Children's education in Japan begins in preschool institutions. Kindergartens were included in the education system after the Second World War. Before this, only wealthy families could send their children to preschool; kindergarten was not a compulsory level of education.
Japanese children begin to be sent to kindergarten at the age of three. In it, the child learns to communicate with peers, to be independent, and develops abilities and skills in music, modeling, drawing, mathematics and language.
Kindergarten plays an important role in a child’s life and prepares them for adulthood. It is in a preschool institution that the basic principles of typical behavior are laid: respect for the opinions of others, perseverance in one’s work, perseverance.
School
School in Japan is divided into three levels: elementary, middle and high school. The academic year begins in the spring and is divided into several semesters. The first semester begins at the beginning of April and continues until the end of July. Then comes the summer holidays. The second semester begins on the first of September and lasts until the last week of December. The last semester starts after the New Year holidays. There are no exact dates for the start and end of holidays and semesters, because in each school classes can begin with a difference of several days.
Children are educated from 6 to 12 years of age. The list of disciplines studied at different schools varies slightly. However, subjects such as Japanese, history, mathematics, natural history, physical education, and art lessons are taught in all primary schools.
In secondary school, children study from 12 to 15 years of age. In addition to the subjects that children studied in primary school, a foreign language is added. Schoolchildren also begin to study a number of other elective disciplines.
From secondary school, children begin to take exams after each semester in all subjects studied. Japanese schoolchildren spend a lot of time in classes; in their free time they attend courses and clubs. The Japanese spend so much time and effort on studying because a good education ensures a stable and well-paid job in the future.
High school in Japan is preparation for entering university. Children start their education at 18 years old. In addition to general education subjects, high school students begin to study subjects such as medicine, agriculture, economics and others. At the end of school, Japanese graduates take something like the Unified State Exam.
Higher education
After school, graduates can go to either university or college. At the same time, the chance to enter a prestigious university depends on the student’s mental abilities, as well as on the financial status of the family.
In most universities in Japan, students study for four years first, then enter a master's program. The duration of study in Japanese colleges ranges from two to five years. It is believed that studying at a university is easier than at school. The student is free to choose subjects to study and does not write any complex scientific papers.
The Japanese nation is known for the fact that everything advanced that Japan has today was borrowed from other nations and states. Japan as a state was formed on images and teachings borrowed from China, and to this day the policy of introducing advanced technologies from all over the world into its life continues. But Japan doesn’t just copy something, but selects the best and implements it taking into account its own characteristics.
Japan's education system has not escaped this pattern. Back in the Middle Ages, from the 6th to the 9th centuries, Japan actively borrowed writing, culture, Confucianism and Buddhism from China. Already in the 9th century, in the capital of Japan, Kyoto, there were five educational institutions - higher education institutions. The centers of education in Japan in the Middle Ages were the monasteries of Zen Buddhism.
In the 19th century, Japan switched to Europe as an advanced cultural and educational center, and in particular to France. Japan began to adopt everything advanced from the French, trips to study in France were organized, and French teachers were invited to their country.
After World War II, when the Japanese came into direct contact with the Americans and their culture on their soil, they realized that the cultural and educational center from Europe had moved to America. And accordingly, everything that could be learned, studied and then implemented in their lives from the American education system (and everything else), the Japanese studied and implemented.
And to this day, the education system in Japan resembles the American one. But not everything was easy and smooth. In the 60s, there were student unrest in Japan, in which teachers also took part. The Japanese government was required to eliminate cruelty, eliminate uniformity, and provide an alternative.
In the eighties, after a long discussion, a reform of the education system was carried out, which consisted of the following: developing a policy of lifelong education, increasing financial investments in the educational process, changing teaching methods, individual approach to students, information and technical equipment of the educational process and other measures.
The general education system in Japan is as follows:
- — the period of stay in kindergarten is 3 years, children are accepted from the age of three
- primary school - shogakko, which is accepted from the age of 6 and the educational process lasts six years
- secondary school - chugakko, from 12 years old, study for three years
- higher secondary school (high school) - kotogakko, from 15 years old, study for three years
Children study for 12 years. Education at school (except for high school) is free. Compulsory education lasts nine years; after completing nine grades, a student can enter technical colleges. After graduating from high school, you can continue your studies at the university and then in graduate school.
High school education, like university education, is paid. Education in public educational institutions is much cheaper.
2012 Economics No. 2(18)
I.A. Petinenko, A.A. Weaver
JAPANESE EDUCATION SYSTEM: WHAT LEADS THIS COUNTRY
TO SUCCESS?
All levels of the Japanese educational system are examined, from preschool to postgraduate education. The peculiarities of raising children in educational institutions are revealed, the stages of formation of characteristic Japanese traits are shown - hard work, diligence, the ability to work in a team, understanding one’s place, the desire to work for the company and not for oneself, adherence to a strict hierarchy, etc.
Key words: education, education system, Japan, education in Japan.
One of the driving forces of progress in any area of human activity is the synthesis of accumulated world experience. In the context of reform of the education system in our country, the study and analysis of the development of education abroad is becoming increasingly important.
Based on this, the purpose of this scientific work was to study the features of the modern Japanese education system.
The structure of education in Japan includes (Fig. 1): an optional level - kindergarten; school education, which is divided into junior, middle and senior schools - the peculiarity is that after secondary school you can go to various special schools and colleges of technology; and higher education, divided into universities and the non-university sector.
Let's take a closer look at each level of education.
Preschool education. In Japan, kindergarten is not a compulsory educational level. Children come here at the request of their parents - usually from the age of four.
All kindergartens in Japan are private. Among them, a special place is occupied by the so-called elite gardens, which are under the tutelage of prestigious universities. If a child ends up in such a kindergarten, his future can be considered secure: upon reaching the appropriate age, he goes to a university school, and from there he enters the university without exams. In Japan, there is quite intense competition in the field of education: a university diploma is a guarantee of obtaining a prestigious, well-paid job - in the ministry or in some well-known company. And this, in turn, is the key to career growth and material well-being. Therefore, it is very difficult to get into a kindergarten at a prestigious university. Parents pay a lot of money for their child’s admission, and the child himself must undergo quite complex testing in order to be accepted.
Rice. 1. Education system in Japan
Japanese educators, teaching children to interact, unite them into small groups (han), which is the most important distinctive feature of the organization of preschool education. These groups are formed not according to abilities, but according to what can make their activities effective. Each year the groups are created anew. The constant change of children's composition is associated with an attempt to provide children with the widest possible opportunities for socialization. If a child does not have good relationships in a particular group, it is possible that he will make friends among other children.
Raising young children in Japan immediately plunges them into intense competition for a better future; it does not always promote the development of a person’s creative abilities, but skillfully forms in the child the concept of human coexistence, raises a physically and mentally healthy person who knows how to work in a team, strictly following instructions and without disturbing others.
School education. School in Japan is divided into three levels:
1. Primary school (grades 1-6) - shogakko.
2. Middle school (grades 7-9) - chugakko.
3. High school (grades 10-12) - Kotogakko.
Primary and secondary schools in Japan are compulsory for everyone and free of charge. High school is not compulsory, but about 95% percent continue their studies after high school. 48% of high school graduates go on to college (2 years) or university (4 years).
Tuition in high school and university is always paid, but in public institutions it is cheaper. There are also fee-paying private primary and secondary schools. In all paid institutions you can study for free or get a big discount if you win a scholarship competition.
In elementary school, children study Japanese, mathematics, science (physics, chemistry, biology), social studies (ethics, history, etiquette), music, fine arts, physical education and home economics.
In secondary school, English and several special elective subjects are added to the list of subjects. The composition of these subjects depends on the school.
The high school curriculum is slightly more varied than the middle and primary school curriculum, but students are given more opportunities to specialize in a particular area of study.
In addition to the school itself, most students attend paid juku preparatory courses, which help them better prepare for passing school exams. Juku classes usually take place in the evening, two to three times a week. “Juku” translated means “school of excellence,” but it would be more correct to say “tutoring school.” There, specially hired teachers once again explain to the children what has already been said at school during the day, adding new knowledge to this knowledge, which they can show off in the exam. And if previously studying juku was required for admission only to the best universities and schools, now it is also necessary for enrollment in the rank and file.
One sixth of junior schoolchildren, half of middle schoolers and almost all seniors attend Juku. The annual income of all juku is an incredible trillion yen, comparable to the country's military expenditures. There is no such system in the world.
The main problem of Japanese schools is the exhausting exams, each of which takes several hours of hard work and much more time in preparation for it. From time to time they become the cause of schoolchildren's suicides.
Middle and high school students take exams at the end of each term and midway through the first and second terms. Examinations usually take the form of written tests. Exams are graded using a percentage system. The highest score is 100 points.
The transition from middle school to high school is based on exam results. First, based on his school performance, the student receives a list of high schools to which he has a chance of admission. He then takes a transition exam, and based on his results and previous performance, the question of which high school the student will enter is decided.
Good students end up in prestigious high schools, bad students end up in run-down schools for those who do not intend to graduate. Such schools focus on home economics, agriculture, etc. Career
their graduates have no prospects. Those who do not want to enroll in high school can enroll in five-year "technological colleges" - vocational schools. However, entering them is not so easy - there is a lot of competition in the best of them, since skilled workers are highly valued in Japan. Some technical colleges are owned by large firms, and their graduates are immediately employed.
Higher education. The higher education system includes the following main four types of educational institutions:
1) full cycle (4 years) and accelerated cycle (2 years) universities;
2) professional colleges;
3) schools of special training (technological institutes);
4) schools of postgraduate studies (master's programs).
Perhaps the main distinguishing feature of the Japanese higher education system is its hierarchy. Rigid hierarchies (often “non-overlapping”, i.e. existing autonomously and independently of each other) permeate both the university and non-university sectors.
The non-university sector is, in fact, “second-class universities”, performing social rather than educational functions. Legally, two- or three-year junior colleges are considered full-fledged universities, but the actual training and prestige of their diplomas do not correspond to the level of higher education.
Technological colleges train secondary technical personnel on the basis of a compulsory nine-year school and in many respects correspond to our technical schools.
In essence, the only full-fledged universities whose graduates do not experience discrimination and are listed on the labor market are full-cycle universities. The hierarchy of these universities includes the following levels:
1. Several of the most prestigious private universities, such as Nihon, Waseda, Keio or Tokai University. Their graduates constitute the top class of Japanese management and politics. It is almost impossible to get into such a university without appropriate preparation and recommendations, but their diploma provides a 100% guarantee of successful employment, regardless of grades and often specialty.
2. Public universities that occupy first places in the rankings (Tokyo Institute of Technology or Yokohama State University). Tuition fees here are significantly lower, but the competition is extremely high.
3. Other public universities, most often established by prefectures and local governments. Low tuition and moderate competition.
4. Small private universities. With high tuition fees, there is low competition, an unprestigious diploma and unguaranteed employment.
Master's and postgraduate programs in Japan are organized into postgraduate schools located at universities and with relative autonomy. It is curious that the main scientific resources in Japan
were involved specifically in teaching in state master's programs, while the level of teaching in bachelor's programs remained relatively low.
The Japanese bachelor's degree is focused mainly on the "in-line" production of qualified specialists necessary to maintain the system, while the master's degree is focused on the production of proactive analysts capable of designing its development. The technological leap in Japan became possible largely due to this division of tasks and the successful development of postgraduate schools.
To sum up, we can say with confidence that, despite the fact that the Japanese education system is relatively young, it is one of the best not only in the Pacific region, but throughout the world. The Japanese, having synthesized all the latest achievements of pedagogical science with the peculiarities of the structure of Japanese society, were able to provide their country with not only impressive economic growth rates, but also a fairly high standard of living. They realized earlier than others that an effective education system in a country with a high level of automation is not only mandatory, but vital. Therefore, we can confidently say that the lion’s share of the economic and social development of this country is a consequence of a well-structured education system.
Literature
1. Mukhanov V. Education in Japan [Electronic resource] // Education: everything for applicants. 2008. URL: http://www.edunews.ru/ (access date: 03/20/2011).
2. Bordovskaya N., Rean A. Pedagogy. Ch. IV: Education in the world: history and modernity [Electronic resource] // Electronic library Gumer. 2008. URL: http://www. gu-mer.info/ (access date: 02/17/2011).
3. Salimova K.I. General education school in Japan in the 21st century. // Pedagogy. 2006. No. 8. P. 88-96.
4. Bondarenko A. Japanese school through the eyes of a Russian // Primary school. 2005. No. 5. P. 120126.
5. Plaksiy S.I. Qualitative parameters of higher education [Electronic resource] // Knowledge. Understanding. Skill. Information humanitarian portal. 2004. URL: http://www. zpu-journal.ru/ (date of access: 02.21.2011).
6. Analysis of the assessment system of higher education in the world [Electronic resource] // Information and reference portal for supporting quality management systems. 2006. URL: http:// www. quality.edu.ru/ (date of access: 02/10/2011).
7. Alferov Yu.S. Monitoring the development of education in the world // Pedagogy. 2008. No. 7. P. 73-84.
8. Dzhurinsky A.N. Development of education in the modern world. M.: Publishing center "Academy", 2006. 176 p.
It is not for nothing that Japan has the status of the most developed country in terms of technology. Education in Japan is a primary goal in life, which every resident knows about almost from the cradle. That is why in the Land of the Rising Sun they begin to develop children and prepare them to acquire knowledge from kindergarten age. The Japanese study literally from infancy and very intensively. This country has always been closed to foreign students due to its national traditions and the complexity of the language. However, in recent years the situation has been changing, and at the moment there are more than 100 thousand students from abroad studying in Japan.
Education system in Japan
The education system in Japan has remained virtually unchanged since the 6th century. In essence, it is not much different from other developed countries of the world, but there are some nuances. Before school, children go to kindergarten and nursery. There they learn to read, write, count and come to first grade fully prepared. Schools in Japan include three levels - elementary, middle and high, with only the first two being compulsory and free of charge. After school, as in most other countries of the world, graduates enter universities. Those who were unable to enter the university (entrance tests in Japan are quite serious) go to colleges or technical schools, where they receive an applied specialty, almost immediately go to work and complete their studies without interrupting their work.
The school year in Japan consists of three trimesters. The very first one begins on April 6 - just around this time sakura begins to bloom - and lasts until July 20. The second begins on September 1 and ends on December 26, and the third lasts from January 7 to March 25.
Schools in Japan
Only the first two levels are free and compulsory in Japanese schools: primary (Shogakkou), where they study for 6 years, and secondary (Chugakkou), where they study for 3 years. The numbering of classes at each level is different: first grade of elementary school, first grade of high school, and so on.
High school education (Koukou) lasts 3 years, only those students who intend to enter a university after graduation go there. Education here is already paid for both Japanese citizens and foreigners. Koukou in a public school is very inexpensive, but it is also difficult to get into there. In private Japanese schools it’s the opposite story: it’s expensive, but they accept almost everyone.
In addition to school lessons, almost all Japanese primary and secondary school students attend educational institutions every day - juku (in our opinion, after-school education). These are special private schools that help those children who find the school curriculum difficult. Here they help fill gaps in knowledge, catch up on lost time due to illness or other reasons, and also prepare for exams. In addition, juku also offers non-academic activities: here they teach how to play musical instruments, swim, work on special Japanese abacus (soroban) and much more. Studying in a Japanese school is very difficult; more than 2 thousand hieroglyphs alone need to be learned during primary and secondary school, so the vast majority of little Japanese attend additional classes.
It is quite difficult for foreigners to enroll in a Japanese school. To do this, you need to complete 9 grades in Russia, have a perfect knowledge of the Japanese language and pass an entrance exam in key subjects. There are special schools for Russians, there are about 15 of them throughout Japan, but even there it will be unusually difficult for Russian schoolchildren, since the program is given in both Russian and Japanese schools.
Tuition at a private school in Japan will cost from 400,000 JPY per year, plus a one-time entrance fee of 200,000 JPY. You will have to spend extra on textbooks and other materials. Prices on the page are as of September 2018.
Higher education in Japan
After graduating from school, teenagers can study at colleges, universities and technical institutes in Japan. By the way, higher education in this country is received mainly by men. Despite modern technologies and the 21st century outside, the main role of women in today's Japan, as well as centuries ago, is to keep the home, and not to manage corporations and holdings.
There are more than 500 universities in Japan, of which about 400 are private. The most prestigious is the State University of Tokyo, especially its philological and law faculties. The private Waseda University (Waseda Daigaku) in Tokyo is also deservedly in demand among applicants, in particular its philological department, where Haruki Murakami once studied. And the top three is completed by Keio University (also in Tokyo), which graduated most of the Japanese political elite. Also considered prestigious and popular are Kyoto University, Osaka University and Hokkaido and Tohoku Universities.
Higher education in Japan is paid for both citizens of the country and foreigners. It is quite difficult for the latter to enroll in a Japanese university: firstly, it is expensive, and secondly, you need to know the Japanese language perfectly and pass the entrance exams in it.
A year of study costs from 500,000 to 800,000 JPY per year, depending on the chosen specialty. The most expensive faculties are traditionally economics, philology and medicine.
There is an option to study for free at a Japanese university; this is a government scholarship that is awarded annually to the best graduates. The competition is very high: only 100 scholarships are awarded for almost 3 million. In addition, a university graduate undertakes to return the entire amount of the scholarship for training if, upon graduation, he goes to work in the acquired specialty.
Some Russian universities successfully cooperate with Japanese ones and help their students continue their studies in Japan. In addition, there are special scholarship programs for Russian applicants: “Student” (for school graduates who have studied in Russia for 11-12 years and know Japanese), “Research Trainee” (for university graduates who know Japanese or are ready to study it and want to enroll to graduate school) and “Japanese language and Japanese culture” (for students of language universities).
How to enter a Japanese university
The main thing for admission to higher education institutions in Japan is a document of secondary education (plus one or two years at the institute) and excellent knowledge of the Japanese language. The language training of foreign applicants is treated very strictly here. You must provide a certificate stating that you have completed at least two semesters at a language school and confirm your knowledge in the exam.
In order to be well prepared for admission, it is optimal to attend preparatory courses throughout the year, for example, at the International Students Institute or Kansai International Students Insitute. All applicants take a general education entrance exam and a number of disciplines depending on the chosen faculty. For humanities majors, you must pass mathematics, world history, and English, and for natural science majors, you must pass mathematics, physics, biology, and English.
One of the most important entrance tests is the Japanese language exam. It is taken by both foreign applicants and the Japanese themselves. The exam involves testing knowledge of hieroglyphs and vocabulary, listening and testing knowledge of grammar, as well as four levels of difficulty. To pass the first level you need to know 2000 hieroglyphs, for the second - 1000 and then descending. If an applicant passes the first level exam, then in fact the doors of any university are open for him, but for some, the second or even third is enough.
Especially for the preparation of foreign applicants, one-year Japanese language courses have been organized at the Osaka International Student Institute. Similar courses can be attended in Moscow at the school at the Japanese Embassy.
Language schools in Japan
Language schools in Japan are designed primarily for applicants who need to improve their language skills to enter a university. These courses are usually long-term - from six months - and intensive. The most intensive program includes classes 5 times a week for 4 academic hours. Training costs an average of 300,000 for 6 months. The amount depends on the intensity of classes, additional cultural program and geographical location of the school - in Tokyo prices are one and a half times higher.
Education systems in different countries
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It's time to talk about the Japanese school and its features. We have long been accustomed to the fact that Japan is a slightly different planet with its own special traditions and rules. But what can be said about the Japanese school? Most anime and dramas are dedicated to Japanese school, and girls' school uniforms have become a model of Japanese fashion. How is the Japanese school different from the Russian one? Today we will talk a little about this topic.
Fact No. 1. Japanese school levels
The Japanese school consists of three stages:
- junior school (小学校 sho:gakko:), in which children study for 6 years (from 6 to 12 years old);
- high school (中学校 chyu:gakko:), in which students study for 3 years (from 12 to 15 years);
- high school (高等学校ko:to:gakko:), which also lasts 3 years (from 15 to 18 years)
Junior, middle and high schools are separate institutions and separate buildings with their own charters and procedures. Primary and secondary schools are compulsory levels of education and most often they are free. High schools generally have tuition fees. It is not necessary to graduate from high school if a person does not intend to enter a university. However, according to statistics, 94% of all Japanese schoolchildren graduate from high school.
Fact No. 2. Academic year in a Japanese school
The school year in Japanese schools begins not in September, but in April. Schoolchildren study in trimesters: the first - from April to the end of July, the second - from early September to mid-December and the third - from January to mid-March. The so-called summer holidays in Japan last only a month or a month and a half (depending on the school) and fall in the hottest month - August.
Fact No. 3. Class distribution in a Japanese school
We are used to studying with the same people throughout our school lives. But in Japan everything is completely different. We have already said that junior, middle and senior schools are separate institutions, but that’s not all. Every year classes are formed in a new way. All students of the same parallel are randomly distributed into classes. Those. Every year the student gets into a new team, which half consists of new people. By the way, before being assigned, Japanese schoolchildren can write their wishes on special pieces of paper: their name and two people with whom they would like to be in the same class. Perhaps management will listen to these wishes.
Why is this necessary? This strange “shuffling” is necessary to develop a sense of collectivism. The student should not get hung up on the same people, but should be able to find a language with different peers.
Fact No. 4. Clubs and circles
After finishing school, students usually do not go home, but go straight to the clubs in which they are enrolled. Clubs are something like Russian circles. And, as a rule, every student is a member of at least one club (by the way, participation in them is not necessary). Diversity and a large selection of sections are a sign of the prestige and wealth of the school. There are clubs of all kinds: sports, artistic, scientific, language - for every taste and color.
Fact No. 5. Japanese uniform and replacement shoes
Almost all middle and high schools in Japan have uniforms. Moreover, each school has its own. Each student has a school uniform sewn individually, and the school uniform set must include a winter (warm) version of the uniform and a summer version. Moreover, each school charter specifies rules regarding the wearing of socks, school bags (bags are often issued along with the uniform), sports uniforms and even hairstyles.
In Japan, all schoolchildren have the same removable shoes. Usually its role is played by either slippers or uwabaki - school shoes that resemble sports slippers or ballet shoes with a jumper. Japan has very strict requirements for replacement shoes, especially regarding the color of the sole: the sole must not leave black marks on the floor. This is why uwabaki is most often white (with other colors interspersed). The color of the slippers or uwabaki depends on the class you are in. Each class has its own color.
By the way, in elementary school there is usually no uniform. Perhaps Panama hats of a certain color and stickers on briefcases - so that an elementary school student on the street can be seen from afar.
Fact No. 6. Individual rooms in Japanese schools
Each student in a Japanese school is assigned an individual number, which consists of 4 digits. The first two digits are your class number, and the last two are your personal number, which is assigned to you in your class. These numbers are used on cards in the library and on stickers on bicycles. Students use these numbers to sign all their tests (student number, then student name).
Fact No. 7. Lesson schedule
Every week, the lesson schedule for Japanese schoolchildren changes. Usually students learn about the new schedule only on Friday. Therefore, it can be difficult to predict in advance, for example, which lesson will be the first on Monday in two weeks. In Russian schools, you will agree, everything is quite predictable in this regard.
Fact No. 8. Japanese schools and cleaning
There are no cleaners in Japanese schools: the students themselves do the cleaning every day in the afternoon. Schoolchildren sweep and mop floors, wash windows, throw out trash and do much more. And not only in his class, but also in the toilets and in the assembly hall, for example.
Fact No. 9. Desks in Japanese schools
Each student in a Japanese school has his own desk. In other words, one person sits at one table. Not two (as, for example, in most Russian schools).
Fact No. 10. Grades in Japanese schools
In Japanese schools, teachers do not give grades for the presence or absence of homework and the degree of readiness for the lesson. If you have done something, the teacher circles the task in red, and if not, you are left with your debt for the future.
However, grades cannot be completely avoided even in a Japanese school. Tests are carried out periodically in all subjects (especially towards the end of the term), and these tests are assessed on a 100-point scale. Let’s not forget about the exams that plague middle and high school students.
Fact No. 11. Pens or pencils?
Japanese schoolchildren practically do not write with pens, but use pencils for these purposes. Pens are mainly needed to fill out a diary. Everything else - work in class (or lectures), homework, tests - must be written down in pencils.
Fact No. 12. A little about using cell phones in class
In Japanese schools, you are not allowed to take out cell phones in front of teachers. If a teacher sees your gadget in class or hears an alert signal, then your smartphone will most likely be taken away, and you can only return it with your parents.
In fact, all of the listed facts are far from exhaustive information that can be told about the features of the Japanese school. We will be glad if you provide your examples in the comments to this post.
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