Electromagnetic pulse

Shock wave

Shock wave (SW)- an area of ​​sharply compressed air, spreading in all directions from the center of the explosion at supersonic speed.

Hot vapors and gases, trying to expand, produce a sharp blow to the surrounding layers of air, compress them to high pressures and densities and heat them to a high temperature (several tens of thousands of degrees). This layer of compressed air represents a shock wave. The front boundary of the compressed air layer is usually called the shock wave front. The shock front is followed by a region of rarefaction, where the pressure is below atmospheric. Near the center of the explosion, the speed of propagation of shock waves is several times higher than the speed of sound. As the distance from the explosion increases, the speed of wave propagation quickly decreases. At large distances, its speed approaches the speed of sound in air.

The shock wave of medium-power ammunition travels: the first kilometer in 1.4 s; the second - in 4 s; fifth - in 12 s.

The damaging effect of hydrocarbons on people, equipment, buildings and structures is characterized by: velocity pressure; excess pressure in the front of the shock wave movement and the time of its impact on the object (compression phase).

The impact of hydrocarbons on people should be direct and indirect. With direct impact, the cause of injury is an instant increase in air pressure, which is perceived as a sharp blow, leading to fractures, damage to internal organs, and rupture of blood vessels. With indirect exposure, people are affected by flying debris from buildings and structures, stones, trees, broken glass and other objects. Indirect impact reaches 80% of all lesions.

With an excess pressure of 20-40 kPa (0.2-0.4 kgf/cm2), unprotected people can suffer minor injuries (minor bruises and contusions). Exposure to hydrocarbons with excess pressure of 40-60 kPa leads to moderate damage: loss of consciousness, damage to the hearing organs, severe dislocations of the limbs, damage to internal organs. Extremely severe injuries, often fatal, are observed at excess pressure above 100 kPa.

The degree of shock wave damage to various objects depends on the power and type of explosion, mechanical strength (stability of the object), as well as on the distance at which the explosion occurred, the terrain and the position of objects on the ground.

To protect against the effects of hydrocarbons, the following should be used: trenches, cracks and trenches, reducing this effect by 1.5-2 times; dugouts - 2-3 times; shelters - 3-5 times; basements of houses (buildings); terrain (forest, ravines, hollows, etc.).

Electromagnetic pulse (EMP) is a set of electric and magnetic fields resulting from the ionization of atoms of the medium under the influence of gamma radiation. Its duration of action is several milliseconds.

The main parameters of EMR are currents and voltages induced in wires and cable lines, which can lead to damage and failure of electronic equipment, and sometimes to damage to people working with the equipment.

In ground and air explosions, the damaging effect of the electromagnetic pulse is observed at a distance of several kilometers from the center of the nuclear explosion.

The most effective protection against electromagnetic pulses is shielding of power supply and control lines, as well as radio and electrical equipment.

The situation that arises when nuclear weapons are used in areas of destruction.

A hotbed of nuclear destruction is a territory within which, as a result of the use of nuclear weapons, mass casualties and deaths of people, farm animals and plants, destruction and damage to buildings and structures, utility, energy and technological networks and lines, transport communications and other objects occurred.

Electromagnetic pulse - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Electromagnetic impulse" 2017, 2018.

WHAT IS AN ELECTROMAGNETIC PULSE?

1. Well, why complicate everything so much?
   It is called electromagnetic because the electrical component is inextricably linked with the magnetic component. It's like a radio wave. Only in the latter case is it a sequence of electromagnetic pulses in the form of harmonic oscillations.
   And here - just one impulse.
   To get it, you need to create a charge, positive or negative, at a point in space. Since the world of fields is dual, it is necessary to create 2 opposite charges in different places.
   It is hardly possible to do this within zero time.
   However, you can, for example, connect a capacitor to an antenna. But in this case, the resonant nature of the antenna will work. And again, we will get not a single impulse, but oscillations.
   In a bomb, most likely, there is also not a single electromagnetic pulse, but a pulse of electromagnetic oscillation.
2. The electromagnetic pulse of a nuclear explosion is a powerful short-term electromagnetic field with wavelengths from 1 to 1000 m or more, arising at the moment of the explosion, which induces strong electrical voltages and currents in conductors of various lengths in the air, ground, equipment and other objects (metal supports, antennas, communication and power lines, pipelines, etc.).
   In ground and low air explosions, the damaging effects of the electromagnetic pulse are observed at a distance of several kilometers from the center of the explosion. During a high-altitude nuclear explosion, electromagnetic fields can arise in the explosion zone and at altitudes of 20 - 40 km from the earth's surface.
   An electromagnetic pulse is characterized by field strength. The strength of the electric and magnetic fields depends on the power, height of the explosion, distance from the center of the explosion and the properties of the environment.
   The damaging effect of an electromagnetic pulse manifests itself, first of all, in relation to radio-electronic and electrical equipment located in weapons, military equipment and other objects.
   Under the influence of an electromagnetic pulse, electric currents and voltages are induced in the specified equipment, which can cause insulation breakdown, damage to transformers, damage to semiconductor devices, burnout of fuse links and other elements of radio engineering devices.
   Protection against electromagnetic pulses is achieved by shielding power lines and equipment. All external lines must be two-wire, well insulated from ground, with fusible inserts.
   The beginning of the era of information wars was marked by the emergence of new types of electromagnetic pulse (EMP) and radio frequency weapons. According to the principle of their destructive effect, EMP weapons have much in common with the electromagnetic pulse of a nuclear explosion and differ from it, among other things, in their shorter duration. Non-nuclear means of generating powerful EMR, developed and tested in a number of countries, are capable of creating short-term (several nanoseconds) fluxes of electromagnetic radiation, the density of which reaches limit values ​​relative to the electrical strength of the atmosphere. Moreover, the shorter the EMI, the higher the threshold of permissible generator power.
   According to analysts, along with traditional means of electronic warfare, the use of EMP and radio frequency weapons for delivering electronic and combined electronic-fire strikes in order to disable radio-electronic equipment (RES) at distances from hundreds of meters to tens of kilometers can become one of the main forms of combat actions in the near future. In addition to a temporary disruption of the functioning of electronic devices, which allows for the subsequent restoration of their functionality, EMP weapons can cause physical destruction (functional damage) of semiconductor elements of electronic devices, including those in the off state.
   Note the damaging effect of powerful radiation from EMP weapons on electrical and electrical power systems of weapons and military equipment (WME), electronic ignition systems of internal combustion engines. Currents excited by the electromagnetic field in the circuits of electric or radio fuses installed on ammunition can reach levels sufficient to trigger them. High energy flows are capable of initiating the detonation of explosives (HE) warheads of missiles, bombs and artillery shells, as well as non-contact detonation of mines within a radius of 5060 m from the point of detonation of medium-caliber EMP ammunition (100-120 mm).
   With regard to the damaging effect of EMP weapons on personnel, the effect is a temporary disruption of adequate sensorimotority of a person, the occurrence of erroneous actions in his behavior and even loss of ability to work. Negative manifestations of exposure to powerful ultrashort microwave pulses are not necessarily associated with thermal destruction of living cells of biological objects. The damaging factor is often the high intensity of the electric field induced on the cell membranes.
3. This is a burst of electric and magnetic fields. Since light is also an electromagnetic wave, a flash of light is also an electromagnetic pulse.
4. A burst of electromagnetic waves - much higher than the natural electromagnetic background of the Earth
5. electric shock
6. One of the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion....
7. Electromagnetic pulse (EMP) is the damaging factor of nuclear weapons, as well as any other sources of EMP (for example, lightning, special electromagnetic weapons or a nearby supernova explosion, etc.). The damaging effect of an electromagnetic pulse (EMP) is caused by the occurrence of induced voltages and currents in various conductors. The effect of EMR manifests itself primarily in relation to electrical and radio-electronic equipment. The most vulnerable are communication, signaling and control lines. This may result in insulation breakdown, damage to transformers, damage to semiconductor devices, damage to computers/laptops and cell phones, etc. A high-altitude explosion can create interference in these lines over very large areas. EMI protection is achieved by shielding power supply lines and equipment

Shock wave

Shock wave (SW)- an area of ​​sharply compressed air, spreading in all directions from the center of the explosion at supersonic speed.

Hot vapors and gases, trying to expand, produce a sharp blow to the surrounding layers of air, compress them to high pressures and densities and heat them to a high temperature (several tens of thousands of degrees). This layer of compressed air represents a shock wave. The front boundary of the compressed air layer is called the shock wave front. The shock front is followed by a region of rarefaction, where the pressure is below atmospheric. Near the center of the explosion, the speed of propagation of shock waves is several times higher than the speed of sound. As the distance from the explosion increases, the speed of wave propagation quickly decreases. At large distances, its speed approaches the speed of sound in air.

The shock wave of medium-power ammunition travels: the first kilometer in 1.4 s; the second - in 4 s; fifth - in 12 s.

The damaging effect of hydrocarbons on people, equipment, buildings and structures is characterized by: velocity pressure; excess pressure in the front of the shock wave movement and the time of its impact on the object (compression phase).

The impact of hydrocarbons on people can be direct and indirect. With direct impact, the cause of injury is an instantaneous increase in air pressure, which is perceived as a sharp blow, leading to fractures, damage to internal organs, and rupture of blood vessels. With indirect exposure, people are affected by flying debris from buildings and structures, stones, trees, broken glass and other objects. Indirect impact reaches 80% of all lesions.

With an excess pressure of 20-40 kPa (0.2-0.4 kgf/cm2), unprotected people can suffer minor injuries (minor bruises and contusions). Exposure to hydrocarbons with excess pressure of 40-60 kPa leads to moderate damage: loss of consciousness, damage to the hearing organs, severe dislocations of the limbs, damage to internal organs. Extremely severe injuries, often fatal, are observed at excess pressure above 100 kPa.

The degree of shock wave damage to various objects depends on the power and type of explosion, mechanical strength (stability of the object), as well as on the distance at which the explosion occurred, the terrain and the position of objects on the ground.

To protect against the effects of hydrocarbons, the following should be used: trenches, cracks and trenches, reducing this effect by 1.5-2 times; dugouts - 2-3 times; shelters - 3-5 times; basements of houses (buildings); terrain (forest, ravines, hollows, etc.).

Electromagnetic pulse (EMP) is a set of electric and magnetic fields resulting from the ionization of atoms of the medium under the influence of gamma radiation. Its duration of action is several milliseconds.

The main parameters of EMR are currents and voltages induced in wires and cable lines, which can lead to damage and failure of electronic equipment, and sometimes to damage to people working with the equipment.

In ground and air explosions, the damaging effect of the electromagnetic pulse is observed at a distance of several kilometers from the center of the nuclear explosion.

The most effective protection against electromagnetic pulses is shielding of power supply and control lines, as well as radio and electrical equipment.

The situation that arises when nuclear weapons are used in areas of destruction.

A hotbed of nuclear destruction is a territory within which, as a result of the use of nuclear weapons, mass casualties and deaths of people, farm animals and plants, destruction and damage to buildings and structures, utility, energy and technological networks and lines, transport communications and other objects occurred.

During a nuclear explosion, strong electromagnetic radiation is generated in a wide range of waves with a maximum density in the region of 15-30 kHz.

Due to the short duration of action - tens of microseconds - this radiation is called an electromagnetic pulse (EMP).

The cause of EMR is an asymmetric electromagnetic field resulting from the interaction of gamma quanta with the environment.

The main parameters of EMR, as a damaging factor, are the strength of the electric and magnetic fields. During air and ground explosions, the dense atmosphere limits the area of ​​propagation of gamma rays, and the dimensions of the EMR source approximately coincide with the area of ​​action of penetrating radiation. In space, EMR can acquire the quality of one of the main damaging factors.

EMR does not have a direct effect on humans.

The effect of EMR manifests itself primarily on bodies that conduct electric current: overhead and underground communication and power lines, alarm and control systems, metal supports, pipelines, etc. At the moment of explosion, a current pulse appears in them and a high electrical potential is induced relative to the ground.

As a result, breakdown of cable insulation, damage to input devices of radio and electrical equipment, burnout of arresters and fuse-links, damage to transformers, and failure of semiconductor devices may occur.

Strong electromagnetic fields can damage equipment at control points and communication centers and create a danger of injury to operating personnel.

Protection against EMI is achieved by shielding individual units and components of radio and electrical equipment.

Chemical weapons.

Chemical weapons are toxic substances and means of their use. The means of application include aircraft bombs, cassettes, missile warheads, artillery shells, chemical mines, aircraft jetting devices, aerosol generators, etc.

The basis of chemical weapons are toxic substances (CA) - toxic chemical compounds that affect people and animals, contaminating the air, terrain, water bodies, food and various objects in the area. Some chemical agents are designed to damage plants.

In chemical munitions and devices, agents are in liquid or solid state. At the moment of use of chemical weapons, chemical agents transform into a combat state - steam, aerosol or drops and affect people through the respiratory system or, if they come into contact with the human body, through the skin.

A characteristic of air contamination by vapors and fine aerosols is the concentration C = m/v, g/m3 - the amount “m” of OM per unit volume “v” of contaminated air.

A quantitative characteristic of the degree of contamination of various surfaces is the density of infection: d=m/s, g/m2 - i.e. the amount “m” of OM located per unit area “s” of the contaminated surface.

Agents are classified according to their physiological effects on humans, tactical purpose, speed of onset and duration of the damaging effect, toxicological properties, etc.

According to their physiological effects on the human body, chemical agents are divided into the following groups:

1) Nerve agents - sarin, soman, Vx (VI-ix). They cause nervous system dysfunction, muscle cramps, paralysis and death.

2) Agent of blister action - mustard gas. Affects the skin, eyes, respiratory and digestive organs if ingested.

3) Generally toxic agents - hydrocyanic acid and cyanogen chloride. In case of poisoning, severe shortness of breath, a feeling of fear, convulsions, and paralysis appear.

4) Asphyxiating agent - phosgene. It affects the lungs, causing swelling and suffocation.

5) OM of psycho-chemical action - BZ (Bizet). Affects through the respiratory system. Impairs coordination of movements, causes hallucinations and mental disorders.

6) irritant agents - chloroacetophenone, adamsite, CS (Ci-S) and CR (Ci-Er). These chemical agents cause irritation to the respiratory and visual organs.

Nerve agents, blister agents, generally poisonous and asphyxiating agents are lethal agents. Agents of psycho-chemical and irritating action - temporarily incapacitate people.

Based on the speed of onset of the damaging effect, a distinction is made between fast-acting agents (sarin, soman, hydrocyanic acid, CS, SR) and slow-acting agents (V-X, mustard gas, phosgene, Bi-zet).

According to duration, OBs are divided into persistent and unstable. Persistent ones retain their damaging effect for several hours or days. Unstable - several tens of minutes.

Toxodose is the amount of agent required to obtain a certain effect of damage: T=c*t (g*min)/m3, where: c is the concentration of agent in the air, g/m3; t is the time a person spends in contaminated air, min.

When using chemical munitions, a primary cloud of chemical agents is formed. Under the influence of moving air masses, OM spreads in a certain space, forming a zone of chemical contamination.

Zone of chemical contamination refers to the area that was directly exposed to chemical weapons, and the territory over which a cloud contaminated with chemical agents with damaging concentrations has spread.

Foci of chemical damage may occur in the zone of chemical contamination.

Site of chemical damage- this is a territory within which, as a result of the effects of chemical weapons, mass casualties of people, farm animals and plants occurred.

Protection against toxic substances is achieved by using individual respiratory and skin protective equipment, as well as collective means.

Special groups of chemical weapons include binary chemical munitions, which are two containers with different gases - not poisonous in their pure form, but when they are displaced during an explosion, a toxic mixture is obtained.

Electromagnetic pulse (EMP) is the damaging factor of nuclear weapons, as well as any other sources of EMP (for example, lightning, special electromagnetic weapons, a short circuit in high-power electrical equipment, or a nearby supernova explosion, etc.). The damaging effect of an electromagnetic pulse (EMP) is caused by the occurrence of induced voltages and currents in various conductors. The effect of EMR manifests itself primarily in relation to electrical and radio-electronic equipment. The most vulnerable are communication, signaling and control lines. In this case, insulation breakdown, damage to transformers, damage to semiconductor devices, etc. can occur. A high-altitude explosion can create interference in these lines over very large areas.

The nature of the electromagnetic pulse

A nuclear explosion produces huge amounts of ionized particles, powerful currents, and an electromagnetic field called an electromagnetic pulse (EMP). It has no effect on humans (at least within the limits of what has been studied), but it damages electronic equipment. The large amount of ions left behind from the explosion interferes with shortwave communications and radar operation. The height of the explosion has a very significant influence on the formation of EMR. EMP is strong in explosions at altitudes below 4 km, and is especially strong at altitudes above 30 km, but is less significant for the range of 4-30 km. This is due to the fact that EMR is formed when gamma rays are asymmetrically absorbed in the atmosphere. And at medium altitudes, just such absorption occurs symmetrically and evenly, without causing large fluctuations in the distribution of ions. The origin of EMP begins with an extremely short but powerful emission of gamma rays from the reaction zone. Over the course of ~10 nanoseconds, 0.3% of the explosion energy is released in the form of gamma rays. A gamma quantum, colliding with an atom of any gas in the air, knocks out an electron from it, ionizing the atom. In turn, this electron itself is capable of knocking out its fellow from another atom. A cascade reaction occurs, accompanied by the formation of up to 30,000 electrons for each gamma ray. At low altitudes, gamma rays emitted towards the ground are absorbed by it without producing many ions. Free electrons, being much lighter and more agile than atoms, quickly leave the region in which they originated. A very strong electromagnetic field is generated. This creates a very strong horizontal current, a spark, giving rise to broadband electromagnetic radiation. At the same time, on the ground, under the explosion site, electrons are collected, “interested” in the accumulation of positively charged ions directly around the epicenter. Therefore, a strong field is also created along the Earth.

And although a very small part of the energy is emitted in the form of EMR - 1/3x10-10, this happens in a very short period of time. So the power it develops is enormous: 100,000 MW. At high altitudes, ionization of the dense layers of the atmosphere located below occurs. At cosmic altitudes (500 km), the region of such ionization reaches 2500 km. Its maximum thickness is up to 80 km. The Earth's magnetic field twists the trajectories of electrons into a spiral, forming a powerful electromagnetic pulse for several microseconds. Within a few minutes, a strong electrostatic field (20-50 kV/m) arises between the Earth's surface and the ionized layer until most of the electrons are absorbed due to recombination processes. Although the peak field strength during a high-altitude explosion is only 1-10% of the ground level, the formation of an EMR takes 100,000 more energy - 1/3x10-5 of the total released, the strength remains approximately constant under the entire ionized region.

Impact of EMR on equipment. The ultra-strong electromagnetic field induces high voltage in all conductors. Power lines will actually be giant antennas; the voltage induced in them will cause insulation breakdown and failure of transformer substations. The majority of specially not protected semiconductor devices will fail. In this regard, microcircuits will give a big head start to the good old lamp technology, which does not care about either strong radiation or strong electric fields.