All types of planets. How I easily learned the names of the planets

On March 13, 1781, English astronomer William Herschel discovered the seventh planet of the solar system - Uranus. And on March 13, 1930, American astronomer Clyde Tombaugh discovered the ninth planet of the solar system - Pluto. By the beginning of the 21st century, it was believed that the solar system included nine planets. However, in 2006, the International Astronomical Union decided to strip Pluto of this status.

There are already 60 known natural satellites of Saturn, most of which were discovered using spacecraft. Most of the satellites consist of rocks and ice. The largest satellite, Titan, discovered in 1655 by Christiaan Huygens, is larger than the planet Mercury. The diameter of Titan is about 5200 km. Titan orbits Saturn every 16 days. Titan is the only moon to have a very dense atmosphere, 1.5 times that of Earth, and consisting mainly of 90% nitrogen, with moderate methane content.

The International Astronomical Union officially recognized Pluto as a planet in May 1930. At that moment, it was assumed that its mass was comparable to the mass of the Earth, but later it was found that Pluto’s mass is almost 500 times less than the Earth’s, even less than the mass of the Moon. Pluto's mass is 1.2 x 10.22 kg (0.22 Earth's mass). Pluto's average distance from the Sun is 39.44 AU. (5.9 to 10 to 12 degrees km), radius is about 1.65 thousand km. The period of revolution around the Sun is 248.6 years, the period of rotation around its axis is 6.4 days. Pluto's composition is believed to include rock and ice; the planet has a thin atmosphere consisting of nitrogen, methane and carbon monoxide. Pluto has three moons: Charon, Hydra and Nix.

At the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries, many objects were discovered in the outer solar system. It has become obvious that Pluto is only one of the largest Kuiper Belt objects known to date. Moreover, at least one of the belt objects - Eris - is a larger body than Pluto and is 27% heavier. In this regard, the idea arose to no longer consider Pluto as a planet. On August 24, 2006, at the XXVI General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union (IAU), it was decided to henceforth call Pluto not a “planet”, but a “dwarf planet”.

At the conference, a new definition of a planet was developed, according to which planets are considered bodies that revolve around a star (and are not themselves a star), have a hydrostatically equilibrium shape and have “cleared” the area in the area of their orbit from other, smaller objects. Dwarf planets will be considered objects that orbit a star, have a hydrostatically equilibrium shape, but have not “cleared” the nearby space and are not satellites. Planets and dwarf planets are two different classes of objects in the Solar System. All other objects orbiting the Sun that are not satellites will be called small bodies of the Solar System.

Thus, since 2006, there have been eight planets in the solar system: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. The International Astronomical Union officially recognizes five dwarf planets: Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, and Eris.

On June 11, 2008, the IAU announced the introduction of the concept of "plutoid". It was decided to call celestial bodies revolving around the Sun in an orbit whose radius is greater than the radius of Neptune’s orbit, whose mass is sufficient for gravitational forces to give them an almost spherical shape, and which do not clear the space around their orbit (that is, many small objects revolve around them) ).

Since it is still difficult to determine the shape and thus the relationship to the class of dwarf planets for such distant objects as plutoids, scientists recommended temporarily classifying all objects whose absolute asteroid magnitude (brilliance from a distance of one astronomical unit) is brighter than +1 as plutoids. If it later turns out that an object classified as a plutoid is not a dwarf planet, it will be deprived of this status, although the assigned name will be retained. The dwarf planets Pluto and Eris were classified as plutoids. In July 2008, Makemake was included in this category. On September 17, 2008, Haumea was added to the list.

The material was prepared based on information from open sources

From surface to core: eight journeys through the interior of the planets of the solar system.

The eight planets of our solar system are usually divided into internal (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars), located closer to the star, and external (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune). They differ not only in their distance to the Sun, but also in a number of other characteristics. The inner planets are dense and rocky, small in size; external ones are gas giants. The inner ones have very few natural satellites, or none at all; the outer ones have dozens of them, and Saturn also has rings.

Comparative sizes of the planets (from left to right: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars)

NASA

The basic "anatomy" of the inner planets of the solar system is simple: they all consist of a crust, mantle and core. In addition, some have a core that is divided into an inner and an outer core. For example, how does the Earth work? A solid crust covers a semi-molten mantle, and in the center there is a “two-layer” core - a liquid outer and a solid inner. By the way, it is the presence of a liquid metal core that creates a global magnetic field on the planet. On Mars, for example, everything is a little different: a solid crust, a solid mantle, a solid core - it resembles a solid billiard ball, and it has no magnetic field.

The gas giants - Saturn and Jupiter - are built completely differently. From the very name of this type of planet it is clear that they are huge balls of gas that do not have a solid surface. If someone were to descend to one of these planets, he would fall and fall towards its center, where a small solid core is located. On Uranus and Neptune, ammonia, methane and other familiar gases can only exist in solid form, so the two distant planets are huge balls of ice and solid fragments - ice giants. However, let's look at them all in order, one after another.

Mercury: a huge core

The planet closest to the Sun is one of the densest on our list: being slightly smaller than Saturn's moon Titan, it is more than twice as heavy. Only the Earth is denser than Mercury, but the Earth is large enough to be compacted by its own gravity, and if this effect did not manifest itself, then Mercury would be the champion.

A heavy iron-nickel core reigns here. It is exceptionally large for a planet of this size - according to some assumptions, the core may occupy the bulk of Mercury's volume and have a radius of about 1800-1900 km, approximately the size of the Moon. But the silicon mantle and crust surrounding it are relatively thin, no more than 500-600 km in thickness. Judging by the fact that the planet rotates slightly unevenly (like a raw egg), its core is molten and creates a global magnetic field on the planet.

The origin of Mercury's large, dense, exceptionally iron-rich core remains a mystery. It is possible that Mercury was once several times larger, and its core was not something anomalous, but as a result of a collision with an unknown body, a large piece of the crust and mantle “fell off” from it. Unfortunately, this theory has not yet been confirmed.

1. Crust, thickness - 100-300 km. 2. Mantle, thickness - 600 km. 3. Core, radius - 1800 km.

Joel Holdsworth

Venus: thick crust

The most restless and hot planet in the solar system. Its extremely dense and turbulent atmosphere consists of carbon dioxide, methane and hydrogen sulfide, which are emitted by numerous active volcanoes. The surface of Venus is 90% covered with basaltic lava, there are vast hills in the manner of the earth’s continents - it’s a pity that liquid water cannot exist here, all of it has long evaporated.

The internal structure of Venus is poorly understood. It is believed that its thick silicate crust extends several tens of kilometers deep. Judging by some data, 300-500 million years ago the planet completely renewed its crust as a result of catastrophic levels of volcanism. It is assumed that the heat that is generated in the bowels of the planet due to radioactive decay cannot be “bleeded off” gradually on Venus, as on Earth, through plate tectonics. There is no plate tectonics here, and this energy accumulates for a long time, and from time to time “breaks through” such global volcanic “storms”.

Beneath the crust of Venus begins a 3,000-kilometer layer of molten mantle of unknown composition. And since Venus belongs to the same type of planet as the Earth, it is assumed to have an iron-nickel core with a diameter of about 3000 km. On the other hand, observations did not detect Venus's own magnetic field. This may mean that the charged particles in the nucleus do not move and it is in a solid state.

Possible internal structure of Venus

Wikimedia/Vzb83

Earth: everything is perfect

Our beloved home planet has, of course, been studied better than anyone else, including geologically. If you move from its surface into depth, the solid crust will stretch up to about 40 km. The continental and oceanic crust differ sharply: the thickness of the first can reach up to 70 km, and the second practically never exceeds 10 km. The first contains a lot of volcanic rocks, the second is covered with a thick layer of sedimentary rocks.

The crust, like cracked dry mud, is divided into lithospheric plates that move relative to each other. Judging by modern data, plate tectonics is a unique phenomenon in the Solar System, which ensures constant and non-catastrophic, generally calm renewal of its surface. Very convenient for everyone!

Below, the layers of the mantle begin: upper (40-400 km), lower (up to 2700 km). The mantle accounts for the lion's share of the planet's mass - almost 70%. The mantle is even more impressive in volume: excluding the atmosphere, it occupies about 83% of our planet. The composition of the mantle most likely resembles that of stony meteorites; it is rich in silicon, iron, oxygen, and magnesium. Despite the constant stirring, the mantle should not be considered liquid in the usual sense of the word. Due to the enormous pressure, almost all of its substance is in a crystalline state.

Finally, we will get into the iron-nickel core: molten outer (at a depth of up to 5100 km) and solid inner (up to 6400 km). The core accounts for almost 30% of the Earth's mass, and convection of liquid metal in the outer core creates a global magnetic field on the planet.

General structure of planet Earth

Wikimedia/Jeremy Kemp

Mars: frozen plates

Although Mars itself is noticeably smaller than Earth, it is interesting that its surface area is approximately equal to the area of Earth's landmass. But the height differences here are much more noticeable: the Red Planet has the highest mountains in the Solar System. The local Everest - Olympus Mons - rises to a height of 24 km, and huge mountain ranges above 10 km can stretch for thousands of kilometers.

The planet's crust, covered with basaltic rocks, is about 35 km thick in the northern hemisphere, and up to 130 km thick in the southern hemisphere. It is believed that there was once a movement of lithospheric plates on Mars, but at some point they stopped. Because of this, the volcanic points stopped changing their location, and the volcanoes began to grow and grow for hundreds of millions of years, creating exceptionally powerful mountain peaks.

The average density of the planet is quite low - apparently due to the small size of the core and the presence in it of a considerable (up to 20%) amount of light elements - say, sulfur. Judging by the available data, the core of Mars has a radius of about 1500-1700 km and remains only partially liquid, which means it is capable of creating only a very weak magnetic field on the planet.

Comparison of the structure of Mars and other terrestrial planets

NASA

Jupiter: gravity and light gases

Today there are no technical possibilities to study the structure of Jupiter: this planet is too large, its gravity is too strong, its atmosphere is too dense and turbulent. However, where the atmosphere ends here and the planet itself begins is difficult to say: this gas giant, in fact, does not have any clear internal boundaries.

According to existing theories, in the center of Jupiter there is a solid core with a mass 10-15 times greater than the Earth and one and a half times larger in size. However, against the backdrop of a giant planet (the mass of Jupiter is greater than the mass of all other planets in the Solar System combined), this value is completely insignificant. In general, Jupiter consists of 90% ordinary hydrogen, and the remaining 10% of helium, with a certain amount of simple hydrocarbons, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen. But don’t think that because of this the structure of the gas giant is “simple”.

At colossal pressure and temperature, hydrogen (and according to some data, helium) should exist here mainly in an unusual metallic form - this layer may extend to a depth of 40-50 thousand km. Here the electron breaks away from the proton and begins to behave freely, as in metals. Such liquid metallic hydrogen is naturally an excellent conductor and creates an exceptionally powerful magnetic field on the planet.

Model of Jupiter's internal structure

NASA

Saturn: self-heating system

Despite all the external differences, the absence of the famous Red Spot and the presence of even more famous rings, Saturn is very similar to its neighbor Jupiter. It is composed of 75% hydrogen and 25% helium, with trace amounts of water, methane, ammonia and solids mostly concentrated in the hot core. Like Jupiter, there is a thick layer of metallic hydrogen that creates a powerful magnetic field.

Perhaps the main difference between the two gas giants is the warm interior of Saturn: processes in the depths supply the planet with more energy than solar radiation - it emits 2.5 times more energy itself than it receives from the Sun.

There are apparently two of these processes (note that they also work on Jupiter, they are just more important on Saturn) - radioactive decay and the Kelvin - Helmholtz mechanism. The operation of this mechanism can be imagined quite easily: the planet cools, the pressure in it drops, and it contracts a little, and the compression creates additional heat. However, the presence of other effects that create energy in the bowels of Saturn cannot be ruled out.

Internal structure of Saturn

Wikimedia

Uranus: ice and stone

But on Uranus, internal heat is clearly not enough, so much so that it still requires a special explanation and puzzles scientists. Even Neptune, which is very similar to Uranus, emits heat many times more, but Uranus not only receives very little from the Sun, but also gives off about 1% of this energy. This is the coldest planet in the solar system, the temperature here can drop to 50 Kelvin.

It is believed that the bulk of Uranus is a mixture of ice - water, methane and ammonia. There is ten times less mass of hydrogen and helium here, and even less solid rock, most likely concentrated in a relatively small rocky core. The main share falls on the icy mantle. True, this ice is not exactly the substance to which we are accustomed; it is fluid and dense.

This means that the ice giant also does not have any solid surface: the gaseous atmosphere, consisting of hydrogen and helium, passes into the liquid upper layers of the planet itself without a clear boundary.

Internal structure of Uranus

Wikimedia/ FrancescoA

Neptune: Diamond Rain

Like Uranus, Neptune has a particularly prominent atmosphere, making up 10-20% of the planet's total mass and extending 10-20% of the distance to the core at its center. It consists of hydrogen, helium and methane, which gives the planet a bluish color. Descending deeper through it, we will notice how the atmosphere gradually becomes denser, slowly turning into a liquid and hot electrically conductive mantle.

Neptune's mantle is ten times heavier than our entire Earth and is rich in ammonia, water, and methane. It is really hot - the temperature can reach thousands of degrees - but traditionally this substance is called icy, and Neptune, like Uranus, is classified as an ice giant.

There is a hypothesis according to which, closer to the core, the pressure and temperature reach such a value that the methane “scatters” and is “compressed” into diamond crystals, which at a depth below 7000 km form an ocean of “diamond liquid”, which “rains” onto the planet’s core. Neptune's iron-nickel core is rich in silicates and is only slightly larger than Earth's, although the pressure in the central regions of the giant is much higher.

1. Upper atmosphere, upper clouds 2. Atmosphere consisting of hydrogen, helium and methane 3. Mantle consisting of water, ammonia and methane ice 4. Iron-nickel core

Naked Science

http://naked-science.ru/article/nakedscience/kak-ustroeny-planety

solar system is a system of celestial bodies welded together by forces of mutual attraction. It includes: the central star - the Sun, 8 large planets with their satellites, several thousand small planets, or asteroids, several hundred observed comets and countless meteoroids, dust, gas and small particles . It was formed by gravitational compression gas and dust cloud approximately 4.57 billion years ago.

In addition to the Sun, the system includes the following eight major planets:

Sun

The Sun is the closest star to Earth; all others are immeasurably further away from us. For example, the closest star to us is Proxima from the system a Centauri is 2500 times farther than the Sun. For the Earth, the Sun is a powerful source of cosmic energy. It provides the light and heat necessary for flora and fauna, and forms the most important properties of the Earth's atmosphere.. In general, the Sun determines the ecology of the planet. Without it, there would be no air necessary for life: it would turn into a liquid nitrogen ocean around frozen waters and icy land. For us earthlings, the most important feature of the Sun is that our planet arose near it and life appeared on it.

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Mercury is the planet closest to the Sun.

The ancient Romans considered Mercury the patron of trade, travelers and thieves, as well as the messenger of the gods. It is not surprising that a small planet, quickly moving across the sky following the Sun, received his name. Mercury has been known since ancient times, but ancient astronomers did not immediately realize that they saw the same star in the morning and evening. Mercury is closer to the Sun than the Earth: the average distance from the Sun is 0.387 AU, and the distance to Earth ranges from 82 to 217 million km. The inclination of the orbit to the ecliptic i = 7° is one of the largest in the Solar System. Mercury's axis is almost perpendicular to the plane of its orbit, and the orbit itself is very elongated (eccentricity e = 0.206). The average speed of Mercury's orbit is 47.9 km/s. Due to the tidal influence of the Sun, Mercury fell into a resonant trap. The period of its revolution around the Sun (87.95 Earth days), measured in 1965, relates to the period of rotation around its axis (58.65 Earth days) as 3/2. Mercury completes three full revolutions around its axis in 176 days. During the same period, the planet makes two revolutions around the Sun. Thus, Mercury occupies the same position in orbit relative to the Sun, and the orientation of the planet remains the same. Mercury has no satellites. If they were, then during the formation of the planets they fell on protomercury. The mass of Mercury is almost 20 times less than the mass of the Earth (0.055M or 3.3 10 23 kg), and its density is almost the same as that of the Earth (5.43 g/cm3). The radius of the planet is 0.38R (2440 km). Mercury is smaller than some of the moons of Jupiter and Saturn.

Venus

The second planet from the Sun, has an almost circular orbit. It passes closer to Earth than any other planet.

But the dense, cloudy atmosphere does not allow you to directly see its surface. Atmosphere: CO 2 (97%), N2 (approx. 3%), H 2 O (0.05%), impurities CO, SO 2, HCl, HF. Thanks to the greenhouse effect, the surface temperature heats up to hundreds of degrees. The atmosphere, which is a thick blanket of carbon dioxide, traps heat coming from the Sun. This results in the temperature of the atmosphere being much higher than in the oven. Radar images show a very wide variety of craters, volcanoes and mountains. There are several very large volcanoes, up to 3 km high. and hundreds of kilometers wide. The outpouring of lava on Venus takes much longer than on Earth. The pressure at the surface is about 107 Pa. The surface rocks of Venus are similar in composition to terrestrial sedimentary rocks.
Finding Venus in the sky is easier than any other planet. Its dense clouds reflect sunlight well, making the planet bright in our sky. For a few weeks every seven months, Venus is the brightest object in the western sky in the evenings. Three and a half months later, it rises three hours earlier than the Sun, becoming the sparkling “morning star” of the eastern sky. Venus can be observed an hour after sunset or an hour before sunrise. Venus has no satellites.

Earth

Third from Sol ntsa planet. The speed of the Earth's revolution in an elliptical orbit around the Sun is 29.765 km/s. The inclination of the earth's axis to the ecliptic plane is 66 o 33 "22". The Earth has a natural satellite - the Moon. The Earth has a magnetic fieldIT and electric fields. The Earth was formed 4.7 billion years ago from gas dispersed in the protosolar system-dust substances. The composition of the Earth is dominated by: iron (34.6%), oxygen (29.5%), silicon (15.2%), magnesium (12.7%). The pressure in the center of the planet is 3.6 * 10 11 Pa, the density is about 12,500 kg/m 3, the temperature is 5000-6000 o C. Most of the timeThe surface is occupied by the World Ocean (361.1 million km 2; 70.8%); the land area is 149.1 million km 2 and forms six motherscoves and islands. It rises above the level of the world's oceans by an average of 875 meters (the highest altitude is 8848 meters - the city of Chomolungma). Mountains occupy 30% of the land, deserts cover about 20% of the land surface, savannas and woodlands - about 20%, forests - about 30%, glaciers - 10%. The average depth of the ocean is about 3800 meters, the greatest is 11022 meters (Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean), the volume of water is 1370 million km 3, the average salinity is 35 g/l. The Earth's atmosphere, the total mass of which is 5.15 * 10 15 tons, consists of air - a mixture of mainly nitrogen (78.1%) and oxygen (21%), the rest is water vapor, carbon dioxide, noble and other gases. About 3-3.5 billion years ago, as a result of the natural evolution of matter, life arose on Earth and the development of the biosphere began.

Mars

The fourth planet from the Sun, similar to Earth, but smaller and cooler. There are deep canyons on Mars,giant volcanoes and vast deserts. There are two small moons flying around the Red Planet, as Mars is also called: Phobos and Deimos. Mars is the next planet after the Earth, if you count from the Sun, and the only cosmic world besides the Moon that can already be reached with the help of modern rockets. For astronauts, this four-year journey could represent the next frontier in space exploration. Near the equator of Mars, in an area called Tharsis, there are volcanoes of colossal size. Tarsis is the name that astronomers gave to the hill, which has 400 km. wide and about 10 km. in height. There are four volcanoes on this plateau, each of which is simply gigantic compared to any volcano on earth. The largest volcano on Tharsis, Mount Olympus, rises 27 km above the surrounding area. About two-thirds of Mars' surface is mountainous, with many impact craters surrounded by rock debris. Near the volcanoes of Tharsis, a vast system of canyons snakes around the length of about a quarter of the equator. The Valles Marineris is 600 km wide, and its depth is such that Mount Everest would sink entirely to its bottom. Sheer cliffs rise thousands of meters, from the valley floor to the plateau above. In ancient times, there was a lot of water on Mars; large rivers flowed across the surface of this planet. There are ice caps at the South and North Poles of Mars. But this ice does not consist of water, but of frozen atmospheric carbon dioxide (freezes at a temperature of -100 o C). Scientists believe that surface water is stored in the form of ice blocks buried in the ground, especially in polar regions. Atmospheric composition: CO 2 (95%), N 2 (2.5%), Ar (1.5 - 2%), CO (0.06%), H 2 O (up to 0.1%); pressure at the surface is 5-7 hPa. In total, about 30 interplanetary space stations were sent to Mars.

Jupiter

The fifth planet from the Sun, the largest planet in the Solar System. Jupiter is not a rocky planet. Unlike the four rocky planets closest to the Sun, Jupiter is a gas ball. Atmospheric composition: H 2 (85%), CH 4, NH 3, He (14%). Jupiter's gas composition is very similar to the sun's. Jupiter is a powerful source of thermal radio emission. Jupiter has 16 satellites (Adrastea, Metis, Amalthea, Thebe, Io, Lysithea, Elara, Ananke, Karme, Pasiphae, Sinope, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto, Leda, Himalia), as well as a ring 20,000 km wide, almost closely adjacent to planet. Jupiter's rotation speed is so high that the planet bulges along the equator. In addition, this rapid rotation causes very strong winds in the upper atmosphere, where clouds stretch out into long, colorful ribbons. There are a very large number of vortex spots in the clouds of Jupiter. The largest of them, the so-called Great Red Spot, is larger than the Earth. The Great Red Spot is a huge storm in Jupiter's atmosphere that has been observed for 300 years. Inside the planet, under enormous pressure, hydrogen turns from a gas into a liquid, and then from a liquid into a solid. At a depth of 100 km. there is a boundless ocean of liquid hydrogen. Below 17,000 km. hydrogen is compressed so tightly that its atoms are destroyed. And then it begins to behave like metal; in this state it easily conducts electricity. The electric current flowing in metallic hydrogen creates a strong magnetic field around Jupiter.

Saturn

The sixth planet from the Sun has an amazing ring system. Due to its rapid rotation around its axis, Saturn seems to be flattened at the poles. Wind speeds at the equator reach 1800 km/h. The width of Saturn's rings is 400,000 km, but they are only a few tens of meters thick. The inner parts of the rings rotate around Saturn faster than the outer ones. The rings are primarily made up of billions of small particles, each orbiting Saturn as its own microscopic satellite. These "micro-satellites" are likely made of water ice or rocks covered in ice. Their size ranges from a few centimeters to tens of meters. There are also larger objects in the rings - stone blocks and fragments up to hundreds of meters in diameter. The gaps between the rings arise under the influence of the gravitational forces of seventeen moons (Hyperion, Mimas, Tethys, Titan, Enceladus, etc.), which cause the rings to split. The composition of the atmosphere includes: CH 4, H 2, He, NH 3.

Uranus

Seventh from Sun planet. It was discovered in 1781 by the English astronomer William Herschel, and named after Greek about the sky god Uranus. The orientation of Uranus in space differs from the other planets of the Solar System - its axis of rotation lies, as it were, “on its side” relative to the plane of rotation of this planet around the Sun. The axis of rotation is inclined at an angle of 98 o. As a result, the planet faces the Sun alternately with the north pole, the south, the equator, and the middle latitudes. Uranus has more than 27 satellites (Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, Oberon, Cordelia, Ophelia, Bianca, Cressida, Desdemona, Juliet, Portia, Rosalind, Belinda, Peck, etc.) and a system of rings. At the center of Uranus is a core made of rock and iron. The composition of the atmosphere includes: H 2, He, CH 4 (14%).

Neptune

E Its orbit intersects with Pluto's orbit in some places. The equatorial diameter is the same as that of Uranus, although ra Neptune is located 1627 million km further from Uranus (Uranus is located 2869 million km from the Sun). Based on these data, we can conclude that this planet could not be noticed in the 17th century. One of the striking achievements of science, one of the evidence of the unlimited cognition of nature was the discovery of the planet Neptune through calculations - “at the tip of a pen.” Uranus, the planet next to Saturn, which for many centuries was considered the most distant planet, was discovered by W. Herschel at the end of the 18th century. Uranus is hardly visible to the naked eye. By the 40s of the XIX century. accurate observations have shown that Uranus deviates barely noticeably from the path it should follow, taking into account the disturbances from all the known planets. Thus, the theory of the movement of celestial bodies, so strict and accurate, was put to the test. Le Verrier (in France) and Adams (in England) suggested that if disturbances from the known planets do not explain the deviation in the movement of Uranus, it means that the attraction of an as yet unknown body acts on it. They almost simultaneously calculated where behind Uranus there should be an unknown body producing these deviations with its attraction. They calculated the orbit of the unknown planet, its mass and indicated the place in the sky where the unknown planet should have been located at that time. This planet was found through a telescope at the place they indicated in 1846. It was named Neptune. Neptune is not visible to the naked eye. On this planet, winds blow at speeds of up to 2400 km/h, directed against the rotation of the planet. These are the strongest winds in the solar system.
Atmospheric composition: H 2, He, CH 4. Has 6 satellites (one of them is Triton).
Neptune is the god of the seas in Roman mythology.

The material was prepared based on information from open sources

The solar system is a system of planets that includes its center, the Sun, as well as other objects in space. They revolve around the Sun. Until recently, “planet” was the name given to 9 objects in space that revolve around the Sun. Scientists have now established that beyond the boundaries of the solar system there are planets that orbit stars.

In 2006, the Union of Astronomers proclaimed that the planets of the solar system are spherical space objects revolving around the Sun. On the scale of the solar system, the Earth appears extremely small. In addition to the Earth, eight planets revolve around the Sun in their individual orbits. All of them are larger than the Earth in size. Rotate in the plane of the ecliptic.

Planets in the Solar System: types

Location of the terrestrial group in relation to the Sun

The first planet is Mercury, followed by Venus; Next comes our Earth and, finally, Mars.
Terrestrial planets do not have many satellites or moons. Of these four planets, only Earth and Mars have satellites.

Planets that belong to the terrestrial group are highly dense and consist of metal or stone. Basically, they are small and rotate around their axis. Their rotation speed is also low.

Gas giants

These are the four space objects that are at the greatest distance from the Sun: Jupiter is at No. 5, followed by Saturn, then Uranus and Neptune.

Jupiter and Saturn are impressively sized planets made of hydrogen and helium compounds. The density of gas planets is low. They rotate at high speeds, have satellites and are surrounded by rings of asteroids.
The “ice giants,” which include Uranus and Neptune, are smaller; their atmospheres contain methane and carbon monoxide.

Gas giants have a strong gravitational field, so they can attract many cosmic objects, unlike the terrestrial group.

According to scientists, asteroid rings are the remains of moons changed by the gravitational field of the planets.

Dwarf planet

Dwarfs are space objects whose size does not reach the size of a planet, but exceeds the size of an asteroid. There are a great many such objects in the Solar System. They are concentrated in the Kuiper belt region. The satellites of the gas giants are dwarf planets that have left their orbit.

Planets of the Solar System: the process of emergence

According to the cosmic nebula hypothesis, stars are born in clouds of dust and gas, in nebulae.
Due to the force of attraction, substances come together. Under the influence of the concentrated force of gravity, the center of the nebula contracts and stars form. Dust and gases transform into rings. The rings rotate under the influence of gravity, and planetsimals are formed in the whirlpools, which increase in size and attract cosmetic objects to themselves.

Under the influence of gravity, planetsimals are compressed and acquire spherical shapes. The spheres can unite and gradually turn into protoplanets.

There are eight planets within the solar system. They revolve around the Sun. Their location is as follows:
The closest “neighbor” of the Sun is Mercury, followed by Venus, followed by the Earth, then Mars and Jupiter, further from the Sun are Saturn, Uranus and the last one, Neptune.