About thirty-five years ago, a drama almost occurred in Literaturnaya Gazeta, fraught with scandal, embarrassment, if not shame. But the incident ended with general joy and tenderness.
Readers receive LG on Wednesday. On Tuesday morning, advance copies were already on the desks of all editorial and publishing employees. Including on the desk of the watchman Berta Naumovna - in the lobby near the elevator.
Every year, the first June issue of Litgazeta was dedicated to Pushkin. For his birthday. In the issue I’m talking about, the entire front page was occupied by a photograph of the monument to the poet on Tverskoy Boulevard in Moscow. And the inscription in large letters: “I dedicated the lyre to my people.”
The watchman Berta Naumovna looked and said: “But Nekrasov wrote this...”
Panic set in. The printing presses were immediately stopped and the first page was redrawn. The general condition at first is half horror and relief. After all, this would be a monstrous blow to the reputation of Literary Gazette, the most authoritative publication in the country. Especially in the circles of the intelligentsia, in literary circles. But soon tenderness and fun reigned in the corridors of the building at 32 Tsvetnoy Boulevard. Touching, because Berta Naumovna was immediately given a bonus. Savior! And fun - because this is Pushkin. In his era, everything loud, fun, scandalous, and interesting was attributed to him, including the poems of his contemporaries. So what happened, one can consider, was in the spirit and traditions of great Russian literature.
Which went on and on. When a song from the movie “Five Evenings” was called a folk song in one of the radio programs, Yuli Kim’s phone became red-hot with congratulatory calls. He picked up the phone and said: “The Russian people are listening!” This happens with songwriters, although rarely - people elevate their creations to the highest Olympus, calling them folk. But in those same years, another incident happened to Julius Kim - an exceptional one. One of the Moscow newspapers either quoted a stanza from his poem, attributing it to Pushkin, or published the entire poem under Pushkin’s name.
On the threshold of our days
Inevitably we meet
Let's recognize and hug
Our true friends.
Hello, time for the proud
Ardent vows and long meetings!
Holy friendly flame,
It’s not easy to save.
Everyone would live like in those days -
Everyone would live easily and boldly,
Don't calculate the limit
For fearlessness and love.
And, like the lyceum students,
Gather by the fire
In October, purple-leaved
Nineteenth day.
I don’t know if Kim said then, picking up the phone: “Pushkin is listening!”
I remembered this due to the fact that International Russian Language Day coincides with Pushkin’s birthday. Pushkin is not just “our everything,” he is the joy of the mind and heart, of life. “Our memory keeps from childhood a cheerful name: Pushkin,” said Alexander Blok.
A survey by Moskovskaya Pravda and Maxpark these days was quite appropriately formulated as follows: “On June 6, the birthday of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, International Russian Language Day was celebrated. Can it today be a means of international communication?”
Alexander Mitryushov reacted without hesitation: “The Russian language is a means of international communication.”
“And so he is!” Evgenia Frenkel supported him. “A scene from life. Tel Aviv. Bus station. Sorry, toilet. The black man can’t understand where to put the shekel so that the turnstile works. The girl explains to him in Hebrew, English.. . He doesn’t understand. And suddenly she says in Russian: “You put it in...” “I understand,” the black man answers in Russian. “And there’s no problem.”
A participant in the discussion under the nickname Argimenes Aertus said: “Russian is now the second language on the Internet after English in all respects, including the dynamics of development. Well, as a language of interethnic communication, it is also second.”
Comrade No. 87 inquired: “Where can I look at the statistics?”
“They have their own home Internet))),” coolly quipped.
“You are right - Russian is now the second language on the Internet, but our deputies are already successfully fighting this,” Dmitry Nesterenko joined the conversation in his tone.
“Yes, because it is the most ancient language on the planet,” said Oleg Brichkin. “The time will come when the entire population of the planet will speak Russian. Humanity will return to its origins.”
Wiktor Romanow admired: “Oh, yes! Prophetic Oleg!”
However, Andrew Mazur objected: “The most ancient is Ukrainian, the ancient Egyptians used it to practice their words.”
“Let’s start with the fact that in the territory of the former USSR, only Russian is the language of international communication,” Leonid Shestakov turned the discussion into a serious direction. “Those republics and governments that exclude Russian from school curricula are doing something stupid.”
“Let’s finish with the fact that we are not talking about the territory of the former USSR, but about global significance,” Vladimir Potapov continued the topic. “And even then, young people both in the former republics of the Union and in the countries of the former people’s democracy no longer know the Russian language.”
“The Russian is fading into oblivion in the countries of the USSR,” Nilkolait summed up the interim results.
“It’s nonsense. In all the republics of the former Soviet Union they hire tutors to study Russian,” Alexander Yakovlev objected to them. “By the way, I’m not very Russian.”
It should be noted here that Leonid Shestakov’s remark: “Those republics and governments that exclude the Russian language from school curricula are doing stupid things” is an echo (out of ignorance) of the unkind propaganda actions of some of our television journalists and petty but aggressive politicians. In neighboring countries, such statements are perceived with at least bewilderment. They do not increase sympathy for Russians. After all, no one there thought to “exclude the Russian language from school curricula.” For example, in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, Russian is taught in grades 5-9 - 3 hours a week. National languages - 4 hours per week.
“The Russian language still retains its Soviet status as the language of interethnic communication in the post-Soviet space,” says Vladislav Kiryanov. “Educated speakers of Turkic languages - Azerbaijanis, Turkmen, Uzbeks, Kazakhs and Kyrgyz - will most likely communicate in Russian if chance brings them together. .. In 1979, at an international holiday home for journalists in Varna, I observed from the side the communication in Russian of a Bulgarian, a Czech, a German and a Hungarian. They discussed serious things related to politics. I was then amazed by their command of the Russian language. Moscow. During the Warsaw Pact, this was a common occurrence. Of course, not only journalists from the socialist camp knew Russian, but also specialists from other industries. Then there was close cooperation and, accordingly, the Russian language was used for communication.”
“Its prevalence in the world is now falling,” responded Dmitry Nesterenko. “It has dropped from 350 million to 270 million.”
“There is no point in reflecting on the temporary decrease in the area of the Russian language,” Boris Epstein answered him. “As Russia strengthens as a state, everything will return to normal. In the Baltics, the use of the Russian language is quietly - for now - expanding. In Finland they want to make it the third state - there is such a bill in parliament. In Central Asia and China, there is again a demand for Russian engineers and teachers - including Russian language teachers."
“Recently, the Russian language has begun to deteriorate rapidly,” Vladislav Elagin shared his concern. “The language has been subjected to an intensified attack by thieves and obscenities. Then an avalanche of Anglicisms hit it. Now they are used even where there are beautiful and long-known Russian words. It is necessary editors should cross out all these “short stories” (and for this, of course, they themselves must know the Russian language well).”
“Yes, of course,” Semyon Bersenev supported him. “Russian with an admixture of English is a modern means of interethnic communication.”
In general, the answers to the question: can the Russian language today be a means of international communication were distributed as follows:
“Of course, especially since it is one of the six official languages of the UN” - 64 percent.
“Yes, especially in the service sector: Russians do not want to learn other languages, but travel all over the world” - 11 percent.
“The means of international communication is Russian classical literature, not modern language” - 7 percent.
“The Russian language is degrading, however, like most others” - 10 percent.
“Everyone understands Russian swearing - what if it’s not a means of communication!” - 8 percent.
Let us conclude the discussion with two statements.
“In the post-Soviet space it is such,” wrote Sergei Ktorov. “And in a wider area - when the ruble becomes the world reserve currency and Mosfilm will make world blockbusters.”
“To expand, you need to gain respect and establish good relations. Russia is tense with this,” summarized Yuri Rzyanin.
In the modern world, language spreads at the level of civilization. Yes, many, many will learn Russian if we become leaders in the sciences (if you don’t want to fall behind, find out about the latest serious research in Russian scientific and technical journals, learn Russian), if our books and films begin to be read and watched everywhere, from China to Canada, if Russian technologies are introduced at factories from Detroit to Yokohama. That is, if we become progressive, rich, interesting, friendly, an example for everyone and in all areas.
And, as Alexander Blok said: “In these cheerful truths of common sense, before which we are so sinful, we can swear by the cheerful name of Pushkin.”
Research topic
CAN WE DO WITHOUT BORROWING?
Relevance of the problem
Problems associated with the theory and practice of borrowings are especially significant in modern conditions, since today serious concerns are being expressed about the powerful influx of borrowings, which could lead to the depreciation of the Russian word.
Target
Find out if we can do without borrowing.
Tasks
- Classify the most commonly used Anglicisms by areas of communication.
- Compile a dictionary of modern Anglicisms.
- Analyze newspaper material to identify the frequency of use of foreign language vocabulary.
- Find out what foreign words are needed in Russian.
Hypothesis
We can do without borrowing, but not in all cases.
Research stages
- Discuss the work plan of students individually or in a group.
- Discussion with schoolchildren of possible sources of information.
- Independent work of students in groups, discussion of the task in groups.
- Conducting a sociological survey.
- Students prepare a presentation on the progress report.
- Protection of the obtained results and conclusions.
Object of study
Anglicisms.
Methods
- Descriptive method with techniques for observing linguistic phenomena.
- Method of taxonomy and classification.
- Sociological survey.
Work progress
We analyzed the material related to the topic of the study, classified the most used Anglicisms by sphere of communication (compiled a table “sphere of communication - modern Anglicisms”). We analyzed a local newspaper to determine the frequency of use of foreign language vocabulary. We conducted a sociological survey and found out which foreign words are needed in the Russian language.
Our results
We have compiled an explanatory dictionary of modern Anglicisms, which can be used both in Russian and English lessons, and in everyday life. Our survey showed that 55% of people surveyed are not satisfied with the abundance of foreign words of English origin in the media. When asked why they didn’t like it, the majority, especially older people and children, cited insufficient knowledge of the English language. Our dictionary will help in the interpretation of some words.
Conclusions
On the one hand, numerous Anglicisms and Americanisms penetrating the Russian language are a natural phenomenon, reflecting the economic, political, cultural, social ties and relations of Russia with other countries, in particular with America. On the other hand, we have to sadly admit that in the pursuit of everything foreign, in the desire to copy Western models, we are increasingly losing our originality, including in language, because language reflects a way of life and a way of thinking. As a consequence of this, there is a loss of interest in the native (Russian) language, Russian literature and culture, a decrease in literacy and culture. Perhaps, where it is possible to get by using the Russian language, one should not resort to foreign language elements? You shouldn’t use foreign words thoughtlessly, but you shouldn’t be afraid to learn new concepts either!
To the question: Essay on the topic: Can the Russian language do without borrowed words? given by the author wafaf wafawf the best answer is can be titled more simply: “Other people’s words are creeping into the Russian language.”
They creep in (mainly Anglicisms) through the efforts of would-be journalists, talkers on television and other representatives of “mass media and PR”, in Russian speaking, representatives of the media, agitation and propaganda.
I don’t think that this is very scary and that we need to sound the alarm. Please note that in the previous phrase behind the remark “in Russian” there are almost no root Russian words. So what? These and thousands of other non-Russian words have become their own in the Russian language and now only linguists think about their origin.
But often the process of borrowing in modern Russian (the use of new borrowed foreign words that are not included in the Russian language) is determined by:
- or ignorance of the corresponding Russian words (as if this is a translation into Russian of a foreign language phrase by a robot that does not know all the words of the Russian language and leaves the original word),
- or reluctance to make the text understandable to the target audience due to snobbery or laziness;
- or the desire to say “or-original” or to show oneself “in the know”
It’s worth drawing attention to such manifestations of “borrowings”, sharpening the spear, so to speak, in the hope that we will encounter such “borrowings” less often. Reading an article in Russian with a dictionary is not a good idea.
Of course, it's not that simple. The process of borrowing words in the Russian language is inevitable.
It happens that a new concept simply does not exist in Russian, and it must be described in many words. Often, English-language terms are shorter than the Russian word, and even more so, the descriptions (for example, retail - retail trade). The Russian language, apparently, has lost the ability to create its own capacious short words to describe ideas, processes, goods, etc. that are not ours (such as “airplane”). However, from the fact that words in English are much shorter than in Russian, no one concludes that a “universal transition to English” is needed. I think it’s not scary if there are several words instead of one!
Note that the British or Americans use simple words that are completely understandable to them as terms, for example, “food court”, and are not embarrassed by their simplicity.
But borrowing words is not so bad. It’s really bad when there is displacement, replacement of Russian words with foreign ones: bonus - bonus, direction - trend, creative - creative, etc. This is what we must “simply fight mercilessly”!
Reply from Neuropathologist[active]
I can only give you the idea that borrowing foreign words began back in Peter’s time. so it is unlikely that our language can do without Merchandising and Rebranding.
Reply from Legal consciousness[newbie]
The world around us is changing and our language is changing along with it. M.A. Krongauz, Doctor of Philology, in this text reflects on the influence of borrowing foreign words on the Russian language.
The author emphasizes that language should change, but at a moderate speed, since delayed changes cause significant inconvenience to people, and very rapid changes can interfere and irritate...
Reply from Sit[newbie]
I can only give you the idea that borrowing foreign words began back in Peter’s time. so it is unlikely that our language can do without Merchandising and Rebranding
At all times and in almost all countries, borrowing is treated in two ways: either borrowing is good, not scary for the Russian language, in particular, it enriches it; or borrowing is a threat to the very existence of the national language and leads to a loss of identity. A similar divergence of opinions is observed in our country. Moreover, these views were reflected in such movements as Slavophilism and Westernism.
It is obvious that borrowing words from other languages is a natural, necessary and really existing process, which is determined by international connections. This is the result of language contacts, relationships between peoples and states.
However, the question of the relationship between “one’s own” and “their”, and the use of borrowings in Russian speech has always caused heated discussions and fierce debate.
M.V. first wrote about this. Lermontov: “Take care of the properties of your own language, because what we love in the Latin, French or German style is sometimes worthy of laughter in Russian.”
It was in the 18th century that the debate about borrowing arose. About a hundred years later, when in the first half of the 19th century linguistics became an independent science, the problem of foreign words in Russian speech became even more acute. Moreover, not only scientists, but also critics and writers expressed their opinions.
A.N. Tolstoy wrote: “A certain percentage of foreign words grows into the language. And in each case, the artist’s instinct must determine this measure of foreign words, their necessity. It’s better to say elevator than self-lifter, telephone than long-distance talk, proletariat than beggars, but where you can find a native Russian word, you need to find it.”
The same idea is expressed by V.G. Belinsky: “The word wet shoes could very well express the concept expressed by the word galoshes, which is completely meaningless for us; But you can’t force a whole people to say wetshoes instead of galoshes if they don’t want it!” He said it very well: “Purists are afraid of an unnecessary flood of foreign words: a fear that is more than unfounded. An unnecessary word will never stay in the language, no matter how hard you try to introduce it into use.”
V.I. expressed a negative attitude towards borrowing. Dahl, creator of the famous Russian language dictionary. He proposed replacing foreign words with Russian synonyms: muffler - nose-hideer, gymnastics - dexterity, confectioner - sweetie.
Now what Dahl proposed seems ridiculous, because the above words have firmly entered the Russian language, and we do not feel their foreignness. An example of the second attitude can be the great Russian critic V.G. Belinsky, who argued that borrowings are not dangerous for the Russian language.
Alexander Solzhenitsyn had a negative attitude towards borrowing. In the novel “In the First Circle,” one of the characters preaches a negative attitude towards foreign words, replacing them with Russian formations. Although even he cannot do without borrowing.
Computerization and the “internetization” of society have led to a huge number of English words breaking through the global network into oral speech. This is precisely what concerns Russian scholars: the use of Anglicisms in online communication today has become more than just a fashionable hobby. Increasingly, bearers of the “great” and “powerful” simply cannot express thoughts other than with the help of borrowed words. It is obvious that the Russian language in which communication is conducted on forums and on social networks will be incomprehensible to a village resident or an elderly professor. But what happens with borrowed words on the Internet is very reminiscent of the system of occurrence of foreign words described above.
Just look at the use of two foreign words: “flood”, which means a meaningless message, the text of which does not carry any semantic meaning, and “ban” - blocking a user on a forum, prohibiting him from sending messages.
“Native speakers of the Russian language not only use these words, they transform them, as a result of which such new formations as “flood” appear - write meaningless messages or “fludilnya”, which is used in the context of “not to make a flood”, “not to make a flood” , ban - that is, prohibit someone from sending messages.” Explanatory dictionary of modern Russian language. Language changes at the end of the twentieth century. Astrel. 2005 From 200.
These words, which exist in the slang of Internet users, are a clear illustration of the ability of the language system to accept, assimilate and process new information. The language controls its system and its purity, but people themselves have a significant influence on the development of the language.
“There are borrowings in every language. In some there is more, in some there is less, but nothing can be done about them, no matter how hard you try. After all, foreign words, as a rule, are international, international, they denote terms and objects common to a given people, a given culture and a given language with other cultures and peoples. And for this reason alone, in order not to remain in closed solitude and isolation from the common paths of humanity, one should not avoid them, and, probably, it is impossible.” Ed. A. Pain. Russian language - theory and practice. Study guide. Minsk. “POTURRI” 2000 From 39-40.
What original words can be used to replace kimono, ikebana, mistral, corsets, bowls, and who would even think of that?
Finally, not a single language of science, art, politics, law, music, or sports is conceivable without them.
And how can we do without a coat, muffler, briefcase (briefcase), hat, umbrella, cars, trams, subways, trolleybuses, coffee, tea, cigarettes, cigarettes, purses - the foreigners we need, many of whom have left and been forgotten along with the objects, are blowing archaic, found in literature - boucles, puffs, liveries, jackets, stacks, boots, muffs, corsets, but many appeared quite recently? And so it goes on all the time: some come, others leave, some of them stay for a long time and forever, they get used to it, consider it family, some are just a guest, who sat, stayed and went home. Is it worth throwing them out indiscriminately, replacing them with our own, home-grown and not accepted language?
However, recently the flow of borrowings is so great that it makes us think seriously about the future of the Russian language. The oral speech of a Russian person turns out to be filled with English and American expressions that are not of the best quality. The wave of foreign language borrowings that poured into our language thanks to a number of historical events and technological discoveries made it almost impossible to use colloquial vocabulary without the use of borrowings. Moreover, the process of globalization and the development of high technologies makes the process of penetration of borrowings almost endless.
This situation makes us seriously concerned about the development of the Russian language. Borrowings must be treated with great caution, since in our time there is a tendency to increase the amount of foreign language vocabulary in our language.
Slide 2
Goals and objectives of the study:.
study and show the origin, time and degree of penetration of English words into the modern Russian language.
Slide 3
The research project consists of:
introduction, study and analysis of modern and etymological dictionaries of foreign words, explanatory and etymological dictionaries of the Russian language, research and observations, analysis of the results of surveys conducted in schools and villages.
Slide 4
A.A. Bragin “What a word can tell”
“...Words that penetrate other languages are not just traces of human contacts, but to a large extent they are traces of communication between peoples, reflecting the fact of communication, and often the very nature of communication.”
Slide 5
Words on the topic “Life”:
veranda, station, jam, jeans, bar, business, businessman, block, knee socks, canister, camping, club, flowerbed, cocktail, coffee, crossword, linoleum, elevator, mixer, meeting, jacket, pajamas, sweater, toast, tractor, tram, trolleybus, file, hairdryer, felt-tip pen, shampoo, shorts, humor.
Slide 6
Words on the topic “Sport”:
badminton, basketball, boxing, volleyball, handball, cross-country, rugby, record, skateboard, sports, athlete, sprint, spinning, tourism, tennis hockey, football, champion.
Slide 7
football volleyball basketball handball football volleyball basketball handball sport sport
Slide 8
coffee coffee computer computer jeans jeans mixer mixer cocktail cocktail shampoo shampoo tramway tram tractor tractor
Slide 9
Flowerbed - a garden bed planted with flowers in the form of a closed figure
Flowers of amazing beauty grew in the flowerbed. Flowers of amazing beauty grew in the garden bed in the form of a closed figure.
Slide 10
Shampoo - paste-like fragrant detergent
She asked to bring shampoo to wash her hair. She asked to bring a paste-like scented detergent to wash her hair.
Slide 11
Tram - urban electric railway carriage
Waving her hand, the cheerful girl got on the tram and left. After waving her hand, the cheerful girl got into the city electric railway carriage and left.
Slide 12
A.S. Pushkin foresaw that Russia would be “destined to cut a window into Europe, to stand with a firm foot by the sea. Here on the new waves All the flags will come to visit us, And we’ll lock it in the open air.” (A.S. Pushkin “The Bronze Horseman”)
Slide 13
Questionnaire
Words on the topic “Life”: veranda, station, jam, jeans, bar, business, businessman, block, knee socks, canister, camping, club, flowerbed, cocktail, coffee, crossword, linoleum, elevator, mixer, meeting, jacket, pajamas , sweater, toast, tractor, tram, trolleybus, file, hair dryer, felt-tip pen, shampoo, shorts, humor. Words on the topic “Sport”: badminton, basketball, boxing, volleyball, handball, cross-country, rugby, record, skateboard, sports, athlete, sprint, spinning, tourism, hockey, football, champion. Do you use these words in your speech and conversation? a) yes b) no Which words do you use most often? a) on the topic “Life” b) on the topic “Sport” c) on both topics What is the origin of these words? a) Russian b) English Could you do without them? a) yes b) no
Slide 14
Of the 122 school students, 60 use words more often on the topic “Life” (49%), 45 students use words from both topics (37%), only 17 students talk more about sports (14%). Figure 1
Slide 15
Of the 106 residents surveyed, 71 people use mainly everyday vocabulary (67%), 11 use sports vocabulary (mostly young people) (10%), and 24 use vocabulary from both topics (23%). Figure 2
Slide 16
The survey showed that people were very surprised to learn that these words came to us from the English language, because they considered them theirs, family, and could no longer do without them. Figure 3
Slide 17
Conclusions:
The research results showed that the modern Russian language cannot do without English words, since most of them are included in the active dictionary of the Russian language. An intensive influx of English vocabulary began in the 20th century. English words came into the Russian language as a result of close communication with English-speaking countries. Based on the material studied, we found that words from the everyday and sports fields are most often used. Words that came from the English language have become vital in the everyday speech of the village residents.
Slide 18
List-dictionary of the most commonly used English borrowings
on the topic "Life"
Slide 19
List-dictionary on the topic “Life”
Steak. Borrowed from English at the beginning of the 19th century [Eng. beefsteaks] - fried piece of beef. Breeches. Borrowed from English in the 20th century. [English] breeches] – riding trousers. Whatman. Borrowed from the English language in the 19th century, named after the owner of the English paper mill Whatman - the highest grade of paper for drawing. Velveteen. Borrowed from English in the 19th century, where velvet is velvet. Veranda. Borrowed from English in the 19th century, where veranda is an open or glazed gallery with a roof attached to a house.
Slide 20
Railway station. Borrowed from English at the end of the 18th century, formed from the proper name of Vaux (the owner of an entertainment establishment near London in the 18th century) and the noun hall “hall” - a building and structure for serving passengers. Jam. Borrowed from English in the 20th century [Eng. jam] – jam. Jumper. Borrowed from English in the 20th century [Eng. jumper] – a knitted jacket without a collar and without fasteners, worn over the head. Jeans. Borrowed from English in the 20th century [Eng. jeans] – specially cut trousers made of special fabric. Bar. Borrowed from English in the 20th century [Eng. bar] – 1) a small restaurant where visitors are served at the counter, as well as the counter itself; 2) a small cabinet for wines in the closet, in the sideboard.
Slide 21
Mixer. Borrowed from English in the 20th century [Eng. mixer] – a mixer, a household appliance for mixing, churning cocktails, dough, and more. Rally. Borrowed from English in the 19th century [Eng. meeting] – meeting, meeting. Blazer. Borrowed from English in the 19th century [Eng. pea-jacket] – “beaver jacket”. Pajamas. Borrowed from English in the 20th century [Eng. pajamas] – a sleeping or home light suit consisting of trousers and a loose jacket. Plaid. Borrowed from English in the 19th century [Eng. plaid] – a blanket made of thick woolen, usually checkered, fabric, used as a blanket or as a scarf. Pullover. Borrowed from English in the 20th century [Eng. pull-over] – a knitted sweatshirt without a collar and without fasteners.
