The most earthly element for all chemists. Oxygen is the most common chemical element on earth, and what element is the second most common?

Oxygen is the most abundant chemical element on earth, and what is the second most abundant element?

1. The most common element in my opinion is NITROGEN.
2. Oxygen 49.5%
   Silicon 25.3%

   P.S.
   Carbon 0.1%, nitrogen 0.01%, hydrogen 0.97% cannot possibly be second in abundance
   And H2O is not a chemical element, but a substance :)

3. Silicon. 26% by weight in the earth's crust.
4. Carbon, (all vegetation).
5. In its pure form, silicon was isolated in 1811 by French scientists Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis Jacques Thénard.

   In 1825, the Swedish chemist Jons Jakob Berzelius obtained pure elemental silicon by the action of potassium metal on silicon fluoride SiF4. The new element was given the name silicium (from the Latin silex flint). The Russian name silicon was introduced in 1834 by the Russian chemist German Ivanovich Hess. Translated into Greek kremnos cliff, mountain.

   In terms of abundance in the earth's crust, silicon ranks second among all elements (after oxygen). The mass of the earth's crust consists of 27.629.5% silicon. Silicon is a component of several hundred different natural silicates and aluminosilicates. The most common is silica or silicon oxide (IV) SiO2 (river sand, quartz, flint, etc.), constituting about 12% of the earth's crust (by mass). Silicon does not occur in free form in nature.

   The crystal lattice of silicon is cubic face-centered like diamond, parameter a = 0.54307 nm (other polymorphic modifications of silicon have been obtained at high pressures), but due to the longer bond length between SiSi atoms compared to the length of the C C bond, the silicon hardness is significantly less than diamond Silicon is fragile, only when heated above 800 C does it become a plastic substance. Interestingly, silicon is transparent to infrared radiation.

   Elementary silicon is a typical semiconductor. The band gap at room temperature is 1.09 eV. The concentration of charge carriers in silicon with intrinsic conductivity at room temperature is 1.51016 m-3. The electrical properties of crystalline silicon are greatly influenced by the microimpurities it contains. To obtain silicon single crystals with hole conductivity, additives of group III elements boron, aluminum, gallium and indium are introduced into silicon, and with electronic conductivity additives of group V elements phosphorus, arsenic or antimony are added. The electrical properties of silicon can be varied by changing the processing conditions of single crystals, in particular, by treating the silicon surface with various chemical agents.

   Currently, silicon is the main material for electronics. Monocrystalline silicon material for gas laser mirrors. Sometimes silicon (commercial grade) and its alloy with iron (ferrosilicon) are used to produce hydrogen in the field. Compounds of metals with silicon, silicides, are widely used in industry (for example, electronic and nuclear) materials with a wide range of useful chemical, electrical and nuclear properties (resistance to oxidation, neutrons, etc.), and silicides of a number of elements are important thermoelectric materials. Silicon is used in metallurgy in the smelting of cast iron, steel, bronze, silumin, etc. (as a deoxidizer and modifier, and also as an alloying component).

It was a sensation - it turns out that the most important substance on Earth consists of two equally important chemical elements. “AiF” decided to look at the periodic table and remember thanks to what elements and compounds the Universe exists, as well as life on Earth and human civilization.

HYDROGEN (H)

Where it occurs: the most common element in the Universe, its main “building material”. Stars are made of it, including the Sun. Thanks to thermonuclear fusion with the participation of hydrogen, the Sun will warm our planet for another 6.5 billion years.

What is useful: in industry - in the production of ammonia, soap and plastics. Hydrogen energy has great prospects: this gas does not pollute the environment, since when burned it produces only water vapor.

CARBON (C)

Where it occurs: Every organism is largely made of carbon. In the human body this element occupies about 21%. So, our muscles consist of 2/3 of it. In a free state, it occurs in nature in the form of graphite and diamond.

What is useful: food, energy and much more. etc. The class of carbon-based compounds is huge - hydrocarbons, proteins, fats, etc. This element is indispensable in nanotechnology.

NITROGEN (N)

Where it occurs: The Earth's atmosphere is 75% nitrogen. Part of proteins, amino acids, hemoglobin, etc.

What is useful: necessary for the existence of animals and plants. In industry it is used as a gaseous medium for packaging and storage, a refrigerant. With its help, various compounds are synthesized - ammonia, fertilizers, explosives, dyes.

OXYGEN (O)

Where it occurs: The most common element on Earth, it accounts for about 47% of the mass of the solid crust. Sea and fresh waters consist of 89% oxygen, the atmosphere - 23%.

What is useful: Oxygen allows living things to breathe; without it, fire would not be possible. This gas is widely used in medicine, metallurgy, food industry, and energy.

CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)

Where it occurs: In the atmosphere, in sea water.

What is useful: Thanks to this compound, plants can breathe. The process of absorbing carbon dioxide from the air is called photosynthesis. This is the main source of biological energy. It is worth recalling that the energy that we obtain from burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) has been accumulated in the depths of the earth over millions of years thanks to photosynthesis.

IRON (Fe)

Where it occurs: one of the most common elements in the solar system. The cores of the terrestrial planets consist of it.

What is useful: metal used by humans since ancient times. The whole historical era was called the Iron Age. Now up to 95% of global metal production comes from iron, which is the main component of steels and cast irons.

SILVER (Ag)

Where it occurs: One of the scarce elements. Previously found in nature in native form.

What is useful: From the middle of the 13th century it became a traditional material for making tableware. It has unique properties, therefore it is used in various industries - in jewelry, photography, electrical engineering and electronics. The disinfecting properties of silver are also known.

GOLD (Au)

Where it occurs: Previously found in nature in native form. It is mined from the mines.

What is useful: the most important element of the global financial system, since its reserves are small. It has long been used as money. Currently, all bank gold reserves are assessed

32 thousand tons - if you fuse them together, you get a cube with a side of only 12 m. It is used in medicine, microelectronics, and nuclear research.

SILICON (Si)

Where it occurs: In terms of prevalence in the earth's crust, this element ranks second (27-30% of the total mass).

What is useful: Silicon is the main material for electronics. Also used in metallurgy and in the production of glass and cement.

WATER (H2O)

Where it occurs: Our planet is 71% covered with water. The human body consists of 65% of this compound. There is water in outer space, in the bodies of comets.

Why it’s useful: It is of key importance in the creation and maintenance of life on Earth, because due to its molecular properties it is a universal solvent. Water has many unique properties that we don’t think about. So, if it did not increase in volume when freezing, life simply would not have arisen: reservoirs would freeze to the bottom every winter. And so, as it expands, the lighter ice remains on the surface, maintaining a viable environment underneath.

In terms of prevalence in the earth's crust, silicon ranks second among all elements (after oxygen). The mass of the earth's crust is 27.6-29.5% silicon. Silicon is a component of several hundred different natural silicates and aluminosilicates. The most common is silica or silicon oxide (IV) SiO2 (river sand, quartz, flint, etc.), constituting about 12% of the earth's crust (by mass). Silicon does not occur in free form in nature.

The crystal lattice of silicon is cubic face-centered like diamond, parameter a = 0.54307 nm (other polymorphic modifications of silicon have been obtained at high pressures), but due to the longer bond length between Si-Si atoms compared to the length of the C-C bond, the hardness of silicon is significantly less than a diamond. Silicon is fragile; only when heated above 800 °C does it become a plastic substance. Interestingly, silicon is transparent to infrared radiation.

the most abundant substance on earth

Melted Ice

The most common liquid on earth

Transparent colorless liquid

. "It's not beer that kills people, it's people..."

. "Off a duck's back..."

. "Don't spill..."

. "Under a lying stone... it doesn't flow"

. "ash two O"

. “It lives in seas and rivers, but often flies across the sky, and when it gets bored of flying, it falls to the ground again” (riddle)

. “quiet... the shores are washing away” (last)

. “subtle matter” that found itself on the first step of the “ladder of nature”, built in the 18th century by the Swiss naturalist Charles Bonnet

You are life

65% of the human body

Without her, “neither here nor here”

There is no life without her

Most vodka

They usually hide the ends in it

The most important inorganic substance for us

Vodka without alcohol

Vodka without alcohol

Hydrogen+ oxygen

Second to water and copper pipes

Carbonated...

Hot and cold in the tap

Kills people, unlike beer

Destroyer of people (song)

Distilled...

Jewel in the Desert

Friends, don't spill...

It is not pounded in a mortar

It waters the garden and vegetable garden

Liquid cradle of life

Liquid

Liquid without taste, color or odor

Liquid in the bath

The liquid that flows in empty speeches

Liquid that has leaked a lot

Liquid necessary for the existence of all living things

What is a snowflake made of?

It was in this drop that the Roman sages advised to look “if you want to know the world.”

What coolant is usually used to cool a boiling reactor?

The stone sharpens

Painting by Russian artist S. Chuikov "Live..."

Well...

Concrete component

Vodka component

There is too much in vodka, according to drunkards

The best remedy for thirst

Flowing from the tap

An insignificant component of vodka

Mineralka

Mineral in a bottle

Mineral, carbonated

Muddy after ice drift

We drink it and bathe in it

We drink it and enjoy it

Pour into a bucket or glass

Pour into a kettle to boil

Filler for baths and seas

A prerequisite for life

One of the most common substances in nature

It turns out that you can get out of it dry

Deuterium oxide or heavy...

It flows in empty speeches

It can flow or it can drip

It does not flow under a lying stone

The basis of all life on Earth

The basis of life

Fresh milk in the night lake

Partner of fire and copper pipes

Drinking union of two gases

Rain Flesh

Flesh of the sea

According to the French chemist Leonel, the molecule of this substance resembles a peach with two apricots attached to its sides

The herbal liqueur "Danzig Gold...", popular in Germany, contains tiny particles of gold leaf.

Fresh...

Fresh in the lake

Fresh in the pond

Fresh liquid in a pond

A transparent, colorless liquid that is a chemical compound of hydrogen and oxygen

Flow in Jacuzzi

Hide and seek for ends

Melted Ice

Fish habitat

Escaped from the bucket

Seventh liquid on jelly

Seventh on jelly

Liquefied ice

According to the Kazakh proverb, without flaw only God, without dirt - only she

Contents. sieve according to the saying

Contents of the clepsydra

Contents of the river and sea

Contents of the samovar

Salty in the sea

Salty moisture of the sea

Salty sea...

Rescue from thirst

This is the name of the linear part of the distance for one boat

Shower turnover

Faucet leaking

What fish “breathe”

Something that won't spoil true friendship

What they carry to the offended

What is poured from the tap

Outdated ancient constellation

Quenches thirst

Film by A. A. Rowe "Fire, ... and Copper Pipes"

A chemical substance without which neither a person nor an animal can survive long.

Chemical substance in the form of a clear liquid

Walks without legs, sleeves without arms, mouth without speech (riddle)

How to dilute alcohol

What in Taoism has become a symbol of the triumph of visible weakness over strength

What boils in a samovar

What measured time in the ancient clepsydra

Not boiling. tea without sugar and tea leaves

Partner of fire and copper pipes

Don't drink it off your face, as the saying goes.

Contents of the cistern

Scientists explain the emergence of chemical elements with the Big Bang theory. According to it, the Universe was formed after the Big Bang of a huge fireball, which scattered particles of matter and energy flows in all directions. Although, if in the Universe the most common chemical elements are Hydrogen and Helium, then on planet Earth they are Oxygen and Silicon.

Of the total number of known chemical elements, 88 such elements have been found on Earth, among which the most common in the earth’s crust are Oxygen (49.4%), Silicon (25.8%), also Aluminum (7.5%), Iron, Potassium and other chemical elements found in nature. These elements account for 99% of the mass of the entire Earth's shell.

The composition of elements in the Earth's crust differs from those found in the mantle and core. So the Earth's core consists mainly of iron and nickel, and the Earth's surface is saturated with oxygen.

The most common chemical elements on Earth

(49.4% in the Earth's crust)

Almost all living organisms on Earth use oxygen for respiration. Tens of billions of tons of oxygen are consumed every year, but there is still no less of it in the air. Scientists believe that green plants on the planet emit oxygen almost six times more than it is consumed...

(25.8% in the Earth's crust)

The role of Silicon in the geochemistry of the Earth is enormous, approximately 12% of the lithosphere is silica SiO2 (all hard and durable rocks consist of a third of silicon), and the number of minerals that contain silica is more than 400. On Earth, Silicon is not found in free form, only in compounds ...

(7.5% in the Earth's crust)

Aluminum does not occur in nature in its pure form. Aluminum is part of granites, clay, basalts, feldspar, etc. and is found in many minerals...

(4.7% in the Earth's crust)

This chemical element is very important for living organisms, as it is a catalyst for the respiratory process, is involved in the delivery of oxygen to tissues, and is present in blood hemoglobin. In nature, Iron is found in ore (magnetite, hematite, limonite and pyrite) and in more than 300 minerals (sulfides, silicates, carbonates, etc.)...

(3.4% in the Earth's crust)

It is not found in nature in its pure form; it is found in compounds in soil, all inorganic binders, animals, plants and natural water. Calcium ions in the blood play an important role in regulating the functioning of the heart, and allow it to clot in air. When there is a lack of Calcium in plants, the root system suffers...

(2.6% in the Earth's crust)

Sodium is distributed in the upper part of the earth's crust and occurs naturally in the form of minerals: halite, mirabilite, cryolite and borax. It is part of the human body; human blood contains about 0.6% NaCl, due to which normal osmotic pressure of the blood is maintained. Animals contain more sodium than plants...

(2.4% in the Earth's crust)

It is not found in nature in pure form, only in compounds, and is found in many minerals: sylvite, sylvinite, carnallite, aluminosilicates, etc. Sea water contains approximately 0.04% potassium. Potassium quickly oxidizes in air and easily enters into chemical reactions. It is an important element in plant development; if it is deficient, they turn yellow and seeds lose their viability...

(1.9% in the Earth's crust)

In nature, Magnesium is not found in its pure form, but is part of many minerals: silicates, carbonates, sulfates, aluminosilicates, etc. In addition, there is a lot of Magnesium in sea water, groundwater, plants and natural brines...

(0.9% in the Earth's crust)

Hydrogen is part of the atmosphere, all organic substances and living cells. Its share in living cells by number of atoms is 63%. Hydrogen is found in petroleum, volcanic and natural combustible gases; some hydrogen is released by green plants. Formed during the decomposition of organic substances and during the coking of coal...

(0.6% in the Earth's crust)

It is not found in nature in free form, often in the form of TiO2 dioxide or its compounds (titanates). Contained in the soil, in animal and plant organisms and is part of more than 60 minerals. In the biosphere, Titan is resplendent, in sea water it is 10-7%. Titanium is also found in grains, fruits, plant stems, animal tissues, milk, chicken eggs and in the human body...

The rarest chemical elements on Earth

• Lutetium(0.00008% in the Earth's crust by mass). To obtain it, it is isolated from minerals along with other heavy rare elements.
• Ytterbium(3.310-5% in the Earth's crust by mass). Contained in bastensite, monazite, gadolinite, talenite and other minerals.
• Thulium(2.7 .10−5 wt.% in the Earth's crust by mass). Just like other rare earth elements, they are found in minerals: xenotime, monazite, euxenite, loparite, etc.
• Erbium(3.3 g/t in the Earth's crust by mass). It is mined from monazite and bastenizite, as well as some rare chemical elements.
• Holmium(1.3.10−4% in the Earth’s crust by mass). Along with other rare earth elements, it is found in the minerals monazite, euxenite, bastenizite, apatite and gadolinite.

Very rare chemical elements are used in radio electronics, nuclear engineering, mechanical engineering, metallurgy and the chemical industry, etc.