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The preposition is quite curious. They express the relationship between object and subject, and these relationships can be as complex as desired. Prepositions are not only “small words” like “to”, “by”, “for”, “through”, etc., but also whole phrases - “due to the fact that”, “due to the fact that”, “ on the occasion of the fact that” and others. Such prepositions consisting of several words are called compound prepositions. Naturally, they did not form in the Russian language right away: they began their development in the 19th – 20th centuries, when scientific literature and the media gained universal popularity. The relationships between the members of a sentence (statement) in such literature are quite complex and subtle and are far from those used in the speech of “naive” native speakers.

Various types of “new” specific prepositions - compound, complex (written with a hyphen: “because”, “on-over”, “from under”, etc.), derivatives (formed from other parts of speech: “by”, “as a consequence”, “in continuation”, etc.) even at the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries were associated with clerical and other types of “non-artistic” speech (for example, journalistic). Korney Chukovsky in his book “Alive as Life” gives an interesting example. One old retired official decided to get busy and tried to translate the romantic fairy tale “Red Rose”. The translation as a whole turned out to be good, but the language in which it was written was more like clerical language. Here is one of the fragments: “For lack of a red rose, my life is broken.” The publishing house told the official that such pretexts are unacceptable in a romantic story. The old man seemed to understand everything and redid the text: “Due to the absence of a red rose, my life is broken,” making the speech of the desperate hero even more clerical.

A new round of popularity of compound prepositions occurred in the first decades of Soviet power, when all aspects of human life were subject to politicization. Documentation, reports, decrees, resolutions, propaganda newspapers - all this forced ordinary people to use “clerical” pretexts even in everyday conversations.

In modern times, such components as “in part”, “in action” have become in demand; they are typical for business speech.

By the way, the size of these “difficult” prepositions is sometimes amazing: some of them are much longer than nouns, adjectives and verbs. The longest preposition (and at the same time conjunction) is “accordingly”, it consists of 14 letters. This excuse is often used by teachers as well as employers.

How to remember writing compound prepositions

It is often difficult to write compound prepositions. For example, the ending for such prepositions as “in continuation”, “during”, as well as for the one written together “as a result”. These prepositions were formed from stable phrases in which the noun is in the accusative case. All such nouns (cf. “I’ll come at the hour”, “minute at the minute”) have the meaning of time, some lasting period. The simple preposition “in” in this case is synonymous with the expression “during”: “During the continuation of the conversation (that is, while the conversation continued), he did not mention the matter again.”

At the same time, in the combinations “in continuation”, “during” it is in the prepositional case and answers the question “where?”, “in what?”: “In the continuation of the story (that is, in the text) the hero does this and that this and that."

The preposition “despite” is also very often misspelled. Once upon a time, at the time of its inception, it really was a combination of a gerund with the particle “not” and a simple preposition “on”, so it was written separately. But these days are long gone, and the preposition “despite” is written together.

Some of the mistakes are astonishing. “In conclusion, I’ll tell you about ...” - it seems that the speaker is sitting in or is about to sit down. I wonder if those who make such mistakes understand the meaning of what they write?

Writing derived prepositions

Derivative prepositions formed from phrases are adjacent to compound prepositions in origin and complexity of spelling. How to correctly write “an object (like) a cube”? in this case, you should choose a synonym for the intended preposition: “an object like a cube.” The meaning remains the same - this means that we have a derivative preposition that is written together. But “a problem (like) triangles” does not stand up to such a test: “a problem like triangles” is nonsense; This means that here there is a preposition and a noun, which are written separately (and the noun is also part of a stable phrase - the term “similarity of triangles”). By the way, “like” is also a compound preposition. Their simple synonym is the colloquial “type”, as well as the conjunction “like”: “an object like a cube.” This preposition has its “double”: “In the genus Panthera of the Feline family there are four species - lion, tiger, jaguar and leopard.”

The preposition “instead” is synonymous with the preposition “for”, “about” - “about”, “in view of” - “because of”. The preposition “after” roughly corresponds to the simple preposition “on”: “We looked after the departing train” - “we looked at the departing train.” These prepositions should be distinguished from phrases with nouns and simple prepositions: “Put money into my bank account”, “we arrived at the place he indicated”, “the hunter looked at the trail and determined what kind of animal ran here”, “have in mind."

Prepositions such as “inside” and “along” are written together: “what lies inside the box”, “trees grow along the road”. It’s not difficult to remember this, because there are no words “inside” and “dol”, although they may have existed in the Old Russian language. These prepositions were formed from adverbs with the meaning of space, and adverbs are always written together. The preposition “towards” also belongs to this group, also formed from the adverb: “To go towards the wind” (preposition), “he goes to meet” (adverb); however, it must be distinguished from a noun with a preposition: “we are going to a high school reunion.”

Why do so many people make mistakes when writing prepositions? Most likely, the matter is simple inattention - the writers do not understand the meaning of the text or understand it approximately. Each element of the language has its own meaning, and if you rely on it, you can easily determine the correct spelling.

Topic: Simple and compound prepositions.

Learning new material.

Target: Introduce students to simple and compound prepositions.

Tasks:

1. test students’ knowledge on the topic “Preposition”;
2. continue to work on improving the ability to use prepositions in speech and writing;
3. improve students' speech competence.

Textbook: M.P. Baranova, T.A. Ladyzhenskaya.

1. Org moment.
2. Linguistic warm-up.

Before studying a new topic, let's warm up a little.

1) Correct speech errors in sentences when using prepositions.

Do you like cabbage pies?

I agree with the order, you are hired.

Upon expiration of the contract, wages are paid.

Go to the store for bread.

2) Crossword.

When filling out the crossword puzzle, we will remember the vocabulary.

What are synonyms and antonyms?

1. Synonym of prepositionsnear, near, in the presence.
2. Antonym of preposition along .
3. Synonym of prepositionsin spite of, against, despite.
4. Antonym of preposition ahead .
5. Antonym of preposition to (with time value).
6. Synonym of preposition through .
7. Synonym of preposition all around

At

Across the rivers

Issues

Pose

After

Sq o z

Around g

1. Checking homework. Frontal survey.

Now we will remember what we have already studied on the topic “Preposition” and “Service parts of speech”.

What functional parts of speech do you know?

What is a preposition?

What relationships can prepositions express?

How are derivative prepositions formed?

What prepositions are non-derivative?

1. Learning new material.

Columns of prepositions on the board:

During

On In continuation

Thanks Despite

How are prepositions different?

In one column the prepositions are simple, in the other they are compound.

Who will try to say what is the difference between simple prepositions and compound ones?

Now let’s open the textbooks p.139 p.51 (one student reads)

1. Consolidation of what has been learned.

Now we will practice distinguishing between simple and compound prepositions.

Exercise 303 (at the board on the next level)

Task on cards (independent work)

Add s/c. (application )

Students read out some word combinations.

Silent dictation (work in pairs)

I take actions. After each, students write down what I show using prepositions (simple and compound). After each activity, I raise my hand and students begin to take notes. Which pair will have more prepositions, which will have more variety.

I enter the office.

I approach the table.

I move my chair away from the table.

I sit down on a chair.

Summing up.

1. Entertaining linguistics.

Listen to the poem and answer the question: “In what meanings is the word used? pretext in a poem?

Printouts for each student.(application )

1. Results.

Let's summarize. What tasks were difficult?

Which prepositions are called simple and which are compound?

Application.

1. go to the start, 2. arrive at five o’clock, 3. look out of the window, 4. return in ten minutes, 5. folder for documents, 6. miss due to illness, 7. fall asleep in the morning, 8. work after the holiday, 9. take it out of the bag, 10. meet at the school.

There is no excuse. A. Shibaev.

It turned out to be a wonderful day,

And I'm learning prepositions...

I must know the lesson firmly:

Our teacher is strict!

And I whisper, closing my eyes,

Crossing your legs under a chair:

“What does “by” mean?

“What does “for” mean?

Both “for” and “by” are prepositions...”

It would be nice - beyond the threshold

And rush along the road!..

What excuse can I come up with?

So as not to learn prepositions?

Complete the phrases:

Tell by…

Issue by…

Win by…

Return by…

Buy by…

Arrive by...

Ran along...

Grieving for...

Climb up…

Class: 7

Goals:

• continue to get acquainted with the preposition as a part of speech;
• promote the development of students' speech through oral responses using supporting diagrams;
• form logical thinking, develop cognitive interest in the subject, using entertaining elements at the repetition stage.

Stages:

1. Organizational moment: greeting students, communicating the topic of the lesson, setting goals and objectives.
2. Repetition of the topic: “Preposition”
3. Studying a new topic.
4. Consolidation of what has been learned.
5. Homework.
6. Summing up the lesson.

PROGRESS OF THE LESSON

Goals:

• Repeat and consolidate previously studied material about prepositions.
• Find out the difference between simple and compound prepositions.

I. Organizational moment

I wish you successful work and pleasant communication in class.

1 slide. Copy the sentence by inserting the missing letters and punctuation marks:

The pr..kind of pr..miraculously formed in the spring is looking forward to the flight of birds..melting the snow blocks with its warm breath.

• Indicate spellings, graphically explain the placement of punctuation marks.
• Highlight the grammatical basis of the sentence.
• Find the word in the sentence that is different from all the others.

2 slide . Students are offered independent work followed by self-test :

Nature, strangely transformed in spring, eagerly awaits the arrival of birds, melting blocks of snow with their warm breath.

3 slide. The answer is displayed: WITH

Slide 4: Tell us about the preposition, restoring the material in the diagram:

The student's oral response is heard at the board.

III. Working on new material

5 slide.

1. On the proposal board:

For We traveled all holidays.
During Some rivers have dangerous places.

(Write in notebooks, highlight prepositions, evidence).

2. Analysis of these proposals:

a) Find homonymous words
b) Indicate prepositions
c) Find out the semantic meaning
d) Conclusion about the writing.

1. Reading a textbook paragraph (No. 51)
2. Finding out the difference between simple and compound prepositions
3. Observations from the table6 slides, transferring it to the student notebook:

3. Completing the textbook exercise (No. 303)

Exercise 1.

4. Assignment. Write down the prepositions from the sentences in two columns:

simple and compound

1. It rained all day.
2. At the end of the evening there was a concert.
3. The river makes many turns in its course.
4. In the continuation of the story, we learned about the fate of the heroes.
5. Due to illness, I could not attend school.
6. He spoke quietly, despite his friends.
7. I wanted to talk to you about the apartment.
8. They put chains under the wheels instead of brakes.
9. The adjective agrees with the noun in gender.
10. Unlike his classmates, he was not going to college.
11. It remains quiet over the sea.
12. Anton came to us from the city.

There are never prepositions before a verb, participles, or adverbs.
How to distinguish a preposition from a prefix?
You know well that in Russian a preposition comes before a noun or pronoun
(look at the stars, get closer to her). If a noun has a definition, then the preposition is placed before it (look at the night stars).

– I.I. Levitan, a Russian landscape artist, loved to paint summer and spring. Consider the painting “Spring. Big water." How is it related to the text you read?

IV. Independent work

Write out phrases from the text: with simple and compound prepositions.

It's March. More and more often the sun shines throughout the day. As the air temperature rises, the snow darkens, settles and melts.
At this time, the barely awakened forest lives an almost silent and unprecedented life. The sky is transparent and clear with high light clouds. During massive snow melting, floods begin.

(according to Sokolov-Mikitov)

– Determine the text style, topic, main idea.

V. Consolidation of the topic. Lesson summary

– What new did we learn in the lesson?
– What prepositions are called simple?
– What prepositions are called compound prepositions?

VI. Entertaining linguistics

– In what meanings is the word preposition used in A. Shibaev’s poem?

There is no excuse.

It turned out to be a wonderful day, And I’m learning prepositions... I must know the lesson firmly: Our teacher is strict! And I whisper, closing my eyes, crossing my legs under the chair: “What does “by” mean? “What does “for” mean? Both “for” and “by” are prepositions...” But it would be nice to - OVER the threshold AND - rush along the road!.. What excuse could I come up with, so as not to learn prepositions?

VII. Slide 9: Homework.

Paragraph 51. Learn the theory. Exercise: 304

Russian language

MORPHOLOGY

11. Preposition

Preposition as a functional part of speech.

Pretext- this is a service part of speech that expresses the dependence of nouns, numerals, pronouns on other words in phrases and sentences. Prepositions are not members of the sentence, but are included in the members of the sentence, for example: In the forest the woodcutter's ax was heard(N. Nekrasov).

Places by value.

According to their meaning, prepositions are divided into categories:

1. spatial prepositions. They indicate a place, for example: in, on, under, about, at, to, above;
2. temporary prepositions. They indicate time, for example: through, to, before, with, before, during;
3. causal prepositions. They indicate the reason, for example: by, from, as a result of, because of, for, in view of;
4. targeted prepositions. They indicate a target, for example: for, for, on;
5. prepositions course of action. They indicate a course of action, for example: with, without, in, by;
6. additional prepositions. They indicate the object to which the action is directed, for example: about, about, about, with, on, about.

Some prepositions can express different meanings, for example: preposition To can convey spatial and temporal values ​​( come up To home, come over To one o'clock in the afternoon).

Non-derivatives and derivatives.

There are prepositions derivatives And non-derivatives.

TO derivative These include prepositions that were formed by the transition of independent parts of speech into auxiliary ones, while losing their lexical meaning and morphological features, for example: preposition by(convince by hard evidence) comes from a noun by in the instrumental case ( serves as a convenient by ). Derivative prepositions are usually used with one case, for example: preposition thanks to used only with the dative case ( thanks to courage).

TO non-derivative These include prepositions that are not formed from independent parts of speech, for example: to, for, from, to, under, with, at, through. Most non-derivative prepositions are used with different cases.

Simple and compound.

There are prepositions simple And composite.

Simple Prepositions consisting of only one word are called, for example: under, with, at, about, because of, near.

Composite prepositions consisting of two or three words are called, for example: in connection with, on account of, during, in connection with.

Single-valued and multi-valued.

There are prepositions unambiguous And polysemantic.

Single digits prepositions are used with only one case, for example: from the forest(gen. p.), to the house(dat. p.).

Note. It should be remembered that prepositions thanks, according to, despite, in defiance, towards are used only with the dative case.

Multiple-valued prepositions can be used with several cases, for example: preposition under used with accusative ( take under control) and instrumental cases ( sleep under roof).

Spelling.

1. Complex prepositions are written with a hyphen because of, from under, over, for, under, with, for, for, for.
2. Derivative prepositions formed on the basis of adverbs are written together, for example: go out to meet the guests, the date was at the top of the letter.
3. Derivative prepositions are written together: as a result, in view of, about, instead of, like, like, over.
   Note. Collocation keep in mind written in three words.
4. Derivative prepositions are written separately: during, in continuation, for reason, for the purpose of, on the part of, in the form of, in connection with.

§1. General characteristics of prepositions

A preposition is a functional part of speech. Prepositions are needed to connect words in a phrase. Prepositions express the dependence of some words on others. Prepositions can be used with nouns, pronouns and numerals.
Prepositions are an unchangeable part of speech. A preposition is not a member of a sentence, but since the meaning is expressed by a prepositional-case combination, during analysis, prepositions can be emphasized along with the words to which they refer. Prepositions express various semantic relationships:

• temporary: come under evening, submit a report To Thursday, call V Wednesday,
• spatial: put V table, put on table, put under table,
• Causal: skip classes because of illnesses,
• target: come For participation in competitions and others.
  But the proper meaning of the preposition does not appear outside the prepositional-case combination of the preposition with a noun, pronoun or numeral.

Prepositions can be used with only one case or with different cases. Examples:

To to whom? To what?: To to a friend, to school - D.p.;
thanks to to whom? what? thanks to help, thanks to father - D.p.;
in What? V five hours - V.p.;
V how? V forest - P.p.

From the examples it is clear that prepositions To And thanks to are used only with nouns in d.p., and the preposition V- with nouns in different cases: V.p. and P.p.

§2. Formation of prepositions

From an educational point of view, prepositions are divided into non-derivatives And derivatives.

• Non-derivative prepositions: without, V, to, For, for, from, To, on, over, O, about, from, By, under, before, at, about, With, at, through.
• Derivative prepositions are formed by transitioning independent parts of speech into auxiliary parts. In this case, the lexical meaning and morphological characteristics of words are lost. Examples:
  Around parka is a preposition formed from an adverb around.
  For hour is a preposition formed from a noun with a preposition.
  Thanks to help is a preposition formed from a gerund.

Accordingly, adverbial, denominal, and verbal prepositions are distinguished.

Non-derivative prepositions are more often used with different cases.

Derivative prepositions are usually used with one case.

§3. Preposition structure

From a structural point of view, prepositions are divided into simple And composite.

• Simple ones are prepositions consisting of one word: in, on, to, under, above, contrary to, etc.
• Compounds are prepositions consisting of two, less often three words: in continuation, during, in connection with, depending on, towards, etc.

§4. Places by value

According to their meaning, prepositions are divided into:

1. Places (spatial): on the window, in the window, near the window, under the window, above the window, behind the window, in front of the window, etc.
2. Time (temporary): at eight, about eight, by eight, before eight, after eight, etc.
3. Object (object): about the book, about the book, with the book, etc.
4. Reasons (causal): due to rain, due to rain, due to rain, due to illness.
5. Goals (targets): for children, for the sake of children, money for children.
6. Mode of action: work without inspiration, work with inspiration.
7. Comparisons: character like his father, as tall as his father.
8. Definitions: striped fabric, bicycle with motor, coffee with milk.

Prepositions can be unambiguous And polysemantic.

• Unambiguous: thanks to, in view of, because of, etc.
• Multi-valued: V (V Wednesday - time V closet - space, V father - comparisons, V stripe - definitions)

Test of strength

Check your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. What are prepositions for?

   • To connect words in a sentence
   • To connect simple sentences within complex ones
   • To express emotions

2. Is it possible to assume that each case corresponds to one specific preposition?

3. Are there unambiguous prepositions in Russian?

4.