stary Oskol;

3) in compound words written with a hyphen: Baba -Durma z, Baba -Durma for; Ba den - Ba den, Ba den - Ba den [de].

In other cases, the form gen. pad. is given in truncated form: Badhy z, -a; Babad g, -a; Bavleny, -en; Badajo s, -a.

1.2. For some toponyms, forms of other cases are also given: for geographical names in - evo, -ovo, -foreign, -yno forms of genus, creative are given. and sentence pad., since in speech practice, in the press, in television and radio broadcasts, these names are sometimes not declined, which contradicts the traditional norm of the Russian literary language, for example: Bagerovo, -a, -om, in Bagerovo (urban town, Ukraine) ; Ko sovo, -a, -om, in Ko sovo (Rep. Serbia); Gabrovo, -a, -om, in Gabrovo (city, Bulgaria).

1.3. East Slavic names ending - O with a preceding consonant, do not decline: Dubno, several. (city, Ukraine); No, several. (city, Ukraine); Gross bottom, several. (city, Belarus).

1.4. In geographical names on - ev, -yev, -ov, -in the forms of the genitive and instrumental are given: Belev, -a, -om (gor., Tula region, Russian Federation); Bobro in, -a, -om (city, Voronezh region, Russian Federation); Bardejov, -a, -om (city, Slovakia); Babi n, -a, -om (lake, Canada).

1.5. Foreign place names ending in a vowel - A, experience significant fluctuations in inclination:

many borrowed geographical names mastered by the Russian language are declined according to the type of noun. wives kind of on - A stressed, for example: Bukhara, -ы; Bugulma, -s; Ankara, -s;

Toponyms of French origin with final stress are not declined: Yura, several. (mountains - France; Switzerland);

Japanese place names ending in - are declined A unstressed: O saka, -i; Yoko bitch, -i [yo];

Estonian and Finnish names ending in - are not declined A, -I unstressed: Sa vonlinna, several. (city, Finland); Yu väskylä, several. (city, Finland); Sa aremaa, several. (island, Estonia);

Abkhazian and Georgian toponyms ending in unstressed experience fluctuations in declination - A. The Dictionary lists the names in the inflected version: Шxa pa, -ы (g. - on the border of Georgia and Kabardino-Balkaria, Russian Federation); Ochamchi ra, -y (city, Republic of Abkhazia); Gudau ta, -y (city, Republic of Abkhazia);

complex geographical names do not tend to - A unstressed, borrowed from Spanish and other Romance languages: Bai ya Blanca, several. (city, Argentina); Bai ya-La ypa, several. (city, Argentina); Here s-de-la-Fronte ra [re, de, te], several. (city, Spain);

complex Slavic names are declined as nouns, which are nouns in the presence of word-formation features of adjectives, for example: Bya la-Podlya ska, Bya la-Podlya ski (city, Poland); Banská Bistrica, Banská Bistrica (city, Slovakia); Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora (city, Poland);

both parts in names with the word river are inflected, for example: Moscow -river, Moskva -river, on the Moscow river, etc. But in colloquial speech there are cases of indeclinability of the first part of these combinations: beyond the Moscow river, on the Moscow river, etc. d. However, such use does not correspond to the norm of literary language.

1.6. Place names ending in vowels - And, -s and not perceived in Russian as plural forms. numbers are given in indeclinable form, for example: Burley, several. (village, Kazakhstan); Karshi, several. (village, Turkmenistan); Ismayilli, several., (city, Azerbaijan); Mary, several. (city, Turkmenistan); Dzhusaly, several. (town, Kazakhstan).

1.7. For monosyllabic names ending in a soft consonant, the forms gen., date are given. and sentence fallen., since they experience fluctuations when declination: Rus', Rus', to Rus', in Rus'; Ob, Ob, to Ob, on Ob; Perm, Perm, to Perm, about Perm; Kerch, Kerch, to Kerch, in Kerch. In the latter case, the stress is fixed on the base.

1.8. For names ending in consonants - and, -ts, -w, gender forms are indicated. and creativity fallen., since in creation. pad. under stress it is written - O, and without accent - e, for example: Fateh, -a, -em (city, Kursk region, Russian Federation); Kirzha h, -a, -o m (city, Vladimir region, Russian Federation).

1.9. Some foreign names like Se nt-Ka tarins [se] are not inclined several., (city, Canada); Pe r--Lashe z [pe], several. (cemetery in Paris); Pla ya-Hiro n (Pla ya-Hiro n), several. (village, Cuba).

1.10. Some foreign language names from the area of ​​urban nomenclature are given in indeclinable form with the second part - straight, -square: Woll-street, several.; Washington Square, several. etc.

O, -e, -And, -at, -yu, are presented in the Dictionary in an indeclinable form, for example: SHI LO Nikolai, Shi lo Nikola ya (Russian geologist); CRAFT Vasily, Craft Vasily (Russian breeder); DURNOVO Ivana, Durnovo Ivana (Russian statesman); VA JKULE Laima, Va ikule Laima (Latvian pop singer); VESKI And anne, several. (Estonian pop singer); BASILASHVI LI Ole g, Basilashvi li Olega (Russian actor); ILIE SKU Ion, Ilie sku Io na (Romanian statesman); BENTO Yu Pasca l, Bento Yu Pasca la (Romanian composer).

3. Male and female surnames and personal names ending in -a, -ya, -iya, -aya, -oy

Male and female surnames and personal names ending in - A, -I, -and I, -oh, -oh, as a rule, are inclined. But there are also cases of their indeclension, which is due to the place of stress in the word and the tradition of their use in the Russian language:

3.1. Male and female surnames and personal names ending in - A, -I non-accented ones, as a rule, are inclined; for example: TO MA Svetlana, TO WE Svetlana (Russian actress), DO GA Evgeniy, DO GI Evgenia (Moldova composer).

3.2. Japanese first and last names ending in - A unstressed, recently in print, in television and radio broadcasts, and in literature, they are regularly inclined. The Dictionary gives: KUROSA WA Akira, Kurosa you Akira (Japanese director); HATOYA MA Ichi ro, Hatoya we Ichi ro (Japanese statesman).

3.3. Georgian names and surnames of the indicated type experience fluctuations during declension, but in accordance with the norm of the Russian literary language they should be declined, for example: OKUDZHA VA Bula t, Okudzha you Bula ta; HORA VA Aka kiya, Hora you Aka kiya; VA ZHA Pshavela, VAZHA Pshavely. But the name of the Georgian poet ending in - A stressed, Shota Rustavi is not traditionally declined in Russian.

3.4. Finnish given names and surnames ending in - A unstressed, mostly not inflected, for example: KE KKONEN U rho Kaleva, Ke kkonena U rho Kaleva, PE KKALA Ma yno, several.

3.5. First and last names ending in - A with the previous one - And, do not decline, for example: GAMSAKHU RDIA Konstantin, Gamsahu RDIA Konstantin (Georgian writer).

3.6. Slavic surnames ending in - A stressed, incline: Skovoroda Gregory, Skovoroda Gregory (Ukrainian philosopher); POTEBNYA Aleksandra, Potebnya Aleksandra (Ukrainian and Russian philologist-Slavist).

3.7. French surnames and personal names ending in - A percussion, do not bow: TALMA Francois, several. (French actor); THOMA Ambrois z, Thomas Ambrois (French composer); GAMARRA Pierre, Gamarra Pierre (French writer); DUMA Alexandra, Dumas Alexandra (French writer).

3.8. Some African surnames start with - A shock experience fluctuations in declination: BABANGIDA Ibragi m, Babangida Ibragi ma (states figure of Nigeria); YAMARA Semoko [se], several. (general figure of Chad).

3.9. Women's personal names and surnames ending - oh Declined according to the model of the declension of personal names such as Ra ya, Ta ya, Agla ya. The Dictionary gives the forms of gender, date. and sentence pad., for example: GULA I I nna, Gula i Inn, to Gula e I nna, about Gula e I nna (Russian actress); SANA I Marina, Sana and Marina, to Sana e Mari not, about Sana e Mari not (Russian figure skater).

3.10. Male surnames ending - oh decline according to the type of declension of noun. “needles”, for example: PIKHO I Rudolf, Piho and Rudolf, to Piho e Rudolf, about Piho e Rudolf (Russian statesman).

3.11. Georgian surnames ending in - and I, are declined according to the model of the name Mari I (Mari I, gen., dat., prel. AndAnd), although in speech practice, on TV and radio, and in print, surnames of this type are sometimes not declined, which does not correspond to the norm of the Russian literary language. Correct: DANELIA Georgy, Daneliya Georgy, to Daneliya Georgy, about Daneliya Georgy [ne] (Russian film director); ALEXA NDRIA Na na, Alexandria Na us, to Alexandria Na not, about Alexandria Na not (Georgian chess player); CHKO NIYA Lamara, Chko niy Lama ry, to Chko niy Lama, about Chko niy Lama (Georgian actress).

3.12. Personal names I ya, Li ya, Vi ya, Ti ya, Gi ya (masculine Georgian name) are given gender and date forms. and sentence pad. with ending - II: And I, And and, to And and, about And and. There is a second way of inflecting these names: And I, And and, to I e, about I e. The dictionary gives preference to the first, i.e.: And I, And and, to And and, about And and.

3.13. For personal names and surnames of eastern origin such as Aliya, Alfiya, Zulfiya, gender and date forms are given. and sentence pad.: Zulfiya, -ii; to Zulfiya, about Zulfiya.

4. Male and female surnames and personal names ending with a consonant (including th)

4.1. Male surnames and personal names ending in a consonant (hard or soft) are declined: DAL Vladi mir, Da la Vladi mir; BRECHT Berto lta, Brechta Berto lta [re].

4.2. Male and female surnames ending in - their, -s, do not bow: RAVENSKIKH Nikolai, Ravenskikh Nikolai (Russian director); CHEREMNY X Mikhai l, Cheremny X Mikhai la (Russian artist); Cheremny x, several. (feminine form).

4.3. To male names and surnames ending in hissing and - ts, the forms of the genus are given. and creativity pad. Under the stress of creation. pad. is written - O, and without accent - e, for example: Liszt Ferenc, Liszt Ferenc, Liszt Ferenc (Hungarian composer, pianist, conductor); BA RENZ Willem, Barents Willem, Barents Willem (Dutch navigator); BILA SH Aleksandra, Bilasha Aleksandra, Bilasho m Aleksandr (Russian composer); BA LAZH (Balash) Bela, Balazha (Balasha) Bely, Balazhem (Balash) Beloy (Hungarian writer). However, there are exceptions, for example: TE LESHOV Nikolai, Teleshova Nikola I (Russian writer); VLADI MIRTSOV Bori s, Vladi Mirtsova Bori sa (scientist - Mongolian); KOKO VTSOV Pa Vel, Koko Vtsova Pa Vla (Russian Semitic scientist).

4.4. Male surnames of East Slavic origin that have a fluent vowel during declension may have two declension options - with and without loss of the vowel, depending on the tradition of their use in literary speech. The Dictionary gives: ZA YATS Anatoly, ZA Yats Anatoly (Russian poet); SUDET Ts Vladi mir, SUDET Ts Vladi mir (Russian military leader); GRITSEVETS Sergei, Gritsevets Sergei (Russian pilot); LUCHENO K I Grief, Luchenka I Grief (Belarusian composer); KOVALYONOK Vladi Mir, Kovalyonka Vladi Mir (Russian cosmonaut); MAZURO K Yuri, Mazuro ka Yuri (Russian singer).

4.5. For male surnames and personal names of Western Slavic and Western European origin, gender forms are given. pad. without dropping a vowel, for example: GA SHEK Jarosla v, Gasheka Jarosla va (Czech writer); GA VRANEK Bo Guslav, GA VRANEK Bo Guslava [ne] (Czech linguist); GOTT Karel, Go tta Karela [re] (Czech singer).

4.6. Male Polish, Czech and Slovak surnames in - skiy, -Tsky usually given with full endings in the nominative case and declined according to Russian models (following the model of the declension of adjectives), for example: OLBRY CHSKY Danie l, Olbry KHSKY Danie la [ie] (Polish actor); OGINSKI (Oginski) Michal Kleo fas, Oginski (Oginski) Michal Kleo fas (Polish composer). But sometimes surnames of this type are used in an indeclinable form, for example: POLA NSKI Roman, Polanski Roma (Polish film director), although on the recommendation of experts they should be declined. The dictionary gives: POLANSKY (Polanskiy) Roman, Polanskiy (Polanskiy) Romana.

4.7. Women's surnames can be formed in different ways: with full endings (- Skye, -Tskaya) and with truncated (- ska, -tska). In both cases, they are more often declined according to Russian models (following the model of the declension of full adjectives), for example: BANDRO VSKA-TU RSKA Eva, Bandrovskaya-Turskaya E you (Polish singer); BRY LSKA Barbara, Brylska Barbara (Polish actress); CHERNY-STEFANSKA Galina, Czerny--Stefanska Galina (Polish pianist). Quite often, the name Brylskaya is pronounced incorrectly, placing emphasis on the first syllable: Barbara. But in Polish the stress is always on the penultimate syllable: Barbara ra. The Dictionary gives: BRY LSKA Barbara ra.

4.8. With borrowed male surnames ending in unstressed - ov, -in, genus forms are given. and creativity pad. with ending - ohm: DA RVIN Charles, Da Rvin Charles, Da Rvin Charles (English naturalist); CHA PLIN Charles Spencer, Chaplin Charles Spencer, Chaplin Charles Spencer [peh, se] (American film actor, film director); FLO TOV Friedrich, Flotov Friedrich, Flotov Friedrich (German composer). Similar Russian surnames are in the works. pad. ending - th.

4.9. European female surnames with unstressed - ov, -in presented in the Dictionary in indeclinable form: HO JKIN Do roti, several. (English scientist, woman); CHA PLIN Geraldina, Cha PLIN Geraldina (American actress).

4.10. The Dictionary also includes male surnames with accent - in. If these are Russian and Russified male surnames, then they are inclined according to the general rule, i.e. they have a creative meaning. pad. percussion - th. Therefore, this form is not given in the Dictionary, for example: KARAMZI N Nikolai, Karamzina Nikolai; BUTURLI N Vasily, Buturlina Vasily.

4.11. Female surnames of the above type are also inclined according to the Russian model: ROSTOPCHINA Evdoki I, Rostopchino y Evdoki and (Russian poetess).

4.12. To borrowed non-Russified male surnames with an accent - in the form of creation is given. pad. with unstressed - ohm: RACINE Jean, Racine Jean, Racine Jean (French playwright); BARTOLI N Era zm, Bartoli on Era zm, Bartolin nom Era zm (Danish scientist).

4.13. Female surnames of this type are presented in an indeclinable version: DENEV Katri n [de], several. (French actress), BIRKI N Jane, several. (French actress).

4.14. Women's surnames and names ending in a consonant (hard or soft) are given in indeclinable form, for example: VOYNICH Etel el Lilian [te], several. (English writer); COURSE L Nico l [se], several. (French actress).

4.15. Female personal names of biblical origin (Agar, Rachel, Ruth, Shulami f, Esther, Judi f) are declined according to the type of declension of the word “salt” (sol, soli, with soly, about salt), for example; Agary, Agary, with Agary, about Agary. The Dictionary lists the forms gen., creative. and sentence pad. The name Rashe l (Rashel, Rashe li, with Rashe li, about Rashe li), but the stage name of the French actress RACHE L ( present femme. - Eli doesn’t bow to Rush el Feli x)

4.16. The name Lyubov is declined without dropping a vowel; the Dictionary provides forms of gender, date. and sentence fall: Love, Love, to Love, oh Love. The names Nine l and Assol fluctuate in declination. The dictionary gives: Nina l, -i [ne] (f. name); Assol, several. (f. name).

5. Complex borrowed names and surnames

5.1. In complex Western names and surnames, connected by a hyphen, the last word is declined: BELMONDO Jean-Paul, Belmondo Jean-Paul (French actor); RUSSO Zha-n-Zhak, Rousseau Zha-n-Zhaka (French writer and philosopher); KAPABLA NKA Jose -Rau l, Capabla nki Jose -Rau la [se] (Cuban chess player). If the second name is not inflected, then the first name takes on the function of inflection, for example: TRENTIGNA N Zsa n-Louis, Trentigna na Zsa na-Louis (French actor); GUY-LUSSA K Jose f-Louis, GAY-Lussa ka Jose f-Louis [ze] (French chemist and physicist).

5.2. In compound names and surnames of Vietnamese, Korean, Burmese, Cambodian, Chinese, etc., the last part is declined: KIM YONG NAM, Kim Yong Na ma (North-Correspondent statesman); BA THEIN TIN, Ba Thein Ti na [te] (Burmese statesman); CH A SIM, Che a Si ma (Cambodian statesman); LI PEN, Li Pe na (Chinese statesman).

6. Double surnames

In Russian double surnames, both parts are declined if their endings can be declined, for example: SOKOLO V-MIKITO V, Sokolo va-Mikitova (Russian writer); GOLENI SHCHEV-KUTU CALL, Shin Shchev-Kutu Zov (Russian poet, philologist, literary critic), but: SOKOLO V-SKALYA, Sokolo va-Skalya (Russian artist).

If the first part is not used as an independent word, it does not decline: DE MUT-MALINO VSKY, De mut-Malinovsky (Russian sculptor); Grum-Grzhima Yilo Vladi mir, Grum-Grzhima ylo Vladi mira (Russian scientist-metallurgist); BO NC-BRUE HIV, Bo NC-BRUEVICH (Russian military leader).

1. Names (Slavic) on -O such as Levko, Marko, Pavlo, Petro are declined according to the model of the declension of masculine-neuter nouns, for example: in front of Levka, in Mark; M. Gorky does not decline the name Danko (“... she spoke about Danko’s burning heart”).

Names having parallel forms on -O – -A(Gavrilo - Gavrila, Mikhaila - Mikhaila), usually declined according to the type of feminine nouns: at Gavrila, to Gavrila, with Gavrila. Other endings (at Gavril, to Gavril, with Gavril) are formed from another initial form Gavril.

2. Foreign names are inclined to have a consonant sound, regardless of whether they are used independently or together with the surname, for example: novels by Jules Verne (not “Jules Verne”), stories by Mark Twain, plays by John Boynton Priestley, fairy tales by Hans Christian Andersen, book by Pierre -Henri Simon. Partial deviations are observed with double French names, for example: the philosophical views of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, an evening in memory of Jean-Richard Bloch (the first name is not declined, see § 13, paragraph 3).

3. When declension of Slavic names and surnames, forms of Russian declension are used (in particular, in indirect forms fluent vowels are preserved), for example: Edek, Vladek (Polish names) - Edeka, Vladeka (not “Edka”, “Vladka”); Karel Capek - Karela Capek, (not “Chapka”); Vaclav Havel – Vaclav Havel (not “Gavla”).

4. Russian and foreign surnames ending in a consonant are declined if they refer to men, and not declined if they refer to women. Compare: student Kulik - student Kulik, George Bush - Barbara Bush. Frequent deviations from the rule (indeclinability of Russian male surnames ending in a consonant sound) are observed in cases where the surname is consonant with the name of an animal or inanimate object (Goose, Belt), in order to avoid unusual or curious combinations, for example: “Mr. Goose’s” "Citizen Belt." Often in such cases, especially in official business speech, they retain the surname in the initial form (cf.: train with Stanislav Zhuk) or make changes to this type of declension, for example, retain a fluent vowel sound in the forms of oblique cases (cf.: highly appreciate courage of Konstantin Kobets).

5. Last names are not inclined to -ago, -ako, -yago, -yh, -ikh, -ovo: Shambinago, Plevako, Dubyago, Krasnykh, Dolgikh, Durnovo. Only in common parlance are forms like “Ivan Sedykh’s” found.

6. Foreign surnames ending in a vowel sound (except for unstressed ones) -a, -i, with a preceding consonant) do not decline, for example: the novels of Zola, the poems of Hugo, the operas of Bizet, the music of Puncini, the plays of Shaw, the poems of Salman Rushdie.

Often Slavic (Polish and Czech) surnames are also included under this rule. -ski And -s: opinions of Zbigniew Brzezinski (American social and political figure), Pokorny's dictionary (Czech linguist). It should, however, be borne in mind that the tendency to transfer such surnames in accordance with their sound in the source language (cf. the spelling of the Polish surnames Glinski, Leszczynska - with the letter b before sk) is combined with the tradition of their transmission according to the Russian model in spelling and declension: works by the Polish writer Krasiński, performances by singer Ewa Bandrowska-Turska, a concert by pianist Czerna-Stefanska, an article by Octavia Opulska-Danietska, etc. To avoid difficulties in the functioning of such surnames in the Russian language, it is advisable to formalize them according to the model of the declension of Russian male and female surnames into -sky, -tsky, -y, -aya. Polish combinations are inclined in a similar way, for example: Home Army, Home Army, etc.

From surnames to accented ones -A Only the Slavic ones are inclined: From the writer Mayboroda, to the philosopher Skovoroda, the films of Alexander Mitta.

Non-Russian surnames with unstressed names -oh, -i(mainly Slavic and Romanesque) are inclined, for example: the work of Jan Neruda, the poems of Pablo Neruda, the works of honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya, the utopianism of Campanella, the cruelty of Torquemada, a film with the participation of Giulietta Masina; but films starring Henry Fonda and Jane Fonda. Finnish surnames also do not decline to -a: meeting with Kuusela. Foreign surnames do not decline to -ia, for example: sonnets of Heredia, stories of Gulia; on -iya - inclined, for example: the atrocities of Beria.

Fluctuations are observed in the use of Georgian, Japanese and some other surnames; Wed: aria performed by Zurab Sotkilav, Okudzhava’s songs, Ardzinba government, 100th anniversary of the birth of Saint-Katayama, General Tanaka’s politics, works of Ryunosuke Akutagawa. In recent years, there has clearly been a tendency towards the decline of such surnames.

7. Ukrainian surnames -ko (-enko) in fiction they are usually declined, although according to different types of declension (like masculine or neuter words), for example: order to the head of Evtukh Makogonenko; poem dedicated to M.V. Rodzianka In modern press, such surnames, as a rule, are not declined, for example: the anniversary of Taras Shevchenko, memories of V.G. Korolenko. In some cases, however, their changeability is advisable to add clarity to the text, cf.: letter from V.G. Korolenko A.V. Lunacharsky - letter addressed to V.G. Korolenka. Wed. also from Chekhov: “In the evening Belikov... trudged to Kovalenki.” Surnames are not accentuated: the Franko Theater, Lyashko’s stories.

8. In compound names and surnames of Korean, Vietnamese, Burmese, the last part is declined (if it ends in a consonant), for example: Choi Heng’s speech, Pham Van Dong’s statement, conversation with U Ku Ling.

9. In Russian double surnames, the first part is declined if it is used in itself as a surname, for example: songs by Solovyov-Sedoy, paintings by Sokolov-Skal. If the first part does not form a surname, then it does not decline, for example: research by Grum-Grzhimailo, in the role of Skvoznik-Dmukhanovsky, sculpture by Demut-Malinovsky.

10. Non-Russian surnames referring to two or more persons are in some cases given in the plural form, in others - in the singular form:

1) if the surname has two male names, then it is put in the plural form, for example: Heinrich and Thomas Mann, August and Jean Picard, Adolph and Mikhail Gottlieb; also father and son of Oistrakh;
- 2) with two female names, the surname is put in the singular form, for example: Irina and Tamara Press (cf. the inflexibility of surnames with a consonant sound related to women);
- 3) if the surname is accompanied by a male and female name, then it retains the singular form, for example: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt, Ronald and Nancy Reagan, Ariadne and Peter Tur, Nina and Stanislav Zhuk;
- 4) the surname is also put in the singular if it is accompanied by two common nouns indicating different genders, for example: Mr. and Mrs. Clinton, Lord and Lady Hamilton; however, when combining husband and wife, brother and sister, the surname is more often used in the plural form: husband and wife of Estrema, brother and sister of Niringa;
- 5) when using the word spouse, the surname is given in the singular form, for example: spouse Kent, spouse Major;
- 6) with the word brothers, the surname is also usually put in the singular form, for example: the Grimm brothers, the Spiegel brothers, the Schellenberg brothers, the Pokrass brothers; the same with the word sisters: Koch sisters;
- 7) when using the word family, the surname is usually given in the singular form, for example: Oppenheim family, Hoffmann-Stal family.

11. In combinations of Russian surnames with numerals, the following forms are used: two Petrovs, both Petrovs, two Petrovs, both Petrov brothers, two Petrov friends; two (both) Zhukovskys; two (both) Zhukovskys. This rule also applies to combinations of numerals with foreign-language surnames: both Schlegels, two brothers of Mann.

12. Female patronymics are declined according to the type of declension of nouns, and not adjectives, for example: in Anna Ivanovna, to Anna Ivanovna, with Anna Ivanovna.

I repeat: it is characteristic of the Russian language declination of surnames in general, including foreign and foreign languages.
And not only last names...

Now let’s look at a completely different question, although it also concerns names and surnames.

Do foreign first and last names decline?

Usually they are declined if they refer to males and end in a consonant. We say: “a tragedy by William Shakespeare”, “a fable by Jean La Fontaine”, “a ballad by Friedrich Schiller”, “an opera by Richard Wagner”, etc. (And if we say “a novel by George Sand”, then this is because “George Sand " - pseudonym of the woman Aurora Dudevant.)

The same rule applies to contemporaries. Therefore - contrary to the opinion of some - one should say “Paul Robeson concert” (and not “Paul Robeson” and not “Paul Robeson”) and “Yves Montand’s songs” (and not “Yves Montand”).

Until now we have been talking about famous or well-known personalities. But what about ordinary citizens living among us? How, for example, should the address be written: “Karl Ivanovich Muller” or “Karl Ivanovich Muller”? (I'm not even talking about the completely illiterate “Karl Ivanovich Müller...”)

Of course, only in the first form - “Muller”. Only his wife, say, “Maria Robertovna Muller,” can write “Müller” in the dative case.

But what about foreign surnames that also belong to men, but end in a vowel?

They usually don't bow.

Indeed. We say: “a novel by Dumas”, “a poem by Goethe”, “an opera by Verdi”, “a drama by Hugo”, “a comedy by Sardou”, “a painting by Goya”, etc. It is absolutely impossible to say about the writer Dumas, the artist Degas, the architect Brenn “Dumas’ novel”, “Deguy’s” painting, “Brenna” architecture...

After writing this, I thought: why do we say “Petrarch’s sonnet”, “Casanova’s memoirs”, “Canova’s statue”? Yes, and about Goya’s painting you can say “Goya’s painting.”

From this we can conclude: the Russian language is characterized by declension of surnames in general, including foreign ones. This conclusion is confirmed by the fact that some foreign surnames ending in one vowel are easily shortened to precisely this vowel, after which they are easily declined, that is, they are made convenient for inflection.

Thus, the great Italian poet Dante has long sounded in Russian as “Dante”. Suffice it to recall Pushkin:

“The stern Dante did not despise the sonnet...”

The same thing happened with the surname of another famous Italian poet Tasso, who began to sound “Tass” in Russian. (I do not cite as an example the transformation of the Italian surname “Bonaparte” into “Bonaparte”: before it was thus “Russified”, it was “Frenchized” - and above all by Napoleon himself.)

The same phenomenon - the desire for declination - can be seen in the fact that sometimes French surnames that end in a vowel when pronounced and are therefore indeclinable (Guizot, Diderot, Beranger, etc.) in Russian are turned into inflected ones by using their French transcription and transforming unpronounceable letters into pronounced ones.

Let us recall how Pushkin’s Count Nulin travels from Paris “to Petropol”:

“With Gizot’s terrible book...”

"With Bérenger's last song..."

But Pushkin knew French perfectly.

Perhaps someone will object to me: “Well, this is poetic license, probably caused by the need to maintain size or find a suitable rhyme...” But here we open Dostoevsky’s novel “The Brothers Karamazov” and read in the second chapter the words of Fyodor Pavlovich :

“Forgive me, I just made up the last thing about Diderot’s baptism myself...”

But what about Slavic surnames (Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Polish, Czech) if they end in a vowel? Are they inclined or not?

Yes, as a rule, they do. But with some reservations.

P.1. Foreign names and surnames naming male persons ending in a consonant and an unstressed vowel are declined - A.

Foreign-language female surnames are not declined.

Ashot Petrosyan – opinion of Ashot Petrosyan ( But: Galina Petrosyan); George Byron - poems by George Byron(But: Ada Byron); Anatoly Belaga – textbook Anatoly Belaga.

Foreign-language surnames ending in vowels are not declined (except for the unstressed vowel - A; Eugene Delacroix– drawings by Eugene Delacroix, Alphonse Daudet – novel by Alphonse Daudet, Giuseppe Verdi – music by Giuseppe Verdi, Jorge Amadou – the talent of Jorge Amadou, Sergo Zakariadze – the role of Sergo Zakariadze.

Notes Declension of male surnames ending in a consonant or unstressed vowel -A, is explained by the analogy of these foreign-language surnames with Russian surnames ending in a consonant (Smirnov, Sinitsyn), as well as in an unstressed vowel - A(Smirnova, Sinitsyna).

The invariability of surnames in the feminine gender is explained by the tendency to differentiate between male and female persons when calling them by their surname.

Nevertheless, there is a tendency to decline foreign-language female names and surnames ending in an unstressed vowel -A: Mariette Chikobava – the role of Mariet Chikobava and the role of Mariet Chikobava. Songs of Edita Piekha.

P.2. Foreign language inflected surnames and given names in the instrumental case have the ending - ohm, -I eat. Meeting with President Franklin Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill. Friendship between Ogarev and Herzen.

P.3. Mostly Slavic surnames bow down.

Leaning male and female surnames ending in -th(by type of declension of adjectives): Met Vasily Zadorozhny – Anna Zadorozhnaya; opinion Alexandra Pshenichny – Lyudmila Pshenichnaya.

Leaning male surnames ending with a consonant: Andrey Marchuk – knows Andrey Marchuk(But: I know Alena Marchuk).

Leaning male and female surnames ending in an unstressed vowel -A. Composer Mayboroda – music by Mayboroda, figure skater Padalka – Padalka’s performance. Vasily Yarga, Olga Yarga - a story by Vasily Yarga, Olga Yarga.

Don't bow Slavic surnames ending in

-ago, -ago (Dr. Dubyago's opinion);

-y, -them (letter from Peter Sedykh);

-ko, -o (poems by Taras Shevchenko, works of professor Nikolai Durnov).

P.4. Problems of declension/non-declension of Slavic surnames arise when Slavic (and some foreign language) surnames coincide with common nouns ( Andrey Selezen, Alla Music, Stanislav Uchenik, Andre Stahl).

Note. Linguistic experts point out the need for such surnames incline. In particular, in the Handbook of Practical Stylistics of the Modern Russian Language, Doctor of Philology, Professor of Moscow State University Yu.A. Belchikov points out: “ Indeclination male surnames like Sheremet, Hare, Wolfconsidered an error, violation of the norm." And further: “Surnames that coincide in spelling with common nouns, as well as with personal names and toponyms, are perceived as a deviation from the norm that has developed in the Russian language and in the linguistic consciousness of its speakers. In accordance with this norm, in order to avoid unwanted homonymy and inappropriate associations, the surname, if possible, should be somehow different from words denoting specific objects, body parts, abstract concepts, living beings, a person’s profession, position, rank, social status, etc. .p., as well as from personal names (both passport and unofficial, e.g. Pavlik, Lyubochka). The bearers of such surnames – as required by the norm – strive to separate them from homonymous common nouns and proper names by formal features.”

change the emphasis in the surname. Alexey Berlin - the city of Berlin, Irina Verba - blooming pussy willow;

when declension of surnames, leave the letter composition unchanged (in cases where letters are dropped when declension of a common noun). Pyotr Koren is a root, if there is no Peter Koren, there is no root.

Note.“When declining surnames of the named types in order to reduce the possibility of inappropriate associations and unwanted homonymy, a noun or phrase with nouns is placed before the surname as the main word denoting the position, rank, profession, social status of the bearer of this surname. Book by writer Peter Sokol. Interview with the laureate of the singing competition Boris Pavlik, visiting the composer Andrei Melnik” (Cit. Recommendation by Yu.A. Belchikov);

“In documents, business papers, in information genres of the media (especially in news materials, in newsreels), in general in official situations in order to preserve for accuracy of information the original (passport) form of the surname of a given person (in the nominative singular case) male surnames of the type in question don't bow. In such situations and contexts, it is recommended to use before the surname the designation of the official, social status of the bearer of this surname and / or his first name and patronymic. In connection with the anniversary of the Institute of Linguistics, award a certificate of honor to the head of the laboratory of applied linguistics, Professor A.V. Marshal. A group of French scientists led by academician Albert Cote took part in the conference. Roberta Sherif's dissertation defense. Discussion of the story by Stefan Korzh." (Quoted by Yu.A. Belchikov);

Surnames that can cause ridicule, and therefore disrespect for the bearers of these surnames, for ethical reasons or in accordance with the family traditions of bearers of a problematic surname, may don't bow down. I don’t hear Seryozha Poganets answer. Misha Sliznyak was not in class today.

P.5. Female surnames of Slavic origin that coincide with common nouns do not decline with a consonant (including -y). T Irina Rekemchuk's phone, the role of Elena Solovey, Alla Zaigray's address.

P.6. Double first and last names. In double names and surnames, both parts are declined if they are independent proper nouns. Novels by Mamin-Sibiryak, fairy tales by Hans Christian Andersen, books by Pierre-Henri Simon. If the first part of the first or last name is not perceived as an independent proper name, then it is not declined. Meeting with Bonch-Bruevich. Laugh at Gogol's mayor Skvoznik-Dmukhanovsky.

Note. In Korean and Vietnamese compound names and surnames, only the last part is declined. Kim Il Sung – speech by Kim Il Sung. Also, the first part of double names like Ahmad Shah, Zakir Khan. Negotiations with Ahmad Shah Masud, come to Zahir_Khan Mamedov.

P.7. Surnames denoting several persons.

If non-Russian surnames refer to two or more persons, it is possible to use the surname in the singular and in the plural.

Plural form only with words father And son: father and son Schlegel.

Only singular form with word sisters: Fisher sisters.

In other cases, both singular and plural variants are used. Prize of the Goncourt and Goncourt brothers. Reception of the Nixon and Nixon spouses. Album with the coats of arms of Friesengoff and Friesengoff.

Note.Preference is given singular forms and the invariability of surnames denoting female persons, including in combination with male persons. Spouses Mariengof, Husband and wife Rosenberg. Father and daughter Ulrich.

P.8. When declension in the form of the instrumental case singular, foreign-language names and surnames have the ending - oh, -eat: Be friends with Karel Gott, with Bill Clinton, with George Bush.

(Compare with Russian surnames: Be friends with Ivanov, Pavlov).