1097 - First congress of princes in Lyubech
1147 - The first chronicle mention of Moscow
1188 - Approximate date of appearance " Words about Igor's Campaign »
1206 - Proclamation of Temujin as the “Great Khan” of the Mongols and his adoption of the name Genghis Khan
1237-1238 — Invasion of Khan Batu in North-Eastern Rus'
1240 July 15 - Victory of the Novgorod prince Alexander Yaroslavich over the Swedish knights on the river. Neve
1327 - uprising against the Mongol-Tatars in Tver
1382 - Campaign to Moscow by Khan Tokhtamysh
1471 - Ivan III's campaign against Novgorod. Battle on the river Sheloni
1480 - “Standing” on the river. Eel. The end of the Tatar-Mongol yoke.
1510 - Pskov annexed to Moscow
1565-1572 — Oprichnina
1589 - Establishment of the patriarchate in Moscow
1606 - Uprising in Moscow and murder of False Dmitry I
1607 - Beginning of the intervention of False Dmitry II
1609-1618 — Open Polish-Swedish intervention
1611 September-October - Creation of a militia led by Minin and Pozharsky in Nizhny Novgorod
1648 - Uprising in Moscow - " Salt riot »
1649 - “Conciliar Code” of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich
1649-1652 — Erofey Khabarov’s campaigns to the Daurian land along the Amur
1652 - Nikon’s consecration as patriarch
1670-1671 — Peasant war led by S. Razin
1682 - Abolition of localism
1695-1696 — Azov campaigns of Peter I
1812 - Invasion of Napoleon's Grand Army into Russia. Patriotic War
1814 September 19 -1815 May 28 - Congress of Vienna
1839-1843 — Monetary reform of Count E. f. Kankrina
1865 - Military judicial reform
1874 spring - The first mass “going to the people” of revolutionary populists
1875 April 25 - St. Petersburg Treaty between Russia and Japan (on South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands)
1881 March 1 - Assassination of Alexander II by revolutionary populists
1906 November 9 - Beginning of agrarian reforms P.A. Stolypin
1930 - Beginning of complete collectivization
1939 November 30 - 1940 March 12 - Soviet-Finnish War
1941 June 22 - Attack of Nazi Germany and its allies on the USSR. Beginning of the Great Patriotic War
1945 May 8 - Act of unconditional surrender of Germany. Victory of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War
1975 July 30 - August 1 - Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (Helsinki). Signing of the Final Act by 33 European countries, the USA and Canada
1990 May 1-June 12 - Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR. Declaration of State Sovereignty of Russia
1991 December 8 - Signing in Minsk by the leaders of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus of the agreement on the “Commonwealth of Independent States” and the dissolution of the USSR
Over the course of several centuries, Rus' experienced ups and downs, but eventually became a kingdom with its capital in Moscow.
Brief periodization
The history of Rus' began in 862, when the Viking Rurik arrived in Novgorod, proclaimed prince in this city. Under his successor, the political center moved to Kyiv. With the onset of fragmentation in Rus', several cities immediately began to argue with each other for the right to become the main one in the East Slavic lands.
This feudal period was interrupted by the invasion of the Mongol hordes and the established yoke. In extremely difficult conditions of devastation and constant wars, Moscow became the main Russian city, which finally united Rus' and made it independent. In the XV - XVI centuries this name became a thing of the past. It was replaced by the word “Russia”, adopted in the Byzantine manner.
In modern historiography, there are several points of view on the question of when feudal Rus' became a thing of the past. Most often, researchers believe that this happened in 1547, when Prince Ivan Vasilyevich took the title of Tsar.
The emergence of Rus'
The ancient united Rus', whose history began in the 9th century, appeared after Novgorod captured Kyiv in 882 and made this city his capital. During this era, the East Slavic tribes were divided into several tribal unions (Polyans, Dregovichi, Krivichi, etc.). Some of them were at enmity with each other. The inhabitants of the steppes also paid tribute to the hostile foreigners, the Khazars.
Unification of Rus'
Northeastern or Great Rus' became the center of the struggle against the Mongols. This confrontation was led by the princes of small Moscow. At first they were able to obtain the right to collect taxes from all Russian lands. Thus, part of the money ended up in the Moscow treasury. When he gained enough strength, Dmitry Donskoy found himself in open confrontation with the Golden Horde khans. In 1380, his army defeated Mamai.
But even despite this success, Moscow rulers periodically paid tribute for another century. Only after 1480 was the yoke finally thrown off. At the same time, under Ivan III, almost all Russian lands, including Novgorod, were united around Moscow. In 1547, his grandson Ivan the Terrible took the title of Tsar, which marked the end of the history of princely Rus' and the beginning of a new Tsarist Russia.
2-4 million years - the beginning of the separation of humans from the animal world (the use of sticks and stones by Australopithecines).
X-III millennium BC – Neolithic revolution.
III millennium BC – 476 AD – the era of the most ancient civilizations (states).
776 BC – the first Olympic Games in Ancient Greece.
773 BC - According to legend, Rome was founded by the brothers Romulus and Remus.
594 BC – reforms of the Athenian archon Solon, the first known reforms in human history.
336-323 BC – the reign and military campaigns of Alexander the Great.
395-1453 – Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium
476 – fall of the Roman Empire, transition from ancient history to the history of the Middle Ages.
800 – Coronation of Charlemagne in Rome.
862 – the beginning of ancient Russian statehood, the Rurik dynasty (862-1598).
988 – adoption of Christianity by Ancient Russia under Vladimir I (980-1015).
1054 – split of Christianity into Catholicism and Orthodoxy.
1147 – foundation of Moscow.
1206-1242 – Mongol military expansion under the leadership of Genghis Khan and his successors.
1243-1480 - Mongol-Tatar yoke over Russian lands.
1480 – “standing on the Ugra”, the end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke.
1517 – the beginning of the Reformation after the theses of Martin Luther.
1547 - coronation of Ivan IV Vasilyevich into the kingdom, the beginning of reforms in the Moscow state.
1605-1613 – Time of Troubles in Russia (1613-1917 – reign of the Romanov dynasty).
1649 – legal registration of serfdom in Russia by the Council Code.
1640-1688 – English bourgeois revolution.
1682-1725 – reign of Peter the Great (emperor since 1721).
1703 – foundation of the city of St. Petersburg.
1776 – declaration of independence of the United States of America.
1789-1799 – French bourgeois revolution.
1812, September 7 - Battle of Borodino, the decisive battle of the Patriotic War of 1812 against Napoleon.
1861-1865 - American Civil War.
1871 – completion of the unification of Germany.
1929-1933 – global economic crisis.
1933 – A. Hitler’s rise to power, the “new course” of F.D. Roosevelt.
1992-1998 – radical socio-economic reforms in Russia.
1993 – creation of the European Union.
2008-2011 – global economic crisis.
Literature for the entire textbook.
* Vasiliev L.S. General History: (textbook: 6 volumes). - M.: Higher School, 2007.
* History of international relations: main stages from antiquity to the present day: textbook. - M.: Logos, 2007.
* History of Russia: from ancient times to the beginning of the 21st century (textbook). Under. ed. member-corr. RAS A.N. Sakharov.- M.: AST: Astrel; Vladimir: VKT, 2009.
* History of mankind: (in 8 volumes). - Ed. Z.Ya. De Laata.- Paris, UNESCO; M.: MAGISTR-PRESS, 2003.
* Krasnyak O.A. World History: (a unified idea of the patterns of historical development of the countries of the West and East from ancient times to the present day). - M.: URSS: Publishing House LKI, 2008.
* Domestic history: Textbook for technical universities / Ed. V.V. Fortunatova. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2005.
* Platova E.E., Ovodenko A.A. History of foreign economic relations in questions and answers. – St. Petersburg, 2005.
* Sadokhin A.P. History of world culture: textbook for universities. - M.: Unity, 2010.
* Wells G.D. General history of world civilization. - 2nd ed. - M.: Eksmo, 2007.
* Fortunatov V.V. Domestic history: Textbook for humanitarian universities. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2007.
* Fortunatov V.V. Codes of national history. A manual for tested graduates (USE), applicants and university students. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2009.
* Fortunatov V.V. Russian history in faces. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2009.
* Fortunatov V.V. Russian history in aphorisms. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2010.
* Fortunatov V.V. History of world civilizations. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2011.
* Yakovlev I.A. History of humanity: the history of relations between man and nature as a civilizational process. - St. Petersburg: Aletheya, 2006.
Dvornichenko A. Yu. Russian history from ancient times to the fall of autocracy. Textbook.- M.: Publishing house “Ves Mir”, 2010- P.172.
Both victories of Alexander Nevsky are included in the list of Days of Military Glory of Russia, which is officially approved by the Russian government.
It seems noteworthy that during the RTR television project “Name of Russia” in 2008, Alexander Nevsky took first place among Russian television viewers.
Some authors believe that taking the Bastille was not a big deal and the warden was executed for no reason. But other French people and others believe that the revolution began with a beautiful and symbolic action.
Konotopov M.V., Smetanin S.I. History of the Russian economy. M.: Paleotype: Logos, 2004. pp. 51-52.
Mironov B.N. Social history of Russia during the imperial period (XVIII-early XX centuries): Genesis of the individual, democratic family, civil society and the rule of law. SPb.: Dm. Bulanin, 1999. T. 1, 2. 548+ 566 p. 3rd ed. SPb.: Dm. Bulanin, 2003.
Dvornichenko A.Yu. Russian history from ancient times to the fall of the autocracy. - M.: Ves Mir, 2010. - P.447.
See: State Security of Russia: History and Modernity / Ed. ed. R. N. Baiguzina.- M.: “Russian Political Encyclopedia” (ROSSPEN), 2004.- P.507-514.
65 years of the Great Victory. In six volumes / Under the general editorship. S.E. Naryshkina, A.V. Torkunova-M.: "MGIMO-University", 2010.
See: Soviet foreign policy during the Cold War (1945-1985). New reading. M., 1995.- P. 210.
The secrecy has been removed. Losses of the Armed Forces of the USSR in wars, hostilities and military conflicts. Statistical research. M.: Military Publishing House, 1993. pp. 407–409.
The development of world history was not linear. At each stage there were events and periods that can be called “turning points.” They changed both geopolitics and people’s worldviews.
1. Neolithic revolution (10 thousand years BC - 2 thousand BC)
The term “Neolithic revolution” was introduced in 1949 by the English archaeologist Gordon Childe. Child called its main content the transition from an appropriating economy (hunting, gathering, fishing) to a producing economy (farming and cattle breeding). According to archaeological data, the domestication of animals and plants occurred at different times independently in 7-8 regions. The earliest center of the Neolithic revolution is considered to be the Middle East, where domestication began no later than 10 thousand years BC.
2. Creation of the Mediterranean civilization (4 thousand BC)
The Mediterranean region was the birthplace of the first civilizations. The appearance of the Sumerian civilization in Mesopotamia dates back to the 4th millennium BC. e. In the same 4th millennium BC. e. Egyptian pharaohs consolidated the lands in the Nile Valley, and their civilization quickly expanded across the Fertile Crescent to the eastern coast of the Mediterranean and beyond throughout the Levant. This made Mediterranean countries such as Egypt, Syria and Lebanon part of the cradle of civilization.
3. Great Migration of Peoples (IV-VII centuries)
The Great Migration of Peoples became a turning point in history, defining the transition from antiquity to the Middle Ages. Scientists are still arguing about the causes of the Great Migration, but its consequences turned out to be global.
Numerous Germanic (Franks, Lombards, Saxons, Vandals, Goths) and Sarmatian (Alans) tribes moved to the territory of the weakening Roman Empire. The Slavs reached the Mediterranean and Baltic coasts and settled part of the Peloponnese and Asia Minor. The Turks reached Central Europe, the Arabs began their campaigns of conquest, during which they conquered the entire Middle East to the Indus, North Africa and Spain.
4. Fall of the Roman Empire (5th century)
Two powerful blows - in 410 by the Visigoths and in 476 by the Germans - crushed the seemingly eternal Roman Empire. This jeopardized the achievements of ancient European civilization. The crisis of Ancient Rome did not come suddenly, but had been brewing from within for a long time. The military and political decline of the empire, which began in the 3rd century, gradually led to the weakening of centralized power: it could no longer manage the sprawling and multinational empire. The ancient state was replaced by feudal Europe with its new organizing center - the “Holy Roman Empire”. Europe plunged into the abyss of turmoil and discord for several centuries.
5. Schism of the church (1054)
In 1054, the final split of the Christian Church into Eastern and Western occurred. Its reason was the desire of Pope Leo IX to obtain territories that were subordinate to Patriarch Michael Cerullarius. The result of the dispute was mutual church curses (anathemas) and public accusations of heresy. The Western Church was called Roman Catholic (Roman Universal Church), and the Eastern Church was called Orthodox. The path to the Schism was long (almost six centuries) and began with the so-called Acacian schism of 484.
6. Little Ice Age (1312-1791)
The beginning of the Little Ice Age, which began in 1312, led to an entire environmental catastrophe. According to experts, during the period from 1315 to 1317, almost a quarter of the population died out in Europe due to the Great Famine. Hunger was a constant companion of people throughout the Little Ice Age. During the period from 1371 to 1791, there were 111 famine years in France alone. In 1601 alone, half a million people died in Russia from famine due to crop failures.
However, the Little Ice Age gave the world more than just famine and high mortality. It also became one of the reasons for the birth of capitalism. Coal became the source of energy. For its extraction and transportation, workshops with hired workers began to be organized, which became a harbinger of the scientific and technological revolution and the birth of a new formation of social organization - capitalism. Some researchers (Margaret Anderson) also associate the settlement of America with the consequences of the Little Ice Age - people came for a better life from "God-forsaken" Europe.
7. Age of Great Geographical Discoveries (XV-XVII centuries)
The Age of Great Geographical Discovery radically expanded the ecumene of humanity. In addition, it created the opportunity for the leading European powers to make the most of their overseas colonies, exploiting their human and natural resources and extracting fabulous profits from it. Some scholars also directly link the triumph of capitalism with transatlantic trade, which gave rise to commercial and financial capital.
8. Reformation (XVI-XVII centuries)
The beginning of the Reformation is considered to be the speech of Martin Luther, Doctor of Theology at the University of Wittenberg: on October 31, 1517, he nailed his “95 Theses” to the doors of the Wittenberg Castle Church. In them he spoke out against the existing abuses of the Catholic Church, in particular against the sale of indulgences.
The Reformation process gave rise to many so-called Protestant Wars, which seriously influenced the political structure of Europe. Historians consider the signing of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 to be the end of the Reformation.
9. The Great French Revolution (1789-1799)
The French Revolution, which broke out in 1789, not only transformed France from a monarchy into a republic, but also summed up the collapse of the old European order. Its slogan: “Freedom, equality, brotherhood” excited the minds of revolutionaries for a long time. The French Revolution not only laid the foundations for the democratization of European society - it appeared as a cruel machine of senseless terror, the victims of which were about 2 million people.
10. Napoleonic Wars (1799-1815)
Napoleon's irrepressible imperial ambitions plunged Europe into chaos for 15 years. It all started with the invasion of French troops in Italy, and ended with an inglorious defeat in Russia. Being a talented commander, Napoleon, nevertheless, did not disdain the threats and intrigues with which he subjugated Spain and Holland to his influence, and also convinced Prussia to join the alliance, but then unceremoniously betrayed its interests.
During the Napoleonic Wars, the Kingdom of Italy, the Grand Duchy of Warsaw and a number of other small territorial entities appeared on the map. The commander's final plans included the division of Europe between two emperors - himself and Alexander I, as well as the overthrow of Britain. But the inconsistent Napoleon himself changed his plans. The defeat in 1812 by Russia led to the collapse of Napoleonic plans in the rest of Europe. The Treaty of Paris (1814) returned France to its former 1792 borders.
11. Industrial revolution (XVII-XIX centuries)
The Industrial Revolution in Europe and the USA made it possible to move from an agricultural society to an industrial one over the course of only 3-5 generations. The invention of the steam engine in England in the second half of the 17th century is considered to be the conventional beginning of this process. Over time, steam engines began to be used in manufacturing, and then as a propulsion mechanism for steam locomotives and steamships.
The main achievements of the era of the Industrial Revolution can be considered the mechanization of labor, the invention of the first conveyors, machine tools, and the telegraph. The advent of railways was a huge step.
The Second World War took place on the territory of 40 countries, and 72 states took part in it. According to some estimates, 65 million people died in it. The war significantly weakened Europe's position in global politics and economics and led to the creation of a bipolar system in world geopolitics. Some countries were able to achieve independence during the war: Ethiopia, Iceland, Syria, Lebanon, Vietnam, Indonesia. In the countries of Eastern Europe occupied by Soviet troops, socialist regimes were established. World War II also led to the creation of the UN.
14. Scientific and technological revolution (mid-20th century)
The scientific and technological revolution, the onset of which is usually attributed to the middle of the last century, made it possible to automate production, entrusting the control and management of production processes to electronics. The role of information has seriously increased, which also allows us to talk about an information revolution. With the advent of rocket and space technology, human exploration of near-Earth space began.
Dates in Russian history
This section presents the most important dates in Russian history.
Brief chronology of Russian History.
- VI century n. e., from 530 - Great Migration of the Slavs. The first mention of the Ros/Russians
- 860 - the first Russian campaign against Constantinople
- 862 - The year to which the Tale of Bygone Years refers to the “calling of the Norman king” Rurik.
- 911 - The campaign of the Kyiv prince Oleg to Constantinople and the agreement with Byzantium.
- 941 - Campaign of the Kyiv prince Igor to Constantinople.
- 944 - Treaty of Igor with Byzantium.
- 945 - 946 - Submission of the Drevlyans to Kyiv
- 957 - Princess Olga's trip to Constantinople
- 964-966 — Svyatoslav’s campaigns against the Kama Bulgarians, Khazars, Yasses and Kasogs
- 967-971 — War of Prince Svyatoslav with Byzantium
- 988-990 — The beginning of the baptism of Rus'
- 1037 - Foundation of the Church of Sophia in Kyiv
- 1043 - Prince Vladimir's campaign against Byzantium
- 1045-1050 — Construction of the Temple of Sophia in Novgorod
- 1054-1073 — Presumably during this period “Pravda Yaroslavichy” appeared.
- 1056-1057 — “Ostromir Gospel”
- 1073 - “Izbornik” of Prince Svyatoslav Yaroslavich
- 1097 - First congress of princes in Lyubech
- 1100 - Second congress of princes in Uvetichi (Vitichev)
- 1116 - The Tale of Bygone Years appears in Sylvester's edition
- 1147 - The first chronicle mention of Moscow
- 1158-1160 — Construction of the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir-on-Klyazma
- 1169 - Capture of Kyiv by the troops of Andrei Bogolyubsky and his allies
- 1170 February 25 - Victory of the Novgorodians over the troops of Andrei Bogolyubsky and his allies
- 1188 - Approximate date of appearance of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”
- 1202 - Founding of the Order of the Sword (Livonian Order)
- 1206 - Proclamation of Temujin as the “Great Khan” of the Mongols and his adoption of the name Genghis Khan
- 1223 May 31 - Battle of Russian princes and Polovtsians on the river. Kalke
- 1224 - Capture of Yuryev (Tartu) by the Germans
- 1237 - Union of the Order of the Sword and the Teutonic Order
- 1237-1238 — Invasion of Khan Batu in North-Eastern Rus'
- 1238 March 4 - Battle of the river. City
- 1240 July 15 - Victory of the Novgorod prince Alexander Yaroslavich over the Swedish knights on the river. Neve
- 1240 December 6 (or November 19) - Capture of Kyiv by the Mongol-Tatars
- 1242 April 5 - “Battle of the Ice” on Lake Peipsi
- 1243 - Formation of the Golden Horde.
- 1262 - Uprising against the Mongol-Tatars in Rostov, Vladimir, Suzdal, Yaroslavl
- 1327 - uprising against the Mongol-Tatars in Tver
- 1367 - Construction of the stone Kremlin in Moscow
- 1378 - The first victory of Russian troops over the Tatars on the river. Vozhe
- 1380 September 8 - Battle of Kulikovo
- 1382 - Campaign to Moscow by Khan Tokhtamysh
- 1385 - Krevo Union of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania with Poland
- 1395 - Defeat of the Golden Horde by Timur (Tamerlane)
- 1410 July 15 - Battle of Grunwald. The raid of German knights by Polish-Lithuanian-Russian troops
- 1469-1472 — Travel of Afanasy Nikitin to India
- 1471 - Ivan III's campaign against Novgorod. Battle on the river Sheloni
- 1480 - “Standing” on the river. Eel. The end of the Tatar-Mongol yoke.
- 1484-1508 — Construction of the Moscow Kremlin. Construction of cathedrals and the Chamber of Facets
- 1507-1508, 1512-1522 — Wars of the Moscow State with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Return of Smolensk and Smolensk land
- 1510 - Pskov annexed to Moscow
- 1547 January 16 - Crowning of Ivan IV to the throne
- 1550 - Code of Law of Ivan the Terrible. Creation of the Streltsy army
- 1550 October 3 - Decree on the placement of the “chosen thousand” in the districts adjacent to Moscow
- 1551 - February-May - Hundred-Glavy Cathedral of the Russian Church
- 1552 - Capture of Kazan by Russian troops. Annexation of the Kazan Khanate
- 1556 - Astrakhan annexed to Russia
- 1558-1583 — Livonian War
- 1565-1572 — Oprichnina
- 1569 - Union of Lublin. Formation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
- 1582 January 15 - Truce of the Russian state with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in Zapolsky Yam
- 1589 - Establishment of the patriarchate in Moscow
- 1590-1593 — The war of the Russian state with Sweden
- 1591 May - Death of Tsarevich Dmitry in Uglich
- 1595 - Conclusion of the Tyavzin Peace with Sweden
- 1598 January 7 - Death of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich and the end of the Rurik dynasty
- October 1604 - Intervention of False Dmitry I into the Russian state
- 1605 June - Overthrow of the Godunov dynasty in Moscow. Accession of False Dmitry I
- 1606 - Uprising in Moscow and murder of False Dmitry I
- 1607 - Beginning of the intervention of False Dmitry II
- 1609-1618 — Open Polish-Swedish intervention
- 1611 March-April - Creation of a militia against the invaders
- 1611 September-October - Creation of a militia led by Minin and Pozharsky in Nizhny Novgorod
- 1612 October 26 - Capture of the Moscow Kremlin by the militia of Minin and Pozharsky
- 1613 - February 7-21 - Election of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the kingdom by the Zemsky Sobor
- 1633 - Death of Patriarch Filaret, father of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich
- 1648 - Uprising in Moscow - “Salt Riot”
- 1649 - “Conciliar Code” of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich
- 1649-1652 — Erofey Khabarov’s campaigns to the Daurian land along the Amur
- 1652 - Nikon’s consecration as patriarch
- 1653 - Zemsky Sobor in Moscow and the decision to reunite Ukraine with Russia
- 1654 January 8-9 - Pereyaslav Rada. Reunification of Ukraine with Russia
- 1654-1667 — Russia’s war with Poland over Ukraine
- 1667 January 30 - Truce of Andrusovo
- 1670-1671 — Peasant war led by S. Razin
- 1676-1681 — Russia’s war with Turkey and Crimea for Right Bank Ukraine
- 1681 January 3 - Truce of Bakhchisarai
- 1682 - Abolition of localism
- 1682 May - Streltsy uprising in Moscow
- 1686 - “Eternal Peace” with Poland
- 1687-1689 — Crimean campaigns, book. V.V. Golitsyna
- 1689 August 27 - Treaty of Nerchinsk with China
- 1689 September - Overthrow of Princess Sophia
- 1695-1696 — Azov campaigns of Peter I
- 1696 January 29 - death of Ivan V. Establishment of autocracy of Peter I
- 1697-1698 — “Great Embassy” of Peter I to Western Europe
- 1698 April-June - Streltsy riot
- 1699 December 20 - Decree on the introduction of a new calendar from January 1, 1700.
- 1700 July 13 - Truce of Constantinople with Turkey
- 1700-1721 — Northern War between Russia and Sweden
- 1700 - Death of Patriarch Adrian. Appointment of Stefan Yavorsky as locum tenens of the patriarchal throne
- 1700 November 19 - defeat of Russian troops near Narva
- 1703 - The first stock exchange in Russia (merchant meeting) in St. Petersburg
- 1703 - Publication of the textbook “Arithmetic” by Magnitsky
- 1707-1708 — Uprising on the Don by K. Bulavin
- 1709 June 27 - Defeat of Swedish troops at Poltava
- 1711 - Prut campaign of Peter I
- 1712 - Decree on the establishment of commercial and industrial companies
- 1714 March 23 - Decree on unified inheritance
- 1714 July 27 - Victory of the Russian fleet over the Swedish at Gangut
- 1721 August 30 - Peace of Nystad between Russia and Sweden
- 1721 October 22 - Acceptance of the imperial title by Peter I
- 1722 January 24 - Table of Ranks
- 1722-1723 — Persian campaign of Peter I
- 1724 January 28 - Decree on the establishment of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- 1725 January 28 - Death of Peter I
- 1726 February 8 - Establishment of the Supreme Privy Council
- 1727 May 6 - death of Catherine I
- 1730 January 19 - Death of Peter II
- 1731 - Cancellation of the decree on unified inheritance
- 1732 January 21 - Treaty of Rasht with Persia
- 1734 - “Treatise on Friendship and Commerce” between Russia and England
- 1735-1739 — Russian-Turkish War
- 1736 - Decree on the “eternal assignment” of artisans to manufactories
- 1740 from November 8 to 9 - Palace coup, overthrow of regent Biron. Announcement of Regent Anna Leopoldovna
- 1741-1743 — Russia's war with Sweden
- 1741 November 25 - Palace coup, installation of Elizabeth Petrovna on the throne by the guards
- 1743 June 16 - Peace of Abo with Sweden
- 1755 January 12 - Decree on the founding of Moscow University
- 1756 August 30 - Decree on the establishment of the Russian theater in St. Petersburg (F. Volkov’s troupe)
- 1759 August 1 (12) - Victory of Russian troops at Kunnersdorf
- 1760 September 28 - Capture of Berlin by Russian troops
- 1762 February 18 - Manifesto “On the Liberty of the Nobility”
- 1762 July 6 - Assassination of Peter III and accession to the throne of Catherine II
- 1764 - Establishment of the Smolny Institute in St. Petersburg
- 1764 from July 4 to 5 - Attempted coup by V.Ya. Mirovich. The murder of Ivan Antonovich in the Shlisselburg fortress
- 1766 - Annexation of the Aleutian Islands to Russia
- 1769 - First external loan in Amsterdam
- 1770 June 24-26 - Defeat of the Turkish fleet in Chesme Bay
- 1773-1775 — First section of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
- 1773-1775 — Peasant war led by E.I. Pugacheva
- 1774 July 10 - Kuchuk-Kainarzhi peace with Turkey
- 1783 - Annexation of Crimea to Russia 1785 April 21 - Charters granted to the nobility and cities
- 1787-1791 — Russian-Turkish War
- 1788-1790 - Russian-Swedish War 1791 December 29 - Peace of Iasi with Turkey
- 1793 - Second partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
- 1794 - Polish uprising under the leadership of T. Kosciuszko and its suppression
- 1795 - Third partition of Poland
- 1796 - Formation of the Little Russian province 1796-1797. — War with Persia
- 1797 - April 5 - “Institution of the Imperial Family”
- 1799 - Italian and Swiss campaigns by A.V. Suvorov
- 1799 - Formation of the United Russian-American Company
- 1801 January 18 - Manifesto on the accession of Georgia to Russia
- 1801 from March 11 to 12 - Palace coup. Assassination of Paul I. Accession to the throne of Alexander I
- 1804-1813 — Russian-Iranian war
- 1805 November 20 - Battle of Austerlitz
- 1806-1812 — Russia's war with Turkey
- 1807 June 25 - Peace of Tilsit
- 1808-1809 — Russian-Swedish War
- 1810 January 1 - Establishment of the State Council
- 1812 - Invasion of Napoleon's Grand Army into Russia. Patriotic War
- 1812 August 26 - Battle of Borodino
- 1813 January 1 - Beginning of the Foreign Campaign of the Russian Army
- 1813 October 16-19 - “Battle of the Nations” at Leipzig
- 1814 March 19 - Allied forces enter Paris
- 1814 September 19 -1815 May 28 - Congress of Vienna
- 1825 December 14 - Decembrist uprising in St. Petersburg
- 1826-1828 — Russian-Iranian war
- 1827 October 20 - Battle of Navarino Bay
- 1828 February 10 - Turkmanchay peace treaty with Iran
- 1828-1829 — Russian-Turkish War
- 1829 September 2 - Treaty of Adrianople with Turkey
- 1835 July 26 - University Charter
- 1837 October 30 - Opening of the St. Petersburg-Tsarskoe Selo railway
- 1839-1843 — Monetary reform of Count E. f. Kankrina
- 1853 - Opening of the “Free Russian Printing House” by A.I. Herzen in London
- 1853 - Kokaid campaign of General. V.A. Perovsky
- 1853-1856 — Crimean War
- 1854 September - 1855 August - Defense of Sevastopol
- 1856 March 18 - Treaty of Paris
- 1860 May 31 - Establishment of the State Bank
- 1861 February 19 - Abolition of serfdom
- 1861 - Establishment of the Council of Ministers
- 1863 June 18 - University Charter
- 1864 November 20 - Decree on judicial reform. "New judicial statutes"
- 1865 - Military judicial reform
- 1874 January 1 - “Charter on military service”
- 1874 spring - The first mass “going to the people” of revolutionary populists
- 1875 April 25 - St. Petersburg Treaty between Russia and Japan (on South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands)
- 1876-1879 — Second “Land and Freedom”
- 1877-1878 — Russian-Turkish War
- 1879 August - Split of “Land and Freedom” into “Black Redistribution” and “People’s Will”
- 1881 March 1 - Assassination of Alexander II by revolutionary populists
- 1885 January 7-18 - Morozov strike
- 1892 - Russian-French secret military convention
- 1896 - Invention of the radiotelegraph by A.S. Popov
- 1896 May 18 - Khodynka tragedy in Moscow during the coronation of Nicholas II
- 1898 March 1-2 - First Congress of the RSDLP
- 1899 May-July - I Hague Peace Conference
- 1902 - Formation of the Socialist Revolutionary Party (SRs)
- 1904-1905 — Russo-Japanese War
- 1905 January 9 - “Bloody Sunday”. The beginning of the first Russian revolution
- April 1905 - Formation of the Russian Monarchist Party and the “Union of the Russian People”.
- 1905 May 12-June 1 - General strike in Ivanovo-Voskresensk. Formation of the first Council of Workers' Deputies
- 1905 May 14-15 - Battle of Tsushima
- 1905 June 9-11 - Uprising in Lodz
- 1905 June 14-24 - Uprising on the battleship Potemkin
- 1905 August 23 - Treaty of Portsmouth with Japan
- 1905 October 7 - Beginning of the All-Russian political strike
- 1905 October 12-18 - Founding Congress of the Constitutional Democratic Party (Cadets)
- 1905 October 13 - Creation of the St. Petersburg Council of Workers' Deputies
- 1905 October 17 - Manifesto of Nicholas II
- 1905 November - The emergence of the "Union of October 17" (Octobrists)
- 1905 December 9-19 - Moscow armed uprising
- 1906 April 27-July 8 - I State Duma
- 1906 November 9 - Beginning of the agrarian reform of P.A. Stolypin
- 1907 February 20-June 2 - II State Duma
- 1907 November 1 - 1912 July 9 - III State Duma
- 1908 - Formation of the reactionary “Union of Michael the Archangel”
- 1912 November 15 - 1917 February 25 - IV State Duma
- 1914 July 19 (August 1) - Germany declares war on Russia. Beginning of the First World War
- 1916 May 22-July 31 - Brusilovsky breakthrough
- 1916 December 17 - Murder of Rasputin
- 1917 February 26 - Beginning of the transition of troops to the side of the revolution
- 1917 February 27 - February Revolution. Overthrow of the autocracy in Russia
- 1917, March 3 - Abdication of the leader. book Mikhail Alexandrovich. Declaration of the Provisional Government
- 1917 June 9-24 - I All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies
- 1917 August 12-15 - State meeting in Moscow
- 1917 August 25-September 1 - Kornilov rebellion
- 1917 September 14-22 - All-Russian Democratic Conference in Petrograd
- 1917 October 24-25 - Armed Bolshevik coup. Overthrow of the Provisional Government
- 1917 October 25 - Opening of the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets
- 1917 October 26 - Soviet decrees on peace, on land. "Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia"
- 1917 November 12 - Elections to the Constituent Assembly
- 1917 December 7 - Decision of the Council of People's Commissars to create the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for the Fight against Counter-Revolution (VChK)
- 1917 December 14 - Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on the nationalization of banks
- 1917 December 18 - Independence of Finland
- 1918-1922 — Civil war on the territory of the former Russian Empire
- 1918 January 6 - Dispersal of the Constituent Assembly
- 1918 January 26 - Decree on the transition to a new calendar style from February 1 (14)
- 1918 - March 3 - Conclusion of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty
- 1918 May 25 - Beginning of the uprising of the Czechoslovak Corps
- 1918 July 10 - Adoption of the Constitution of the RSFSR
- 1920 January 16 - Lifting of the blockade of Soviet Russia by the Entente
- 1920 - Soviet-Polish War
- 1921 February 28-March 18 - Kronstadt uprising
- 1921 March 8-16 - X Congress of the RCP (b). Decision on the "New Economic Policy"
- 1921 March 18 - Riga Peace Treaty of the RSFSR with Poland
- 1922 April 10-May 19 - Genoa Conference
- 1922 April 16 - Rappal separate treaty of the RSFSR with Germany
- 1922 December 27 - Formation of the USSR
- 1922 December 30 - I Congress of Soviets of the USSR
- 1924 January 31 - Approval of the Constitution of the USSR
- 1928 October - 1932 December - First Five-Year Plan. The beginning of industrialization in the USSR
- 1930 - Beginning of complete collectivization
- 1933-1937 — Second Five Year Plan
- 1934 December 1 - Murder of S.M. Kirov. The deployment of mass terror in the USSR
- 1936 December 5 - Adoption of the Constitution of the USSR
- 1939 August 23 - Soviet-German Non-Aggression Pact
- 1939 September 1 - German attack on Poland. Beginning of World War II
- 1939 September 17 - Entry of Soviet troops into Poland
- 1939 September 28 - Soviet-German Treaty on Friendship and Borders
- 1939 November 30 - 1940 March 12 - Soviet-Finnish War
- 1940 June 28 - Entry of Soviet troops into Bessarabia
- 1940 June-July - Soviet occupation of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia
- 1941 April 13 - Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Treaty
- 1941 June 22 - Attack of Nazi Germany and its allies on the USSR. Beginning of the Great Patriotic War
- 1945 May 8 - Act of unconditional surrender of Germany. Victory of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War
- 1945 September 2 - Act of Unconditional Surrender of Japan
- 1945 November 20 - 1946 October 1 - Nuremberg trials
- 1946-1950 — Fourth Five-Year Plan. Restoration of the destroyed national economy
- 1948 August - Session of VASKHNIL. Launch of a campaign to combat “Morganism” and “cosmopolitanism”
- 1949 January 5-8 - Creation of CMEA
- 1949 August 29 - First test of an atomic bomb in the USSR
- 1954 June 27 - Launch of the world's first nuclear power plant in Obninsk
- 1955 14m; 1st - Creation of the Warsaw Pact Organization (WTO)
- 1955 July 18-23 - Meeting of the heads of government of the USSR, Great Britain, USA and France in Geneva
- 1956 February 14-25 - XX Congress of the CPSU
- 1956 June 30 - Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union “Overcoming the cult of personality and its consequences”
- 1957 July 28-August 11 - VI World Festival of Youth and Students in Moscow
- 1957 October 4 - Launch of the world's first artificial Earth satellite in the USSR
- 1961 April 12 - Flight of Yu.A. Gagarin on the Vostok spacecraft
- 1965 March 18 - Exit of pilot-cosmonaut A.A. Leonov into outer space
- 1965 - Reform of the economic mechanism of economic management in the USSR
- 1966 June 6 - Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Council of Ministers of the USSR “On the public conscription of youth for the most important construction projects of the five-year plan”
- 1968 August 21 - Intervention of the Warsaw Countries in Czechoslovakia
- 1968 - Open letter from Academician A.D. Sakharov to the Soviet leadership
- 1971, March 30-April 9 - XXIV Congress of the CPSU
- 1972 May 26 - Signing in Moscow of the “Fundamentals of Relations between the USSR and the USA.” The beginning of the policy of "détente"
- 1974 February - Expulsion from the USSR of A.I. Solzhenitsyn
- 1975 July 15-21 - Joint Soviet-American experiment under the Soyuz-Apollo program
- 1975 July 30-August 1 - Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (Helsinki). Signing of the Final Act by 33 European countries, the USA and Canada
- 1977 October 7 - Adoption of the Constitution of “developed socialism” of the USSR
- 1979 December 24 - Beginning of the intervention of Soviet troops in Afghanistan
- 1980 January - Link A.D. Sakharov to Gorky
- 1980 July 19-August 3 - Olympic Games in Moscow
- 1982 May 24 - Adoption of the Food Program
- 1985 November 19-21 - Meeting of M.S. Gorbachev and US President R. Reagan in Geneva. Restoration of Soviet-American political dialogue
- 1986 April 26 - Accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant
- 1987 June-July - The beginning of the policy of “perestroika” in the USSR
- 1988 June 28-July 1 - XIX Conference of the CPSU. The beginning of political reform in the USSR
- 1989 May 25-June 9. — I Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, elected on the basis of changes to the Constitution of the USSR
- 1990 March 11 - Adoption of the act of independence of Lithuania.
- 1990 March 12-15 - III Extraordinary Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR
- 1990 May 1-June 12 - Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR. Declaration of State Sovereignty of Russia
- 1991 March 17 - Referendum on preserving the USSR and introducing the post of President of the RSFSR
- 1991 June 12 - Russian presidential elections
- 1991 July 1 - Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact Organization in Prague
- 1991 August 19-21 - Attempted coup in the USSR (Case of the State Emergency Committee)
- September 1991 - Troops are brought into Vilnius. Attempted coup in Lithuania
- 1991 December 8 - Signing in Minsk by the leaders of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus of the agreement on the “Commonwealth of Independent States” and the dissolution of the USSR
- 1992 January 2 - Price liberalization in Russia
- 1992 February 1 - Declaration of Russia and the United States on the end of the Cold War
- 1992 March 13 - Initialing of the Federal Treaty of Republics within the Russian Federation
- 1993 March - VIII and IX Congresses of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation
- 1993 April 25 - All-Russian referendum on confidence in the policies of the President of Russia
- June 1993 - Work of the constitutional meeting to prepare the draft Constitution of Russia
- 1993 September 21 - Decree of B.N. Yeltsin “On stage-by-stage constitutional reform” and the dissolution of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation
- 1993 October 3-4 - Demonstrations and armed actions of the pro-communist opposition in Moscow. Storming of the Supreme Council building by troops loyal to the President
- 1993 December 12 - Elections to the State Duma and Federation Council. Referendum on the draft new Constitution of the Russian Federation
- 1994 January 11 - Start of work of the State Duma and the Federation Council of the Russian Federation in Moscow
