9th grade
Option 1
A1. Allele is
1) location of the gene on the chromosome 2) total number of genes on the chromosome
3) form of existence of the gene 4) homologous chromosome
A2. A homozygous monohybrid cross is written as follows:
AA x aa 2) AABB x vvaa 3) Aa x aa 4) AaVa x aavv
A3. The ability of an organism to transmit structural features and functions to its offspring -
1) dominance
3) heredity
2) epistasis
4) variability
A4. The ability of organisms to reproduce their own kind -
1) regeneration
2) reproduction
3) insemination
4) gametogenesis
A5. The set of genes in the diploid set of chromosomes of the human body is called -
1) gene pool
2) genotype
3) karyotype
4) phenotype
A6. Specify the genotype of the heterozygous individual
A7. A trait that appears in hybrids and suppresses the development of another trait is called
1) homozygous
2) heterozygous
3) dominant
4) recessive
A8. G. Mendel's second law is called the law
1) purity of gametes
2) splitting
3) replenishment
4) incomplete dominance
A9 . Full answer
What is the probability of having children with freckles in a married couple if the woman’s genotype is Aa, and the man’s is aa (A-presence of freckles)
A10 . If the parent organisms differ from each other in one characteristic, crossing is called:
dihybrid
2) polyhybrid
monogenic
monohybrid
A11. If genes are located in different pairs of non-homologous chromosomes, then the law appears:
1) incomplete dominance 2) complete dominance
3) independent inheritance 4) splitting of characteristics
A12. Genes located in:
1) one chromosome
2) sex chromosomes
3) homologous chromosomes
4) autosomes
A13.The limits within which changes in the characteristics of a genotype are possible are called:
reaction norm 2) modification
Part B. Fill in the missing words
B1. Factors that give rise to mutations are...
B2. The reaction norm is the limits of...variability. It is determined by the genotype and therefore...from generation to generation.
B3. ____ is a pathological condition of the body that occurs as a result of a mutation in a gene.
Q4. Crossing for two or more traits is called ______.
Part C. Solve problems
C1. The black color of the bristles in pigs is dominant over the red one. What kind of offspring should be expected from crossing a black pig with the FF genotype and a black boar with the Ff genotype?
Normal hearing in humans is determined by the dominant S gene, while hereditary deaf-mutism is determined by the recessive S gene. From the marriage of a deaf-mute woman with a normal man, a deaf-mute child was born. Determine the genotypes of the parents
9th grade CHECK WORK on the topic “FUNDAMENTALS OF GENETICS”
Option 2
Part A. Choose one correct answer
A1. What phenotype can be expected in the offspring of two guinea pigs with white fur (recessive trait)?
3) phenotype 4) mutation
A14.Female chromosomes (in humans):
1) XX; 2) XY; 3) X0; 4) YX.
A15.KWhat genes are called non-allelic?
1) Genes that are located on the same chromosome
2) Genes that are located on sex chromosomes
3) Genes that are located on different non-homologous chromosomes
4) Genes that are located on homologous chromosomes
1) 100% white 2) 25% white and 75% black
3) 50% white individuals and 50% black individuals 4) 100% black individuals
A2.Which chromosomes are called autosomes?
1) All chromosomes in the cells of male and female organisms
2) All chromosomes in the cells of male and female organisms, with the exception of the sex chromosomes
3) Separate chromosomes in the cells of male and female organisms
4) Sex chromosomes in the cells of male and female organisms
A3. A karyotype is:
1) sex chromosomes
2) all chromosomes of an individual
3) genotype + phenotype
4) somatic chromosomes
A4. The sex of the offspring is determined
1) type of egg
2) type of sperm
3) by chance
4) time of fertilization
A5. Sex-linked inheritance is determined by the location of the gene in
1) in a specific chromosomal locus
2) sex chromosome
3) autosome
A6. Dihybrid cross:
1) this is a crossing of two pairs of allelic genes
2) fundamentally different from monohybrid
3) this is a crossing based on one trait
4) this is crossing for different characteristics
A7. Analysis cross:
1) carried out to determine the genotype of an individual
2) crossing any individual with a heterozygous
3) crossing any individual with a homozygous
4) crossing two or more homozygous individuals
A8. What law appears in the second generation of a monohybrid cross?
1) gene interactions
2) splitting
3) complete dominance
4) incomplete dominance
A9. The set of genes of all individuals in a population is:
1) genotype 2) karyotype 3) gene
4) gene pool
A10. If the parent organisms differ from each other in two or more characteristics, crossing is called:
dihybrid
polyhybrid
monogenic
monohybrid
A11. When crossing night beauty parent plants from pure lines with red and white flowers, all hybrids had pink flowers. This phenomenon is called:
1) complete dominance 2) incomplete dominance
3) polymer dominance 4) codominance
A12. The phenotype of an individual is:
1) the totality of all characteristics of an organism, with the exception of hereditary material
2) the totality of all characteristics of a population
3) a set of characteristics of the species
4) a set of characteristics of the genus
A13. The letter "P" stands for:
1) crossing; 2) parents; 3) offspring; 4) floor
A14. The “×” sign indicates:
1) men; 2) women; 3) genes; 4) crossing.
A15.A dihybrid heterozygous cross is written as follows:
AA x aa 2) AABB x vvaa 3) Aa x aa 4) AaBa x AaBv
Part B. Fill in the missing words
B1. Chromosomes that are the same in both sexes are called ___________________, and one pair of different chromosomes is called ___________________.
B2. All chromosomes, except sex chromosomes, are called -.... .
B3. The type of interaction of allelic genes in which heterozygous organisms exhibit both allelic genes is called _________.
Q4. ______ is the variability of an organism that occurs under the influence of environmental factors and does not affect the genotype.
Part C Solve problems:
C1. In humans, albinism is an autosomal recessive trait. An albino man married a woman with normal pigmentation. They had two children - a normal one and an albino one. Determine the genotypes of all specified family members.
C2. When crossing red-fruited strawberry plants with each other, you always get plants with red berries, and white-fruited strawberries with white ones. As a result of crossing both varieties, pink berries are obtained. What offspring will be produced when red-fruited strawberries are pollinated with pollen from a plant with pink berries?
Test on the topic "Genetics".
Option-1.
Task No. 1. Choose the correct answer.
1.Genetics is the science of:
a) selection of organisms b) heredity and variability of organisms
c) evolution of the organic world d) genetic engineering.
2. The gene encodes information about the structure:
a) amino acid molecule b) one tRNA molecule
c) one enzyme molecule d) several protein molecules.
3. The phenotype of an organism is:
a) manifested external and internal signs
d) transmission of a trait from generation to generation.
4. The following pairs of genes are considered allelic:
a) the height of a person - the shape of his nose b) brown eyes - blue eyes
c) horned cows - color of cows d) black wool - smooth wool.
5. Heterozygote is a pair:
a) allelic dominant genes
b) non-allelic dominant and recessive genes
c) allelic dominant and recessive genes
d) allelic recessive genes.
6. The offspring born from one self-pollinating plant over several years is called:
a) dominant b) hybrid c) recessive d) pure line.
7. Heredity is a property of organisms that provides:
a) intraspecific similarity of organisms
b) differences between individuals within a species
c) interspecific similarity of organisms
d) changes in organisms throughout life.
8. In which case are examples of analyzing crossing:
a) BB x BB and BB x BB b) Aa x aa and AA x aa
c) CC x CC and CC x CC d) DD x Dd and DD x DD
9. The phenomenon of linked inheritance is called:
a) Mendel’s third law b) hypothesis of gamete purity
c) crossing over d) Morgan's law.
10. Modification variability:
a) inherited b) associated with changes in genotype
c) not inherited d) does not depend on the external environment.
11. The law of homological series of hereditary variability states that genetically closely related species:
a) have similar hereditary variability
b) mutate with the same frequency
c) have the same genotypes
d) mutate more often than related species.
12. Mutations leading to changes in the number of chromosomes:
a) genetic b) genomic c) chromosomal d) somatic.
13. Sex-linked trait:
a) visual acuity b) blood clotting
b) hair shape d) number of fingers.
14. Female heterogamety occurs in:
a) drosophila b) human c) crow d) cat.
Task No. 2 Select the numbers of statements that correspond to the given concepts.
A) Homozygous organisms:______________________________________________________________
B) Heterozygous organisms:__________________________________________________________
1) organisms in whose genotype there are allelic genes encoding different states of the trait on homologous chromosomes,
2) organisms in whose enotype homologous chromosomes contain allelic genes encoding the same state of the trait,
3) form two types of gametes according to this gene,
4) form one type of gametes for a given gene,
5) when these organisms are crossed, the trait splits in the offspring,
6) when these organisms are crossed, no segregation according to this trait is observed in the offspring.
2. A) Hereditary variability:__________________________________________________________
B) Non-hereditary variability: ___________________________________________________
1) is of a group nature,
2) changes in genetic material transmitted from generation to generation,
3) is individual in nature,
4) the ability of organisms to change phenotype under the influence of environmental conditions.
3. A) Chromosomal mutations:_______________________________________________________
B) Gene mutations:______________________________________________________________
1) insertion of a pair of nitrogenous bases into DNA,
2) change in the position of chromosome sections,
3) replacement of a pair of nitrogenous bases in DNA,
4) transition of a chromosome section to a non-homologous chromosome,
5) rotation of a chromosome section by 180 degrees,
6) loss of nitrogenous bases in DNA.
Task No. 3. Choose three correct statements.
Signs characterizing the genotype:
1) a set of genes of an organism;
2) a set of external signs of the organism;
3) the totality of the internal qualities of the body;
4) a set of chromosomes;
5) a set of germ cells;
6) all the hereditary material of the cell.
Task No. 4. Find the answer.
1) In a monohybrid crossing, only dominant characters appear in the first generation hybrids; it is phenotypically uniform. What's it called?
2) The ability of organisms to preserve and transmit characteristics and developmental features over a series of generations.
3) Traits that are inherited, but are suppressed and do not appear in heterozygous descendants obtained through crossing.
4) A heterozygous organism resulting from the crossing of genetically different individuals.
5) The region of the chromosome in which the gene is located.
Option-2.
Task No. 1. Choose the correct answer.
1. A human gene is a part of:
a) protein molecules b) carbohydrates
c) DNA d) mRNA.
2.The genotype of an organism is:
a) manifested external and internal signs of the body
b) hereditary characteristics of the body
c) the body’s ability to change
d) transmission of a trait from generation to generation
3. A clean line is called:
a) offspring that do not provide diversity in the studied trait
b) diverse offspring obtained from crossing different individuals
c) a pair of parents differing from each other in one characteristic
d) individuals of the same species.
4. Homozygote is a pair only:
a) recessive allelic genes b) dominant allelic genes
c) non-allelic genes d) allelic genes with identical manifestations.
5. Locus is:
a) a pair of allelic genes b) a pair of non-allelic genes
c) linked genes d) location of the gene on the chromosome.
6. The merit of G. Mendel lies in identifying:
a) distribution of chromosomes among gametes during meiosis
b) patterns of inheritance of parental characteristics
c) study of linked inheritance
d) identifying the relationship between genetics and evolution.
7. G. Mendel’s hybridological method is based on:
a) interspecific crossing of pea plants
b) growing plants in different conditions
c) crossing different varieties of peas that differ in certain characteristics
d) cytological analysis of the chromosome set.
8. Analytical crossing is carried out for:
a) identification of the dominant allele
b) to find out which allele is recessive
c) drawing a clean line
d) detection of heterozygosity of an organism for a certain trait.
8.The meaning of crossing over is:
a) independent distribution of genes among gametes
b) preservation of the diploid set of chromosomes
c) creation of new hereditary combinations
d) maintaining the constancy of the body’s genotypes
9.Variability is not inherited:
a) cytoplasmic b) combinative c) phenotypic d) mutational
10. Signs, the degree of expression of which varies smoothly in certain areas:
a) qualitative b) quantitative c) semi-quantitative d) indeterminate.
11. Sex that forms gametes that differ in the sex chromosome:
a) homogametic b) heterozygous c) homozygous d) heterogametic.
12. Genomic are mutations:
a) occurring in a gene b) changing the internal structure of chromosomes
c) changing the number of chromosomes
d) changing the genotype of somatic cells.
13. Differences in the size of the leaves of one tree are an example of variability:
a) genotypic b) modification c) mutation d) combinative.
14. Genes that determine the development of alternative states of the trait:
a) dominant b) allelic c) recessive d) mutant.
Task No. 2. Select the numbers of statements that correspond to the given concepts
1. A) Mutations: ___________________________________________________________________
B) Modifications:______________________________________________________________
1) the limits of variability fit within the reaction norm;
2) sharp, abrupt changes in the genotype occur;
3) changes occur under the influence of the environment;
4) the degree of expression of qualitative characteristics changes;
5) there is a change in the number of genes in the chromosome;
6) appears under similar environmental conditions in genetically similar organisms, i.e., has a group character.
2. A) Quantitative characteristics:_________________________________________________________
B) Qualitative characteristics: ________________________________________________________________
1) color of flowers; 4) milk production of cows;
2) egg production; 5) eye color;
3) fruit shape; 6) fetal size;
3. A) Somatic mutations:__________________________________________________________
B) Generative mutations:____________________________________________________________
1) are not inherited;
2) arise in gametes;
3) arise in the cells of the body;
4) are inherited;
5) have evolutionary significance;
6) have no evolutionary significance.
Task No. 3. Choose three correct statements.
The law of independent inheritance of characteristics is observed under the following conditions:
1) one gene is responsible for one trait;
2) one gene is responsible for several traits;
3) first generation hybrids must be homozygous;
4) first generation hybrids must be heterozygous;
5) the genes under study must be located in different pairs of homologous chromosomes;
6) the genes being studied can be located in one pair of homologous chromosomes.
Task No. 4. Find the answer.
1) The set of all signs and properties of an organism that appear during the interaction of genotype and environment.
2) A sudden, persistent change in the hereditary material of the cell.
3) The predominant trait manifested in the offspring of heterozygous individuals.
4) Double set of chromosomes. Characteristic of somatic cells.
5) Genes located in the same loci of homologous chromosomes or in different pairs of chromosomes.
Branch of State Autonomous Educational Institution of Secondary Professional Education JSC "Arkhangelsk Medical College"in Severodvinsk,
Severodvinsk, Arkhangelsk region
Test bank for the discipline “Human Genetics with Basics of Medical Genetics”
Specialty 34.02.01 “Nursing”
Option 1
1. Monomers of nucleic acid molecules are
A) nucleosides
B) nucleotides
B) polynucleotides
D) nitrogenous bases
2.
The composition of the monomers of DNA and RNA molecules differs from each other in content
A) sugar
B) nitrogenous bases
B) sugars and nitrogenous bases
D) sugar, nitrogenous bases and phosphoric acid residues
3. Genetic code
A) singlet
B) doublet
B) triplet
D) tetrabraid
4. Protein biosynthesis occurs in cell organelles
A) mitochondria
B) Golgi apparatus
B) ribosomes
5. The number of chromosomes in a human karyotype is
6. Untranslated regions of eukaryotic genes are called
A) exons
B) moutons
D) domains
D) introns
7. Sequence of stages of mitosis:
A) prophase, anaphase, telophase, metaphase
B) prophase, telophase, metaphase, anaphase
B) metaphase, prophase, telophase, anaphase
D) prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
8. As a result of meiosis, daughter cells of diploid organisms have a chromosome set
D) 2 n or 4 n
9. During spermatogenesis in animals and humans, in the testes in the reproductive zone,
A) growth of diploid spermatogonia and their transformation into first-order spermatozoa
B) division of diploid spermatogonia by mitosis
B) division of diploid spermatogonia by meiosis
D) growth and division of diploid spermatocytes of the first and second orders by meiosis
10. In a DNA molecule, thymidyl nucleotide makes up 18% of the total number of nucleotides. Determine the amount (in %) of each of the other types of nucleotides
A) A - 36, G – 28, C – 18
B) A - 18, G – 48, C – 16
C) A - 18, G – 32, C – 32
D) A - 28, G – 30, C – 24
11. One of the DNA chains has the nucleotide sequence AAGCCCGTAACG. What will the second strand of DNA be?
13. Yellow color and smooth pea shape are dominant characteristics. What genotypes can peas with yellow and smooth seeds have?
A ) AABB, aaBB B) Ahhbb , AAVb. IN) AAbb , aaBb . G) AaBB, AaBb
14. An analytical crossing of peas with yellow seeds having the AA genotype was carried out. What cleavage is expected in the offspring?
A) there will be no splitting, 100% of the seeds will be green.
B) there will be no splitting, 100% of the seeds will be yellow.
B) 3:1 split in offspring.
D) 1:1 split in offspring.
15. What does Morgan's law reflect?
A) the law of uniformity.
B) the law of splitting characteristics in the offspring in a ratio of 1: 3.
C) the law of independent segregation of characters if genes are located in different pairs of homologous chromosomes.
D) the law of linked inheritance of traits if the genes are on the same chromosome.
16. The chromosome set in the somatic cells of men contains
A) 44 autosomes and two X chromosomes
B) 44 autosomes, one X chromosome and one Y chromosome
B) 22 autosomes and one X chromosome
D) 44 autosomes, two Y chromosomes
17. The mother is a carrier of the color blindness gene, the father sees colors normally. Which children may be color blind?
A) all daughters
B) all sons
C) half of the daughters
D) half of the sons
18. Determine what blood types are possible in children if the mother has blood group 1 and the father has blood group 3:
A) groups 1 and 2;
B) 2 and 3 groups;
B) 1 and 3 groups;
D) 2 and 4 groups.
19. Where is the gene that causes hemophilia located in a person?
A) on the X chromosome
B) on the Y chromosome
B) in the 1st pair of autosomes
D) in the 18th pair of autosomes
20. When studying human heredity and variability, the following method is not used:
A) genealogical
B) twin
B) hybridological
D) biochemical
A) one egg is fertilized by one sperm
B) one egg is fertilized by two sperm
B) two eggs are fertilized by two sperm
D) two eggs are fertilized by one sperm
22. Method of anthropogenetics based on tracing a trait over a series of generations
called:
A) genealogical
B) biochemical
B) cytological
D) twin
23. Pairs of twins in which the studied trait is manifested are called:
A) discordant
B) competitive
B) concordat
D) uncomfortable
24. The method of anthropogenetics that studies the karyotype is called:
A) twin
B) cytological
B) biochemical
D) dermatoglyphic
25. The method used to diagnose metabolic diseases is called:
A) biochemical
B) twin
B) cytological
D) dermatoglyphic
26. What type of mutation refers to a genome-wide increase in the number of chromosomes in a genotype (3 n , 4 n , 5 n )?
A) polyploidy
B) monosomy
B) trisomy
D) polysomy
27. The sources of combinative variability in organisms are
A) independent chromosome segregation in meiosis
B) random combination of gametes during fertilization
B) crossing over between homologous chromosomes in meiosis
D) everything is correct
28. Phenylketonuria is a hereditary disease associated with the lack of an enzyme involved in the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine, this is an example
A) modifications
B) genomic mutations
B) gene mutations
D) chromosomal mutations
29. It is known that heart mass increases significantly in long-distance runners, this is an example of ... variability
A) mutational
B) modification
B) correlative
D) combinative
30. Down syndrome is caused by a mutation
A) genomic
B) genetic
B) point
D) chromosomal
31. Replacement of guanine with cytosine in a DNA molecule is an example of ... mutation
A) genetic
B) chromosomal
B) genomic
D) polyploid
32. Mutations that occur in the cells of the body are called
A) generative
B) vegetative
B) somatic
D) spontaneous
33. Let us depict a dyne from fragments of a chromosome in the form of the following sequence of its sections: ABCDEF . Indicate the image of the modified fragment if duplication occurs.
A) ABCDCDEF
B) ABEF
B) ABCDEF P
D) ABD CEF
34. The appearance of wingless forms in insects is an example of ... variability
A) combinative
B) mutational
B) phenotypic
D) modification
A) persons over 30 – 40 years old
B) relatives
D) all answers are correct
A) autosomal dominant
B) autosomal recessive
37. At what age do signs of phenylketonuria appear?
A) in the first weeks of life
B) in the embryonic period
B) in adulthood
D) in old age
38. What type of disease is hypertension?
A) monogenic
B) multifactorial
B) chromosomal
D) non-hereditary
39. What karyotype is typical for a patient with Patau syndrome
B) 47, XY +13
D) 47, XXY
40. What type of inheritance of a human trait is manifested in both homozygous and heterozygous states?
41. Klinefelter syndrome occurs
A) only for women
B) only for men
C) more often in men than in women
D) more often in women than in men
42. People with Shereshevsky-Turner syndrome have the following set of chromosomes:
B) 46, XY
B) 47, XXY
43. Patients with which syndrome are characterized by a half-open mouth with a protruding tongue and a protruding lower jaw?
A) Edwards syndrome
B) trisomy X
B) Klinefelter syndrome
D) Down syndrome
44. Hereditary disease in which lactose is not digested
A) phenylketonuria
B) galactosemia
D) fructosemia
45. What type of inheritance is phenylketonuria?
A) autosomal dominant
B) autosomal recessive
46. What chromosomal abnormality can be suspected in a patient with symptoms: short stature, lateral skin folds on the neck, undeveloped secondary sexual characteristics
A) Patau syndrome
B) trisomy X
D) Down syndrome
47. A hereditary disease characterized by the absence of the coloring pigment melanin in the patient’s body
A) diabetes mellitus
B) albinism
B) fructosemia
D) Gaucher disease
B) 47, XY +13
B) 47, XY +18
49. What chromosomal disease can be suspected in a tall young man with a female type of skeletal structure, insufficient pubic and axillary hair growth, and mental retardation?
A) XYYY syndrome
B) Klinefelter syndrome
B) Shereshevsky-Turner syndrome
D) trisomy X
50. What type of inheritance is typical for albinism
A) autosomal dominant
B) autosomal recessive
B) linked to the Y chromosome
Option 2
Tasks with a choice of one correct answer
1. The DNA molecule contains nitrogenous bases
2. The secondary structure of DNA is maintained through connections between
A) adjacent nucleotides of one of the chains
B) phosphoric acid residues of nucleotides in two chains
B) complementary nitrogenous bases in two chains
D) non-complementary nitrogenous bases of nucleotides in two chains
3. Rewriting information from DNA to mRNA is called
A) broadcast
B) inversion
B) transcription
D) crossing over
4. The translated regions of eukaryotic genes are called
A) spacers
B) exons
B) introns
D) domains
5. Chromosomes in which the centromere is located in the center are called
A) acrocentric
B) metacentric
B) interphase
D) submetacentric
6. The chromosomes of somatic cells are called
A) mesosomes
B) autosomes
B) allosomes
D) chromatids
7. In the interphase of the cell cycle,
A) spiralization of chromatids of homologous chromosomes in the mother cell
B) divergence of chromatids and their redistribution in the form of chromosomes between daughter cells
B) DNA replication and doubling of homologous chromosomes in the mother cell
D) despiralization of chromatids of homologous chromosomes in daughter cells
8. In the metaphase of mitosis,
A) alignment of chromosomes along the equator of the cell and attachment to the centromeres of the spindle
B) spiralization of chromosomes, divergence of centrioles and formation of a spindle, dissolution of nucleoli and nuclear membrane
B) division of centromeres and divergence of chromatids to the poles of the cell
D) despiralization of chromosomes, restoration of the nuclear membrane and nucleoli, cytokinesis
9. During oogenesis in animals and humans, in the ovaries in the growth zone,
A) growth of diploid oogonia and their transformation into first-order oocytes
B) division of diploid oocytes of the first order by meiosis and their growth into oocytes of the second order
B) growth of haploid oocytes of the second order and their division by mitosis with the formation of an egg and guide bodies
D) division of haploid oocytes of the second order by mitosis and their growth into eggs with the formation of reduction bodies
10. In a DNA molecule, adenyl nucleotide makes up 18% of the total number of nucleotides. Determine the amount (in %) of each of the other types of nucleotides
A) T - 36, G – 28, C – 18
B) T - 18, G – 48, C – 16
C) T - 18, G – 32, C – 32
D) T - 28, G – 30, C – 24
11. One of the DNA chains has the nucleotide sequence AGGCCGGTAAC. What will the second strand of DNA be?
12. What is the name of Mendel's 1st law?
A) the law of splitting characteristics in a ratio of 3: 1.
B) the law of uniformity of the first generation.
B) incomplete dominance with intermediate inheritance.
D) intermediate inheritance with incomplete dominance.
13. What kind of crossing is called analyzing?
A) crossing with a homozygote for recessive traits.
B) crossing with a homozygote for dominant traits.
B) crossing with a heterozygote.
D) for some cases - crossing with a homozygote, for others - with a heterozygote.
14. In mice, gray coloration dominates over black coloration. What result is expected from crossing gray and black homozygous mice?
A) all offspring will be black.
B) one second of the offspring will be gray, one second will be black.
C) three-quarters of the offspring will be gray, one-fourth will be black.
D) all offspring will be gray.
15. Where is the gene that causes color blindness located in humans?
A) on the X chromosome
B) on the Y chromosome
B) in the 1st pair of autosomes
D) in the 18th pair of autosomes
16. Genes located on the Y chromosome are transmitted:
A) from father to sons
B) from father to daughters
B) from father to all children
D) from mother to sons
17. Determine what blood types are possible in children if the mother has blood group 1 and the father has blood group 3:
A) groups 1 and 2;
B) 2 and 3 groups;
B) 1 and 3 groups;
D) 2 and 4 groups.
18. The person whose pedigree is being compiled is called:
B) proband
B) sick
D) ancestor
19. The anthropogenetics method used to assess the degree of influence of environmental heredity on the development of any trait is called:
A) genealogical
B) twin
B) cytological
D) dermatoglyphic
20. Method of anthropogenetics based on tracing a trait over a series of generations
called:
A) genealogical
B) biochemical
B) cytological
D) twin
21. Brothers and sisters of the proband:
B) alleles
B) relatives
D) twins
22. The method used to diagnose metabolic diseases is called:
A) biochemical
B) twin
B) cytological
D) dermatoglyphic
23. Pairs of twins in which an inherited trait is manifested in only one of them
pairs are called:
A) discordant
B) competitive
B) concordant
D) uncomfortable
24. What type of mutation refers to the loss of one chromosome in the genotype (2 n – 1)?
A) polyploidy
B) monosomy
B) trisomy
D) polysomy
25. Sources of mutational variability in organisms are
A) changes in genes, chromosomes or the entire genotype
B) interaction of allelic and non-allelic genes
B) a random combination of gametes during fertilization
D) independent divergence of chromosomes in meiosis and crossing over
26. Changes in the nucleotide sequence within individual genes of the chromosomes of cells of organisms refer to mutations
A) genetic
B) genomic
B) chromosomal
D) chromosomal and genomic
27. The human disease – sickle cell anemia – is characterized by the presence in red blood cells of defective hemoglobin, the molecule of which contains valine instead of glutamic acid, this is an example
A) modifications
B) genomic mutations
B) gene mutations
D) chromosomal mutations
28. Deletions are chromosomal rearrangements, as a result of which a section of a chromosome
A) falls out
B) doubles
B) rotates 180
D) is transferred to another location in the genome
29. Polyploidy is an example of a mutation
A) genomic
B) genetic
B) point
D) chromosomal
30. The transfer of a section of a chromosome to another, non-homologous to it, is called
A) duplication
B) inversion
B) deletion
D) translocation
31. Let us depict a dyne from fragments of a chromosome in the form of the following sequence of its sections: ABCDEF . Provide an image of the mutated fragment if a deletion occurs.
A) ABCDCDEF
B) ABEF
B) ABCDEF P
D) ABD CEF
32. What type of mutation refers to the acquisition of an extra chromosome in the genotype (2 n + 1)?
A) polyploidy
B) monosomy
B) trisomy
D) polysomy
33. If parents have 4 and 1 blood groups, then the probability of having children with 2 and 3 blood groups is an example of ... variability
A) mutational
B) modification
B) correlative
D) combinative
34. Mutations that occur in germ cells are called
A) generative
B) vegetative
B) somatic
D) spontaneous
35. Genetic consultation is mandatory when getting married:
A) persons over 30 – 40 years old
B) working in production with hazardous working conditions
B) relatives
D) all answers are correct
36. What type of mutations occurring in humans has the greatest chance of appearing in the next generation?
A) autosomal dominant
B) autosomal recessive
B) sex-linked dominant
D) sex-linked recessive
37. A man suffering from a hereditary disease married a healthy woman. This family had 5 children: 2 boys and 3 girls. All girls (but none of the boys) inherited the disease from their father. Determine the type of inheritance of this disease:
A) autosomal dominant
B) autosomal recessive
38. In a Rh negative woman (a recessive trait), marriage with a man with this allele will be dangerous for the fetus in 100% of cases.
A) Rh positive, homozygous
B) Rh positive, heterozygous
B) Rh negative, heterozygous
D) Rh negative, homozygous
39. People with Shereshevsky-Turner syndrome have the following set of chromosomes:
B) 46, XY
B) 47, XXY
40. Patients with which syndrome are characterized by a half-open mouth with a protruding tongue and a protruding lower jaw?
A) Edwards syndrome
B) trisomy X
B) Klinefelter syndrome
D) Down syndrome
41. Hereditary disease characterized by blood incoagulability
A) albinism
B) hemophilia
B) phenylketonuria
D) thalassemia
42. What type of inheritance is phenylketonuria?
A) autosomal dominant
B) autosomal recessive
B) sex-linked recessive
D) sex-linked dominant
43. What karyotype is typical for a patient with Edwards syndrome
B) 47, XY +13
B) 47, XY +18
44. What karyotype is typical for a patient with Klinefelter syndrome
A) 46, XY
B) 47, ХYY
B) 47, XXY
D) 47, XXX
45. What karyotype do patients with Down syndrome have?
B) 47, XY +13
B) 47, XY +18
46. What chromosomal disease can be suspected in a tall young man with a female type of skeletal structure, insufficient pubic and axillary hair growth, and mental retardation?
A) XYYY syndrome
B) Klinefelter syndrome
B) Shereshevsky-Turner syndrome
D) trisomy X
47. A hereditary disease characterized by impaired color vision is
A) albinism
B) color blindness
B) astigmatism
D) ichthyosis
48. A hereditary disease accompanied by the accumulation of phenylalanine and its metabolic products in the patient’s body is
A) phenylketonuria
B) galactosemia
B) Cooley's anemia
D) hemophilia
49. What type of inheritance is typical for albinism
A) autosomal dominant
B) autosomal recessive
B) linked to the Y chromosome
D) recessive, linked to the X chromosome
50. Genes that cause the development of certain pathological signs (diseases) are located on the human X chromosome. Name such a sign.
A) hemophilia
B) myopia
B) polydactyly
D) atherosclerosis
Option 3
Tasks with a choice of one correct answer
1. The RNA molecule contains nitrogenous bases
A) adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine
B) cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine
B) thymine, uracil, adenine, guanine
D) adenine, uracil, thymine, cytosine
2. The process of DNA synthesis is called
A) broadcast
B) replication
B) reduction
D) transcription
3. The universality of the genetic code indicates that
A) each triplet codes for only one amino acid
B) the same amino acid can be encoded by several triplets
C) in all living organisms the same triplets code for the same amino acids
D) the same triplet in different species of living organisms can encode different amino acids
4. The template for the synthesis of an mRNA molecule during transcription is
A) the entire DNA molecule
B) completely one of the chains of the DNA molecule
B) a section of one of the DNA chains
D) in some cases one of the DNA chains, in others – the entire DNA molecule
5. B S -during interphase of the cell cycle occurs
A) DNA replication
B) cytokinesis
B) cell growth
D) doubling of cellular structures
6. The biological meaning of mitosis is
A) strictly uniform distribution of chromosomes between daughter cells
B) reducing the number of chromosomes in a cell
C) a constant increase in the hereditary variability of organisms due to different combinations of chromosomes in daughter cells
D) that during sexual reproduction, due to mitotic cell division, a certain and constant number of chromosomes is maintained in all generations of each species
7. In the process of spermatogenesis, meiosis occurs at the stage
A) reproduction
B) maturation
D) formation
8. In a DNA molecule, guanyl nucleotide makes up 32% of the total number of nucleotides. Determine the amount (in %) of each of the other types of nucleotides
A) A - 36, G – 28, C – 18
B) A - 18, G – 48, C – 16
B) A - 18, T - 18, C - 32
D) A - 28, G – 30, C – 24
9. One of the DNA chains has the nucleotide sequence TTGCCTGTAGCT. What will the second strand of DNA be?
10. What is the name of the set of external and internal characteristics received from parents?
A) karyotype.
B) phenotype.
B) genotype.
11. What is the name of Mendel's 2nd law?
A) the law of splitting characteristics in a ratio of 3: 1.
B) the law of uniformity of the first generation.
B) incomplete dominance with intermediate inheritance.
D) intermediate inheritance with incomplete dominance.
12. Pea genotype with yellow color and wrinkled seed shape - AA bb . How many different types of gametes will a given variety produce?
A) one variety.
B) two varieties.
B) three varieties.
D) four varieties.
13. An analytical crossing of peas with yellow seeds was carried out. As a result, 50% of the peas were yellow and 50% were green. What is the genotype of the individual being studied?
A) AA.
B) ahh
IN) Ahh
D) 50% - AA, 50% - Ahh.
14. It is known that brown eye color in humans is a dominant trait, blue is a recessive trait. What is the probability of having a brown-eyed child if both parents are brown-eyed heterozygotes?
A) all children will be brown-eyed
B) 50% - brown eyes
B) 75% are brown-eyed
D) all children will be blue-eyed
15. What determines the frequency of recombination of genes included in the same linkage group?
A) does not depend on anything, is random
B) on the distance between genes on a chromosome
B) on the distance between genes and centromeres in the chromosome.
D) on the distance between centromeres and telomeres in the chromosome
16. Where is the gene that causes hemophilia located in a person?
A) on the X chromosome
B) on the Y chromosome
B) in the 1st pair of autosomes
D) in the 18th pair of autosomes
17. Method of anthropogenetics based on tracing a trait over a series of generations
called:
A) genealogical
B) biochemical
B) cytological
D) twin
18. When studying human heredity and variability, the following method is not used:
A) genealogical
B) twin
B) hybridological
D) biochemical
19. Method for studying skin relief on fingers, palms, plantar surfaces
stop is called:
A) genealogical
B) twin
B) cytological
D) dermatoglyphic
20. The method of anthropogenetics that studies the karyotype is called:
A) twin
B) cytological
B) biochemical
D) dermatoglyphic
21. The method used to diagnose metabolic diseases is called:
A) biochemical
B) twin
B) cytological
D) dermatoglyphic
22. What is the name of the variability associated with a change in the genotype?
A) certain
B) mutational
B) phenotypic
D) modification
23. What type of mutation refers to the acquisition of an extra chromosome in the genotype (2 n + 1)?
A) polyploidy
B) monosomy
B) trisomy
D) polysomy
24. The main reason for the occurrence of genomic mutations in organisms
A) disruption of the process of DNA replication in cells
B) violation of chromosome divergence during cell mitosis
B) exchange of sections of homologous chromosomes during meiosis
D) chromosome breaks and their reunification in new combinations
25. If parents have 4 and 1 blood groups, then the probability of having children with 2 and 3 blood groups is an example of ... variability
A) mutational
B) modification
B) correlative
D) combinative
26. Gene mutations include
A) change in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA
B) polyploidy
B) deletion
D) translocation
27. Mutations that occur in germ cells are called
A) generative
B) vegetative
B) somatic
D) spontaneous
28. Let us depict a dyne from fragments of a chromosome in the form of the following sequence of its sections: ABCDEF . Indicate the image of the modified fragment if inversion occurs.
A) ABCDCDEF
B) ABEF
B) ABCDEF P
D) ABD CEF
29. Down syndrome is caused by a mutation
A) genomic
B) genetic
B) point
D) chromosomal
30. Mutations that occur as a result of environmental factors are called
A) spontaneous
B) induced
B) generative
D) somatic
31. A man suffering from a hereditary disease married a healthy woman. This family had 5 children: 2 boys and 3 girls. All girls (but none of the boys) inherited the disease from their father. Determine the type of inheritance of this disease:
A) autosomal dominant
B) autosomal recessive
B) dominant, linked to the X chromosome
D) recessive, linked to the X chromosome
32. At what age do signs of phenylketonuria appear?
A) in the first weeks of life
B) in the embryonic period
B) in adulthood
D) in old age
33. What type of disease is hypertension?
A) monogenic
B) multifactorial
B) chromosomal
D) non-hereditary
34. What karyotype is typical for a patient with Patau syndrome
B) 47, XY +13
D) 47, XXY
35. What karyotype is typical for a patient with “cry the cat” syndrome?
B) 46, XX 5r-
36. What type of inheritance of a human trait is manifested in both homozygous and heterozygous states?
A) autosomal recessive inheritance
B) autosomal dominant inheritance
B) sex-linked inheritance
D) cytoplasmic inheritance
37. Phenylketonuria is a hereditary disease associated with the lack of an enzyme involved in the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine, this is an example
A) metabolic diseases
B) chromosomal disease
B) Rhesus conflict
D) a disease transmitted by an autosomal dominant pattern
38. Patients with which syndrome are characterized by a half-open mouth with a protruding tongue and a protruding lower jaw?
A) Edwards syndrome
B) trisomy X
B) Klinefelter syndrome
D) Down syndrome
39. A hereditary disease characterized by impaired color vision is
A) albinism
B) color blindness
B) astigmatism
D) ichthyosis
40. Hereditary disease characterized by blood incoagulability
A) albinism
B) hemophilia
B) phenylketonuria
D) thalassemia
41. Hereditary disease in which lactose is not digested
A) phenylketonuria
B) sickle cell anemia
B) galactosemia
D) fructosemia
42. What karyotype is typical for a patient with Edwards syndrome
B) 47, XY +13
B) 47, XY +18
43. What type of inheritance is typical for albinism
A) autosomal dominant
B) autosomal recessive
B) linked to the Y chromosome
B) recessive, linked to the X chromosome
44. Genes that cause the development of certain pathological signs (diseases) are located on the human X chromosome. Name such a sign.
A) hemophilia
B) myopia
B) polydactyly
D) atherosclerosis
45. What chromosomal abnormality can be suspected in a patient with symptoms: short stature, lateral skin folds on the neck, undeveloped secondary sexual characteristics
A) Patau syndrome
B) trisomy X
B) Shereshevsky-Turner syndrome
D) Down syndrome
46. A hereditary disease accompanied by the accumulation of phenylalanine and its metabolic products in the patient’s body is
A) phenylketonuria
B) galactosemia
B) Cooley's anemia
D) hemophilia
47. What type of disease does Klinefelter syndrome belong to?
A) monogenic
B) multifactorial
B) chromosomal
D) non-hereditary
48. What karyotype do patients with Down Syndrome have?
B) 47, XY +13
B) 47, XY +18
49. What karyotype does a girl with Shereshevsky-Turner syndrome have?
D) 47, XXY
50 What chromosomal disease can be suspected in a tall young man with a female type of skeletal structure, insufficient pubic and axillary hair growth, mental retardation
A) XYYY syndrome
B) Klinefelter syndrome
B) Shereshevsky-Turner syndrome
D) trisomy X
Sample answers
Option 1
TTTsGhts
ATTTTGZ
Option 2
TCCGCC
ATTGT
Option 3
AACGGTS
ATCGA
TESTS
in biology on the topic “Fundamentals of Genetics”
1. The set of genes of the haploid set of chromosomes is:
a) gene pool; b) genotype; c) genome
2. The section of the DNA molecule that carries information about the primary structure of the protein is called:
a) genotype; b) karyotype c) genome
3. What is the name of Mendel’s first law:
a) the law of uniformity of hybrids of the first generation b) the law of splitting of characters in the phenotype of hybrids of the second generation c) incomplete dominance with intermediate inheritance of characters.
4. What are the names of individuals that do not produce cleavage in their offspring:
a) individuals that form two types of gametes; b) heterozygous; c) homozygous
5. The manifestation of one of the alternative genes in a heterozygous organism is called:
a) genetic drift b) homology c) dominance.
6. Gametes formed by homozygous individuals during monohybrid crossing:
a) A,a b) Aa, Aa c) AA, aa d) AA, Aa
7. The ratio of genotypes of hybrids obtained from monohybrid crossing is:
a) 1: 2: 1 b) 3: 1 c) 2: 1 d) 1: 1
8. The number of possible variants of gametes in an individual with genotype Aa is equal to:
a) 1 b) 2 c) 4
9. The main method of studying the patterns of heredity and variability, used by G. Mendel, is:
a) statistical; b) hybridological; c) genealogical d) biochemical
10. The basic laws of heredity and variability were first established in 1865:
a) T. Morgan b) C. Darwin c) G. Mendel d) G. De Vries
11.Select genotype definition:
a) genotype – the totality of genes of all individuals of a population; b) genotype – a set of genes for the haploid set of chromosomes of a particular organism; c) genotype – a set of genes. interacting with each other and with environmental factors.
12. A gene is a part of a molecule:
a) DNA; b) ATP; c) squirrel.
13. Individuals whose offspring exhibit splitting of characters are called:
a) heterozygous b) homozygous c) hemizygous.
14. A phenotype is a combination of:
a) genes of a given population or species; b) genes of the organism; c) external and internal signs of the body.
15. A monohybrid cross is called a cross in which the parents differ:
a) two or more pairs of features b) two pairs of features c) one pair of features.
16. The ratio of phenotypes characteristic of segregation with dominance in the case of monohybrid crossing is:
a) 1: 2: 1 b) 1: 1 c) 2: 1 d) 3: 1
17. The region of chromosomes in which the gene is located is called:
a) codon b) allele c) locus.
18. An organism that has identical alleles of a given gene and does not produce splitting in its offspring is called: a) monohybrid b) heterozygous c) homozygous.
19. “Splitting for each pair of characters occurs independently of other pairs of characters” - this is how: a) Mendel’s first law is formed; b) Mendel's second law c) Mendel's third law
20. The number of phenotypes when crossing BB x BB in the case of complete dominance is:
a) 3 b) 1 c) 2
21.Which pair of sex chromosomes are represented in a woman’s karyotype?
a) XY c) XO c) XX
22. Allelic genes are located in:
a) sex chromosomes b) one chromosome c) homologous chromosomes
23. Individuals in whose offspring splitting is detected are called:
a) heterozygous b) homozygous c) autotrophic.
24. A diheterozygote has the genotype:
a) AABb b) AaBB c) AaBB.
25. Analyzing crossing includes crossing of the type:
a) Aa x Aa b) AA x Aa c) Aa x aa
26. Set of sex chromosomes in men:
a) XX b) XY c) XO
27. Character not linked to gender:
a) color blindness b) hemophilia c) hair color
28. Types of gametes in an AAVv individual:
a) Aa; bb b) AA; Вв c) AB; Av
29. Studied the phenomenon of linked inheritance of genes:
a) T. Morgan b) G. Mendel c) N. Vavilov
30. The son inherits the hemophilia gene from
a) father b) mother c) both parents
31. The father transmits the Y chromosome
a) daughter b) son c) both daughter and son
32.Gene localized on the Y chromosome
a) hemophilia b) color blindness c) hypertrichosis
