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course of lectures on the history of Belarus
1.Goals and objectives of the discipline, its place in the educational process.
1.1. The purpose of teaching the discipline
The purpose of the course is to study the main directions in the development of the history of the Republic of Belarus and the most important historical events from ancient times to the present. The need to study the course is dictated both by the needs of improving the general educational and cultural level, and by the need for the patriotic education of student youth.
The place of the course in the system of humanitarian disciplines: this course has a close relationship with such academic disciplines as philosophy, cultural history of Belarus, religious studies, cultural studies, sociology, and political science.
1.2. Objectives of studying the discipline
A student who has studied the discipline should know:
– basic concepts of the course;
stages of development of the historical process on the territory of the Republic of Belarus;
modern problems of the Republic of Belarus
A student who has studied the discipline must be able to:
make a scientifically based analysis of events and phenomena in the history of the Belarusian people;
understand the logical relationships between events in the political, social, economic life of the Belarusian ethnic group;
use knowledge of the history of Belarus to substantiate current development trends and their manifestations in the development of the Republic of Belarus.
2.1 Name of topics, their content, volume in hours of lectures.
Introduction (introductory lecture)
The place and role of historical science in modern society. Contents and structure of the course “History of Belarus”.
Topic 2.1.1 The Great Migration and Belarus
2.1.1.1. The first known migrations of peoples: Indo-Europeans and Finno-Ugrians in Europe and on the territory of Belarus.
2.1.1.2. The beginning of the settlement of the Slavs and their appearance on the territory of Belarus. Economic and social system of the Eastern Slavs.
Topic 2.1.2 The formation of Christian civilization in Europe and Belarus
2.1.2.1 Origin of Christianity. Slavs and Christianity.
2.1.2.2 Principalities on the territory of Belarus. Western Lands of Rus' and Kyiv.
2.1.2.3 Socio-economic development of the western lands of Rus'.
2.1.2.4 Spiritual life of the Eastern Slavs. Culture of Belarus (IX–XIII centuries).
Topic 2.1.3 Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Russian and Zhemoitsk (second half of XIII-first floor XVIV.).
2.1.3.1 Socio-economic and political prerequisites for the formation of the ON.
2.1.3.2 Public authorities, their evolution and functions. Statutes ON
3.1.3.3 Socio-economic development of ON. Socio-political development of cities.
3.1.3.4 Relations between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Grand Duchy of Moscow and Poland.
Topic 2.1.4 Consolidation of the Belarusian people. Spiritual life, culture of Belarus during the Renaissance.
2.1.4.1 Leading factors in the consolidation of the Belarusian people.
2.1.4.2 Development of church-religious relations in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
2.1.4.3 Brest Church Union.
2.1.4.4 Culture of Belarus in the XIV-XVI centuries.
Topic 2.1.5 Belarus from the Union of Lublin (1569) to the divisions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (endXVIIIcentury).
2.1.5.1 Creation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Union of Lublin.
2.1.5.2 State and legal status of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
2.1.5.3 Political crisis of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 18th century. Section of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
2.1.5.4 Constitution of 1791 Second section of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
2.1.5.5 Attempts by national patriots to revive the independence of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The final section of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Topic 2.1.6 The birth of industrial civilization and its impact on Belarus (first halfXIXcentury).
2.1.6.1 The main directions of the policy of the Russian autocracy.
2.1.6.2 Features of the socio-economic development of Belarus as part of the Russian Empire.
2.1.6.3 Formation of the Belarusian nation.
2.1.6.4 Cultural life. Development of scientific knowledge about the Belarusian people.
Topic 2.1.7 Belarus during the formation of bourgeois society (second halfXIXcentury - February 1917). The struggle for democracy and national revival.
2.1.7.1 Agrarian reform of 1861 and the mechanism for its implementation in Belarus.
2.1.7.2 Bourgeois reforms of the 60-70s and counter-reforms of the 80-90s, features of their implementation in Belarus.
2.1.7.3 Difficulties in restructuring the Belarusian economy onto the capitalist path. Stolypin reforms.
2.1.7.4 Revolution 1905-1907 in Belarus.
2.1.7.5 The First World War and Belarus.
2.1.7.6 Social and economic crisis in Russia and the February revolution of 1917 Features of dual power in Belarus.
Topic 2.1.8. Belarus during the October Revolution and Civil War. Formation of a new way of life
2.1.8.2 Belarusian national movement after the October Revolution. Proclamation of the Belarusian People's Republic.
2.1.8.3 Creation of the BSSR.
2.1.8.4 Soviet-Polish War Treaty of Riga. Second proclamation of the BSSR.
Topic 2.1.9. Belarus in the interwar period (1921-1941)
2.1.9.1 Transition to the NEP, its features.
2.1.9.2 Industrialization. Technical breakthrough in the 30s.
2.1.9.3 Implementation of the collectivization policy and its consequences for the BSSR.
2.1.9.4 The socio-political system of the BSSR in the 20-30s.
Topic 2.1.10. Belarus during the period of competition between world superpowers.
The situation of the national economy of the BSSR in the first post-war decade; ways and methods of economic recovery.
2.1.10.3 Social and political life in the second half of the 40s - early 80s of the XX century.
Topic 2.1.11 Toward a new model of social structure (80s of the twentieth century) –2 hours
2.1.11.1 The growth of crisis phenomena in the USSR and socialist countries at the turn of the 70s and 80s. Perestroika concept.
2.1.11.2 The beginning of the process of democratization in the BSSR. Glasnost and ideological pluralism.
Changes in the spiritual life of the Belarusian people in the late 80s. National-cultural and spiritual revival.
Topic 2.1.12 The path to sovereignty and state independence of Belarus (1991-2006).)
2.1.12.1 Strengthening the movement for the national revival of Belarus. Legislative formalization of the independence of the Republic of Belarus.
2.1.12.2 Difficulties and complexities of economic reforms 1992 – 1994 Correction of the economic development program in 1995.
2.1.12.3 Referendums of 1995 and 1996. Constitution of the Republic 1994 with changes and additions.
2.1.12.4 Union of Belarus and Russia.
2.1.12.5 Trade, economic and scientific relations of the Republic of Belarus with the CIS countries, European and other countries.
2.1.12.6 III All-Belarusian Assembly. Program of socio-economic development of the Republic of Belarus for 2006 – 2010.
2. 2 Seminar classes, their content and volume in hours:
2.2.1 Ancient civilizations “Great Migration”
and Belarus - 2 hours.
2.2.2 The formation of Christian civilization in Belarus -2 hours.
2.2.3 Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Russia, Zhemoitsk (second half of the 13th - first half of the 14th centuries -2 hours.2.2.4 Origin of the Belarusian people -2h.
Guo "secondary school No. 40 in Mogilev"
Lesson on the history of Belarus “Economic relations”
6th grade
Grizan Natalya Erofeevna,
history and social studies teacher
highest category
Mogilev
History of Belarus 6th grade.
Topic: “Business relations”
Objective of the lesson:
1. Characterize the economic relations of the Eastern Slavs, determine their features.
2. To develop the ability to reveal cause-and-effect relationships between historical phenomena, generalize historical facts and formulate conclusions based on them.
3. Based on the facts of the emergence of property inequality among the Slavs and the formation of feudal relations, to promote in students a civic position of intransigence towards social inequality.
Equipment: interactive whiteboard, laptop, textbook, workbooks, handouts.
Lesson progress:
Stage 1: organizational.
Teacher: Hello guys.
I give you my smile
In return, share yours.
Your heart will immediately become warmer and brighter,
Well, we will immediately become kinder.
Stage 2: goal setting and motivation of educational activities.
In this lesson, each of you will be able to express yourself and show your capabilities. To determine the topic of our lesson, let us decipher the key concepts that you see on the screen; you have already become acquainted with these concepts while studying world history; let us give them a definition:
eiledelmesotsdovontovizhladoefnadBased on the key concepts, let's determine the topic of our lesson.
Students: Economic relations.
Teacher: Let's open our notebooks and write down the topic of our lesson.
Let's remember with you:
What sources of slavery existed in Ancient Greece and Rome?
Where was slave labor used?
Who are the slaves?
How did free peasants become dependent on feudal lords?
Let's once again name the topic of our lesson, key concepts and formulate the purpose of our lesson.
Students: Describe economic relations, determine their features.
We write down the goal in a notebook.
Open the textbook page 101 §21. Review the material and suggest our lesson plan. Write it down in your notebook. Now pay attention to the slide and compare your lesson plan with the plan that I offer you.
Lesson plan:
Rural community.
Economic relations.
Tribute and polyudye 9th – 11th centuries.
Money circulation.
The emergence of feudal relations.
Does anyone have an addition to the plan?
Stage 3: learning new material.
Pay attention to the first point of our lesson plan, “Rural Community.” Find the answer to the question using the material in step 1
- Why is the community called rural? Let's write the definition in your notebook.
- What key concepts do we need to know in order to characterize the neighboring community?
Pupils: Labor productivity, rope.
Teacher: How do you explain these concepts? Now let's check whether you have given the definition of concepts correctly; we work with the dictionary according to the options.
Option 1 – labor productivity
Option 2 – rope
Quantity of products produced per unit of time
Now let's check ourselves. The slide contains concepts and definitions; use arrows to match the concepts with the definitions.
Neighborhood Community
Labor productivity
A group of people who lived as separate families and were primarily engaged in agricultural work
A group of people who were related to each other
The name of the neighboring community among the Slavs comes from the word “rope”, which was used to measure out plots of land
Teacher: Well done, you completed this task.
Now answer the question:
- Why is there a transition from a tribal to a rural community?
Students' answers.
Teacher: The improvement of tools and the transition to a rural community were associated with the further development of agriculture and animal husbandry.
Remember:
1. What types of agriculture do you know?
2. What type of agriculture became the main one with the advent of the rural community?
Why?
Arable farming replaced slash-and-burn farming, which during this period was in the form of two-field or three-field farming.
- Look at the slide and name the tools that were used to cultivate the land?
In addition to agriculture, livestock farming played a significant role in people's lives.
- Look at the slide, name the animals that were bred?
Agriculture and animal husbandry were the main occupations.
In order for you to name additional activities, I offer you proverbs that will help us identify these activities.
Proverbs and sayings:
Without pincers, a blacksmith is like without hands.
Strike while the iron is hot.
You can’t even catch a fish from a pond without difficulty.
They are looking for mushrooms - they are scouring the forest.
Don't crush the clay - you won't see any pots.
There is honey - go into the hive.
It's not the shooter who shoots, but the one who hits.
Without studying, you can't weave bast shoes.
Students read in sequence and comment on proverbs and sayings.
classes
Now let’s fill out the diagram “Community Activities”
Craft
basic
additional
Agriculture
beekeeping
fishing
gathering
hunting
livestock farming
We got to know you about the activities of the community members, they were doing hard work, you and I are already tired and now we will rest
Stage 4: physical education.
We will all stand together now,
We'll rest at the rest stop.
Turn left, turn right,
Bend over and bow!
We begin to walk through history again,
To make everything clear
We worked hard.
We introduced you to the rural community and the activities of the community members. What did the prince do? To answer this question you will work in pairs with a historical document and answer the questions.
Constantine Porphyrogenitus in his treatise “On the Administration of the Empire” dates back to the middle of the 10th century.
“The winter and harsh way of life of those same dews is like this. When November comes, their princes go out with all the Russians and go on a polyudye, that is, a circular tour, namely, to the Slavic lands that pay tribute. Feeding there during the winter, in April, when the ice on the Dnieper melts, they return, assemble and equip their ships and set off for Byzantium.”
Questions:
Why did the Slavs pay tribute to their prince?
When did the collection of tribute stop?
What is polyudye?
How did they pay tribute to the prince?
- Do you think there was money at that time?
Your opinions are divided. To answer this question, listen carefully to my story. The result of our work will be filling out the timeline.
Teacher's story: “The trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks passed through the Belarusian lands.” This contributed to the development of trade. In the 9th – 10th centuries. The main monetary unit in the Belarusian lands was the Arab dirham. This is a silver coin weighing 2.5 - 4g. Treasures of such coins are found in the Podvinia and Dnieper regions. From the end of the X – XI centuries. Instead of the Arabic dirham, the Western European denarius began to be used. This is a silver coin weighing 1.8 - 1.9 g. Numerous treasures of such coins were found on the territory of the Polotsk land. By the end of the 11th century. the influx of denarii stopped and the period from the 12th – 13th centuries. called coinless. In the XIV century. hryvnia appear."
Now let's check if you listened to me carefully. The slide has a timeline indicating the time frame. You need to enter what monetary units were in circulation on the territory of the Belarusian lands during these periods.
IXXXIXII XIII XIV
Let's remember the material that you have already covered in world history, which corresponds to the topic of our lesson.
- As a result of the collapse of primitive society, what relationships arise?
Feudal relations are based on property inequality.
- What are the main population groups that are formed in feudal society?
- How did peasants fall into feudal dependence?
Student answers.
procurement
serfs
stinkers
servants
Now you will work independently with the material from paragraph 5 and fill out the diagram “Population groups of feudal society”
Free community members
Rich landowners
Dependent Peasants
The further development of property inequality gradually led to the formation of different population groups. Along with free community members and rich landowners, there were servants, serfs, smerdas, and purchases. The development of feudal relations for a long time was still combined with the existence of slavery.
Stage 5: consolidation of educational material.
Remember the topic of our lesson, the goal?
Will we achieve our goal?
In order to summarize the lesson, complete the task with gaps.
The clan system was replaced by...... community. (neighbor's)
The Slavic community was called... . (rope)
The main occupations of the Slavs were ..... and ...... (agriculture, animal husbandry)
The main way to satisfy the demands of the prince and his entourage was to collect... . (tribute)
In feudal society, different groups of the population are formed: free community members, ….., ….. . (rich landowners, dependent peasants)
Well done, you worked well in class today and the most active ones get marks.
Stage 6: discussion of homework. §21, creative task: drawings
course of lectures on the history of Belarus
1.Goals and objectives of the discipline, its place in the educational process.
1.1. The purpose of teaching the discipline
The purpose of the course is to study the main directions in the development of the history of the Republic of Belarus and the most important historical events from ancient times to the present. The need to study the course is dictated both by the needs of improving the general educational and cultural level, and by the need for the patriotic education of student youth.
Place of the course in the system of humanities: this course has a close relationship with such academic disciplines such as philosophy, cultural history of Belarus, religious studies, cultural studies, sociology, political science.
1.2. Objectives of studying the discipline
A student who has studied the discipline should know:
– basic concepts of the course;
– stages of development of the historical process on the territory of the Republic of Belarus;
– modern problems of the Republic of Belarus
A student who has studied the discipline must be able to:
– make a scientifically based analysis of events and phenomena in the history of the Belarusian people;
– understand the logical relationships between events in the political, social, economic life of the Belarusian ethnic group;
– use knowledge of the history of Belarus to substantiate current development trends and their manifestations in the development of the Republic of Belarus.
2.1 Name of topics, their content, volume in hours of lectures.
Introduction (introductory lecture)
The place and role of historical science in modern society. Contents and structure of the course “History of Belarus”.
Topic 2.1.1
2.1.1.1. The first known migrations of peoples: Indo-Europeans and Finno-Ugrians in Europe and on the territory of Belarus.
2.1.1.2. The beginning of the settlement of the Slavs and their appearance on the territory of Belarus. Economic and social system of the Eastern Slavs.
Topic 2.1.2
Topic 2.1.3 Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Russia and Zhemoitsk (second half of XIII-first floor XVIV.).
2.1.3.1 Socio-economic and political prerequisites for the formation of the ON.
2.1.3.2 Public authorities, their evolution and functions. Statutes ON
3.1.3.3 Socio-economic development of ON. Socio-political development of cities.
3.1.3.4 Relations between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Grand Duchy of Moscow and Poland.
Topic 2.1.4 Consolidation of the Belarusian people. Spiritual life, culture of Belarus during the Renaissance.
2.1.4.1 Leading factors consolidation Belarusian people.
2.1.4.2 Development of church-religious relations in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
2.1.4.4 Culture of Belarus in the XIV-XVI centuries.
Topic 2.1.5 Belarus from the Union of Lublin (1569) to the divisions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (endXVIIIcentury).
2.1.5.1 Creation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Union of Lublin.
2.1.5.2 State and legal status of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
2.1.5.3 Political crisis of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 18th century. Section of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
2.1.5.4 Constitution of 1791 Second section of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
2.1.5.5 Attempts by national patriots to revive the independence of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The final section of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Topic 2.1.6 The birth of industrial civilization and its impact on Belarus (first halfXIXcentury).
2.1.6.1 The main directions of the policy of the Russian autocracy.
2.1.6.3 Formation of the Belarusian nation.
2.1.6.4 Cultural life. Development of scientific knowledge about the Belarusian people.
Topic 2.1.7 Belarus in its formation bourgeois society (second halfXIXcentury - February 1917). The struggle for democracy and national revival.
2.1.7.1 Agrarian reform of 1861 and the mechanism for its implementation in Belarus.
2.1.7.2 Bourgeois reforms of the 60-70s and counter-reforms of the 80-90s, features of their implementation in Belarus.
2.1.7.3 Difficulties in restructuring the Belarusian economy onto the capitalist path. Stolypin reforms.
2.1.7.4 Revolution in Belarus.
2.1.7.5 The First World War and Belarus.
2.1.7.6 Social and economic crisis in Russia and the February revolution of 1917 Features of dual power in Belarus.
Topic 2.1.8. Belarus during the October Revolution and Civil War. Formation of a new way of life
2.1.8.2 Belarusian national movement after the October Revolution. Proclamation of the Belarusian People's Republic.
2.1.8.3 Creation of the BSSR.
2.1.8.4 Soviet-Polish War Treaty of Riga. Second proclamation of the BSSR.
Topic 2.1.9. Belarus in the interwar period (year)
2.1.9.1 Transition to the NEP, its features.
2.1.9.2 Industrialization. Technical breakthrough in the 30s.
2.1.9.3 Policy implementation collectivization and its consequences for the BSSR.
2.1.9.4 The socio-political system of the BSSR in the 20-30s.
Topic 2.1.10. Belarus during the period of competition between world superpowers.
2.1.10.1 The situation of the national economy of the BSSR in the first post-war decade; ways and methods of economic recovery.
2.1.10.2 Industrial development, agriculture in the 70s and 80s of the twentieth century.
2.1.10.3 Social and political life in the second half of the 40s - early 80s of the XX century.
Topic 2.1.11 Toward a new model of social structure (80s of the twentieth century) –2 hours
2.1.11.1 The growth of crisis phenomena in the USSR and socialist countries at the turn of the 70s and 80s. The concept of perestroika.
2.1.11.2 The beginning of the process of democratization in the BSSR. Glasnost and ideological pluralism.
2.1.11.3 Changes in the spiritual life of the Belarusian people in the late 80s. National-cultural and spiritual revival.
Topic 2.1.12 The path to sovereignty and state independence of Belarus (gg..)
2.1.12.1 Strengthening the movement for the national revival of Belarus. Legislative formalization of the independence of the Republic of Belarus.
2.1.12.2 Difficulties and difficulties economic reforms 1992 – 1994 Correction of the economic development program in 1995.
2.1.12.3 Referendums of 1995 and 1996. Constitution of the Republic 1994 with changes and additions.
2.1.12.4 Union of Belarus and Russia.
2.1.12.5 Trade, economic and scientific relations of the Republic of Belarus with the CIS countries, European and other countries.
2.1.12.6 III All-Belarusian Assembly. Program of socio-economic development of the Republic of Belarus for 2006 – 2010.
2. 2 Seminar classes, their content and volume in hours:
2.2.1 Ancient civilizations “Great Migration”
and Belarus - 2 hours.
2.2.2 The formation of Christian civilization in Belarus -2 hours.
2.2.3 Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Russia, Zhemoitsk (second half of the 13th - first half of the 14th centuries -2 hours.
2.2.4 Origin of the Belarusian people -2h.
2.2.5 Belarus from the Union of Lublin (1569) to the divisions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth -4 hours.
2.2.6 Industrial civilization (late XVIII - mid-XIX centuries) and Belarus -4 hours.
2.2.7 Belarus during the formation of bourgeois society. (second half of the 19th century - February 1917) -4 hours.
2.2.8 Formation of the Belarusian nation (2nd half of the 19th century - early 20th century) - 2 hours.
2.2.9 Belarus during the October Revolution of 1917 and civil war. The formation of a new way of life (1917 - June 1941) -8 hours.
2.2.10 Belarus during the period of competition and confrontation between two socio-political systems (1944 – late 80s) – 4 hours.
2.2.11 The path to sovereignty and state independence of Belarus (1991 – 2005) – 2 hours.
3. Educational and methodological materials on the discipline
3.1 Basic literature
3.1.1 Belarusknowledge: science. dapam. / Pad ed. Brygadzina P.1. - Mn., 1997 30 copies.
3.1.2 Ermalovich M. I. Starazhytnaya Belarus. Navagrudskiy period. Gictarichny Narys, - Minsk, 1990.-366 pp., 10 copies.
3.1.3 History of Belarus. /, P. I. Brygodzin.-Mn. 1997.-208 pp., 25 copies.
3.1.4 History of Belarus: at 2 hours. /Ed. Novika., 150 copies.
3.1.5 Dzmitrachkova P, F, Abba cultivating Belarus, pharmaceuticals and development of Belarusian nationality.-Mag., 1992, 30 copies.
3.1.6 Ignatouski i narys hictorii Belarusi. - Mn. 1991.-190 pp., 5 copies.
3.1.7 History of Belarus. Part 2 /Ed. –Mogilev, 20с., 86 copies.
3.1.8, Yarmusik Belarus. - Mn. 2001.-592 pp., 15 copies.
3.1.9 Lych L., Navitski St. History of culture of Belarus. - Mn., Ekaperspectiva., 1997 - 453 pp., 100 copies.
3.1.10 Narysy histories of Belarus. /Pad rad. : At 2 hours. Mn. 1994, 19 p. 300 copies
3.1.11 Sarakavik I. A. History of Belarus at kantekstse susvetnay historyi. Mn., 20, 30 copies.
3.1.12 Juho i narys dzyarzhavy i rights of Belarus. -212s., 80 copies.
3.1.13 Pilipenko of Belarus, Mn., 1991 -213 p., 56 copies.
3.1.14 Ethnagraphy of Belarus: historygraphy, ethnagenesis, ethnic history. Minsk, 19с, 23 copies.
3.1.15 Economic history of Belarus. Mn. Ekaperspectiva, 19 p., 60 copies.
3.1.16 Kuznetsov state and law of Belarus: Textbook. allowance / V. A., . –Mn.: Theseus, 2s. 3 copies
3.1.17 Myasnikov A. F. History of Belarus: Attempted I adcases. –Mn.: TetraSystems, 20 p. 50 copies
3.1.18 Cats of Belarus and world civilization: Textbook. allowance. –Mn.: BSU, 2004, -161 p. 10 copies
3.1.19 Chigrinov history of Belarus: Textbook. allowance. 2nd ed., revised. and additional –Mn.: Higher School, 20 pp., 30 copies.
3.1.20 Vishneўskaya I. U. History of the legal thought of Belarus: Dapamozhnik. –Mn. Tesey, 2004, -272 pp., 5 copies.
3.1.21 Crack of Belarus: Textbook. allowance. At 2 o'clock Part 1. Pre-Soviet period. 2nd ed. –Mogilev: Moscow State University. , 20 copies.
3.2 Further reading
3.2.1 Quotes of the heraldry of Belarus. Mn., 1989 -132 pp., 30 copies.
3.2.2 F. Turuk Belarusian movement: an outline of the history of the national and revolutionary movement of Belarusians. Mn., 1994 -144 p., 2 copies.
3.2.3 Pilipenko of Belarus, Mn., 1991 -213 p., 56 copies.
3.2.4 Zagorulsky history of Belarus. Mn., 1977 -253 pp., 30 copies.
3.2.5 Ignatenko revolution and self-determination of Belarus. Mn., 19 p., 3 copies.
3.2.6 Krutalevich of Belarus: the formation of national statehood. - Mn., 1999.200 pp., 3 copies.
3.2.7 Lastouski history of Belarus. - Mn., 1992.126с, 20 copies.
3.2.8 Constitution of the Republic of Belarus (with additions and amendments). -Mn., 1994 10 copies.
3.2.9 Law Bel. Sov. Rep. ab movakh u Bel. SSR.-Mn., 1990, 20 copies.
3.2.10 Encyclopedic histories1 of Belarus. U 6 t. T. 1-4. - Mn., g. 3 copies.
3.2.11 Recent history of the Fatherland. XX century. /Ed. , . - M., 1998. 2 copies.
3.2.12. Programs of political parties in Russia. The end of the 19th – the beginning of the 20th century. M., 19 p., 3 copies.
3.2.13. Palitichny desks of Belarus (autars Brygadzin P. I., Stashkevich M. S. i insh.) - Mn., 19 p., 3 copies.
3.2.14. Plowing of the Lithuanian state. - M., 1989. 3 copies.
3.2.15. Statute of Vyalikag of the Principality of Lithuania 1588: Text. Davednik Commentary. - Minsk, 19с., 10 copies.
3.2.16. October 1917 and the fate of the political opposition. Ed. : in 3 volumes, - Gomel, 19s. 2 copies
3.2.17. Shtykhov of Belarus according to chronicles and manuscripts (IX-XIII). - Minsk, 19с. 2 copies
3.2.18. Ethnagraphy of Belarus: historygraphy, ethnagenesis, ethnic history. - Minsk, 19с., 23 copies.
3.2.19. Turonak Yu. Belarus pad nyametskaya akupatsyyai. Minsk, 19с., 20 copies.
3.2.20. Losinsky - democratic movement in Belarus (). M., 19с.
3.2.21. Sedov in antiquity: In 2 vols. M., 1994.
3.2.22. F. Skaryna i ago hour. Mn., 1988. 1 copy.
3.2.24. Shalkevich: pages of history. Mn., 1989. 0 copies.
3.2.25. Marzalyuk I. Magileu at KhP-XVIII Art. Mn. Vedas 1998 -138 pp., 17 copies.
3.2.26. Culture of Belarusian intermediary. Book 1,2. Mn., 19 p., 60 copies.
3.2.27. Jacques A., Bender I., Jiri G. and others. History of Europe. Moscow – Minsk, 1996. 296 pp., 1 copy.
3.2.28. Jaspers K. The meaning and purpose of history. M., 19 p., 4 copies.
3.2.29. Ethnagraphy of the Belarusian Padnyaprovya: Materials from the scientific conference of the 30th fall - 1st snowfall, 1999 Magileev. MSU name, 19s., 15 copies.
3.2.30 Ethnagraphy of Belarus. Encyclopedia. Mn., 1989.-500 pp., 1 copy.
3.2.31. Zagarulskie Rus 9-13 centuries - Mn, 1998, -260 pp., 2 copies.
3.2.32.Shtykhaў G. Outflows of the Belarusian Dzyarzhaўnastі. //Belarusian Historical Hours, 1993, No. 1.
3.2.33. Byka U. Economic problems of feudal fragmentation of Old Russia. //Belarusian Historical Hours, 1997, No. 4.
3.2.34. Philist of the “crimes” of Svyatopolk the Accursed.-Mn; Belarus, 1990.-156 pp., 2 copies.
3.2.35. Tarasov this century of Trajan: Usyaslav Polatski.-Mn.: Science and technology, 19 p., 2 copies.
3.2.36. Union. Dzyarzhaunast. Culture. –Mn.: Belarusskaya Navuka, 1998, -80 pp., 1 copy.
3.2.37. This is a real downturn. Belarus. Country and people.-Mn.: Belarus, 1996, -206 pp., 2 copies.
3.2.38. Canfessions in Belarus (18-20th century) /’eva, U. I Navitski. -Mn., 1998, -380 pp., 2 copies.
3.2.39. Gribko to city councils in Belarus in the second half of the 70s and early 90s of the 19th century. //Belarusian Historical Hours, 2000, No. 6.
3.2.40. Prymachuk I. P. Legal regulation of industrial enterprises and workers of Belarus (60s 19th century 20th century). //Belarusian Historical Hours, 1999, No. 2.
3.2.41.Tsitou іnaya recession. Belarus. Traditional-everyday culture.-Mn.: Belarus, 1997, -246 pp., 1 copy.
3.3 Educational and methodological developments
3.3.1 Lapacki Dziarzhaunas in the 20th century. Magilyo, 1997.100 copies.
3.3.2 Morgunov during the formation of bourgeois society (11th half of the 19th century - 1917) Magilyo, 2002. 100 copies
3.3.3 Artsemchyk Administration and Repharmacy in Belarus. - Magileu, 1998
3.3.4 Lapatski i development of Belarusian dziarzhaunastsi (X-X1X centuries) Magileў, 19 copies.
3.3.5 Lapatski Belarusau: language. Magilyo, 1994.100 copies.
3.3.6 Łapacki ikae principality of Litouska – basically Belarusian-Litouska Dziarzhavy. Magileu, 19 copies.
Introduction (introductory lecture)
At the orientation lecture and in the winter session the following lecture topics will be read: “The Heritage of the Ancient World, the Middle Ages and Belarus”, “Belarus during the formation of bourgeois society (second half of the 19th century - February 1917). The struggle for democracy and national revival”, “The path to sovereignty and state independence of Belarus (years).
On seminar classes Students will study material on the following problems: “Consolidation of the Belarusian Nationality” and “Belarus during the October Revolution and Civil War. The formation of a new way of life."
The following topics are submitted for independent study by students: “Belarus from the Union of Lublin (1569) to the divisions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth”, “Industrial civilization (late XVIII - first half of the XIX century) and Belarus”, “Belarus in the period of competition and confrontation of two social economic systems (second half of the 40s-80s of the XX century), “Towards a new model of social structure (80s of the XX century).
In the modern world there are about 2 thousand different sciences, the functions of which are the development and theoretical systematization of objective reality. History has its own special place in the system of sciences. It is important to understand that subject the study of history as a science is, first of all, human activities, the entire set of relations in society. Unlike other social and human sciences that study one of the aspects of social life, story deals with the totality of the life of society throughout the entire historical process.
Studying the history of Belarus and world civilization carries a number of important social functions:
The first one is descriptive, or social memory function;
The second, more significant function is educational, or intellectual and developmental. It is designed, on the basis of cause-and-effect relationships, to identify objective patterns in the development of both the entire human society and society of a specific continent, region, or country. The entire content of the history of Belarus and world civilization as a science requires the acquisition of fundamental knowledge in this area and civil liability for applying this knowledge in the interests of society;
The third function is predictive, or applied. It is designed, on the basis of a theoretical understanding of what is being studied, to identify not only patterns, but also trends in the development of social relations. At the same time, it allows you to explore not only one development path, but also other alternative ones, and choose the optimal ones from them;
The fourth function is educational, which consists in the impact of the results of historical research on the civic position of students studying the course, on instilling love for their land and their people. Knowledge of the history of one’s homeland, “one’s roots,” allows one to correlate individual and national interests with universal interests, with the idea of the Earth as the common home of all people.
Thus, the study of the history of Belarus is determined by the need for broad humanitarian training of future specialists and has the goal of forming in students a historical consciousness, a holistic understanding of the patterns and features of the evolution of human society, understanding the place of national history in the world historical process, and, therefore, the contribution of the Belarusian people to world civilization.
Human society on the territory of Belarus has gone through a number of stages of its development.
1 Ancient society. Its chronological framework is 40 thousand years BC. e. - V century n. e.
2 Medieval - end of V-XV centuries. The period is better known as the development of feudalism.
3 Modern times – XVI-XX centuries. Covers the period of the crisis of feudalism, the formation and decline of bourgeois society.
4 Modern times – since 1918.
In the modern classification (and this is fair), the period from the formation of the modern state is distinguished - the Republic of Belarus.
For in-depth study of the course, there are various historical sources– material objects that have a social nature of origin, reflect the historical past of society and serve as a means of historical knowledge. Scientists classify the entire complex of sources into certain types and types. The most extensive is the division of historical sources into seven types: written, material, ethnographic, linguistic, folklore, film and photo documents (and now phonological documents).
When preparing for seminar classes and exams, students can use the following literature:
Topic 2.1.1 The Great Migration and Belarus
1. The first known migrations of peoples: Indo-Europeans and Finno-Ugrians in Europe and on the territory of Belarus.
2. The beginning of the settlement of the Slavs and their appearance on the territory of Belarus. Economic and social system of the Eastern Slavs.
1 The first known migrations of peoples: Indo-Europeans and Finno-Ugrians in Europe and on the territory of Belarus.
One of the most ancient communities living on the territory of modern Belarus, whose ethnicity can be established, are the Finno-Ugric peoples - the peoples of the Uralic language family. The ancestral home of the Ural family, according to most scientists, is the territory on both sides of the Ural ridge. This community combined both Caucasoid and Mongoloid anthropological features. In the eastern part of this territory the Samoyed languages developed, in the western part the Finno-Ugric languages developed.
In the 4th millennium BC. e. Mongoloid features appear in the Western part of the Eastern European forest belt, which indicated the migration of the Finno-Ugric peoples. By the 3rd millennium BC. e. they developed territories up to the Gulf of Finland, the Podvina region, the mouth of the Neman and Sozh ( archaeological comb-pit pottery culture).The main occupation of the Finno-Ugric tribes was hunting and fishing. They lived in buildings that looked like plagues.
In the 3rd millennium BC. e. tribes of cattle breeders who belonged to the Indo-European family penetrated into the Eastern European forest zone (which includes the territory of Belarus) from the south. Owning bronze weapons, cattle breeding, which provided people with food and draft power, which contributed to population growth; Having a more rigid social structure (patriarchy), the Indo-Europeans were able to occupy the territories of local Neolithic tribes, and also advance into the area of settlement of the Finno-Ugrians. From the 2nd millennium BC. e. A new stage in the ethnic history of Belarus begins - the Indo-European one, which continues to this day. In other regions, the Finno-Ugrians laid the foundation for the formation of such peoples as Estonians, Finns, Karelians, Komi, Udmurts, Mari, Mordovians, Khanty, Mansi, and Hungarians.
With the arrival of the Indo-Europeans it begins on the territory of Belarus Bronze Age, which covers the period 2 - beginning of the 1st millennium BC. e. As in other areas remote from deposits of copper and tin (which make up bronze), bronze tools are extremely rare in Belarus; the main materials remain silicon, bone, and wood.
The question of the ancestral homeland of the Indo-Europeans is relevant. The Indo-European groups of peoples include: Indian, Iranian, Italian, Celtic, Germanic, Baltic, Slavic, as well as Armenians, Greeks, Albanians. Now Indo-Europeans inhabit all continents and are one of the largest peoples in the world. The identification of common features in Indo-European languages made it possible to attribute the existence of the Proto-Indo-European community to the 5th-4th millennium BC. e.
Concepts of the ancestral homeland of the Indo-Europeans.[History of Belarus: Part 2. Part 1. The hell of the old hours - the battle of 1917: Vucheb. Dapam. / Fall. Red. Ika, . – Mn., 1998. S.]
- North German concept. According to this theory, the ancestral homeland of the Indo-Europeans (Aryans) is Northern Germany and Southern Scandinavia, but the Indo-Europeans were cattle breeders, and cattle breeding in Europe spread from south to north: in the Balkans, cattle breeding and agriculture appeared earlier than in Northern Germany, which proves the advance of the Indo-Europeans from the south to north, not the other way around.
- Balkan concept. Indeed, this is the most ancient center of settlement of Indo-Europeans on the territory of Europe, but more ancient areas of settlement of Indo-Europeans have been found (Asia Minor).
- Eastern Anatolian ancestral home. Analysis of the language, traces of common myths preserved among the Indo-European peoples and comparison of these data with the results of research by paleobiologists made it possible to identify the region of modern Eastern Anatolia around lakes Van and Urmia as the most likely ancestral home of the Indo-Europeans. The Proto-Indo-European language also contains borrowings from ancient Semitic languages (ancestors of Arabs, ancient Jews, Assyrians) and Kartvelian languages (ancestors of Georgians).
As a result of settlement over vast territories, mixing and assimilation local pre-Indo-European population conditions are created for differentiation Indo-Europeans into smaller ethnic groups. The northwestern part of the Indo-Europeans became the ancestors of the Germans(this branch includes the languages: East Germanic - Gothic (dead), North Germanic - Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic and West Germanic - English, German, Dutch, Flemish). A northern group of Indo-Europeans settled between the Baltic and Volga, who became the ancestors of the Balts. In the area between upper reaches Odra (Oder) and Pripyat formed the Slavic branch of the Indo-Europeans. Some scientists believe that the separation of the Baltic and Slavic branches of the Indo-European family occurred in the middle of the 1st millennium BC. e., this explains the complexity of the ethnic classification of some archaeological cultures of the Iron Age on the territory of Belarus. For example, the Zarubenets archaeological culture (3rd century BC - 5th century AD) is attributed by some researchers to the Balts, others to the Slavs, and others claim its mixed nature.
In the 1st millennium BC. e. Archaeological cultures of the Iron Age appeared in Eastern Europe. The development of technologies for obtaining iron from swamp ore and its processing led to the emergence of iron tools and weapons, which completely displace silicon from this sphere, which led to a significant increase in labor productivity and the emergence of surpluses. This led to the formation of a social hierarchy, property inequality and contributed to the disintegration of the primitive communal system. Similar processes in Mesopotamia, the Mediterranean, and China took place back in the Bronze Age.
3 The beginning of the settlement of the Slavs and their appearance on the territory of Belarus. Economic and social system of the Eastern Slavs.
The formation of the Eastern Slavs took place in the 1st millennium AD. e. against the backdrop of the “Great Migration”, the collapse of ancient civilization, the elimination of the slave system and the formation of statehood of modern European peoples.
The movements of the tribes in Central Europe directly affected the ancestral home of the Slavs, which was located in the upper reaches of the Odra (Oder), Vistula, Pripyat, and Dniester. As a result of settlement in the IV-X centuries. the Slavs were divided into three main dialect areas: 1) southern (the ancestors of modern Bulgarians, Slovenes, Macedonians, Serbs and Croats); 2) western(ancestors of Czechs, Slovaks and Poles); 3) eastern (ancestors of Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians).
The situation in Eastern Europe on the eve of and during the period of settlement of the Eastern Slavs north of Pripyat. By the beginning of the settlement of the Slavs to the north and northeast of Pripyat, i.e. in the 7th - early 8th centuries, new states were emerging in Eastern Europe - the Khazar Kaganate (650), controlling the lower reaches of the Volga, the North Caucasus and Eastern Crimea and Volga Bulgaria (670) in the middle reaches of the Volga. The role of the Baltic Sea as a trade route is increasing, prerequisites are being created for establishing a trans-European trade route “from Varangian to the Greeks" along the rivers of Eastern Europe.
Dynamics of settlement of the Eastern Slavs.
6th century the Slavs were localized along the Pripyat and adjacent areas of the Middle Dnieper region (Prague archaeological culture is the first indisputable Slavic culture, located from Laba (Elbe) to the Middle Dnieper region, including Pripyat, Yaselda and Goryn). In the 8th century along the Dnieper and its tributaries the Slavs move north. In 9c. The Podvina region and the upper Prinyomanie region are colonized; in the southeast, the Slavs reach the upper reaches of the Don and Seversky Donets.
Economic system of the Eastern Slavs.
The main occupation of the Eastern Slavs in this era was agriculture and cattle breeding in combination with various types of crafts (hunting, fishing, beekeeping (collecting honey and wax from wild bees)). The further north you go, the more important the fisheries were, in addition, during foreign trade especially with the countries of the East and Byzantium, the export of furs played a special role. The Slavs, like the Balts, knew such farming systems as fallow (in forest-steppes) and slash-and-burn (in forests). This organization of agriculture forced the Slavs to move to new areas from time to time, which made the development of increasingly remote lands inevitable. However, the presence of these systems land use should not be absolutized among the Eastern Slavs. From the southwest to the northeast the Slavs brought arable farming. According to Soviet and German historians, fragments of a plow (ploughshare, plow blade and coulter) were found both in the forest-steppe zone (Ukraine) and in forest areas in fortified settlements (fortified settlements, in the center of which there were barns and other outbuildings, where reserves of rural districts and communities were stored) And villages(unfortified settlements) along the course of large rivers, and they date back to the periodVII – Xcenturies[Slavs and Scandinavians: Trans. with him. / General ed. . – M., 1986. P. 14-15] Plow farming, being more productive, contributed to the economic and political dominance of the Slavic tribes in the region.
The main agricultural crops of the Slavs were wheat, barley, and millet. As we moved north, the crops of rye and oats increased, previously occupying an insignificant place, but in this climatic zone they had higher yields than wheat. The Slavs also bred horses, cows, and pigs.
Social system.
On the territory of Belarus, the Slavic branch of the Indo-Europeans collided with the Baltic branch of the Indo-Europeans. On the territory of Belarus, Balto-Slavic relations were predominantly peaceful. The Slavs were able to include the Baltic tribes into their tribal unions, which were gradually assimilated by the Slavs, passing on to them some features of their spiritual, material culture and anthropological characteristics, which became one of the stages of the ethnogenesis of the Belarusians. On the territory of Belarus, 3 tribal unions were formed, dominated by the Slavic origin: Krivichi, Dregovichi, Radimichi.
The emergence of tribal unions indicated a transition from blood or mythical kinship as a consolidating factor to territorial unity (the stage preceding the emergence of the state). Political power, law enforcement, the defense of the territory belonged to the chief, the council of elders and full-fledged men. The decisions of the tribal center were binding on the periphery. The settlement of the Slavs over large territories, surrounded by local Baltic tribes, only contributed to the strengthening of the territorial consolidation of the Slavs and the rapid maturation of statehood, which was formed among them already during the period of colonization of North-Eastern and South-Eastern Europe.
There is a transition from a blood-related community to a territorial (neighborhood) community. The neighboring community owned land, pastures, and forests, but could not claim the results of the individual labor of the community members, which contributed to the accumulation of wealth in the most successful families and increased their influence.
The East Slavic colonization of Eastern Europe accelerated the process of decomposition of the tribal system and the transition to statehood. In addition, Balto-Slavic mixing, with the dominance of the Slavic principle, influenced the process of ethnogenesis of the Belarusians, an ethnic group that dominates this territory to this day.
Topic 2.1.2 The formation of Christian civilization in Europe and Belarus
2.1.2.1 Origin of Christianity. Slavs and Christianity.
2.1.2.2 Principalities on the territory of Belarus. Western Lands of Rus' and Kyiv.
2.1.2.3 Socio-economic development of the western lands of Rus'.
2.1.2.4 Spiritual life of the Eastern Slavs. Culture of Belarus (IX–XIII centuries).
1 Origin of Christianity. Slavs and Christianity.
Christianity arose in Palestine in the 1st century. n. e. Initially, the basis of early Christian communities were slaves, freedmen and small artisans. In the 2nd-3rd centuries. Representatives of the senatorial and military circles began to gain serious influence in them, which helped level out the social radicalism of early Christianity.
By the 4th century. The imperial power of Rome accepted Christianity as the ideological basis for the consolidation of a multi-ethnic empire and a means of calming the working masses with hopes of reward after death. Having become the state religion of Rome, Christianity began to adapt to political life and political decentralization. The main contradictions arose between Rome and Constantinople.
The Eastern Slavs adopted Christianity in 988.
The main reasons for the adoption of Christianity by the Eastern Slavs:
1. Christianity represented the ideological basis for the centralization of the state.
2. Christianity justified and explained the social hierarchy, without which the development of the socio-economic sphere is not possible.
3. Christianity contributed to the growth of the foreign policy significance of Rus'.
Unlike Ancient Rome, where Christianity spread from the lower social strata to the ruling strata, among the Eastern Slavs Christianity was first adopted by representatives of the ruling dynasty . The Kiev prince Vladimir faced a choice between Judaism (Khazar Khaganate), Islam (Volga Bulgaria) and Christianity. Vladimir’s choice in favor of Christianity was due to the fact that Christian states represented the most active force in Europe and the path “from the Varangians to the Greeks” oriented towards cooperation with them. The choice in favor of Eastern Christianity was due to the fact that Byzantium was a highly developed state that was part of the zone of direct economic and military interests of Ancient Rus'; in addition, the dynastic marriage with Byzantium increased the influence of Rus' in the Christian world. In 988 Kyiv Prince Vladimir baptized Rus' and married the sister of the Byzantine Emperor Vasily II - Anna. In 992 An Orthodox diocese was founded in Polotsk. The spread of Christianity was facilitated by such figures of that period as Euphrosyne of Polotsk, Cyril of Turov, Abraham of Smolensk, as well as princes who, with their power and funds, supported the construction of cathedrals and monasteries, and gave them lands.
The meaning of accepting Christianity. Christianity contributed not only to cultural progress, the spread of writing in the Slavic language (in contrast to Catholic Europe, where dead Latin dominated), but also contributed to the political centralization and cultural consolidation of the Eastern Slavs. The adoption of Christianity led to an increase in the international status of Rus'. Wide political contacts were established, in particular through marriage ties with the ruling houses of Poland, France, Hungary, Norway, etc. Also, the adoption of Christianity contributed to the formation of the foundations of feudalism. It was with the development of feudalism and the dominance of the religious worldview (in Europe - Christianity) , the concept of the “Middle Ages” is associated. Middle Ages- the conventional name of the period that follows the slave or primitive communal system and precedes the emergence of capitalist society.
Feudalism- a social system based on the combination of large land ownership of the feudal class and small individual farming of peasants, exploited with the help of non-economic coercion. Non-economic coercion- gratuitous appropriation of part of the results of peasant labor under the right to feudal ground rent. Ground rent – payment in kind, cash or labor to the feudal lord for the use of land. Forms of feudal rent: corvee, rent in kind or cash, church tithe. The relative economic independence of the peasant, established during the period of feudalism (in comparison with the position of a slave under the slave system), created conditions for increasing labor productivity. This determines the historical progressiveness of feudalism in comparison with slavery and the primitive communal system.
