The red planet Mars, next after Earth and fourth from the Sun, is perhaps the most mysterious of all the objects in the Solar System. It is easy to distinguish in the night sky by its characteristic reddish tint.
Mars makes one full revolution around the Sun approximately 687 days. And this is not surprising, because they are separated by 230 million kilometers! Days on Mars are only slightly different from those on Earth. There they are 24 hours 39 minutes 35 seconds.
A manned project on the red planet is still in the future, but already in our time, modern rovers have explored every centimeter of its surface, thanks to which there is already a map of Mars - Google Mars.
Another gadget that allows you to view the surface of the planet Mars in high resolution is presented in the window below. Unlike the version presented above, in this interactive window you can very well view the planet from all sides. The best browsers to use are Google Chrome, Firefox and Internet Explorer.
Google Planet Mars
(use your mouse to rotate and zoom in on the planet)
Google gives us the opportunity to see a 3D view of the surface of the red planet.
There is no reliable information about life on Mars yet, but there are some sensational facts. Mars has two "Moons" of its own. These are Phobos and Deimos. Our ancestors believed in the negativity that this planet carries, which is why they named it after the god of war, and its satellites - Fear and Terror. This is how the words Phobos and Deimos are translated. Both of these satellites have an irregular shape, which is an exception in the Solar System.
Have you ever asked yourself the question: " Why is Mars red?? ". This shade is given to it by iron oxide (i.e., ordinary “rust”) contained in the Martian soil. The highest mountain in the Solar System, Olympus Mons, is located on Mars. Its height is three times greater than Everest. But all these facts are overshadowed by one thing - there is water on Mars! True, it is there in the form of ice. Scientists have proven that it once flowed freely there in the form of rivers, etc.
The largest canyon in the Solar System is also located on Mars. This is the Valles Marineris. The most important reason for the lack of life on Mars is that it has no magnetic field, and therefore no protection from solar radiation and asteroids.
Two thirds of all attempts to explore Mars have failed. This is a big problem for scientists, because in order to send rovers and orbitals to the planet, huge amounts of money need to be spent. 1 kilogram of material launched there costs approximately 309 thousand dollars! This is a big problem that hinders the exploration of the red planet. Therefore, Mars still remains for us one of the most mysterious objects in the Solar System.
Application " Maps of Mars in 3D"offers an exciting journey through surfaces“red planet”, but first let’s take a closer look at this amazing piece of our solar system.
Surface structure of Mars
Mars is a member of the terrestrial group of planets, ruled by Mercury, Venus and Earth. Unlike the other planets, which appear to us as gas giants, this group has a metallic core and a rocky surface.
This planet, like the quartet it is part of, consists of a liquid core, mantle and crust, but the thickness of the layers is different for each. Mercury's density is on average 5.4 g/cm³ (Earth's is slightly higher - 5.5 g/cm³), and it has a liquid core consisting mostly of iron and nickel. The core of Venus has a similar composition, but with a slightly lower density of 5.2 g/cm³.
The average thickness of the crust of Mars is 30 km on land, and 5 km from the bottom surface on the sea. The planet's core consists of two parts: the outer one, which begins at a depth of 5100 km and consists of a molten iron + nickel alloy; and internal - having a similar chemical composition, but with a more solid structure. Surface density - 5.520 g/cm³. The Red Planet is half the size of Earth.
Dimensions of the planet Mars
The radius of Mars is 3.389 km, and its circumference is 21.3 thousand km. The volume is 1.63¹¹ km³, the mass is at around 6.41²⁴ kg. When compared to Earth, the Martian planet's diameter is 53% of Earth's and its surface area is 38%. A three-dimensional map of the surface of Mars confirms that the total area of this planet is equal to the sum of the areas of all Earth's continents. Its mass is only 11% of that of the earth, and its volume is 15% compared to our earthly home. Mars is smaller than its relative Mercury, but its unique world attracts with its mystery, and magnifying 3D maps of Mars allow you to see it in detail.
Surface of Mars
Although Mars cannot boast of its size, the largest mountain in the solar system, Olympus Mons (21.2 km), located on its surface, retains the splendor of the dignity of the planet.
Surface of Mars completely cratered, and the deepest is the Mariner Valley. Using the program, you can examine in detail all the planet’s basins and volcanoes, which are considered the largest in the solar system.
Interactive maps from NASA will tell you about the most prestigious region of Mars - Cydonia, where the most mysterious formations are concentrated: “Face on Mars” and “Sphinx”. Thanks to high-resolution photographs taken by orbiting reconnaissance missions, you will be able to get much closer to Mars. The surface formation "Sphinx" resembles a pyramid built by an extraterrestrial civilization. Although, in essence, this and other mysteries of the red planet are nothing more than a miracle of relief.
Surface temperature of Mars from Mars Global Surveyor
The daily surface temperature of the planet Mars ranges from -65° C to -120° C. The thermal emission spectrometer on board the Mars Global Surveyor probe has transmitted a detailed temperature map of Mars.
Nighttime surface temperatures are described on a t-scale, with white representing the warmest places on the planet, the coldest areas being colored red, yellow and green, and the coldest being rendered blue.
The data was taken as the vehicle passed over the night side of Mars. The map shows that it is winter in the southern part of Mars, while it is summer in the northern part of the Martian planet.
"Sphinx", "Face on Mars" and "Pyramids"
Navigate to:
- Mount Olympus
- Face on Mars
- Chasma Canyon
Important! Most likely, to run the application, you will need to connect to the Google Earth service. Next, restart the browser.
"Face" on Mars
Numerous mountains and pyramids located on the surface of Mars have smooth symmetry. The photographs taken in the 70s by the Viking spacecraft looked like a face, so many speculated about the existence of an extraterrestrial civilization. But, as it turned out later, the culprit was photos taken in poor quality.
One of the images had perfect symmetry, similar to a face, which became fodder for debate among many scientists. However, all the intrigue ended when photographs were received in higher quality.
The “face on Mars” turned out to be nothing more than a hill, similar outlines of which can be observed on Earth. Such formations are often created under the influence of ice or constant wind; striking examples of this are Mount Assiniboine in Canada, Thielsen in the USA and Matterhorn in Switzerland.
History of Mars
Mars was once warm and wet, but is now a dry and cold planet. NASA rovers report data that the climate on the ancient planet was quite warm, and the surface retained water. This conclusion is confirmed by the chemicals detected by the probe. substances that can only be created in the presence of moisture. Scientists also suggest that some reliefs could not have been created without the participation of the abyss.
It is interesting to look at the supposed map of Mars in the past, to look back several billion years. Kevin Gill, an astronomer who created visualizations of the real Mars in the past, used a laser rangefinder located on the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft.
The oceans and seas recreated on Mars were created taking into account the flooding of deep valleys, so they only “predict” the water structure of the planet.
The displayed clouds are also free-form. The information for their “reconstruction” was taken from the NASA Blue Marble project. A more accurate name for this water card would be Mars after many years of asteroid formation and reception.
Gas - methane
For many, Mars is a cold world with a red surface color, but when methane was found on its surface, many people's opinions changed.
Why is methane present in the Martian atmosphere? There can only be two explanations for this: biological and geological. Quite a lot of people want to believe in the first reason, but the likelihood of life arising on Mars is negligible. The second is volcanism. Satellite maps show that there are not many volcanic clusters on the planet. The largest is the Tharsis plateau, which gave birth to four volcanoes, one of which is Olympus.
If you look closer at the Tharsis plateau, on the right you can see the “Labyrinth of the Night” and three mountains in the very center: Arsia, Pavlina, Askrian. The “3D maps of Mars” program allows you to get closer to these mountains and travel near their foothills, just by clicking once on the mouse button.
Methane gas tends to quickly break down when exposed to sunlight and wind, so it is logical to conclude that the sources of methane emissions must be constantly active. The created map of Mars does not allow us to accurately convey the location of all methane sources, but this problem will be solved by the Mangalyaan probe launched to the surface, the purpose of which is to collect accurate data.
Methane is under close study by astrobiologists, since it is common knowledge that most of this gas on Earth is produced by microscopic organisms. And besides, the red color of the planet is partly due to the release of methane.
Geological data of the surface of Mars
The absence of tectonic plates would allow volcanoes to erupt for hundreds or millions of years. The map of Mars reports a large number of constant eruptions, which contain a large percentage of iron. The "iron" surface was gradually oxidized by the Martian atmosphere, so this is a suitable explanation for why the planet's surface is covered with a red film.
The Red Planet's Past
Researchers believe that Mars used to be much larger, but the powerful impact that left the North Polar Basin suggests that the planet lost some of its mass. Upon closer examination of the surface, this conclusion seems justified.
It is worth noting that the research carried out by the Hubble shuttle does not fully represent the mysterious world of Mars. But an interactive 3D map will allow for a more in-depth study. Thousands of photographs taken by space probes were taken into account when creating this map. A detailed map of the surface of Mars was made possible by studies of the Mars Odyssey, Mars Express and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter probes. These space probes allowed us to see all the beauty of the surface and structure of the planet. An interactive 3D map from Google will captivate you with the landscapes of Mars without leaving your home. This is a fairly simple and intuitive application that allows you to zoom in and see corners of the red planet that were previously inaccessible to the human eye. Carata is available online, so its research and study is available to everyone: both amateurs and scientists located anywhere in the world.
Hypsometric map of the surface of Mars
The map was created based on studies of the laser altimeter, the Mars Global Surveyor space probe. Here, peaks up to 10 km high are marked in red, and all higher mountains are indicated in pink and white-pink. The colors indicating the depressions are green and blue. Examining this map, you will notice that the northern part of the planet is slightly lower in height than the southern part. From the words of scientists, it becomes clear that the northern part was filled with water in the past, and these words are confirmed by the gravitational map of the red planet.
The images transmitted from the unmanned Mars Global Surveyor research station also made it possible to get a closer look at the outline of the coastline. This detailed map allows you to see the Hellas basin, as well as four inactive volcanoes located on the Tharsis plateau. These pictures are quite detailed, but the best thing to see here is the Valles Marineris - it is a tectonic fault, the total length of which is 5 thousand km. It is worth emphasizing with particular pride that this map was created by our fellow countrymen, who took as a basis the data obtained from American space probes. Special efforts were made by Zh. F. Rodinova.
Topographic designations of the surface of Mars
The modern map, compiled by the efforts of the latest spacecraft, contains new names for landforms, along with old geographical and mythological names. This newest map of Mars reveals that the largest high point is Tharsis, and the ring-shaped depression to the south is Hellas. Many valleys bear the names of planets in different languages of the peoples of the Earth. For example, the Valley of Hrat - which means “Mars” in Armenian, as well as the Valley of Maadim - in Hebrew.
However, there is one exception in the names - this is Valles Marineris, which is named after the Mariner 9 spacecraft, which photographed this surface in detail. Small valleys were named after the rivers of the Earth. Arsia is a classic albedo formation. Pearl Bay is the name of the Hindustan Peninsula, where pearls were searched for in ancient times.
Craters on the surface of the Red Planet
Any detailed map of Mars shows that the craters of this planet are different from the craters located on the Moon and Mercury. Even small craters indicate the presence of erosion on their surface caused by water and wind.
The Moon and Mercury do not have liquid or atmosphere, but Mars had all this millions of years ago. The largest craters: Huygens - 470 km, with a depth of 4 km; Schiaparelli - 465 km in size, with a depth of 2 km; Cassini - with a diameter of 411 km. A satellite map of Mars from 2014 shows that in places where ice breaks up from the surface, radial ejections of soil are observed. What is typical is that such soil emissions are found in craters located in the north of the planet.
Cards
Large Red Planet Map - provides a good physical map of Mars. This map was compiled by the staff of the popular science magazine National Geographic, whose authority is recognized throughout the world, so these works are of particular interest to people who cannot imagine life without knowledge of space.
Advice. To view the map created by National Geographic in high resolution, download it to your computer. This operation is quite simple to perform: after the map is fully opened in the browser, click on the left mouse button and select “save as” and specify a convenient folder for saving.
Curiosity rover
The translation of the name of the comic rover, Curiosity, literally means “opportunity.” The device is equipped with all the tools for collecting geochemical, geological and other information. It also has a nuclear radioisotope thermogenerator, so the Curiosity rover is capable of collecting and transmitting a lot of photographs, which are then stitched together and studied by scientists. Thanks to images from this equipment, we have the opportunity to take a closer look at Hale Crater, located in a very interesting area of the planet. Curiosity images essentially deliver amazing and most mysterious photographs that we can look at with pleasure, everyone at home.
Even the most recent spacecraft launched by NASA's exploration agency cannot provide perfect detail of the surface of Mars. The map of the red planet is constantly updated, and new/more powerful spacecraft are launched into orbit. Interesting: The MRO probe - used by NASA has a 30 cm telescope capable of taking images with a resolution of 30 cm per pixel, despite the fact that the images are taken from an altitude of 250 km above the surface of Mars.
The detailed map of Mars was created with the active participation of the MRO and Mars Odyssey spacecraft, as well as the Mars Express probe from the European Space Agency.
By and large, a map of Mars is a combination of numerous images from different spacecraft, so even a standard size wall map will be quite accurate. At the same time, using computer technology, you, sitting at home, can view online the entire surface of Mars, without making much effort in managing the program.
Thanks to the efforts of the giant company Google, it was possible to combine all the data to create an interactive 3D program. It is worth mentioning that the MRO probe took on the largest part of the research work. This map is the result of a joint collaboration between Google and NASA. A regular browser, such as Google Chrome or Ethernet Explorer, allows you to open a map of Mars online, so an overview of the surface of the red planet is available to anyone today. In order to view maps of Mars online, you just need to go to the global network and find the appropriate service. The maps will be especially interesting to people interested in astronomy, but a detailed examination of the maps and surprisingly interesting places will attract even amateur beginners. It is worth noting that humanity has never seen such a detailed study of Mars, so viewing and studying the red planet, using interactive 3D maps from Google, will allow a person of the twenty-first century to have the most advanced information.
Map of the Dominican Republic from satellite. Explore the satellite map of the Dominican Republic online in real time. A detailed map of the Dominican Republic was created based on high-resolution satellite images. As close as possible, the satellite map of the Dominican Republic allows you to study in detail the streets, individual houses and attractions of the Dominican Republic. The map of the Dominican Republic from a satellite can easily be switched to regular map mode (diagram).
Dominican Republic is an island state occupying two-thirds of the island of Haiti. The Dominican Republic is deservedly called one of the best beach destinations. The first European to set foot on these incomparable beaches was Christopher Columbus. Back in 1492, he named this island Hispaniola. Later, reporting to the king about his journey, he noted the extraordinary beauty of the island, which cannot be described in words.
Capital of the Dominican Republic, the city of Santo Domingo, became the first city of the New World. And the state itself, populated by almost 8 million good-natured residents, has the most advanced tourism and hotel infrastructure among any other resorts in the Caribbean islands. Santo Domingo has absorbed an unprecedented number of attractions, exploring which will give you unprecedented pleasure.
Every year, the Dominican Republic hotel chain welcomes millions of travelers from all over the world. Looking at just the photographs from the resorts of the Dominican Republic, it becomes clear that there is such a big stir in relation to this tourist destination.
Prices for tours to the Dominican Republic are very reasonable and will not shock travelers. According to annual statistics, an increasing number of Russian tourists decide to take a long flight (11 hours) to this truly heavenly place. According to reviews from vacationers, the quality of service at the resorts of the Dominican Republic is very high, and the prices for tours to the Dominican Republic are completely justified. At the same time, a huge part of hotels operate on an all-inclusive system, providing tourists with additional services that make their vacation even more enjoyable.
If you are going to the Dominican Republic for the first time and want to get by with minimal costs, then feel free to choose the most economical vacation options with a minimum list of services. Even with this approach, you will be provided with an unforgettable vacation in full.
Seasonality. Located in the tropical-trade wind climate zone, the Dominican Republic delights vacationers with eternal summer all year round. Therefore, the tourist season here lasts all year round. The air temperature is almost always constant. In the coolest time, directly from January to March, the air temperature stays at + 28-30 degrees Celsius, and in the hottest time (in August) the temperature reaches + 31 degrees Celsius.
During the periods from May to June, as well as from August to September, the Dominican Republic experiences rainy seasons, but they do not cause inconvenience to vacationers. Firstly, it usually rains on the country’s server, and secondly, it falls 1-2 times a day, most often at night. During the day during the rainy season, as a rule, there is clear sunny weather, for which most vacationers come here.
Mars It is considered a planet with unusual landscapes consisting of craters, once-flowing river beds, volcanoes and solidified lava that was once scattered by volcanoes on Mars. Not so long ago, the surface of Mars was unknown to us and it was difficult to study it from our planet due to a number of reasons, but with the help of the Mars Odyssey apparatus this became possible. Mars has always been the object of special attention of scientists, since it was once similar to Earth and in order to avoid the same future on Earth, it is necessary to find out what happened to Mars and prevent it on Earth.
The map of Mars was created using several thousand images that were taken using the THEMIS camera. This camera creates images based on analysis of the planet's thermal radiation. After taking a huge number of images, experts worked to create a general picture of the Martian surface. Experts used various methods of combining images into one and removed distortions associated with the special camera optics. 
Now the “Mars-Expers” apparatus is also operating in orbit of Mars, which also takes pictures of the planet’s surface. The card obtained with its help will be unique. The surface of Mars is imaged using laser technology. The device sends a laser pulse to the surface of the planet, the laser pulse itself is reflected from the planet and sent back to the spacecraft. Based on the time spent covering the distance from the spacecraft to the planet, a conclusion is drawn about the distance to the surface. This device can detect slopes too small to be seen from the Earth's surface. Thus, photographing the surface is more accurate than using simple photography. may interfere with this photography method, but after receiving conflicting data, scientists understand that they hit the satellite, after some time the signal is sent again.
Mars on Google Maps
A map of the planet Mars also exists in Google Maps. In order to view the surface of Mars using google maps, you need to install the project from google - google maps and there in the menu you need to select the item “planet Mars” (see how to do this
