1 point question mark and exclamation mark ellipsis. Functions of punctuation marks

FUNCTIONS OF PUNCTION MARKS

Punctuation is an important means of formatting written speech. Punctuation marks indicate semantic , structural and intonation division of speech. It is known that punctuation marks not only organize written text to facilitate its perception by the reader, but also directly convey part of the information contained in the text. In particular, sometimes punctuation, by eliminating ambiguity, serves as the only available means of choosing the correct interpretation of the text.

According to its functions First of all, the signs are different separating (dividing)(period; question mark, exclamation mark, comma, semicolon, colon, dash, ellipsis) and highlighting (two commas, two dashes, parentheses, quotation marks).

ellipses

An ellipsis can be a "pause" in the unfolding of a sentence and can end a sentence.

The ellipsis, along with the general separating function, has a number of specific, varied meanings, which most often reflect the emotional coloring of speech.

The ellipsis conveys understatement, reticence, interruption of thought, and often its difficulty caused by great emotional stress.

An ellipsis can convey the significance of what was said, indicate subtext, hidden meaning.

With the help of ellipsis, the author, as it were, signals the reader about his feelings, impressions, asks to pay attention to the next word or the previous one, to what is written (to unexpected or particularly important information), conveys the hero’s excitement, etc.

An ellipsis is a punctuation mark in the form of three dots placed side by side. In most cases it indicates an unfinished thought or pause.

Morphology is a branch of grammar that studies parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, verbs, etc.) and their forms. You can’t do without knowing the parts of speech in the Russian language.

Firstly, a person’s written literacy depends on knowledge of parts of speech, because many spelling rules are based on the ability to determine the part of speech of a specific word. For example, the use of a soft sign at the end of a word after a sibilant depends primarily on what part of speech the word is. If this is a noun of the 3rd declension, then “b” is written at the end (daughter, luxury, etc.), and if it is, say, a short adjective, then “b” is not written (mighty, dense). Or the noun “burn” is written with the vowel “o” after the sibilant at the root, and the verb “burn” is written with the vowel “e”.

Secondly, knowledge of parts of speech forms a person’s punctuation literacy. For example, such a part of speech as an interjection (oh, ah, well, etc.) is always highlighted in writing with commas.

Thus, morphology is a very important section of the science of language.

About combinations of punctuation marks

§ 198. When a comma and a dash meet, the comma is placed first, and then the dash, for example:

Sholokhov

Note. If after the dash there are words that are separated by commas according to existing rules (for example, introductory words), then the first comma is omitted, for example:

Pine, spruce, fir, cedar - in a word, all species of coniferous trees are found in the Siberian taiga.

§ 199. Closing quotation marks are not preceded by a period, comma, semicolon, colon, or dash. All these signs are placed only after quotation marks, for example:

M. Gorky

§ 200. Question marks, exclamation marks and ellipsis are placed before the closing quotation marks if they refer only to the words enclosed in quotation marks, but after the closing quotation marks if they refer to the entire sentence together with the words separated by quotation marks, for example:

M. Gorky

Lermontov

Are “reviews” necessary now?

Belinsky

Note 1. If there is a question mark, exclamation mark, or ellipsis before the closing quotation marks, then the same marks are not repeated after the quotation marks; unequal characters, if they are required due to the nature of the corresponding parts of the text, can be placed before and after the closing quotation marks, for example:

Have you read Chernyshevsky’s novel “What is to be done?”

The drama club is preparing to stage the play “Into Battle!” Why do you say: “No matter how it is!”?

Note 2. If at the beginning or at the end of a quotation (the same applies to direct speech) there are internal and external quotation marks, then they should differ from each other in design (the so-called “herringbones” and “petals”), and the external quotation marks should not be omitted, For example:

From on board the ship they radioed: “Leningrad has entered the tropics and is continuing on its course.”

About Zhukovsky, Belinsky writes: “Contemporaries of Zhukovsky’s youth looked at him primarily as an author of ballads, and in one of his letters Batyushkov called him a “balladeer.”

§ 201. Do not precede an opening or closing parenthesis with a comma, semicolon, colon or dash; all these signs are placed only after the closing bracket, for example:

Turgenev

Belinsky

Turgenev

§ 202. A period, question marks, exclamation marks and ellipses are placed before the closing bracket if they refer only to the words enclosed in brackets, but after the closing bracket if they refer to the entire sentence along with the words enclosed in parentheses, for example:

Turgenev

L. Tolstoy

Note. After a quotation followed in parentheses by a reference to the author and the source, the period is omitted and placed after the reference outside the brackets, for example:

I remembered the words of Bazarov: “Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and man is a worker in it” (Turgenev).

§ 203. The closing parenthesis that ends a sentence is followed by the punctuation mark required by the sentence as a whole, regardless of what character may appear before the closing parenthesis, for example:

Pushkin

Note. When there are internal and external brackets at the end of a sentence, it is allowed, if necessary, to use brackets of different designs (round and square).

As you know, human speech is emotional. However, written speech is not able to convey the emotionality of spoken language. For emotional enhancement and better perception of textual information, the following punctuation marks are accepted in Russian typography:

« ? » - question mark. Placed at the end of a sentence instead of a period to express a question or doubt.

« ! » - exclamation mark. Placed at the end of a sentence instead of a period to express joy, delight, amazement, etc. In addition, the exclamation mark is used when addressing someone (“Comrades!”, “Gentlemen!”), as well as to indicate an imperative mood or giving a command (“Stop!”, “Danger!”).

« !!! » - It can be used instead of an exclamation mark to indicate the highest degree of emotionality of the relationship.

« ?! » - exclamation question. Placed at the end of a sentence instead of a period to express a question, when the question must be emphasized emotionally.

« !.. » - exclamation mark-ellipsis. Unlike the ellipsis punctuation mark, only two dots are placed after the exclamation mark, not three.

« (!) » - . An unorthographic punctuation mark that is widely used in print. A common use is to draw attention to the absurdity of a quote or statement. In professional printing, on the contrary, it is used to draw attention to particularly important points in the text. Used within a sentence, immediately after the text to which it relates. NOT the end of a sentence.

« (?) “- unfortunately, I don’t know the name of this sign. Also, an unorthographic sign used during reviewing to express bewilderment or disagreement with the stated thought, idea, quote.

We draw attention to typical errors in the use of question marks and exclamation marks:

1. Before the signs " ? », « ! », « ?! », « !!! », « !.. " there is never a space. Recording “Hello!!! How are you?" - incorrect, correct writing: “Hello!!! How are you?"

2. After the signs " ? », « ! », « ?! », « !!! », « !.. " is always followed by a space. There are objective reasons that prevent us from putting a space, for example, limiting the number of characters (SMS, Twitter). But there is no such restriction in blogs and diaries, so be literate.

3. Signs " (!) " And " (?) " are not punctuation marks; they are subject to the rules as if they were a sentence word. They are always preceded by a space. If satirical exclamation point ends a phrase, followed by a punctuation mark.

4. The following spelling options for combinations of exclamation and question marks are not available in Russian and only emphasize the author’s illiteracy:
« ?? », « !? », « !! », « ?!?! “, - I think there are other options, which make no sense to list.

Separating punctuation marks- This those punctuation marks whose function is to separate syntactic structures or their parts from each other. The simplest example of separating punctuation marks is period, question and exclamation marks, ellipsis.

Separating punctuation marks are divided into two large blocks- This end of sentence marks And signs within a sentence.

End of sentence marks as it is not difficult to guess, they are placed at the end of a sentence. But even here you should remember about the peculiarities of the intonation design of each individual sentence. It’s not difficult to put a period; it’s more difficult to determine “by ear” where it is necessary to put a question or exclamation mark or even a colon.

Dot indicates the non-exclamation of a declarative or incentive sentence:

The river sleeps quietly. The quiet forest makes no noise. The nightingale does not sing. And the twitcher (bird, also known as crake) does not scream. (S. Yesenin);

Let there be no deaf and hard souls . (A. Yashin).

Question mark speaks about the interrogative nature of the statement: What does a grain dream of in winter in damp soil? ? (N. Krasilnikova)

Exclamation mark indicates increased emotionality and expressiveness of the statement: Of course, about the sun, of course, about the warmth ! (N. Krasilnikova).

Ellipsis shows us that a sentence is characterized by incompleteness or interruption of utterance: An hour passed, two, three … (I. Turgenev).

Signs within a sentence more “complex” because they obey many rules. Here you should know not only the general provisions of the rule, but also the exceptions to it. Within sentences there may be period, question and exclamation marks, ellipsis, comma, semicolon, colon, dash.

Dot, surprisingly, also occurs inside a sentence: this happens when the sentence contains abbreviated spellings of words - etc.(and others), etc.(and so on), etc.(and the like), and under.(and similar) so-called(so-called) etc.

Question mark occurs in interrogative sentences with homogeneous members, where there is a need to divide the question: What do I care? ? before them ? to the whole universe ? (A. Griboyedov). Also, a question mark inside a sentence is used to express doubt or bewilderment of the writer (the construction with a question mark in this case is placed in brackets): Art. Fedorov states: “All listeners are completely ( ? ) agreed with my conclusions"(K. Chukovsky).

Exclamation mark used in the following cases:

1) in exclamatory sentences with homogeneous members to indicate emotional intermittency of speech: Rejected everything: laws ! conscience ! faith ! (A. Griboyedov);

2) after word-sentences, addresses or interjections pronounced with exclamatory intonation: StariTo! I have heard many times that you saved me from death(M. Lermontov);

3) in parentheses to express the writer’s irony, surprise or indignation at the conveyed thought: After the liberation of the city, Svyatopolk was in the princely residence, when suddenly ( ! ) Grand Duke Vladimir died(A. Rogalev).

Ellipsis are used when quoting (before the beginning of the quote, in the middle or after it) to indicate an omission in the quoted text: « ... cruel radiation … causes mutations … » (L. Gumilev).

Comma used between homogeneous members of a sentence: The aspen will chill , trembles in the wind , getting cold in the sun , freezes in the heat(I. Tokmakova), as well as between parts of a complex sentence: Whisper , timid breathing , nightingale trills , silver and the swaying of a sleepy stream , night light , night shadows , endless shadows , a series of magical changes to a cute face(A. Fet).

Semicolon we can find between the parts of a complex non-union sentence: The bay is sleeping, bound by some spirit, there is no wind, dew lies in the grass ; the full month, as if enchanted, trembles high and joyfully(K. Sluchevsky).

Colon used between parts of a complex non-conjunctive sentence: Hunger is not a thing : won't slip a pie(proverb), as well as before homogeneous members of a sentence after a generalizing word: Everything thundered : and floor, and ceiling, and furniture(A. Chekhov).

Dash most often found in complex non-union sentences, between the parts of which relations of inference, time, conditions, etc. are established. In addition, a dash is used between the subject and predicate in the place of the zero connective, after homogeneous members of the sentence before the generalizing word, between members of the sentence to express surprise or oppositions, when one of the members of a sentence is omitted, etc.:

They give – take it, they beat you – run(proverb);

Everything is obedient to me, I – no one(A. Pushkin).

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Ellipsis(ellipsis, from the Greek ellipsis - empty) - an independent typographical sign, a type of outlining, consisting of three dots in a row, used to indicate hidden meaning, features of oral speech (sigh, pause, thoughtfulness), understatement or to exclude certain words from the text , for example when quoting.

The ellipsis can be horizontal, vertical and diagonal.

Once again I would like to emphasize that the ellipsis is a separate, independent typographical sign and, be that as it may, it differs from three dots. In this case, the ellipsis can be formed by both an exclamation mark and a question mark.
What is the difference between the ellipsis and the three dots that led to its appearance? When you type three dots, they seem to merge into one continuous line, so that this does not happen, the dots begin to bounce off each other with additional spaces. Thus, the set began to look more even and pleasing to the eye. This is the eternal “struggle” between display fonts and text ones: a text font always strives for a flat gray, as if trying to turn into a ribbon, and a display font, on the contrary, tries to be as bright and unusual as possible, to invigorate the line in order to attract the reader’s eye.

Technical information

To prevent the points in the ellipsis from merging into a solid line, they move away from each other (the distance between the points increases). The exception is monospace fonts, where each character has the same width, i.e. An ellipsis fits into one character and becomes shorter, and three dots, respectively, into three characters! But this means that when typing in a monospaced font, you need to use punctuation marks based on their future fate: if these are texts for a site that is most likely not designed in a monospaced font, then you should use ellipses, and if comments in the code - three dots.

Has UTF code 2026. HTML codes & hellip; and and ASCII code 133 (Alt+0133)

Historical background

Ellipsis has been used since BC. and it is not possible and not necessary in the context of this article to name the exact dates of the appearance of this symbol. Ellipses were used back in Ancient Greece to replace “what is already clear to everyone,” for example, an ellipsis could end the phrase “don’t poke your nose into someone else’s business,” like this: “don’t poke your nose...”. This is the most primitive example; you can come up with an analogy yourself. Also, the Greeks and Romans used ellipsis in syntactic constructions that looked incomplete and in constructions determined by the peculiarities of Latin.
But even understandable constructions with ellipses, if combined multiple times, turn into a bunch of incoherent words that have no boundaries. This is what Quintilian (Quintilianus, in Latin) spoke about in his writings, calling for the use of ellipsis only in those cases where “everything is already clear”! This, naturally, caused controversy: how to figure out where it is clear and where it is not. I would like to repeat that these problems were caused, in many respects, by the peculiarities of the language and are characteristic of the European community, but not the Russian one; the Russian language is distinguished by linguistic constructions.

Karamzin was the first to use ellipses in Russia in the 18th century. And initially it was used as an artistic device, mainly in prose, to express the emotional component, and only then migrated to ordinary texts as a symbol of understatement and incompleteness, intermittency, etc.
Finally, the prelude is over and we can get down to the real issues of using ellipsis in practice. Hooray!

Rules of use

When is ellipsis used?

To display speech pauses (even in the middle of words):

To indicate that the beginning or end of a quotation is not the same as the beginning or end of a sentence in the quoted text, for example:
Pushkin, assessing all his predecessors, wrote: “...Some of Derzhavin’s odes, despite the irregularity of the language and the unevenness of the syllable, are filled with impulses of genius...”.

To indicate a gap within a quotation, for example:
Marx wrote that “language... is practical, existing for other people and only thereby existing also for myself, real consciousness.”

At the beginning of a text or sentence in order to reflect the confusion of thought, or a large time interval separating the sentence from the previous one.
“...Wa... wa... wa... your Excellency,” Popov whispered.

In places where the ending of the phrase is generally known, for example:
“Who are you going to hang out with…”
"We wanted the best..."

To indicate intervals (along with the dash and division sign ÷)
+7…+9С
15…19 kilograms

In mathematics

To skip numbers in a sequence:
1 + 2 + 3 +…+ 10

To write periodic fractions or transcendental numbers:
1/3 = 0,33333333…
Pi = 3.14159…

In Runet

To display a continuing list of pages, for example in search results, it is sometimes formatted as a link:
… 2 3 4 5 6 7…
1…15 16 17

As a list of element numbers displayed on the current page or the following in the page navigation list:
1…15 16…30 31…45

Terms of use

How to use it correctly?

An ellipsis is separated from the next word by a space and is not separated from the previous word:
There is darkness all around... and only small lights of the city in the distance...
When both an ellipsis and a comma occur in the same place, the comma is absorbed by the ellipsis:
My work... but, however, let's not talk about it.
When both an ellipsis and a question or exclamation mark occur in the same place, they are combined using a question or exclamation point:
Well, what are you thinking again?..
In this case, the distance between the question mark and the period should be reduced. And if there is an exclamation-question mark, then one dot is added!
Yes, how long can you dig, after all?!
In direct speech, if there is a dash after an ellipsis, then it (the dash) is not separated by a space from the ellipsis:
“Have you thought?..Are you sure?..” she said in a weakened voice.
If there are quotes or parentheses after the ellipsis, they are not separated by a space from the ellipsis:
He said: “I don’t understand your words...”
If an ellipsis appears in a title that is on a separate line, then, like exclamation and question marks, it is not omitted. It is worth noting that the dot is omitted in this case.
In search of the truth...
or
Will Microsoft Buy Yahoo...
If an ellipsis is at the beginning of a sentence, it is not separated by a space:
...The night passed and the first rays of the sun began to play on the tops of the trees.
When typing into a placeholder, the spaces between the ellipsis and the previous word must remain unchanged:
From a new point of view... and from a new point of view...
and not
Again... and again...
In number intervals, ellipses are not separated by spaces:
1…3
+29…+31
If the quotation is not given in full, then the omission is indicated by an ellipsis, which is placed:
- before the quotation (after the opening quotation marks), which is not syntactically related to the author’s text, to indicate that the quotation is not given from the beginning of the sentence: L. N. Tolstoy wrote:
  “...in art, simplicity, brevity and clarity are the highest perfection of the art form, which is achieved only with great talent and great work”;
- in the middle of a quotation, when part of the text inside it is missing:
  Speaking about the merits of the language of folk poetry, the speaker recalled: “It is no coincidence that our Russian classics... recommended reading fairy tales, listening to folk speech, studying proverbs, reading writers who possess all the richness of Russian speech”;
- after the quotation (before the closing quotation marks), when the quoted sentence is not fully quoted:
  Speaking in defense of the culture of oral speech, Chekhov wrote: “In essence, for an intelligent person, speaking poorly should be considered the same indecency as not being able to read and write...”
A quotation ending with an ellipsis is followed by a period if the quotation is not an independent sentence:
M.V. Lomonosov wrote that “the beauty, splendor, strength and richness of the Russian language is evident from the books written in past centuries...”.
If large parts of the text or entire sentences are cut out when quoting, it is customary to surround the ellipsis with angle brackets:
The article was sharp, sharp, but although Pushkin, when starting the publication of the magazine, did not at all “seek to aggravate the journal controversy<…>, but Pushkin appreciated Gogol’s article and accepted it into the first issue, advising the author to soften the harshest expressions.” quote taken from