The meaning of the word ARAMEIC in the Large Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language
ARAMAIC
Related to the Arameans, associated with them.
Peculiar to the Arameans, characteristic of them.
Belonging to the Arameans.
Large modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. 2012
See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what ARAMEIC is in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:
- ARAMAIC in the Complete Accented Paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
Aramaic, Aramaic, Aramaic, Aramaic, Aramaic, Aramaic, Aramaic, Aramaic, Aramaic, Aramaic, Aramaic, Aramaic, Arama Yisky, Aramaic, Aramaic, Aramaic, Aramaic, Aramaic, Aramaic, Aramaic, ... - ARAMAIC in the New Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
adj. 1) Related to the Arameans, associated with them. 2) Peculiar to the Arameans, characteristic of them. 3) Belonging... - ARAMAIC in Lopatin's Dictionary of the Russian Language.
- ARAMAIC in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language.
- ARAMAIC in the Spelling Dictionary.
- ARAMAIC in Ephraim's Explanatory Dictionary:
Aramaic adj. 1) Related to the Arameans, associated with them. 2) Peculiar to the Arameans, characteristic of them. 3) Belonging... - ARAMAIC in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
adj. 1. Related to the Arameans, associated with them. 2. Peculiar to the Arameans, characteristic of them. 3. Belonging... - TARGUM
(Hald.) Lit., "Interpretation", from the root targen, to interpret. Exposition of the Hebrew Scriptures. Some of the Targums are very mystical, with the Aramaic (or Targum) language... - BAPTISM in the Dictionary Index of Theosophical Concepts to the Secret Doctrine, Theosophical Dictionary:
(Greek) A purification ritual performed during the initiation ceremony on the sacred thangkas of India; as well as a later identical ritual established by John... - LANGUAGE in the Bible Dictionary:
- the sound and written structure of speech of a certain people. In the beginning all people had one language (Gen. 11:1), which, perhaps, was... - PERSIAN in the Literary Encyclopedia.
- ARAMIC LITERATURE in the Literary Encyclopedia:
Among a number of ancient Semitic cultures, the Aramaic culture occupies a middle position in the time of its development. Coming out in the middle of the 14th century. until... - ARABIC in the Literary Encyclopedia:
belongs to the southern branch of the Semitic languages. 1. BUILD. The sound composition is rich in consonants and poor in vowels. Of the consonants, the laryngeal ones are remarkable (explosion ... - SEMITIC LANGUAGES in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
languages, one of the branches of the Afroasiatic, or Semito-Hamitic, family of languages. Distributed in Arab countries (Iraq, Kuwait, states on the southern coast of the Persian... - TALMUD
("teaching", "explanation") - the main monument of rabbinic writing, containing, in addition to the religious and legal norms of Jewry, everything created by Jewish scientists in the field of theosophy, ethics, ... - SYRIAN LANGUAGE in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
The Greeks have words: ?????, ?????? (?????), were originally abbreviations for the words ???????, ???????? and meant Assyria and all its subjects, in ... - SEMITIC LANGUAGES in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron.
- NABATEAN in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
(?????????, Nabataei) - this name is used by Greek and Roman writers to name a Semitic tribe that owned a vast ... - JEWISH LITERATURE in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
The history of Jewish literature covers a period of time of 3 thousand years. In addition to many theological works, it contains a huge... - SEMITIC in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
SEMITIC LANGUAGES, a branch of the Afroasiatic, or Semitic-Hamitic, macrofamily of languages. Consists of groups: northern-peripheral, or eastern. (extinct Akkadian with dialects Assyrian and ... - TALMUD
("teaching", "explanation")? the main monument of rabbinic writing, containing, in addition to the religious and legal norms of Jewry, everything created by Jewish scientists in the field of theosophy, ethics, ... - SYRIAN LANGUAGE in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
? The Greeks have words: ?????, ?????? (?????), were originally abbreviations for the words ???????, ???????? and meant Assyria and all its subjects... - SEMITIC LANGUAGES in the Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron.
Where Laban calls a monument made of stones in Arabic, while Jacob gives it Hebrew. Name. It is difficult to establish with certainty how ancient A.Ya is. Albright considers it established that this language originated from one of the Western Semites. dialects spoken in the north-west. Mesopotamia at the beginning of the 2nd millennium. BC Obviously, traces of this dialect are visible in the messages from the archive ⇒ Marie. According to Albright, this dialect was spoken by Jews. patriarchs before moving to Palestine. There they adopted the local Canaanite culture. dialect. But such a statement raises some doubts. One of the oldest inscriptions on A.Ya., the Kilammu inscription, suggests. refers to the 2nd floor. 9th century BC It was found in Zindzirli along with later inscriptions, probably from the 8th century. BC Science also has the inscription of Zakir, dating back to the beginning. VIII century BC (⇒Benhadad, III). Ancient Aram. the language of this inscription still has much in common with Canaanite. The influence of the Canaanites, as well as the Akkadians. languages are especially numerous in the Kilammu inscription, so that some researchers refuse to accept that this text is written in A.Ya.
II. A.Ya., previously (based on) mistakenly considered Chaldean, became widespread () and ultimately, displacing Hebrew, became colloquial, turning into the language of Hebrew by the time of Jesus. people. Written Old Hebrew the language in which most of the OT was written was no longer used as a spoken language. Like the Assyrians and Babylonians - Akkadian, and later in the Roman Empire - Greek, so in the Persian kingdom - Aram. became the official language. doc-tov and international communication (cf. also the Book of Ezra). The Jews of the Diaspora who lived in Egypt also spoke A.Ya. This is found in Jude. documents on papyrus dating back to the 5th and 4th centuries. BC, found in Elephantine (in Upper Egypt). In the period after Vavil. captivity of the Jews the language could only be heard in synagogues during the reading of Scripture. At the same time, the translator presented the read text in a free translation into A.Ya. Since such a presentation was too free, the need for written translation subsequently arose. In Aram. it was called ⇒ targum ("translation"). Over time, A.Ya. was replaced by Arabic.
III. A.Ya., along with Canaan. and Heb., belongs to the North-West. Semite. languages, and, in turn, is divided into Western and Eastern Aram. To the monuments of writing in Western Aram. include:
1) Old-Aram. inscriptions: inscriptions from Zindzirli together with inscriptions from Kilammu and Zakir, Nabatean inscriptions (1st century BC - 1st century AD), inscriptions from Palmyra (1st century BC - 3rd century AD), Sinai inscriptions (I-IV centuries AD);
2) bib. Aram.: two words in (see I); ; – ; – ; ;
3) A.Ya. jud. papyri and other documents from Egypt (5th and 4th centuries BC);
4) A.Ya. jud. Targums (translations), as well as the Jerusalem and Palestinian Talmuds (II-V centuries AD);
5) Samaritan is the language of translation of the Samaritan Pentateuch (used as a purely literary language until the Middle Ages, i.e. even after there were no speakers of this language;
6) Christian-Palestine A.Ya. Melkite Christians who lived in Palestine (V-VIII centuries AD);
7) Neo-Aramic, which is still spoken today in a small district in the Anti-Lebanon mountains.
IV. Eastern Aram. includes:
1) Jud.-Aram. Babylonian Talmud (IV-VI centuries AD);
2) Mandaean - the language of pagan Gnostics from the Mandaean sect (from the 4th century to AD);
3) sir. - letters sire language churches in the north Syria and Mesopotamia in the III-XIV centuries. It originated from the dialect of Edessa, the oldest inscriptions of which date back to the 1st century. according to R.H. The name “Syriac” is explained by the fact that Christians who spoke Eastern Aram called themselves suryaye. They borrowed this word from Greek, where suroy– abbreviation for Assyria. Semite. the name of this people aramaye, Akkadian Arima, they used only in the meaning of “pagans”;
4) Novoaram. dialects in Mesopotamia, which are now spoken in Mosul and Tur Abdin, as well as in Armenia, where Novosir. from Urmia also became a letter. tongue.
or rather A. languages - that branch of the Semitic group of languages spoken in the country of “Aram”, that is, in Syria, Mesopotamia and in the surrounding areas. We find the first mentions of the Arameans in cuneiform monuments of the 14th century. before Christ era, as a group of tribes "Arimi" and "Akhlame", which roamed in the area west of the river. Ephrata and appeared from time to time in different points of Mesopotamia, where they tried to settle and subjugate the local population. The main waves of Arameans headed to the northwest, parallel to the shore of the Euphrates, to Syria, where in the 10th century they. before Christ era, a number of independent principalities were founded. Here the Arameans switched to agriculture, conquering the local population and assimilating them linguistically. In parallel with this, there is a gradual penetration of A. tongue. to Mesopotamia, the population of the swarm in the 9th-8th centuries. before Christ era (that is, during the era of the Assyrian conquests) already speaks to a large extent the A language. The founding of the New Babylonian state (Chaldean), which united a significant part of Western Asia, contributed to an even greater spread of the A. language, which became the language. trade relations and dominates major trade routes from Mesopotamia to Egypt and southern Arabia. In the Persian era, A. language. is the official language. for the western half of the state. It was spoken in the west by the population of Syria, with the exception of the Phoenician coast and part of Palestine, in the east by Mesopotamia, the Tigris region to the mountains of Kurdistan and Armenia and Suristan. Along the trade routes of A. language. penetrates deep into Arabia, and together with military colonies reaches Aswan in upper Egypt. In ancient times, while in A. language. only the nomads spoke, but there is no noticeable division into dialects. When did A. language. became a language agricultural population leading a closed economy, it split into two groups of dialects: 1) the western group - in Palestine and Syria and 2) the eastern - in Mesopotamia and the adjacent mountains to Armenia in the north and to the Persian Gulf in the south. Of the last group, the dialect of northern Mesopotamia, known as the Syriac language, received the greatest importance. (cm.). Starting from the 7th century, i.e. from the time of the conquest of the Middle East by the Arabs, A. language. is quickly being replaced by Arabic. At present, only remnants of the A. language have been preserved in the west in some points of Anti-Lebanon and in the east in the form of the New Syrian or “Aisor” languages. Graphics A. language. denotes only one consonant; vowels are indicated very sparingly. In later times, a system of superscript and subscript symbols, the so-called, developed to indicate vowels. punctuation. The oldest Aramaic inscriptions are written in the Old Phoenician alphabet. The Palmyran and Nabatian inscriptions are written in a unique alphabet that developed from the Phoenician. In parallel with this, when writing on papyri, a more cursive “ancient Aramaic” alphabet developed, which gave rise, on the one hand, to the Hebrew “square” font, on the other hand, to the Syrian “estrangelo”, the Crimea of which the most ancient Syriac manuscripts were written. ARAMIC LETTER Bibliography: Renan E., Histoire generale et systeme compare des langues semitiques, ed. 3rd, P., 1863; Noldecke Th., Mandaische Grammatik, Halle, 1875; Lidzbarsky M., Handbuch der Nord-Semit. Epigraphik, Weimar, 1898; Noldecke Th., Die semitischen Sprachen, Lpz., 1819; Cooke G., Text-book of North-Semitic Inscriptions, Oxf., 1903; Dalman G., Grammatik des judiseh-palastin. Aramaisch. (Palastin. Talmud, Onkelos, Pseudo-Jonatan, Jerusalem. Talmud), Lpz., 1905; Margolis M., Lehrbuch d. aram. Sprache d. babylonischen Talmud, Munchen, 1910; Marti K., Kurzgefasste Grammatik der biblisch-aramaischen Sprache, Berlin, 1911; Strack H. L., Grammatik des Biblisch-Aramaisch, Munchen, 1921. B. Grande
ARAMAIC
The Aramaic language was widespread in ancient times in Syria and northern Iraq. When, in the fifth - sixth centuries BC, the Jews found themselves in Babylonian captivity and lived among the Aramaic tribes, they became acquainted with the Aramaic language and with the Aramaic script, which was somewhat different from the Hebrew. Many Jews during this period lost their Hebrew and switched to Aramaic.
An interesting thing is the attitude of Jews towards language. On the one hand, Hebrew has always been revered as a holy language - lechon k O desh, in which prayers were said and the Torah was read. But on the other hand, Jews moved very easily from language to language. This is how our ancestors, European Jews, created their own language - Yiddish, and already in the 20th century, most Jews in Eastern Europe replaced Yiddish with the languages of the surrounding countries: in Russia to Russian, in Hungary to Hungarian, in Romania to Romanian, etc. The same process took place in ancient times.
During the Babylonian captivity, many Jews changed their language to Aramaic. When the Jews returned from captivity to the Land of Israel and began to rebuild a new temple, they spoke to each other not in Hebrew, but in Aramaic. Therefore, the story of this return is written in the Bible not in Hebrew, but in Aramaic. I have heard that a significant part of the Bible is supposedly written in Aramaic. This is not true. Only a very small part, about one and a half percent of the text, is written in Aramaic.
The Aramaic language has come down to us in a huge number of documents, inscriptions and manuscripts in different dialects. The oldest texts are from around the 10th century. BC, that is, 3000 years ago, written in a very archaic Aramaic language. Then this language became in the VI-VII centuries. BC in fact, the international language of the entire Middle East, and numerous peoples, each speaking their own language, corresponded or left their memorial inscriptions in Aramaic. Like in Europe in the 19th century. and in the first half of the 20th century, French served as the international language, just as today English serves as such an international language, so in that period Aramaic served as the international language throughout the Near and Middle East. We find Aramaic inscriptions over a vast area from Egypt in the west to India in the east and from the southern border of Egypt to Transcaucasia - present-day Georgia in the north.
So, the connection between Jews and the Aramaic language began during the Babylonian captivity, somewhere in the 5th century. BC, and since then the history of the Jews has been closely intertwined with the Aramaic language. At the same time, the Aramaic language continued to exist on its own as the language of other, non-Jewish tribes, continued to develop, and its own literature was created in it.
In the 1st – 2nd centuries. AD the so-called Syriac language was formed - a late dialect of the Aramaic language. Texts in this language are written in a special Syriac script. It was the language of early Christians throughout the Middle East. The Bible was translated into Syriac, and a wealth of Christian literature was created in it. Almost all literature was then religious in nature, but at the same time there was poetry, there were chronicles.
The Syriac language has been preserved to this day as a language of worship and, to some extent, as a language of culture among the Maronites, that is, Christians of Syria and Lebanon, who speak Arabic in everyday life and pray and read the Bible in Syriac. Some other Christian churches: Chaldeans, Nestorians, living or previously living in Iraq, also for the most part changed their spoken language to Arabic after the Arab conquest, but the language of culture and religion, religious liturgy, remains to this day the Syriac language, which essentially represents itself a variant of Aramaic.
But the Syriac language also changed, and changed very much. It has survived in this modified form to this day as the so-called New Aramaic language, or New Assyrian language. In northern Iraq and in the adjacent regions of Syria and Turkey, there is still a Christian population that speaks the New Aramaic language. The so-called Aisors, or Assyrians, live on the territory of Russia. These same Assyrians speak New Aramaic. True, it has changed noticeably, because no language remains unchanged, but this language is a direct descendant of that same Aramaic language. Many remember Dzhuna Davitashvili, who in her autobiographical book emphasizes: she is an Assyrian and her native language is Assyrian, or rather New Assyrian, also known as New Aramaic. In this book she cites several words, and their connection with Hebrew is immediately visible. Juna mentions that in childhood, when she showed extraordinary qualities, the village called her shitta. It's the same as in Hebrew shad. Shed in Hebrew - damn. Sheda- this is a devil, a witch. Thus, the Aramaic language, through many metamorphoses, through Syriac, in a greatly modified form, but still reached our days as the New Aramaic language.
But let's return to the Jews and their connection with the Aramaic language. So, already in the IV - V centuries. BC many Jews spoke Aramaic. At the same time, a significant part knew and retained Hebrew. In the future, the interweaving goes on more and more. Aramaic by that time had become the dominant language throughout the Middle East, and many Jews switched to it. The Hebrew text of the Bible was already incomprehensible, and it had to be translated into Aramaic.
Thus the so-called Targums arose. Word targum literally means “translation”, but in the Jewish tradition it is the Aramaic translation of the Bible that is called. There are several targums. The most famous is Targum Onkelos (translation of Onkelos) - an Aramaic translation of the Torah.
But here’s what’s interesting: these translations at that time were needed only to make it easier for Jews to understand the Hebrew text. The holy language was Hebrew. However, a new trend is emerging: everything that is part of tradition and becomes common among Jews acquires some kind of holiness.
Pay attention to how Hasidim dress: felt hat, black suit. Is this the costume that our ancestors wore in the Land of Israel? Did our forefathers Abraham and Moshe (Moses) wear a black hat and a black coat? No, of course, this is the costume of a Polish dandy of the 17th century. Why do Hasidim hold on to this costume so much? Simply because tradition has given a touch of holiness to any thing that has been used for a long time. “My great-grandfather once dressed like this, and I should dress like this.”
A similar story happened with the Aramaic language. At first it was a language of explanation of Hebrew text, when Aramaic was a spoken language, more understandable to most Jews than Hebrew. Gradually, it became a custom to read the text of the Bible first in Hebrew, and then - “Targum” (which actually means “translation”) in Aramaic, so that it would be clear. But over time, the Jews began to forget the Aramaic language. And then the Targum also acquired a certain shade of holiness. Many centuries later, until today, many Jewish communities have maintained the tradition of reading the original (Hebrew Bible) twice and the Targum once. Aramaic is already incomprehensible to them. It is necessary to interpret it in English, French, Arabic or Russian, as in our case, but this very tradition is preserved - the Targum is also read in Aramaic.
In the first centuries AD, Hebrew was finally supplanted by Aramaic. The Mishnah was still written - in the 3rd-4th centuries AD. - in Hebrew, and the Talmud is already in Aramaic. Subsequently, the Jews continued to use Aramaic for quite a long time, and, as I already said, they read the Targum, the Talmud, but also created new texts in Aramaic. A significant part of the prayers that a Jewish believer says today are written in Aramaic. The most famous prayer is Kaddish, funeral prayer - written in Aramaic. The most famous prayer said on Yom Kippur is: Kol Nidrei, pronounced in Aramaic. The entire text of this prayer was written already in the Middle Ages.
Thus, the ancient Aramaic language was preserved not only among the descendants of the ancient Arameans (Aisors, or Assyrians), but also among the Jews as the second language of the liturgy - in the reading of prayers, in the reading of the Targum.
It often happens that the Hebrew text is not very clear. There are a lot of words whose meaning is unclear to us due to the fact that Biblical Hebrew was very different from the current one, and because in the biblical text there are many words whose meaning we do not know for sure (they are used only once in a certain text , and we cannot understand what exactly we are talking about). In such cases, you can resort to the help of the Targum, since it was made much later and its text is much simpler. Often, when we cannot understand a Hebrew word, the Aramaic translation will tell us the correct meaning.
Thus, the ancient Aramaic language has been preserved to a large extent in the mouths of modern Jews, mainly among believers who use these prayers and read the Targum. But all other Jews very often insert phrases and even entire phrases in Aramaic into the text in modern Hebrew. One of the popular proverbs says in Aramaic: give me lehak And ma biram And for –
די לחכימא ברמיזא “a hint is enough for a smart person.” In Hebrew it would sound: give the lechaham a ber uh Meuse. Idiomatic phrase “like last year’s snow” - ke-sh e lay down de-estakadכשלג דאשתקד.Sh e lay down- a Hebrew word. In Aramaic "snow" sounds Talga. So here we get a mixture, a salad of two languages: w e lay down– taken from Hebrew, and de-stacade(“last year”) is already an Aramaic phrase.
At the Passover Seder, Jews read at the festive table a traditional text related to the story of the Exodus of the Jews from Egypt, called Haggadah. Much of the Passover Haggadah is spoken in Aramaic. In Aramaic the words are read:
ha l A hmm A Nya di ah A lyu avahat A on be- A R'a de Mitzr A them
הא לחמא עניא די אכלו אבהתנא בארעא דמצרים
“This is the scanty bread that our fathers ate in the land of Egypt.”
And the final fairy tale song about the kid “Had Gadya”, traditionally obligatory in the Passover Seder ritual, is also written in Aramaic, and that’s how it is sung in Aramaic.
A lot of words have penetrated from Aramaic into modern Hebrew, both Aramaic itself and those borrowed by Aramaic from the Akkadian language. The Arameans lived in northern Iraq, as I have already said, and their contacts with the Assyro-Babylonian or Akkadian language were quite close. Akkadian words first penetrated into the Aramaic language, and then from it they penetrated into Hebrew.
For example, the word tarnegolתרנגול "rooster". This, strictly speaking, is not even an Akkadian, but a Sumerian word, or more precisely, a phrase: dar lugal- “king bird”. Gift- bird, lugal- tsar. Dar lugal penetrated first into the Akkadian language, from it into Aramaic, and then from Aramaic into Hebrew. Word heikhalהיכל “palace, temple” – also of Sumerian origin. In Sumerian hher stool meant "big house" or "great house"; first penetrated into the Akkadian language with the meaning of “temple” (temple of the gods) and through Aramaic came to Hebrew.
Among the Jewish communities there is one that has still preserved the New Aramaic language. These are the so-called Kurdish or Kurdistan Jews. In Israel they are called Kurds; This, naturally, is the same freedom as when you and I are called Russians. We speak Russian, but we are not Russians, they come from Kurdistan, but they are not Kurds. Moreover, they don’t even speak Kurdish, they speak New Aramaic, a descendant of the same ancient Aramaic language in which part of the Bible and numerous Jewish prayers are written.
When reading a Hebrew text, sometimes you can immediately identify Aramaic words or Aramaic phrases by certain features. Let me mention some signs.
If at the end of a noun you see a letter aleph, then this is often a characteristic feature of an Aramaic word (not always, of course, in Hebrew words the letter aleph meets at the end). Here is a quote I quoted from the Passover Haggadah: ha lahma anya. L A hmm– “bread”, in Hebrew it will be l e hem. A Nya – ani. Both of these words: לַחמָא עַניָא Aramaic; in Hebrew it would be הַלֶחֶם הֶעָנִי. Where in Hebrew there would be an article ה-, in Aramaic there would always be an aleph at the end. The word "king" ham e lekhהַמֶלֶך – in Aramaic m A lkמַלכָּא. This is one characteristic feature of Aramaic.
The second characteristic feature of Aramaic is the preposition deדְ- or diדִי, which corresponds to Hebrew walkedשֶל (genitive preposition) or usherאֲשֶר “which”, again in the above phrase from the Haggadah: ָא דְמִצרַיִם – “this is that meager bread that ( di) our fathers ate be-ar'a(in the ground) de Mizraim(Egypt). Here we see the characteristic features of the Aramaic language: א at the end of a noun or adjective and the preposition ד-or די.
This is the unique history of the Aramaic language over 3000 years: from the 10th century. BC up to the present day, a language that was the native language of non-Jews, other tribes, and was largely supplanted there. Most of the descendants of the ancient Aramaic people today speak Arabic, and only a small part of them, those who call themselves Assyrians, have retained the New Aramaic language.
It must be said that the Assyrians themselves are quite well aware of their connection with the Jews. I had to deal with Assyrians in the Soviet Union who immediately noted: “Oh, you’re a Jew. Well, of course, we are relatives." Relatives by language.
I have another memory associated with the Assyrians. For the only time in my life I was not recognized as a Jew. In the USA, in California, suddenly a woman addressed me in an incomprehensible language. I was forced to answer in English that I did not understand. Then she, also switching to English, asked: “Aren’t you an Assyrian?” I say: “I am from Israel.” “Ah, but we’re still related.” It turned out that she mistook me for an Assyrian and addressed me in New Aramaic.
This is our interesting story with the Aramaic language. On the one hand, among non-Jewish tribes, which for the most part lost, and some retained this language in a highly modified form. On the other hand, there is a completely original, unique history of the relationship between Hebrew and Jews and the Aramaic language.
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