Examples of practical human activity. Human activity, its main forms

In human activity, his needs are completed. It is activated by them. That is, in the process of activity, current needs are satisfied and new ones are formed. However, this involves not only a change in needs, but also a change in a person’s individuality. What other influence does activity have on human development? Let's figure it out.

Activity is a form of human activity aimed at cognition, transformation of the surrounding world, oneself and the conditions of one’s existence. This is what distinguishes man from animals and emphasizes the social in human nature.

Activities are not limited to meeting needs.
It is determined by the goals and requirements of society.
Actions are associated with the development of personality and human consciousness (including self-awareness).
This is a consciously regulated process of human interaction with the world.

In activity, a person acts as a creator, creator. In its process, the following develop:

intellectual abilities of the individual;
creative imagination;
worldview;
system of ideals and values;
emotional and aesthetic attitude to the world.

As a member of society, a person is valuable when he leads an active working and social life, commits actions and bears responsibility for them.

Subject of activity

Activity is always objectified. The subject is what it is aimed at. It can exist independently or be created in the process of the activity itself.

Operating principles

The activity is based on the principle of functionality and the principle of consistency.

The first involves relying on already developed mental elements that are mobilized to achieve a goal.
The principle of systematicity presupposes the inclusion of individual personality traits, on the basis of which several blocks in the structure can be identified.

Activity structure

Six blocks can be distinguished. Each of the elements is interconnected with others, interpenetrating.

This is where they get to work. A motive is an objectified need. The desire to satisfy a need, that is, to obtain a specific item, encourages activity. Activity is impossible without motive.

Goals

Main element. It has two forms of manifestation:

as a result represented by a person;
as the desired level of achievement.

Program

A person decides what and how he should do, that is, it is a choice of methods and means, an assessment of his own resources. The work includes the cognitive, motivational, and executive spheres.

Information base

Its effectiveness depends on the adequacy and completeness of information about the conditions of activity.

Decision Making

One is selected from the alternative options, mastered, and rules and criteria for achieving the goal are developed.

Personal qualities that are significant for activities

These are character traits, inclinations and other individual characteristics that will help you achieve your goal.

Activity Components

Activity always has an internal plan and an external manifestation, between which there is an inextricable connection. From external operations with objects (objective thinking), information, transformed by the psyche, turns into internal images, ideals (imaginative thinking). The process of such a transition is called internalization.

The reverse action (creating something materially through internal representations) is exteriorization.

Action is a tool to achieve a goal

Action is a part of an activity aimed at achieving an intermediate result in specific conditions. Consists of operations - methods of execution according to conditions.

Physical actions

These are external, motor actions with objects that consist of movements.

Intelligent Actions

Internal mental actions with images and concepts based on external actions with objects.

Psyche – regulator of activity

The reflection of the world by the psyche occurs consciously, that is, in the process of actions a person:

is aware (partially or fully) of the purpose of his actions;
represents the result;
perceives and evaluates the conditions in which one has to act;
builds a step-by-step plan, an algorithm of operations;
makes volitional efforts;
observes the process;
experiences successes and failures.

Knowledge, abilities, skills, habits

Knowledge, abilities, skills, or KUN – the basis responsible for organizing and managing practical activities.

Knowledge

These are images of sensations and perceptions, later processed into ideas and concepts. Without them, conscious, purposeful activity is impossible. Knowledge increases the effectiveness of actions.

Skills

This is mastery of a method of performing an action that does not require reinforcement through exercises. Conscious individual control is the main difference between skills. They are closely related to thinking and are impossible without active intellectual activity. Skills allow you to find a way out of non-standard situations and respond to changes in external conditions.

Skills

Skills are actions brought to automaticity. The success of an activity depends on skills. Skills are formed through exercise - repeated repetition of a specific action (actions). The skill is based on a dynamic stereotype, that is, a neural connection between the elements of the action. This happens uncontrollably, but if any inaccuracy occurs, the person immediately notices it. The stronger the nerve connection, the faster and better the action.

Skills can be motor, thinking, sensory, behavioral. The skill is formed in several stages:

introductory (comprehension of actions, familiarization with implementation techniques);
preparatory (conscious but inept execution of an action);
standardizing (unity and automaticity of actions);
situational (mastery of arbitrariness of action).

Learning new skills is always influenced by old ones. Sometimes this helps, and sometimes it hinders. In the first case we are talking about coordination of skills, in the second – about interference (contradiction). Skills are aligned when:

the movement system of one skill coincides with the movement system of another;
one skill is a means of better mastering another;
the end of one skill is the beginning of another and vice versa.

Accordingly, interference occurs under the opposite conditions.

Habits

A habit is an action that has become a need. There are also habits. Habits, like skills, are based on dynamic stereotypes. Habits are formed through:

imitation;
multiple random repetitions;
conscious, goal-directed learning.

They can be a driving force or a braking factor when performing an activity.

Types of activities

There are many types of activities, but in psychology it is customary to distinguish 4 main ones.

Communication is the first activity in which a person participates (intimate-personal communication with the mother). In this form of activity the first development of personality takes place.

The purpose of communication is to establish mutual understanding, personal and business relationships, provide mutual assistance, and the educational influence of people on each other.

It is worth noting that some researchers do not consider communication to be an independent activity, but rather call it a means for implementing other activities, achieving the goals of other activities. However, in infancy this species is the leading one.

Game

Play is the main activity of childhood, but it continues at subsequent age stages. Allows you to assimilate the social experience of human activity and human relationships. For adults, play is relaxation and stress relief.

Play activities prepare a person for further education and work. She develops:

thinking,
memory,
imagination,
attention,
capabilities,
will.

It also determines the formation of character.

Studies

Educational activities were separated from work activities. Assumes:

assimilation of information about the properties of the surrounding world (knowledge), techniques, operations (skills);
development of the ability to choose techniques and operations in accordance with goals and conditions (skills).

In educational activities, knowledge is acquired, skills and abilities are developed, and abilities are developed.

Work

Labor is an activity aimed at creating a socially significant product. Labor is the basis of human existence, his mental and personal development.

There are other types of activities, but they are all built within the framework of one of the four named or at the junction of several types. The choice depends on the strength, quantity, and uniqueness of the needs of a particular person.

However, at every age, a person performs several types of activities at once, and only one remains the leader. For example, for an adult it is work.

Individual style of activity

This is an adaptation of the human nervous system and body characteristics to the activity being performed. The basis of individual style is:

skills;
skills;
experience.

The purpose of such a device is to achieve the best result at the lowest cost. Temperament determines the success and failure of a person in a specific activity.

Afterword

Conscious purposeful activity is the difference between people and animals. In its process, a person creates objects of material and spiritual culture, transforms his abilities, ensures progress (although sometimes regression) of society, influences nature (preserves or destroys).

Any activity is a creative way beyond the natural, work on oneself and the world. Man not only consumes, but also creates. With her help he influences his life.

Thanks to it, the mental development of the individual is carried out. However, at the same time, mental processes (attention, imagination, memory, speech) act as components and even separate types of activity.

Question No. 17

Activity. Characteristics of the main types of activities..

Activity can be defined as a specific type of human activity aimed at knowledge and creative transformation of the surrounding world, including oneself and the conditions of one’s existence.

The structure of activity consists of the following components: Need → Motive → Goal → Means → Action → Result

Need- this is need, dissatisfaction, a feeling of lack of something necessary for normal existence. In order for a person to begin to act, it is necessary to understand this need and its nature. Maslow divided needs into primary, or congenital, and secondary, or purchased.

Motives - the internal motivating forces of a person that force him to engage in one or another activity.

Target – objects, phenomena, tasks and objects, the achievement and possession of which are significant for a person.

Every human activity is determined by the goals and objectives that he sets for himself. If there is no goal, then there is no activity. Goals can be close and distant, personal and public, depending on how important they are for a person and what role his activities play in public life.

A goal is what a person acts for; motive is why a person acts.

Let's look at this from the perspective of college. What is your goal? Why did you start studying? Why did you set the goal of graduating from college?

Usually, human activity is determined not by any one motive and one goal, but by a whole system of goals and motives - immediate, increasingly general and distant.

It is important that a person sees not only immediate prospects and goals, but also distant ones - this gives strength to overcome difficulties.

As means of carrying out activities For a person, these are the tools that he uses when performing certain actions and operations.

The development of means of activity leads to its improvement, as a result of which the activity becomes more productive and of higher quality.

The activity consists of separate actions.

Actions are quite conscious, when the goal is set and realized, the order and sequence of movements is outlined and the results of the action are assumed.

Unconscious actions are produced under the influence of strong feelings, strong stimuli, often unexpected, they are called impulsive.

Based on practical actions, mental actions arise - actions in the mind.

Result of activity- this is the final result, the state in which the need is satisfied (in whole or in part). For example, the result of study can be knowledge, skills and abilities, the result of labor can be goods, the result of scientific activity can be ideas and inventions. The result of an activity can be the person himself, because in the course of activity it develops and changes.

Abilities, skills and habits

Automated, consciously, semi-consciously and unconsciously controlled components of activity, respectively, by skills, abilities and habits.

Skills - these are ways to successfully perform an action that correspond to the goals and conditions of the activity. They always rely on knowledge.

Skills - These are fully automated action components formed during the exercise process.

Abilities, unlike skills, are always based on active intellectual activity and necessarily include thinking processes.

Conscious intellectual control is the main thing that distinguishes skills from skills.

Skills and abilities are divided into several types: motor, cognitive, theoretical and practical.

Motor include a variety of movements, complex and simple, that make up the external, motor aspects of activity.

Cognitive skills include abilities associated with searching, perceiving, remembering and processing information.

Theoretical skills associated with abstract intelligence.

They are expressed in a person’s ability to analyze, generalize material, build hypotheses, theories, and translate information from one sign system to another. Such skills and abilities are most manifested in creative work associated with obtaining an ideal product of thought.

Of great importance in the formation of all types of skills areexercises.

Thanks to them, skills are automated, skills and activities are improved in general. Exercises are necessary both at the stage of developing skills and abilities, and in the process of maintaining them. Without constant, systematic exercise, skills and abilities are usually lost and lose their qualities.

Another element of the activity is habit . It is based on the need.

Unlike a simple skill, a habit can be consciously controlled to a certain extent. But it differs from skill in that it is not always reasonable and useful (bad habits). Habits as elements of activity are the least flexible parts of it.

Types of activities

The main activities are: communication, educational, work and play.

Communication is considered as a type of activity aimed at exchanging information between communicating people.

In addition, the purpose of communication is to establish mutual understanding, good personal and business relationships, provide mutual assistance and the educational influence of people on each other.

This is the first type of activity that arose in the process of individual development of a person, followed by play, learning and work.

Communication can be direct And mediated,verbal And non-verbal.

At direct In communication, people are in direct contact with each other, know and see each other, directly exchange verbal and non-verbal information, and do not use any auxiliary means.

At mediated There are no direct contacts between people in communication. They exchange information either through other people, or through means of recording and reproducing information (books, radio, television, telephone, telefax, etc.).

Labor – activities aimed at creating a socially useful product that satisfies the material and spiritual needs of people.

Labor occupies a special place in the system of human activity. It was thanks to labor that man built a modern society and created objects of material and spiritual culture. First of all, labor is associated with the creation and improvement of tools.

Teaching – the process of systematic acquisition of knowledge, skills, and abilities necessary to perform work activities.

The teaching may be organized and be carried out in special educational institutions.

It may be unorganized and occur along the way, in other activities as their by-product, additional result.

In adults, learning can take on the character self-education.

The student's educational activities are carried out under the guidance of the teacher.

The student's teaching wears developmental character. As a result, the student not only acquires knowledge and skills, but also develops active, independent, creative thinking, broadens his horizons, develops his powers of observation, and improves his memory and attention.

The teaching is nurturing character: in the process of learning, a personality is formed, such valuable traits as determination, perseverance are formed, and moral qualities are formed.

Game – a type of activity in conditional situations that imitate real ones, in which social experience is learned.

There are several types of games:

individual game represent a type of activity when one person is engaged in the game.

group game– includes several participants.

object game associated with the inclusion of any objects in a person’s play activity.

role-playing game – In this game, children reproduce human relationships and roles.

games with rules are regulated by a certain system of rules of conduct for their participants.

didactic games- this is a type of games with rules, specially created by pedagogy for the purpose of teaching and raising children.

The relationships that develop between people in a game, as a rule, are artificial in the sense of the word that those around them are not taken seriously and are not the basis for drawing conclusions about a person.

Play is especially important in the lives of preschool and primary school children.

Play is a means for children to learn about the world around them and prepare them for learning and work.

The game has great educational value. It prepares the child for creative work, activity, and life.

The game satisfies not only the physical, but also the spiritual needs of the child.

With age, schoolchildren move on to sports games (football, hockey, volleyball, basketball). In a sports game, the rules are stricter. In addition, the moment of competition takes on great importance in them. Sports games allow the player to take great initiative.

Throughout his life, a person is constantly engaged in some activity.

It is in activity that a person reveals himself especially brightly. His activities reveal his intelligence, talents and abilities, needs, interests, willpower, temperament, ability to set a goal and make a decision.

Intelligence depends on age, education, and individual characteristics. Intelligence is possessed by someone who is able to identify the main thing in any problem, analyze it and find ways to solve it. A person with a strong will is determined, independent, persistent in achieving his goals.

You see how much is concentrated in the word activity.

Motives and goals of activity

A person never does anything just because. His behavior and actions are based on motives.

The motive for entering the institute is the desire to study and become a good specialist in the field of choice. To do this, you need to know school subjects well, have the appropriate documents and successfully pass exams.

What is activity? Suppose you and your class went on an excursion, answer the teacher’s question in class, sit down at home to do homework - these are actions, studying or learning is an activity.

We advise you to remember!
Activity is a sequence of actions (mental or physical) performed over a long period of time and aimed at achieving a specific goal. Activities require perseverance, dedication, and constant effort.

Interesting facts
Scientists have experimentally proven that useless actions sometimes force you to expend no less effort and energy than necessary and useful ones.

Activity has a purpose. For example, buy a car. To achieve it, you need to accumulate capital, undergo a medical examination, obtain various certificates, a driver’s license, and then choose a store with suitable prices and car brands. Action - a small fragment of activity - go to the store and buy a car. Activities include studying, communicating with different people, working for many years in a bank, in a factory, in an office, which brings in wages.

Types of activities

Human activity is very diverse, but the main types of activity are learning (study), play and work, creativity, and communication.

Learning is acquiring new knowledge, mastering new skills. For example, in the process of learning you learned what an activity is, and now you acquire the skill of identifying its main types, and you can also learn to draw, swim, play a musical instrument.

A game is an imitation of real activity. You played in early childhood, copying the life of adults, in games such as daughters and mothers, hospital, store, etc.? In addition, sports and computer games are called games.

Human labor activity creates various useful products (building houses, assembling cars) or provides useful services (for example, tourism, medical, consumer services).

In the process of creative activity, something new is necessarily created. For example, inventing the wheel, car, composing music, writing a book, etc. And in the process of communication, information, ideas, and emotions are exchanged.

Such a variety of activities exists because they satisfy some important needs of society. If there is no need, there will be no activity. Who needs warm boots and the artisans who make them, say, in Africa, if the population does not need them, it is warm there all year round? And in Russia they are necessary.

What activities do the photographs illustrate? What needs are they aimed at satisfying?

Result of activity

The result of the activity is the creation of a useful thing or service, a feeling of joy if your favorite football team wins - and vice versa.

The result is not always visible to the eye, for example during mental activity that precedes any other. Mental activity is the basis for all types of activity, since a person first thinks and then acts. This rule is important to follow both in school and in adult life.

If you imagine the structure of activity, then it consists of goals, needs, motives, means, a set of actions, and results.

Activities and personality

In activity, not just a person is revealed, but a human personality is revealed. What is personality?

The word “personality” is used in relation to a person who is ready for conscious activity. We don't say "newborn personality." We are not seriously talking about the personality of a two-year-old child. People are not born with personality. They become a person. A child will become a person only when he begins to take conscious actions. Although at first with the help of adults.

It has been established that personality is the highest achievement of human effort, the result of painstaking work on oneself. Independence, activity, initiative, the ability to be responsible for one’s actions, to control one’s behavior - these are personality traits. Do you have them?

You can become an individual only if you have clear ideas about good and evil. Selfless love for others is the basis of human personality, the formation of which begins in society and family.

Personality manifests itself in everyday behavior and asserts itself in specific actions.

Behavior

What is behavior? How does behavior differ from activity? This is especially important for schoolchildren. Teachers evaluate not only your knowledge, but also your behavior.

Activity, in contrast to behavior, can be internal (mental activity) and external. You think of a solution to the problem in your head, and then sit down at your desk and write it down.

Behavior consists of actions.

The content of an action determines the morality of behavior, the difference between good and evil. Not every human action becomes an act. The young man was very tired and happily sat down on the bus seat. This is still an action. But then an elderly woman came in, and he, despite his fatigue, instantly gave up his seat to her. This is an action. Why do you think?

It is very important what actions we take towards those who are weaker and more defenseless than us, who need special attention and care, towards people with disabilities. Do we walk past their problems or do we take action and help them.

Let's sum it up
A person manifests himself in activity. Any activity has goals, motives - reasons for human behavior and actions, results. Human activities are very diverse.
Mental activity is the basis for all other activities.

Basic terms and concepts
Motives, activity, intelligence, will, personality, behavior, action.

Test your knowledge

Explain what motives for activity are.
List the main activities. Give specific examples to illustrate them.
What daily activities make up your learning at school?
How is an action different from a deed? Give examples.
What is personality? Explain how a person’s personality manifests itself in activities.
What type of activity is most important for you today? What is its purpose? What means do you use to achieve this goal?

Workshop

Read an excerpt from Nikolai Nekrasov’s poem “Peasant Children.” What types of activities do his characters engage in? What are their motives?
Do you agree with the statement “a negative result (of activity) is also a result.” Justify your answer.

Activity is an exclusively human activity that is regulated by consciousness. It is generated by needs and is aimed at transforming the world around us, as well as understanding it.

A person, using his motives and needs, one way or another transforms the external environment, and this process is creative. At this time, he becomes a subject, and what he masters and transforms becomes an object.

In this article we will look at the basic human beings as well as their forms, but before we get into that, there are a few things that need to be cleared up.

activities are inextricably linked: the essence of a person is manifested in his activities. Inactive people do not exist, just as activity itself does not exist without a person.
Human activity is aimed at transforming the environment. B is able to organize his own living conditions so that he feels comfortable. For example, instead of collecting plants or catching animals daily for food, he grows them.
Activity is a creative act. Man creates something new: cars, food, even breeds new types of plants.

Basic human and structure

There are three types of human activity: play, work and learning. These are the main ones, and his activities are not limited to these types only.

There are 6 structural components of activity, which are formed in a hierarchical order. First, a need for activity arises, then a motive is formed, which takes on a more vivid and specific form in the form of a goal. After this, a person looks for means that can help him achieve what he wants, and, after finding it, he proceeds to action, the final stage of which is the result.

human: labor

There is a separate science that is aimed at studying human working conditions and optimizing his work

Labor includes activities that are aimed at obtaining practical benefits. Work requires knowledge, skills and abilities. Moderate work has a good effect on a person’s general condition: he thinks faster and orients himself in new areas, and also gains experience, thanks to which he is capable of more complex types of activity in the future.

It is believed that work is necessarily a conscious activity in which a person interacts with the outside world. Any work is expedient and requires a focus on results.

Types of human activity: teaching

Learning has one main goal - acquiring knowledge or skills. This type allows a person to begin more complex work that requires special training. Learning can be both organized, when a person deliberately goes to school, enters a university, where he is taught by professionals, and unorganized, when a person gains knowledge in the form of experience in the process of work. Self-education is included in a separate category.

Types of human activity: play

Simply put, it's a vacation. A person needs it because the game allows you to relax the nervous system and psychologically escape from serious topics. Games also contribute to development: for example, active games teach dexterity, and intellectual games develop thinking. Modern computer games (action) help improve concentration and attention.

Forms of human activity

There are many forms of human activity, but they are divided into two main groups: mental and physical labor.

It involves processing information. The process requires increased attention, good memory and flexible thinking.

Physical labor requires a lot of energy, since muscles are involved in its process, putting a strain on the musculoskeletal system, as well as the cardiovascular system.

Thus, we can conclude that activity is a necessary and unique life parameter that contributes to human development.

The types of human activities are very diverse. Depending on various criteria, it is divided into practical, labor, educational, gaming, material, spiritual, moral, immoral, progressive, reactionary, and also includes creativity and communication.

From the school social studies course we know that one of the main distinguishing features of humans, in comparison with highly organized animals, is considered to be purposeful activity as the constant fulfillment of certain tasks in order to change the world around us, which results in the creation of the so-called “second nature”.

Any activity is built on four main elements:

object (an object that is subject to change);
subject (the one who performs the activity);
goals (the intended result of an action);
motives (reflects what a person’s will to action is based on).

Main types of human activities

These include material and spiritual. The purpose of the first is to change the surrounding reality, including nature and society. In turn, it is divided into production (the goal is to change natural objects) and social-transformative (the goal is to change and improve the system of social relations).

An example of the first type is the creation of goods for public consumption.

Social transformation manifests itself in various socio-political phenomena, such as: government reforms, revolutions, the creation of parties, participation in elections.

Spiritual activity seeks to change human consciousness, both in the person of one person and the whole society. It is difficult to overestimate its influence on our lives. This type helps to unite people, orients each individual to find their own path and happiness.

value (worldview);
prognostic (future planning);
cognitive (gaining knowledge about the world around us) activity.

The classification of material and spiritual activities into different categories is conditional.

In practice, these phenomena are nothing more than two sides of the same coin. Any of them involves material embodiment, and is based on planning, defining goals, methods and ways to achieve them.

Practical activities

It consists of transforming the entire surrounding world, including nature and society.

Social transformative activities

The main goal is to change the structure of society and social phenomena. The subject is a society, class, group or individual.

They carry out actions and tasks that are important for society, pursue public interests and goals, using economic, political, and ideological tools for this.

Spiritual activity

impact on creative thought and scientific knowledge;
formation, change of outlook on life;
planning for future events.

A person’s spiritual life is based on:

scientific;
creative;
religious activities.

The second includes artistic, musical, acting, architecture, and directing.

Social activities

One of its manifestations is political activity, which is based on public administration. The lives of people involved in social processes are necessarily influenced by political parties and government decisions.

They, in turn, are influenced by various forms of people’s participation in the political life of the country, with the help of which citizens express their will and civic position, and present their political demands to government officials.

Prognostic activity

It represents the construction of a model of future actions and events, an assumption about possible changes in reality. The source of this type of activity is human fantasy, which precedes reality and builds a model of the future.

The design results are:

plans, tables, diagrams for inventions and various building structures;
ideal models for social change;
ideas of new forms of state and political structure.

The leading activities are play, communication and work.

The game is characterized by performing real actions through imaginary means.

Communication is the process of transmitting information as a result of interaction. People are forced to contact each other in order to satisfy the need for joint activities.

It consists not only in the exchange of information, but also in the transfer of emotions, experiences to each other, the manifestation of one or another attitude towards people and things, the expression of an assessment of the behavior of others, their actions.

Work is aimed at obtaining results that have practical benefits.

Types of human professional activity

Professional activity is characterized by organization, in most cases it is monotonous, and is regulated by standard rules. The person who carries it out has detailed, deep information and practical skills in a certain field of knowledge.

The results of such activities are of great social significance, as they affect the lives of many people.

The concept of “profession” includes various types of activity. In total, there are five types of professional activity:

Man-technology. Human work with mechanisms, materials, energy.
Man-man. Education, training, service, leadership.
Man-nature. Interaction with the five kingdoms of living nature (animals, plants, fungi, viruses), as well as objects of inanimate nature (minerals, minerals, etc.).
Man-signs. Working with numbers, languages, signs.
Man is an artistic image. Creating music, literature, acting, painting, etc.

Progressive Activity Example

Depending on the consequences the activity had on the course of history, the development of the state and society, progressive (involves development, improvement, creation) and reactionary (destructive) activities are distinguished.

As an example of progressive activity, one can cite the industrial transformations of Peter I, the abolition of serfdom by Alexander II, as well as the reforms of P. A. Stolypin.

Reactionary activity

In contrast to the progressive one, which leads to development, the regressive (reactionary), on the contrary, leads to decline and destruction, for example:

introduction of oprichnina;
decree on the creation of Military settlements;
introduction of a food embargo, etc.

Material activity

This is the result of changes and processing of the surrounding world, including natural objects and social phenomena.

The simplest examples of this type are: plant cultivation, land cultivation, fishing, construction, etc.

Collective activity and its examples

Activities are divided into separate groups depending on the number of subjects performing them. The opposite of collective activity is individual activity.

The first is based on the unification and coordination of the activities of each member of the team. The task of integration lies with the manager. Efficiency is assessed based on production results. In this case, an important role is played by the psychological factor, namely, the personal qualities of the manager, on which the labor efficiency of the team depends.

In addition, the effectiveness of the team’s activities depends on the quality of interpersonal relationships, well-coordinated work, and the psychological compatibility of participants in work activities.

A striking example of collective action is the construction of the Great Wall of China.

Conclusion

The presented types of human activities and the criteria for their division into various categories are generally accepted, but not universal. For psychologists, certain types of activity are basic, for historians - others, for sociologists - others.

Thus, there is a wide variety of classifications of human activities that characterize them from the standpoint: useful/harmful, progressive/regressive, moral/immoral, etc.