It is known that in the life of both an individual and a state, essentially nothing new happens; everything has already happened, once upon a time, with someone, in one form or another. History goes in circles. Nowadays it is customary to say and write that the country is “sitting on the oil and gas needle,” but, of course, it was not in Soviet or post-Soviet times that they came up with the idea of trading in natural resources that are not available abroad. From very ancient times, Rus', and later Russia, was famous not for its deposits of copper, silver and other ores, but for what was commonly called “soft gold” - furs! Sable occupied a special place of honor among the huge number of furs supplied from our territory. A little information. On the fur market today there is a certain Canadian sable, in fact it is just a marten. And only we have sable, real sable - it is our national treasure!
But, let's plunge back into the depths of centuries. Extremely expensive and incredibly beautiful sable skins played the role of money back in the 11th and 12th centuries. They paid duties and tributes, awarded for merits, and gave salaries. The Moscow state preferred to receive yasak (tribute) from the peoples of Siberia in sables. A very important point - it was this “soft gold” that played a huge role in the restoration of the country in the 17th century, devastated by the long years of the Great Troubles and foreign intervention. The profit brought by the trade in furs and sable, of course, including, was simply astronomical at that time. There is such data that in 1660 all state revenues amounted to 1,311,000 rubles and half of them, i.e. 600,000 is income from Siberian fur. I will not undertake to judge the accuracy of the amounts, but the order of the numbers, for that time, is impressive. This money made it possible to purchase the latest weapons and equipment, hire foreign specialists, and develop the country’s industry. This fact is known, of a somewhat later date, of course. Peter 1, going to the Grand Embassy, took with him a large number of sable and fox skins, thereby ensuring that he, traveling incognito under the guise of a simple police officer Pyotr Mikhailov, had the favor of the right people.
There is also such an opinion, largely due to the fact that Peter did not skimp on giving away Siberian sables, he was able to organize an anti-Swedish coalition.
How was yasak collected from the peoples living in Siberia who lived by hunting and fishing? Yasak was taken per person, and only men, women and children were not taken into account. They required from five to twelve sable skins per year. Such a tribute was not at all burdensome for Siberian hunters, representatives of indigenous peoples. The fact is that they didn’t even mistake sable for game! For the nomadic inhabitants, sables were pests, like rats, they scurried around everywhere and spoiled food supplies. And sable fur was considered, from the point of view of the peoples of Siberia, of course, useless and good for nothing. It is very delicate and delicate, for the local climate and the lifestyle of hunters and their families. This went on for some time, it seemed to be good for the “white king”, the most valuable fur was supplied in abundance, without delays and it was not particularly a burden for the Siberian hunters, the animal was still a waste product for them. But the sable population was declining, because... they knocked them out mercilessly. As a result, they were beaten so thoroughly that paying yasak to the “White Tsar” became not at all an easy matter. The Tsar’s people demanded no less than before. That’s when the tributaries of the Moscow sovereign tried to migrate to the very wilderness of that time, away from the Cossack strongholds, fortresses and forts. But that was not the case. The governors and Cossack atamans could not allow the fur miners to leave, and in order to keep them they began to take hostage the family members of the “yasak people.” It got to the point that only those who had paid the yasak in full were allowed to see their wives and children.
In this section you will find information about fur types, furs, which since ancient times have been called “soft gold”.
Mink
The noble and plastic mink is one of the most traditional and familiar types of fur in Russia. This is one of those types of fur that allows you to work with it as a fabric, produce products in the style of fur coats, sew skirts, jackets, and coats. And it is simply impossible to list all types of mink accessories.
One of the most traditional and most expensive furs, mink has long moved into the category of familiar and everyday items. North America and Scandinavia have become the world leaders in the production of this type of fur. But unlike the Canadian mink, whose fur is not so long and less fluffy, the Scandinavian mink is most suitable for our Russian climate. It is less afraid of moisture, which means it is more wearable. The fashion for mink was introduced by Hollywood in the 1930s. It existed in its classic guise until the 1960s, when designers began experimenting with it. Mink suits, skirts and jackets inlaid with metal plates and rings appeared in the Paco Rabanne collection. Mink capes and brightly colored capes were featured on the covers of fashion magazines. In the 1980s, the mink appeared as a short-haired mink. Since then, the imagination of designers knows no bounds - mink fur began to be dyed in all sorts of colors and shades, achieving a play of chiaroscuro, plucked, bleached, laser processed, combined with elastic materials, etc. The era of classic mink gave way to innovations. However, the natural beauty of this fur is so good that it still finds many admirers.
Sable
Sable is the pride of Russian furriers, because it has always been a symbol of luxury and wealth in Rus'. Sable fur coats, coats and redingotes trimmed with this precious fur, and even just collars and boas have always been valuable.
Throughout history there have been not a thousand, but hundreds of sable fur coats, and each of them is a real treasure. It is not for nothing that sable fur is considered the best in the world in terms of tenderness, tone, density, color and shine. Like no other, he possesses the entire set of listed qualities at the same time.
At the beginning of the century, prices for sable fur coats reached the point of absurdity - for the same money you could buy a house. During the Second World War, marten fur was counterfeited as sable, since in the United States the demand for precious furs not only did not fall, but - under the increasingly noticeable influence of Hollywood - even, on the contrary, increased. In the 1960s and 1970s, sable faded into the background, and in the 1980s it returned in its traditional guise. The 1990s made their contribution - sable from an elite fur turned into a more democratic one, and ceased to be a jewel that is kept in the closet next to the Haute Couture evening dress. Now sable is a fur for every day. And yet, the nature of sable is so magnificent that today it is perhaps the only fur that designers use in its natural form.
Which sable is more beautiful - dark or light? More expensive dark. But we can argue about beauty. In addition, sable is not only beautiful, but also durable fur.
History knows facts when sable fur coats were inherited and worn by more than one generation.
Marten
Marten fur carries its own history with long traditions. Not only fur coats were made from it, but also collars, cuffs and hats, and short fur coats were trimmed.
Martens live in Europe, Russia (its European part, as well as Western Siberia) and, to some extent, China. They are divided into soft (woody - baum marten) and mountain, or stone marten (stone marten) - “wheatear”. The first got its name because it lives mainly in trees. And the second prefers the ruins of old dwellings and the rocky foundations of farm buildings. Only a small number of soft marten skins can be used in their natural form. Most are tinted in the same colors as Russian sable. Marten-wheatear, on the contrary, is rarely painted. The winter color of the marten is brownish-smoky with a slight fawn tint, which gives the skin a unique personality. In Rus', marten fur has always been at a premium. Even in the “Tale of Igor’s Campaign,” “marten furs of the nobility” were mentioned, which were not only worn, but also used to pay for; it was not for nothing that marten fur was equated with money and gold.
Astrakhan
There are many names and varieties of this fur - astrakhan, astrakhan, broadtail, swakara. It all depends on the origin and method of manufacture.
Karakul came into fashion at the end of the 19th century. At that time, only the wives of high-ranking government officials and the political elite could afford to wear an astrakhan fur coat. It was expensive and prestigious. Only strict classic items in black and gray were sewn. It was widely used for collars and cuffs of coats, hats and caps. Astrakhan fur gained particular popularity during the war years of the 1940s, which was affected by the shortage of assortment. The 1980s breathed new life into this fur; classic, long fur coats, ponchos and jackets began to be made from it. And in the early 1990s, thanks to Ralph Lauren, the finest broadtail wool did not leave the catwalks, which was used for a wide variety of products - stoles and tops, jackets and skirts, dresses, coats, handbags and slippers.
Currently, thanks to the achievements of selection and progress in manufacturing, natural, unusually delicate shades of colors have appeared - golden, amber, platinum, from light gray-blue to steel. Youth models are painted in fashionable bright colors. Black fur with a unique pattern of unopened curls is also in constant demand. The absence of long pile gives this fur an additional advantage - it does not make you look fat.
This fur left the traditional age category and began to confidently gain popularity among fashionable youth - astrakhan fur is back in fashion.
Beaver
Beaver fur has long been valued in Rus'. This is exceptionally soft, fluffy and the warmest fur. Having an original undercoat, it is extremely well suited to our Russian climatic conditions - it will protect it from any bad weather. In terms of its wearability (which is one of the defining criteria in the hierarchy of furs), beaver is superior to mink. It is the first in a series of furs that are not afraid of moisture. The most popular is sheared beaver fur. Beaver is not the easiest fur to work with. A special exclusive technology of sewing and cutting makes the product made from sheared beaver soft and light. Only whole skins of non-adult animals are used in this work. The color scheme for each product is selected individually. But the result is a real picture of a harmonious color scheme, which shimmers in natural shades from dark to light.
Raccoon
The raccoon is a small American animal from the genus of predatory mammals of the raccoon family. Raccoon fur has long been popular in Russia. Raccoon fur is one of the most wear-resistant and is of considerable value; its cost is higher than the cost of fox fur. The general color of the fur is gray, gray-brown or black-brown. Some specimens are close to black-brown foxes in the beauty of their fur.
Raccoon fur is voluminous, warm and fluffy, with a long, rough-to-the-touch awn and soft underfur, it is light and flexible - so it is always at the height of fashion. Raccoon fur is usually tinted; its natural color is rarely used.
Fox
Long-pile fur is for those who, above all, value comfort and warmth. Moreover, lush fur can enhance energy and give its owners a certain amount of sensuality, which is why fox fur is mainly used in luxurious, evening models.
As with the history of other furs, the fox was brought to the fore during its heyday by Hollywood cinema. The president of the well-known film campaign Paramount Pictures was a furrier and did a lot to ensure that luxurious, lush fur took its rightful place on the silver screen. In the early 30s, fox fur was used only for decoration, and only in 1932 did Marlene Dietrich appear on screen wearing a fox fur coat.
The fox fur coats of the 1940s smoothly transitioned into the 1950s - they were shown with pleasure by Marilyn Monroe and Elizabeth Taylor.
In 1971, Yves Saint Laurent presented short fur coats made of fox, painted in bright unconventional colors, which shocked the public. In the 1990s, people remembered the silver fox and its natural attractiveness.
Currently, fur fashion offers all kinds of products and accessories made from fox fur of various shades.
Lynx
Lynx is one of the most expensive and rare furs. The skins of Siberian lynxes are considered the most beautiful and largest. Only the soft, fluffy white belly has value, and the more obvious the black spots on it, the brighter the fur looks.
Lynx fur is almost never processed because it has a very beautiful natural color.
A fur coat made from lynx fur can be more expensive than mink or even sable, but such coats are rarely found in stores: this fur is used almost exclusively for collars and hats. The reason for this is simple: the lynx is a rare animal, it is not bred almost anywhere, and it is difficult to obtain a license to shoot it.
Chinchilla
Light, weightless, like fluff, and thick chinchilla fur is good for small and large shapes. But chinchilla products are clearly not for every day - the fur is not very wearable. In addition, chinchilla is one of the three most expensive and prestigious furs.
Chinchilla (Chinchilla Lanigera) is a fur-bearing animal native to South America. He lives in the Andes mountains at an altitude of up to 3 thousand meters above sea level. It is often cold and dry there, and the food supply is poor. To survive in such harsh conditions, a chinchilla must save energy from every blade of grass and twig that it manages to find and eat. Therefore, the chinchilla has a unique fur structure. If in ordinary fur-bearing animals one hair grows from one hair follicle, then in a chinchilla there are 60-80 very fine hairs, like a cobweb, 12-14 microns thick. There are 25 or more thousand of them on one square centimeter. In a word, this is a continuous layer of unusually thick, elastic, delicate fluff 2.5-3 centimeters thick. He is the one who saves chinchillas in the most severe cold.
The chinchilla has different fur colors - from dark on the back with a smooth transition to bluish-gray on the sides to snow-white on the belly. The extraordinary delicacy and beauty of fur are the reason for the high price of chinchilla fur products. Chinchillas were considered valuable prey at the dawn of the original Indian civilization. Chinchilla fur was used exclusively for the costumes of the nobility. The Indians protected valuable rodents, and hunting for them was strictly limited. The situation changed dramatically with the arrival of the conquerors - high prices for chinchilla skins drove hunters for prey to the most inaccessible places. As a result, by the middle of the 20th century, chinchillas were on the verge of extinction. They owe their revival to the Argentine engineer Chapman, who was able to breed them in captivity. Chinchillas appeared in our country only in 1960.
Currently, the price of a chinchilla fur coat can range from 10 to 100 thousand dollars, depending on the quantity and quality of skins used for its manufacture. But it was not only the quality of the fur that determined this high price.
Chinchilla fur was not always considered particularly valuable. For example, in the 19th century the scale of value of this fur looked completely different. According to it, the chinchilla was listed only in 10th place, giving way to the ermine, beaver, sable, marten, fur seal, Siberian fox, astrakhan fur and tiger.
RUSSIAN ECONOMY
Educational economic quiz about Russia
Income does not live without hassle.
There is no bad land, only a bad owner.
(Russian proverbs.)
What was the name of the coin that became the first Russian gold coin?
(Zlatnik. This gold coin was minted in the 10th century by Prince Vladimir. Not every museum can boast of a zlatnik. Only ten tiny
–
four-gram gold coins, which gave the name to the spool, the one that is “small and dear.”)
What city does the ruble come from?
(From Novgorod. In the 13th century, the currency there was the hryvnia, which was a silver rod. From it they literally cut off smaller money, which got its name from the verb “to chop.”)
In Rus', in the old days, money was cut, cut in half, into quarters. What was the name of the 1 ruble coin, uncut and not counterfeit?
(Treasury.)
What was called “soft gold” in Rus'?
(Furs. For a long time, furs were the main currency fund of Russia.)
How many sable skins were in the bag, which in the old days was a unit of counting and calculation?
(Forty. Forty
–
Old Russian unit of counting, used for counting small objects and furs.)
When was Russia ruled by the “money bag”?
(In the 14th century, Prince Ivan Danilovich, nicknamed Kalita, i.e. “money bag”. He was known as the richest in Rus'.)
The names of the villages Mytishchi, Mytnikovo, Poklony have a lot in common. What activities could the residents of these settlements engage in?
(In feudal Rus', “myto” and “bow” meant duties for importation, stay in the volost, i.e. types of feudal payments.)
By order of which king in 1585, wooden shopping arcades near the Kremlin were replaced with stone ones?
(Fyodor Ivanovich.)
In the middle of the century before last, a half-penny coin was used in Rus'. What was it called?
(Money. Now money from 1856 costs more than tens of thousands of rubles.)
What amount of money in the 19th century would be defined as “100 rubles without a corner”?
(75 rubles.)
For which territory did the Russian-American Company issue money made from seal skin in the century before last?
(Bills made from sealskin worked honestly as money in Alaska for half a century. They were not afraid of either frost or water. In 1867, the United States bought Alaska.)
On all Russian banknotes, the double-headed eagle was depicted with a crown, and when you see a banknote with an eagle, but without a crown, you can easily guess when it was printed. Really, when?
(In 1917 after the abdication of Nicholas II from the throne.)
When was the first Soviet ruble issued?
(In 1919 in the form of a credit note.)
The views and coat of arms of which city can be seen on the modern Russian 1000 ruble banknote?
(Yaroslavl.)
Views of which city can be seen on the Russian 500 ruble banknote?
(Arkhangelsk.)
Which city can you get acquainted with using a Russian 100 ruble banknote?
(Moscow.)
Which city can you get acquainted with using a Russian 10-ruble banknote?
(Krasnoyarsk)
For the anniversary of St. Petersburg, the Central Bank of Russia issued a coin worth 10 thousand rubles. The coin weighs exactly that much.
(1 kg.)
Grand Duke Georgy Mikhailovich not only collected a collection of coins from this country, but also created a catalog of them, which is still the most complete in the world. What kind of country is this?
(Russia.)
In old Rus' (13-17 centuries) a plow was a plot of land from which taxes were collected. The poorer the peasant was, the smaller his share in the plow. What was the name of such a poor peasant?
(Small fry.)
What product in Rus' of the century before last was called money?
(A monetary commodity once meant in Rus' not a valuable thing at all, but the cheapest thing
–
in money, half a kopeck, two half rubles. The salary of a Russian soldier was “three money a day, wherever you want.”
–
day there.")
The first Russian insurance company was founded only in 1827, and until the middle of the century there was only one type of insurance in Russia. What did the first Russian insurance companies insure against?
(In Russia of the 19th century, the main part of whose territory was built up with wooden buildings, they insured against fire. The first of such institutions was called the “Russian Fire Insurance Society.”)
In the century before last, representatives of this class in Russia were awarded a gold neck medal “For Diligence.” Later the medal was reproduced in family portraits. What was the name of this class?
(Merchants.)
What size sellers did merchants prefer to hire in the past?
(Low, because their elbow is shorter. Elbow
–
length measure: from the elbow joint to the extended middle finger.)
In 1583, Ivan the Terrible granted this merchant the village of Bolshiye Soli for his services in the development of Siberia. Name this merchant.
(Semyon Stroganov.)
Which Russian entrepreneur baked bread exclusively in Moscow, froze it in a special way and sold it throughout Russia?
(Filippov Ivan Maksimovich.)
After Alexander I addressed the Moscow merchants, two and a half million rubles were collected in less than an hour. What did you donate for?
(To the war with Napoleon.)
What name were given to the merchant ranks introduced in Russia in 1775?
(Guilds.)
What were merchants called in Rus' who were expelled from the guild for systematically deceiving and cheating buyers?
(Slobs.)
In 1832, merchant Terenty Kuznetsov founded a porcelain factory in this village and in less than 20 years made it the leading porcelain enterprise in Russia.
(Dulyovo. Now the city of Likino-Dulyovo. Dulyovo porcelain.)
Historians joke that this product was brought from Russia to America just in time. Otherwise, the Declaration of Independence would never have been signed. What kind of product is this?
(Goose feathers.)
What was the category of urban merchant and craft population called in pre-Petrine Russia, mainly in Moscow?
(Black Hundred. The Black Hundred, unlike the living and cloth hundreds, included small traders. Each hundred elected an elder.)
Under Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, at the suggestion of Count Shuvalov, money for the needs of artillery was found by using internal reserves. What was done?
(Unnecessary obsolete cannons were melted down into coins.)
The production of these “rubber bands” in pre-revolutionary St. Petersburg was extremely profitable: dividends to Triangle shareholders reached 40% per annum. What rubber products are we talking about?
(Galoshes.)
At the end of the 19th century, in order to save money, the Moscow Duma ordered that street lighting be turned on only on such nights. Which?
(Moonless.)
What economic policy in the Soviet state was replaced by the NEP (new economic policy)?
(War communism.)
Name one of the ways to replenish the Soviet treasury and test the loyalty of the population?
(Loan.)
Which sector of the Russian economy, according to experts, will deprive the civilized world of black caviar in 10-15 years?
(Oil production. Its waste in the Caspian Sea destroys sturgeon fish.)
On what day did the dollar exchange rate on the Moscow exchange rise by 1000 points at once?
(October “Black” Tuesday 1994.)
How many digits does the current account number of a legal entity in a Russian bank consist of?
(Out of 20.)
What English term was used to describe the 1998 economic crisis in Russia?
(Default.)
Which politician was appointed Prime Minister of Russia after the 1998 default?
(Primakov Evgeny Maksimovich.)
Who benefits from an increase in the ruble exchange rate against the dollar: Russian exporters or importers?
(Importers.)
Are loans received by the government considered debt obligations of the Russian Federation?
(Yes.)
Which commercial did Politician Sergei Shakhrai declare politically harmful, recommending not to sleep peacefully at all, but to control how the state spends money?
(“Pay your taxes
–
and sleep well." But it should be: “Paid taxes
–
and control how the government spends your money.")
For Sergei Obraztsov, who visited London, this short English word reminded him of a desperate SOS call. Now it is well known to all Russians. What is this word?
(SALE
–
sale.)
The Russian national award "Bay Leaf" is awarded annually for achievements in this business.
(Restaurant.)
This bonus in Russia was recently increased almost 18 times. Now it is 5 million rubles. What kind of prize is this?
(State Prize
–
nationwide encouragement of citizens for significant contributions to the development of science and technology, literature and art, for outstanding production results in sectors of the national economy. In the Russian Federation since 1992. Previously, in 1940-52.
–
Stalin Prize, since 1966
–
USSR State Prize.)
These are not only the initials of the second President of Russia, but also an indicator of national income statistics.
(GDP
–
gross domestic product.)
What do we call the minister who in Great Britain is called Chancellor of the Exchequer?
(Minister of Finance.)
Which god in Slavic-Russian mythology was the god of wealth?
a) Veles;
b) Horse;
c) Stribog;
d) Svarog.
(Part-time patron of pets.)
Name the main occupations of the Slavs (two correct answers):
a) Agriculture;
b) Crafts;
c) Construction of cities;
d) Trade.
What was the excessive profit of traders called in Rus'?
a) Likhva;
b) Navar;
c) Tips;
d) Excess profit.
In the old days, goods were imported into Rus':
a) fur;
b) honey;
c) carpets;
d) hemp.
As in feudal Rus' 10-18 centuries. What were the names of the large merchants who conducted intercity and foreign trade?
a) Guests;
b) Tourists;
c) Aliens;
d) Shuttles.
What did they sell in the biscuit shop?
a) Porcelain;
b) Ceramics;
c) Antiques;
d) Sweets.
(Biscuit
–
unglazed porcelain. “When will the Creator deliver us from their hats! ... pins, and book and biscuit shops!”, A. Griboyedov.)
The hearty yard used to be called:
a) Market;
b) Inn;
c) Grain warehouse;
d) Meat slaughterhouse.
Whose funds financed Ermak's expedition to Siberia in 1581?
a) Ivan the Terrible;
b) Khan Ediger;
c) The Stroganov Brothers;
d) Boyar.
(Stroganovs
–
dynasty of the largest Russian merchants and industrialists.)
What were the names of the first Russian coins minted in the late 10th and early 11th centuries?
a) Silver coins;
b) Hryvnia;
c) Kopeks;
d) Pennies.
What was the name of the smallest, indivisible monetary unit in Ancient Rus'?
a) Rezan;
b) Veveritsa;
c) Kuna;
d) Nogata.
What metal were fifty-kopeck pieces minted from under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich?
a) Made of gold;
b) Made of iron;
c) From copper;
d) From tin.
How many rubles were in the Russian gold chervonets issued under Peter the Great?
a) 10;
b) 3;
c) 5;
d) 12.
Which of these Russian coins was NOT gold?
a) Imperial;
b) Altyn;
c) Zlatnik;
d) Chervonets.
(Although the name of the coin comes from the Tatar word for “gold,” they were minted from silver and copper.)
What banknotes appeared under Catherine II?
a) Copper coins;
b) Silver coins;
c) Gold coins;
d) Paper money.
Which banknote was called a katerinka or a katenka in tsarist times?
a) 25 rubles;
b) 100 rubles;
c) 200 rubles;
d) 500 rubles.
In Peter’s times, the size of the bonus to shipbuilders after the successful launching of a ship depended on:
a) Number of guns;
b) Length of the ship;
c) Construction period;
d) Name of the ship.
The beginning of the formation of the all-Russian market refers to:
a) XVI century;
b) XVII century;
c) XVIII century;
d) XIX century
What was the tax in kind from the peoples of Siberia and the North called in Russia in the 15th-20th centuries?
a) Sake;
b) Yasak;
c) Osaka;
d) Sousek.
(Mainly furs. Non-Russian peoples who paid this tax
–
yasak people.)
Which organization was in charge of government spending in 18th-century Russia?
a) Chamber Collegium;
b) State College;
c) Audit Board;
d) Justice College.
Select imported goods in the Russian economy of the 19th century:
a) bread;
b) raw cotton;
c) flax;
d) machinery and equipment.
Since 1837, a new type of transport developed in Russia, which was of great economic importance. Which?
a) Guzhevoy;
b) Automotive;
c) Railway;
d) Aviation.
In what year was the Russian state budget first published in print?
a) In 1814;
b) In 1826;
c) In 1862;
d) In 1907
Name the statesman who initiated the introduction of a wine monopoly in Russia and the monetary reform of 1897, which provided the country with hard currency.
a) Bitte;
b) Witte;
c) Nette;
d) Watt.
(Sergey Yulievich Witte.)
Which Russian entrepreneur gave his five children the names Sergei, Andrey, Vsevolod, Vera and Alexandra?
a) Savva Mamontov;
b) Sergei Tretyakov;
c) Kuzma Soldatenkov;
d) Nikita Demidov.
(The first letters of the children's names make up his name!)
What does the abbreviation NEP stand for?
a) No to the exploiters of the proletariat;
b) People-electricity-order;
c) New Economic Policy;
d) Our enthusiasm will win.
The policy of “war communism” is characterized by the introduction:
a) hard currency;
b) land lease;
c) surplus appropriation;
d) cost accounting at enterprises.
In what century was the State Bank of Russia created?
a) 18;
b) 19;
c) 20;
d) 21.
Where were citizens of the Soviet Union encouraged to keep their money?
a) At the Savings Bank;
b) At the Savings Bank;
c) At the mutual aid fund;
d) In a Swiss bank.
What was the name of the chain of stores that sold fish in the USSR?
a) “River”;
b) “Sea”;
c) “Ocean”;
d) "Aquarium".
What kind of coin was enough to throw into a Moscow pay phone to talk in 1981?
a) 1 kopeck;
b) 2 kopecks;
c) 3 kopecks;
d) 5 kopecks.
What is the popular nickname for the domestic car VAZ-2101?
a) Grosh;
b) Kopek;
c) Ruble;
d) Whole.
How did Brezhnev’s slogan “The economy should be...” end?
a) Stingy;
b) Generous;
c) Calculating;
d) Economical.
In 1991, a decree was issued on the exchange of 50 and 100 ruble bills. What time period was allocated for this operation?
a) 3 days;
b) 3 weeks;
c) 3 months;
d) 3 years.
How many banks have the right to issue money in Russia?
a) Four;
b) Three;
c) Two;
d) One.
(Central Bank of the Russian Federation.)
In which Russian city is there a Bank Bridge?
a) In Moscow;
b) In St. Petersburg;
c) In Yekaterinburg;
d) In Samara.
(Via Griboyedov channel.)
Which power plants form the basis of Russia's energy potential?
a) Thermal;
b) Hydro;
c) Atomic;
d) Solar.
What type of transport is the main one in Russia?
a) Automobile;
b) Railway;
c) Air;
d) Water.
On which of the following modern coins of the Russian Federation can you see a double-headed eagle?
a) 1 kopeck;
b) 10 kopecks;
c) 50 kopecks;
d) 1 ruble.
Which of the modern Russian coins has the largest diameter?
a) One ruble;
b) Two rubles;
c) Five rubles;
d) Ten rubles.
The sights of which city are depicted on the 500 ruble banknote?
a) St. Petersburg;
b) Arkhangelsk;
c) Moscow;
d) Vladivostok.
Which Russian banknote was erected in a monument in Krasnoyarsk in 2011?
a) 10-ruble;
b) 50-ruble;
c) 100-ruble;
d) thousandth.
(In Krasnoyarsk, there is a bronze monument to a ten-ruble bill, which is no longer issued, as it has been replaced by coins. The architectural composition is as follows: on the city paving stones lies a “ten” that was accidentally dropped by someone. The ten-ruble bill, which depicts views of Krasnoyarsk, is considered one one of the unofficial symbols of the city, because it depicts places dear to the city residents: the Krasnoyarsk Hydroelectric Power Station, the Communal Bridge over the Yenisei and the chapel on Karaulnaya Mountain.)
Which coin returned to circulation after the redenomination of the ruble?
a) Money;
b) Grosh;
c) Kopek;
d) Imperial.
Which body in Russia checks the expenditure of budget funds?
a) Clearing House;
b) Accounts Chamber;
c) Accounting Chamber;
d) Chamber of Reconciliation.
What goods are the main item of Russian export?
a) Forest and fur;
b) Oil and gas;
c) Grain;
d) Precious metals.
In what form does Russia import grain if necessary?
a) Purchase;
b) Rent;
c) Rental;
d) Surplus appropriation.
Who benefits from the Russian government's increase in customs duties on imported consumer goods?
a) Domestic enterprises operating for export;
b) Domestic enterprises producing similar goods;
c) To consumers;
d) Only to the state.
When will our ruble become more valuable?
a) If the inflation rate decreases;
b) If the dollar exchange rate increases;
c) If the purchasing power of the ruble increases;
d) If for a cash ruble they will give more non-cash money.
What important economic abbreviation exists in our country?
a) MNOS;
ALL-RUSSIAN OLYMPIAD FOR SCHOOLCHILDREN IN HISTORY
SCHOOL STAGE 2014-2015 academic year
CLASS
Time: 60 minutes
1. By what principle is the series formed? Give a short answer.
A) 882, 912,980, 1019
B) smerd, ryadovich, purchase
C) Assumption Cathedral, Archangel Cathedral, Annunciation Cathedral, Ivan the Great Bell Tower
D) Barclay de Tolly, Bagration, Tormasov, Kutuzov
2. Who or what is the odd one out in the series? Explain your answer.
A) Senate, Synod, collegiums, Table of Ranks
B) 1648,1662,1667-1671,1649
B) K. Bulavin, I. Bolotnikov, S. Razin, A. Menshikov
D) Tilsit, Maloyaroslavets, Moscow, Berezina river
Answer the following questions.
A) What in Rus' was called “soft gold”
B) what is “St. George’s Day”
4. Choose one wrong answer.
I. The following types were characteristic of the fine arts of Ancient Rus':
1)Mosaic 2)Fresco 3)Sculpture 4)Iconography
II. Consequences of the establishment of the Mongol-Tatar yoke in Rus':
1) Separation and isolation of Russian lands from Europe
2) Restoration of the unity of Russian lands
4) Skilled craftsmen were driven into the Horde
5. Solve a historical problem.
In 1598, boyar Yuryev turned to the tsar with a petition for the return of a fugitive peasant who ran away from him during the oprichnina years and now lives among the townspeople, engaged in trade. Will his request be granted? Justify your answer.
6. Match the concepts and definitions:
1. Patrimony 3. Localism
2. Estate 4. Feeding
a) the procedure for holding public positions in accordance with the nobility of the family
b) the procedure for maintaining local authorities at the expense of funds collected from the local population
c) land tenure, given on the condition of serving the sovereign
d) land ownership owned by peasants
e) land ownership, inherited
7. Give a short answer.
1. The government that operated at the very beginning of the reign of Ivan IV was called _________________________________________________________
2. A large enterprise based on handicrafts, but with a division of labor, is called _______________________________________________________________
3. In the Russian state, a semi-regular army performing garrison service, armed with arquebuses and reeds, was called _____________________________________________________
4. Name the Russian Tsar, first elected by the Zemsky Sobor ___________________________________________________________
The name of the church hierarch with whom the implementation of church reform and the correction of liturgical books is associated
_________________________________________________
Fill in the correct letters in place of the blanks.
S...kul...rization, k...l...egy, m...rkant...ism, a...s...mbley
9. What ruler of the 18th century did the Russian historian V.O. Klyuchevsky write about:
“... The most unpleasant thing of all that Empress Elizabeth-_____________ left behind.” He “on the Russian throne became a loyal Prussian minister. Before the indignant sense of national dignity, the hated specter of the second Bironovism again arose... The murmur imperceptibly formed into a military conspiracy, and the conspiracy led to a military coup.”
