Thus, at the turn of the new century the situation changes radically. The relationship between fundamental and applied research, between research and design, takes on a different character. To understand the meaning of these changes, it is important to define what basic research is and how it differs from applied research.
Applied Research is research whose results are addressed to manufacturers and customers and which is guided by the needs or desires of customers.
Basic research aims to expand theoretical understanding and is addressed to other scientists.
Modern technology is not as far from theory as it sometimes seems: it is not exclusively the application of existing scientific knowledge, but has a creative component. Methodologically technical study(i.e. research in engineering science) is not very different from research in the natural sciences, so there is no clear distinction between technical and scientific research in the idea of basic research as aimed at expanding theoretical understanding. Engineering activities require not only short-term research aimed at solving special problems, but also a broad long-term program of fundamental research in laboratories and institutes specifically designed for the development of technical sciences. Nowadays, basic research is more closely linked to applications than was previously the case. The current stage of scientific and technological development is characterized by the use of fundamental research methods to solve applied problems, and the fact that the research is fundamental does not mean that its results are not applicable in practice. At the same time, work aimed at applied purposes can be fundamental.
Example
We can cite as an example the names of specific scientists who were simultaneously or initially engineers: Josiah Willard Gibbs theoretical chemist, began his career as a mechanical inventor; John von Neumann from a chemical engineer through abstract mathematics returned to technology; Norbert Wiener And Claude Elwood Shannon were both engineers and first-class mathematicians. The list can be continued: Claude Louis Navier engineer of the French Corps of Bridges and Roads, also conducted research in mathematics and theoretical mechanics; William Thomson(Lord Kelvin) combined a separate scientific career with a lifelong involvement in engineering and technological innovation; Vilhelm Bjorknes, theoretical physicist, became a practical meteorologist. Thus, a good practitioner seeks solutions even if they are not yet fully accepted by science, and applied research and development is increasingly being carried out by people with initial training in basic science.
Empirical analysis shows that the degree of interaction between academic and industrial research has increased significantly in recent decades, resulting in an increase in the share of academic research in business structures and private universities. Thus, we are talking about the convergence of the academic and technological order of knowledge. Academic order associated with the processing and creation, theorization and production of knowledge in contrast to technological order, aimed at searching, organizing and using existing knowledge for applied purposes. In the modern information society, the search for knowledge that is already available and necessary for organizing specific actions is becoming increasingly important, and one of the central problems is the problem of representing knowledge for computer systems, since their users are specialists from various fields of science and technology, and not professional programmers .
We illustrate the change in the relationship between the academic, technological and economic order of knowledge (science, technology and economics) using the example of inventions Alexandra Stepanovich Popov(1859-1906), Guglielmo Marconi(1874-1937) and Ferdinand Brown(1850-1918).
Example
In 1895, A. S. Popov used a coherer to record thunderstorms, equipping it with a shaker and a relay and connecting it to a suspended wire (receiving antenna). At the same time, G. Marconi conducted a series of experiments using the Rigi oscillator, connecting a suspended wire (transmitting antenna) to it. What new did Marconi do if everything he used in his apparatus was known before him? His contribution should be sought in a different direction. Marconi, unlike his predecessors, managed to arrive at a functioning whole. Marconi's own inventive contribution was minimal. He translated scientific discoveries made by others into a useful and potentially profitable device. It was the final step in the line of scientific progress dating back to Faraday, Maxwell and Hertz, in the sense that it had reached the stage of commercial exploitation. Previously, the transfer of new knowledge occurred exclusively in one direction - from science to technology and then to commercial use, but now the opposite flow of information has arisen. Marconi, with a goal of reaching ever greater distances that was less directly relevant to scientists, went beyond the boundaries of the field of knowledge where the science of his time could help him, and began to explore problems for which science had no solution. In addition to using existing knowledge for practical purposes, Marconi, in a kind of feedback process, began to generate problems that science had to solve, and data for the rationalization of science itself. As a technological entrepreneur and innovator, Marconi reached a problem area where science had no ready answers.
It was a feedback process, the generation of new information from the realm of experience, that stimulated new scientific research. In the same way, A. S. Popov experimented in Russia with transmitting signals without wires, but did not find sufficient support from the officials of that time. Only later was the importance of its discovery for the country correctly assessed: in Soviet Russia, both the radio industry and theoretical and applied research and development in this area would receive truly serious government support. Marconi used many of the results of other researchers and inventors for his work and demonstrated commercial savvy. But very soon it turned out that it was impossible to advance further without obtaining new knowledge about the physical processes occurring in the new technical device. Both were accomplished by Ferdinand Braun, who conducted this kind of research and patented the invention made on its basis. It becomes obvious that for the introduction of new technology into life, not only the discovery, invention and patenting of them play an important role, but also their adaptation to the industrial production of new technology, as well as the distribution of the newly created product (innovation) on the market. This ability to connect all these areas was demonstrated by F. Brown, a brilliant theoretical physicist and at the same time a practitioner. He not only timely and competently patented and defended his inventions, but also created an enterprise to promote his inventions and patents on the market, which later merged with other companies and began to produce its products under the name "Telefunken"
Fundamental science is a science that aims to create theoretical concepts and models, the practical applicability of which is not obvious 1. The task of fundamental sciences is to understand the laws governing the behavior and interaction of the basic structures of nature, society and thinking. These laws and structures are studied in their “pure form”, as such, without regard to their possible use. Fundamental and applied science have different methods and subjects of research, different approaches and angles of view on social reality. Each of them has its own quality criteria, its own techniques and methodology, its own understanding of the functions of a scientist, its own history and even its own ideology. In other words, your own world and your own subculture.
Natural science is an example of fundamental science. It is aimed at understanding nature as it is in itself, regardless of what application its discoveries will receive: space exploration or environmental pollution. And natural science does not pursue any other goal. This is science for science's sake, i.e. knowledge of the surrounding world, the discovery of the fundamental laws of existence and the increase in fundamental knowledge.
The immediate goal of applied sciences is to apply the results of fundamental sciences to solve not only cognitive but also practical problems. Therefore, here the criterion of success is not only the achievement of truth, but also the measure of satisfaction of social order. As a rule, fundamental sciences are ahead of applied sciences in their development, creating a theoretical foundation for them. In modern science, applied sciences account for up to 80-90% of all research and allocations. Indeed, basic science constitutes only a small part of the total volume of scientific research.
Applied science is a science aimed at obtaining a specific scientific result that can actually or potentially be used to satisfy private or public needs. 2. An important role is played by developments that translate the results of applied sciences into the form of technological processes, designs, and social engineering projects. For example, the Perm system of stabilization of the workforce (STK) was initially developed within the framework of fundamental sociology, relying on its principles, theories, and models. After that, it was specified, giving it not only a finished form and a practical form, but also determining the time frame for implementation and the financial and human resources required for this. At the applied stage, the STK system was repeatedly tested in a number of enterprises in the USSR. Only after this did it take the form of a practical program and was ready for widespread dissemination (stage of development and implementation).
Basic research includes experimental and theoretical research aimed at obtaining new knowledge without any specific purpose associated with the use of this knowledge. Their result is hypotheses, theories, methods, etc. Fundamental research can end with recommendations for conducting applied research to identify opportunities for practical use of the results obtained, scientific publications, etc.
The US National Science Foundation has given the following definition of the concept of fundamental research:
Fundamental research is a part of scientific research aimed at replenishing the total body of theoretical knowledge... They do not have predetermined commercial goals, although they can be carried out in areas that are of interest or may be of interest in the future to business practitioners.
Fundamental and applied sciences are two completely different types of activity. In the beginning, and this happened in ancient times, the distance between them was insignificant and almost everything that was discovered in the field of fundamental science immediately or in a short time found application in practice. Archimedes discovered the law of leverage, which was immediately used in warfare and engineering. And the ancient Egyptians discovered geometric axioms, literally without leaving the ground, since geometric science arose from the needs of agriculture. The distance gradually increased and today reached its maximum. In practice, less than 1% of the discoveries made in pure science are implemented. In the 1980s, the Americans conducted an evaluation study (the purpose of such studies is to assess the practical significance of scientific developments and their effectiveness). For more than 8 years, a dozen research groups analyzed 700 technological innovations in weapons systems. The results stunned the public: 91% of inventions had previous applied technology as their source, and only 9% had achievements in the field of science. Moreover, only 0.3% of them have a source in the field of pure (fundamental) research.
Fundamental science deals exclusively with the increment of new knowledge, applied science deals only with the application of proven knowledge. The acquisition of new knowledge is the vanguard of science, the testing of new knowledge is its rearguard, i.e. substantiation and verification of once acquired knowledge, transformation of current research into the “solid core” of science. Practical application is the activity of applying “hard core” knowledge to real life problems. As a rule, the “hard core” of science is displayed in textbooks, teaching aids, methodological developments and all kinds of guides.
One of the main features of fundamental knowledge is its intellectuality. As a rule, it has the status of a scientific discovery and is a priority in its field. In other words, it is considered exemplary, standard.
Fundamental knowledge in science is a relatively small part of the experimentally tested scientific theories and methodological principles or analytical techniques that scientists use as a guiding program. The rest of the knowledge is the result of ongoing empirical and applied research, a set of explanatory models, so far accepted as hypothetical schemes, intuitive concepts and so-called “trial” theories.
The foundation of classical physics used to be Newtonian mechanics, and the entire mass of practical experiments at that time was based on it. Newton's laws served as the “solid core” of physics, and current research only confirmed and refined existing knowledge. Later, the theory of quantum mechanics was created, which became the foundation of modern physics. It explained physical processes in a new way, gave a different picture of the world, and operated with other analytical principles and methodological tools.
Fundamental science is also called academic because it develops mainly in universities and academies of sciences. A university professor may work part-time on commercial projects, even work part-time for a private consulting or research firm. But he always remains a university professor, looking down a little on those who are constantly engaged in marketing or advertising surveys, without rising to the discovery of new knowledge, who have never published in serious academic journals.
Thus, sociology, which deals with the increase of new knowledge and in-depth analysis of phenomena, has two names: the term “fundamental sociology” indicates the nature of the knowledge acquired, and the term “academic sociology” indicates its place in the social structure of society.
Fundamental ideas lead to revolutionary changes. After their publication, the scientific community can no longer think and study in the old way. Worldviews, theoretical orientation, strategy of scientific research, and sometimes the methods of empirical work themselves are transformed in the most dramatic way. A new perspective seems to be opening up before the eyes of scientists. Huge sums of money are spent on fundamental research, because only they, in case of success, albeit quite rare, lead to a serious shift in science.
Fundamental science has as its goal the knowledge of objective reality as it exists in itself. Applied sciences have a completely different goal - changing natural objects in the direction necessary for humans. It is applied research that is directly related to engineering and technology. Basic research is relatively independent from applied research.
Applied science differs from fundamental science (and it must include theoretical and empirical knowledge) in its practical orientation. Fundamental science deals exclusively with the increment of new knowledge, applied science deals exclusively with the application of proven knowledge. The acquisition of new knowledge is the vanguard or periphery of science, the testing of new knowledge is its substantiation and verification, the transformation of current research into the “hard core” of science, application is the activity of applying the knowledge of the “hard core” to practical problems. As a rule, the “hard core” of science is displayed in textbooks, teaching aids, methodological developments and all kinds of guides.
The translation of fundamental results into applied developments can be carried out by the same scientists, different specialists, or special institutes, design bureaus, implementation firms and companies are created for this purpose. Applied research includes such developments, the “output” of which is a specific customer who pays a lot of money for the finished result. Therefore, the final product of applied developments is presented in the form of products, patents, programs, etc. It is believed that scientists whose applied developments are not bought should reconsider their approaches and make their products competitive. Such demands are never made of representatives of fundamental science.
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Introduction
Research and development is a creative activity. Their goal is to increase the volume of knowledge about man, nature, society, and to find new ways to apply this knowledge.
Scientific research and development covers: basic research, applied research, development.
Basic research is experimental or theoretical research aimed at obtaining new knowledge. Their result can be theories, hypotheses, methods, etc. They may end with recommendations for conducting applied research, scientific reports, and publications.
Unlike fundamental research, applied research is aimed at solving specific practical problems. They represent original works aimed at obtaining new knowledge, searching for ways to use the results of fundamental research; new methods for solving certain problems.
Development is work aimed at creating new products or devices, new materials, introducing new processes, systems and services, or improving those already produced or put into operation. They may be associated with the development of: a specific design of an engineering object or technical system (design work); ideas and options for a new object, including non-technical ones, at the level of a drawing or other system of symbolic means (design work).
Therefore, research and development activities include:
Design work;
Design work;
Technological works;
Creation of prototypes;
Conducting tests.
Chapter1. FundamentalresearchAnddevelopment
1.1 Fundamentalresearch
In accordance with the logic of the development of the innovation process, the emergence of an innovation begins with the generation of an idea for a new product. Often ideas are born in the process of conducting basic research.
Fundamental research is an experimental or theoretical activity aimed at obtaining new knowledge about the basic laws of the structure, functioning and development of man, society, and the environment. The goal of fundamental research is to reveal new connections between phenomena, to understand the patterns of development of nature and society in relation to their specific use. Fundamental research is divided into theoretical and exploratory.
The results of theoretical research are manifested in scientific discoveries, substantiation of new concepts and ideas, and the creation of new theories. Exploratory research includes research whose task is to discover new principles for creating ideas and technologies. Exploratory fundamental research ends with justification and experimental testing of new methods of meeting social needs. All exploratory fundamental research is carried out both in academic institutions and universities, and in large scientific and technical industrial organizations only by personnel of highly scientific qualifications. The priority importance of fundamental science in the development of innovative processes is determined by the fact that it acts as a generator of ideas and opens paths to new areas of knowledge. Fundamental research is financed from the state budget or within the framework of government programs.
1.2 ConnectionfundamentalAndappliedresearch
BASIC AND APPLIED RESEARCH are types of research that differ in their socio-cultural orientations, in the form of organization and transmission of knowledge, and, accordingly, in the forms of interaction between researchers and their associations characteristic of each type. All differences, however, relate to the environment in which the researcher works, while the actual research process - the acquisition of new knowledge as the basis of the scientific profession - proceeds in the same way in both types of research.
Fundamental research is aimed at strengthening the intellectual potential of society by obtaining new knowledge and its use in general education and training of specialists in almost all modern professions. No form of organization of human experience can replace in this function science, which acts as an essential component of culture. Applied research is aimed at intellectual support of the innovation process as the basis for the socio-economic development of modern civilization. The knowledge obtained in applied research is oriented towards direct use in other areas of activity (technology, economics, social management, etc.).
Fundamental and applied research are two forms of implementation of science as a profession, characterized by a unified system of training specialists and a unified body of basic knowledge. Moreover, differences in the organization of knowledge in these types of research do not create fundamental obstacles to the mutual intellectual enrichment of both research areas. The organization of activity and knowledge in fundamental research is determined by the system and mechanisms of the scientific discipline, the action of which is aimed at maximizing the intensification of the research process. The most important means in this regard is the prompt involvement of the entire community in the examination of each new research result that claims to be included in the body of scientific knowledge. The communication mechanisms of the discipline make it possible to include new results in this type of examination, regardless of the research in which these results were obtained. At the same time, a significant part of the scientific results included in the body of knowledge of fundamental disciplines was obtained in the course of applied research.
1.3 Researchwork
NIR - “scientific research work”. The term came into use during Soviet times, but continues to be widely used today.
According to the regulatory definition: “Under a contract for the performance of scientific research work, the contractor undertakes to carry out scientific research stipulated by the customer’s technical specifications, and the customer undertakes to accept the work and pay for it.”
The conduct of research work is regulated by GOST 15.101-98 (order of execution) and GOST 7.32-2001 (formatization of the report) and regulated by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. The main result of R&D is a report on the implementation of scientific research, but the creation of prototypes is also allowed, in contrast to R&D, the result of which can be a product sample, design documentation or new technology.
There are fundamental research projects, exploratory research projects, and applied research projects.
Fundamental science is a field of knowledge that implies theoretical and experimental scientific research into fundamental phenomena (including intelligible ones) and the search for patterns that govern them and are responsible for the form, structure, composition, structure and properties, the course of processes caused by them; - affects the basic principles of most humanitarian and natural science disciplines, - serves to expand theoretical, conceptual ideas, in particular - the determination of the ideological and formative essence of the subject of their study - the universe as such in all its manifestations, including those covering spheres intellectual, spiritual and social.
Chapter2. AppliedresearchAnddevelopment
2.1 Appliedscientificresearch
Applied scientific research is research aimed primarily at applying new knowledge to achieve practical goals and solve specific problems, including those of commercial importance. At this stage, the technical feasibility of the idea is checked, the scale of market needs is analyzed, as well as the potential capabilities of the enterprise to develop and produce a new product. Carrying out work at this stage is associated with a high probability of obtaining negative results, and there is a risk of losses when investing in applied scientific research. Financing of applied research work is carried out, firstly, from the state budget, and secondly, at the expense of individual customers represented by large industrial firms, joint-stock companies, commercial funds and venture capital firms.
The formation of applied research as an organizationally specific area of scientific activity, the targeted systematic development of which replaces the utilization of random single inventions, refers to the end. 19th century and is usually associated with the creation and activities of J. Liebig's laboratory in Germany. Before World War I, applied research as the basis for the development of new types of technology (primarily military) became an integral part of general scientific and technological development. K ser. 20th century they are gradually turning into a key element of scientific and technical support for all sectors of the national economy and management.
Although ultimately the social function of applied research is aimed at providing innovations to scientific, technical and socio-economic progress as a whole, the immediate task of any research group and organization is to ensure the competitive advantage of that organizational structure (firm, corporation, industry, individual state) in within which research is carried out. This task determines the priorities in the activities of researchers and in the work on organizing knowledge: the choice of issues, the composition of research groups (usually interdisciplinary), limiting external communications, classifying intermediate results and legal protection of the final intellectual products of research and engineering activities (patents, licenses, etc.) p.).
The focus of applied research on external priorities and the limitation of communications within the research community sharply reduce the effectiveness of internal information processes (in particular, scientific criticism as the main engine of scientific knowledge).
The search for research goals is based on a system of scientific and technical forecasting, which provides information about market development, the formation of needs, and thereby the prospects of certain innovations. The scientific and technical information system supplies applied research with information both on achievements in various fields of fundamental science, and on the latest applied developments that have already reached the licensing level.
The knowledge obtained in applied research (with the exception of temporarily classified information about intermediate results) is organized in the form of scientific disciplines that is universal for science (technical, medical, agricultural and other sciences) and in this standard form is used to train specialists and search for basic patterns. The unity of science is not destroyed by the presence of different types of research, but takes on a new form that corresponds to the modern stage of socio-economic development.
2.2 Developmentwork
fundamental applied research
Development work refers to the application of the results of applied research to create samples of new equipment, materials, and technologies. Development work is the final stage of scientific research, the transition from laboratory conditions and experimental production to industrial production.
Development work includes:
preliminary technical design;
release of working design documentation, including drawings for parts, assembly connections, and the product as a whole;
production and testing of prototypes;
development of a specific design of an engineering object or technical system;
development of ideas and options for a new object;
development of technological processes;
determination of the product name, trademark, labeling, packaging.
The main scientific and technical results of development work: prototype, industrial design, utility model, computer programs, databases, scientific and technical documentation. Development work is carried out with financial support from the state budget or at the expense of the customer’s own funds.
Experimental design work (R&D)
After completing applied research, provided that positive results of the economic analysis are obtained that satisfy the company in terms of its goals, resources and market conditions, they begin to carry out development work (R&D). R&D is the most important link in the materialization of the results of previous research projects. Based on the research results obtained, new products are created and developed.
The main stages of R&D: 1) development of technical specifications for R&D; 2) technical proposal; 3) preliminary design; 4) technical design; 5) development of working documentation for the manufacture and testing of a prototype; 6) preliminary testing of a prototype; 7) state (departmental) ) testing of a prototype; 8) development of documentation based on test results.
2.3 Carrying outtests
Testing of products for subsequent certification is carried out in accredited testing laboratories for testing this type of product (if the testing laboratory is accredited for technical competence and independence).
In the absence of a testing laboratory accredited for competence and independence, it is allowed to conduct tests in a testing laboratory accredited only for technical competence, under the supervision of representatives of the Certification Body for specific products. In this case, test reports are signed by specialists from the testing laboratory and the certification body.
Sampling is usually carried out by a testing laboratory or a competent organization on behalf of a testing laboratory.
The number of samples, the procedure for their selection, the rules of identification and storage are determined by regulatory or organizational and methodological documents for the certification of these products and test methods.
Based on the test reports, the product certification expert makes a conclusion about the product’s compliance/non-conformity with the established requirements.
Conclusion
Fundamental science is science for science's sake. It is part of a research activity without specific commercial or other practical purposes. Natural science is an example of fundamental science. It is aimed at understanding nature as it is in itself, regardless of what application its discoveries will receive: space exploration or environmental pollution. And natural science does not pursue any other goal. This is science for science's sake, i.e. knowledge of the surrounding world, the discovery of the fundamental laws of existence and the increase in fundamental knowledge.
Applied science is a science aimed at obtaining a specific scientific result that can actually or potentially be used to satisfy private or public needs.
Fundamental and applied science have different methods and subjects of research, different approaches and angles of view on social reality. Each of them has its own quality criteria, its own techniques and methodology, its own understanding of the functions of a scientist, its own history and even its own ideology. In other words, your own world and your own subculture.
How much does fundamental science give to practice?
Fundamental and applied sciences are two completely different types of activity. In the beginning, and this happened in ancient times, the distance between them was insignificant and almost everything that was discovered in the field of fundamental science immediately or in a short time found application in practice.
Archimedes discovered the law of leverage, which was immediately used in warfare and engineering. And the ancient Egyptians discovered geometric axioms, literally without leaving the ground, since geometric science arose from the needs of agriculture.
The distance gradually increased and today reached its maximum. In practice, less than 1% of the discoveries made in pure science are implemented.
In the 1980s, the Americans conducted an evaluation study (the purpose of such studies is to assess the practical significance of scientific developments and their effectiveness). For more than 8 years, a dozen research groups analyzed 700 technological innovations in weapons systems. The results stunned the public: 91% of inventions had previous applied technology as their source, and only 9% had achievements in the field of science. Moreover, only 0.3% of them have a source in the field of pure (fundamental) research.
Listliterature:
1. Yu.I. Rebrin Fundamentals of economics and production management. Lecture notes. Taganrog: TRTU Publishing House, 2000. 145 p.
2. Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Chapter 38 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation
3. Goldstein G.Ya. Innovation management: Organization and procedure for carrying out research work
4. Mauksch H.O. Teaching Applied Sociology: Opportunities and Barriers//Applied Sociology: Roles and Actions of Sociologists in Diverse Settings/Ed. H.E. Freeman, R.R. Deans, P.H. Rossi and W.F. White. - San Francisco, etc.: Jossey-bass Publishers, 1983. pp. 312-313.
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Basic Research
The creation of new technologies begins with fundamental research aimed at obtaining new scientific knowledge and identifying the most significant patterns. The purpose of fundamental research is to discover new connections between phenomena, to understand the patterns of development of nature and society, regardless of their specific use. Basic research is aimed at obtaining more complete knowledge and a better understanding of the processes being studied. The question of practical application is not of paramount importance. They are produced mainly by government organizations, less often in industrial companies. Unfortunately, such research cannot be carried out in full by many, even developed countries. In recent years, scientists from different countries have been uniting to conduct joint research in the most important sectors of the economy. An example of such cooperation is the project to create a thermonuclear reactor, in which many countries, including Russia, are participating.
Fundamental research is divided into theoretical and exploratory. The results of theoretical research consist in scientific discoveries, substantiation of new concepts and ideas, and the creation of new theories. Exploratory research includes research whose task is to discover new principles for creating products and technologies, previously unknown properties of materials and their compounds, methods of analysis and synthesis. In exploratory research, the purpose of the planned work is usually known, the theoretical foundations are more or less clear, but the specific directions are by no means clear. In the course of such studies, theoretical assumptions and ideas are confirmed. The priority importance of fundamental science in the development of innovative processes is determined by the fact that it acts as a generator of ideas and opens paths to new areas of knowledge. But the positive yield of fundamental research in world science is only five percent. In a market economy, industry and especially factory science cannot afford to engage in this research. Basic research must be financed from the state budget on a competitive basis and may partially use extra-budgetary funds. Science in Russia, and more broadly, the sphere of ideas, as a rule, was of a purely utilitarian nature and never represented value in itself. Only those ideas were developed and only those directions were supported that could lead to a specific result. If the situation changes and all knowledge is valued and encouraged, even if it does not have immediate benefits, then an impetus will be given to the development of the entire nation. But it takes time and certain conditions for this truth to penetrate the public consciousness. Fundamental research is the future of science and, in the full sense of the word, the future of Russia. The publications of prominent scientists name a number of specific reasons for the current situation in fundamental science, one of which is considered to be the lack of mechanisms for objective assessment of scientific results, measuring the level of fundamentality of the contribution of individual scientists and scientific teams.
Applied research is the second stage of obtaining new technologies. They are aimed at obtaining knowledge that is necessary to achieve well-defined practical goals. Funding for such research is only partially supported by the state; the other part comes from interested large industrial corporations. Few companies can afford to participate, much less independently conduct applied research. Such corporations can obtain a monopoly on technology and dictate their terms to competitors.
Applied research is aimed at exploring ways of practical application of previously discovered phenomena and processes. Scientific research work (R&D) of an applied nature aims to solve a technical problem, clarify unclear theoretical issues, and obtain specific scientific results, which will later be used as a scientific and technical basis in development work. In addition, applied research can be independent scientific work. Information works are scientific works aimed at improving the search and improving the analysis of scientific and technical information. The most important component of information work is patent research.
Organizational and economic work is aimed at improving the organization and planning of production, developing methods for organizing labor and management, methods for classifying and assessing the effectiveness of scientific work, etc. Scientific and educational work - activities for preparing scientific work for graduate students, students, etc.
Currently, Russia conducts fundamental and applied research only in the field of “strategic research,” that is, in those areas that are necessary to achieve national goals formed on the basis of the needs of the market and state security.
The third stage is development. They represent the systematic use of scientific knowledge for the production of useful materials, devices, systems, including the design of prototypes of new products and the creation of new technological processes. This is the most funded part of the R&D process as it is very close to adding value. The main source of funding for these studies are industrial companies, various foundations and financial institutions, which is associated with the high profitability of new technologies. Experimental design work (R&D) refers to the application of the results of applied research to create (or modernize, improve) samples of new equipment, material, technology. R&D is the final stage of scientific research; it is a kind of transition from laboratory conditions and experimental production to industrial production. R&D includes: development of a specific design of an engineering object or technical system (design work); development of ideas and options for a new object; development of technological processes, i.e. ways of combining physical, chemical, technological and other processes with labor ones into an integral system (technological work). Thus, the goal of R&D is to create (upgrade) samples of new products, which can be transferred after appropriate testing to mass production or directly to the consumer. At this stage, the final verification of the results of theoretical research is carried out, the corresponding technical documentation is developed, and samples of new products are manufactured and tested. The likelihood of obtaining the desired results increases from R&D to R&D. Approximately 85–90% of research work produces results suitable for further practical use; at the OCD stage, 95–97% of work ends positively.
The general view and relationship between the stages of innovation processes in the case of major product innovations are presented in Fig. 4.
At the last stage, it is necessary to analyze the consumption of all types of resources. Such analysis is of great importance at certain stages during the development of R&D projects during the implementation of the innovation procedure. Costs are uneven and depend on the nature of the work. The financial resources spent during the development of programs are presented in the form of a curve of cumulative monetary costs of the R&D project (Fig. 5). If it is necessary to reduce the time of implementation of an R&D project, significant additional resources of all types are required, and in the absence of them, R&D can be suspended and mothballed at any stage of the project.
| Serial production |
Rice. 5. Financial profile of the R&D project
