What are recreational resources in geography briefly. Recreational resources: concept and characteristics

>> Recreational resources of the Earth

§ 7. Recreational resources of the Earth

Recreational resources serve as the basis for recreation and closely related tourism. In recreational geography, there are four main types of recreational use of the territory. Firstly, this is a recreational-therapeutic type, which uses medicinal waters, mud, and comfortable climate conditions. Secondly, this is a recreational and health-improving type using the beaches of the seas, rivers, lakes, reservoirs, forests, and parks. Thirdly, this is a recreational and sports type, including skiing, sailing, and mountaineering. Fourthly, this is a recreational and educational type, based on remarkable natural and cultural sites and landscapes.

Recreational resources are resources of all types that can be used to meet the needs of the population for recreation and tourism. Based on recreational resources, it is possible to organize economic sectors specializing in recreational services.

Recreational resources include:

• natural complexes and their components (relief, climate, water bodies, vegetation, fauna);
• cultural and historical attractions;
• economic potential of the territory, including infrastructure, labor resources.

Recreational resources are a set of elements of natural, natural-technical and socio-economic geosystems, which, with appropriate development of productive forces, can be used to organize a recreational economy. Recreational resources, in addition to natural objects, include any types of matter, energy, information that are the basis for the functioning, development, and stable existence of the recreational system. Recreational resources are one of the prerequisites for the formation of a separate sector of the economy - the recreational economy.

In the modern world, recreational resources, i.e., resources of natural territories, as areas of recreation, treatment and tourism, have acquired great importance. Of course, these resources cannot be called purely natural, since they also include objects of anthropogenic origin, primarily historical and architectural monuments (for example, the palace and park ensembles of Petrodvorets near St. Petersburg and Versailles near Paris, the Roman Colosseum, the Athenian Acropolis, Egyptian pyramids, the Great Wall of China, etc.). But the basis of recreational resources is still made up of natural elements: sea coasts, river banks, forests, mountainous areas, etc.

The growing flow of people “to nature” (recreational explosion) is the result of the scientific and technological revolution, which, figuratively speaking, unloaded our muscles, strained our nerves and tore us away from nature. Every country in the world has one or another recreational resources. People are attracted not only by the magnificent beaches of the Mediterranean, Tropical Africa and the Hawaiian Islands, Crimea and Transcaucasia, but also by the soaring snow-capped Andes and Himalayas, the Pamirs and Tien Shan, the Alps and the Caucasus.

Classification of recreational resources in balneology

• Elementary resources: climate resources; components of the natural landscape (types of southern landscape, degree of landscape comfort, etc.); temporary (seasons of the year); spatial-territorial (geographic latitudes, solar radiation and ultraviolet radiation zones);
• Hydrographic elementary resources: water; natural monuments - open reservoirs, springs, etc.;
• Hydromineral elemental resources: medicinal mineral waters; healing mud; medicinal clays; other medicinal natural resources;
• Forest elementary resources: state forest fund; natural reserve fund, etc.; urban forests (on the lands of urban settlements), forests - natural monuments, etc.;
• Orographic elementary resources: mountainous areas; flat areas; rough terrain; health-improving areas and resorts;
• Biological elemental resources:

— biofauna;

— bioflora;

• Socio-cultural elementary resources: components of the cultural landscape (ethnicity, folk epic, folk cuisine, folk crafts, museums, art galleries, panoramas, cultural monuments of various forms of ownership, etc.); a range of recreational institutions (clubs, cultural centers, discos, restaurants, bars, nightclubs, casinos, bowling alleys, slot machine halls, etc.);
• Road transport elementary resources:

— air transport: availability of the nearest major airport, convenient schedule of arrivals and departures of aircraft;

— railway transport: state of development of the railway network; convenient train arrival and departure schedules;

— road transport: state of development and quality of the road network; availability and convenient operating hours of gas stations, service stations, food outlets and consumer services;

• Basic labor resources (medical, technical and service personnel, provision of departmental housing and dormitories, home ownership; mortgage lending for the purchase of housing, etc.)
• Communication elementary resources (state of development of communication services, radio, long-distance pay phone, multi-program television, relay stations: Internet, cell phone);
• Basic healthcare resources: development of the municipal and private healthcare system to provide emergency qualified medical care; compulsory and voluntary health insurance services; the level of professional training of medical personnel of sanatorium and resort organizations, the required composition of medical specialists; availability of a license, etc.;
• The level of development of basic resources of the banking system and its accessibility;
• Energy elemental resources;
• Basic service resources: hairdressing and beauty salons, cosmetology salons; clothing tailoring and repair shop; dry cleaning; laundry; shops, etc.;
• Basic sports leisure resources (gyms, sports halls, sauna with swimming pool, sports grounds, etc.)

Service areas

It is simply impossible to imagine modern life without schools, hospitals, shops, food establishments, museums, etc. All these types of enterprises are part of the service sector (service industry). The location of service sector enterprises coincides with the geography of the population. However, the level, quality, and completeness of the range of services provided differ not only by region, but also within each of them - between rural areas and cities, even within a large city - between central and outlying (“dormitory” and “industrial”) areas. The location of service sector enterprises is also determined by the different frequency of demand for different types of services. The volume of demand for services also plays a role. A theater cannot exist in a village or town. Perhaps the only service sector that has large regional differences is the recreational sector.

Recreational and medicinal resources of the world

They are intended to organize, first of all, human treatment. This can be both complex therapy of the whole body and individual organs and systems. Recreational and medicinal resources of the world include the following objects: mineral water sources; healing mud; mountain resorts; sea ​​coasts; salt lakes.

Recreational and health resources of the world

This group includes all resources on the basis of which treatment can be carried out, as well as the improvement of the body. Such resources include resorts and resort areas (sea, alpine, ski, forest). Among the most popular resort areas in the world are the following: Hawaiian Islands; Seychelles; Canary Islands; Bali island; island of Cuba.

Recreational-sports and recreational-cognitive resources

Majestic mountain systems (Alps, Cordillera, Himalayas, Caucasus, Carpathians) attract a huge number of active tourists and extreme sports enthusiasts. After all, there are all the necessary recreational and sports resources here. You can go on a mountain hike or conquer one of the peaks. You can organize an extreme descent down a mountain river or go rock climbing. The mountains have a wide range of diverse recreational resources. There are also a huge number of ski resorts here.

Conclusion

Thus, the world's recreational resources are very diverse and rich. These include ancient cities, amazing architectural structures, high mountains and rushing waterfalls, museums and castles covered in legends.

“Recreational resources” are resources of all types that can be used to meet the needs of the population for recreation and tourism. Based on recreational resources, it is possible to organize economic sectors specializing in recreational services.

• · natural complexes and their components (relief, climate, reservoirs, vegetation, fauna);
• · cultural and historical attractions;
• · economic potential of the territory, including infrastructure, labor resources.

Recreational resources are a set of elements of natural, natural-technical and socio-economic geosystems, which, with appropriate development of productive forces, can be used to organize a recreational economy. Recreational resources, in addition to natural objects, include any types of matter, energy, information that are the basis for the functioning, development, and stable existence of the recreational system. Recreational resources are one of the prerequisites for the formation of a separate sector of the economy - the recreational economy.

In the modern world, recreational resources, i.e., resources of natural territories, as areas of recreation, treatment and tourism, have acquired great importance. Of course, these resources cannot be called purely natural, since they also include objects of anthropogenic origin, primarily historical and architectural monuments (for example, the palace and park ensembles of Petrodvorets near St. Petersburg and Versailles near Paris, the Roman Colosseum, the Athenian Acropolis, Egyptian pyramids, the Great Wall of China, etc.). But the basis of recreational resources is still made up of natural elements: sea coasts, river banks, forests, mountainous areas, etc.

The growing flow of people “to nature” (recreational explosion) is the result of the scientific and technological revolution, which, figuratively speaking, unloaded our muscles, strained our nerves and tore us away from nature. Every country in the world has one or another recreational resources. People are attracted not only by the magnificent beaches of the Mediterranean, Tropical Africa and the Hawaiian Islands, Crimea and Transcaucasia, but also by the soaring snow-capped Andes and Himalayas, the Pamirs and Tien Shan, the Alps and the Caucasus.

Classification of recreational resources in balneology

• 1. Elementary resources: climate resources; components of the natural landscape (types of landscape, degree of landscape comfort, etc.); temporary (seasons of the year); spatial-territorial (geographic latitudes, solar radiation and ultraviolet radiation zones);
• 2. Hydrographic elementary resources: water; natural monuments - open reservoirs, springs, etc.;
• 3. Hydromineral elemental resources: medicinal mineral waters; healing mud; medicinal clays; other medicinal natural resources;
• 4. Forest elementary resources: state forest fund; natural reserve fund, etc.; urban forests (on the lands of urban settlements), forests - natural monuments, etc.;
• 5. Orographic elementary resources: mountainous areas; flat areas; rough terrain; health-improving areas and resorts;
• 6. Biological elementary resources:
• 1. biofauna;
• 2. bioflora;
• 7. Socio-cultural elementary resources: components of the cultural landscape (ethnicity, folk epic, folk cuisine, folk crafts, museums, art galleries, panoramas, cultural monuments of various forms of ownership, etc.); a range of recreational institutions (clubs, cultural centers, discos, restaurants, bars, nightclubs, casinos, bowling alleys, slot machine halls, etc.);
• 8. Road transport basic resources:
• 1. air transport: availability of the nearest major airport, convenient schedule of arrivals and departures of aircraft;
• 2. railway transport: state of development of the railway network; convenient train arrival and departure schedules;
• 3. road transport: state of development and quality of the road network; availability and convenient operating hours of gas stations, service stations, food outlets and consumer services;
• 9. Basic labor resources (medical, technical and service personnel, provision of departmental housing and dormitories, home ownership; mortgage lending for the purchase of housing, etc.)
• 10. Communication elementary resources (state of development of communication services, radio, long-distance pay phone, multi-program television, relay stations: Internet, cell phone);
• 11. Basic healthcare resources: development of the municipal and private healthcare system to provide emergency qualified medical care; compulsory and voluntary health insurance services; the level of professional training of medical personnel of sanatorium and resort organizations, the required composition of medical specialists; availability of a license, etc.;
• 12. The level of development of basic resources of the banking system and its accessibility;
• 13. Energy elemental resources;
• 14. Basic service resources: hairdressing and beauty salons, cosmetology salons; clothing tailoring and repair shop; dry cleaning; laundry; shops, etc.;
• 15. Basic resources for sports leisure (gyms, sports halls, sauna with swimming pool, sports grounds, etc.)

"Basic Definitions"

Resources (from the French ressources) are a means, a supply, an opportunity, a source of something (Modern Dictionary..., 1992). In geography, resources are sources of satisfying material and spiritual needs.

Types of resources:

• * material, which includes everything created by humanity, including cultural resources - sources of knowledge of cultural values;
• * labor, which is the working population capable of producing any useful product, as well as the professional skills and educational and cultural level of this population;
• * natural - these are natural objects and phenomena used in human activity to obtain mainly material, but also spiritual benefits.

Recreational resources are resources of all types that can be used to meet the needs of the population for recreation and tourism. Based on recreational resources, it is possible to organize economic sectors specializing in recreational services.

Recreational resources include:

• * natural complexes and their components (relief, climate, reservoirs, vegetation, fauna);
• * cultural and historical attractions;
• * economic potential of the territory, including infrastructure, labor resources.

Infrastructure is a set of buildings, structures, systems and services necessary to ensure production and life of the population (Geographical Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1988).

Infrastructure includes:

• · transport routes, train stations, ports and airports, storage rooms, warehouses;
• · engineering communications: gas networks, energy supply, heat supply, water supply and sewerage, etc.;
• · financial institutions, communication centers and more

"Climatic recreational resources"

Under climatic recreational resources are understood as a set of weather conditions suitable for various types of recreation (Methodological recommendations..., 1983). Types of weather are divided into comfortable, allowing certain types of recreation without restrictions, subcomfortable, in which certain types of recreation are possible with restrictions, and uncomfortable (unfavorable) - a certain type of recreation is not allowed. For example, for relaxing on the beach, comfortable weather is with an average daily air temperature of +20 +25, a clear cloudless sky, a wind speed of no more than 5 m/s, and a relative humidity of 30 to 90%. When the listed characteristics go beyond the specified limits, for example, when the wind speed increases, the weather becomes subcomfortable - vacationers experience some inconvenience. In some weather conditions, such as heavy rain, a beach holiday is not possible.

It must be borne in mind that the very concept of “climatic comfort” is relative (Recreational use..., 1980). So, for a resident of equatorial Africa, the usual winter weather for skiing may be too cold. Residents of mountainous countries do not experience the discomfort that residents of plains experience when climbing sharply into the mountains due to thin air at altitudes.

Climatic resources are characterized, in particular, by the following indicators: the total number of days with favorable weather; total duration of seasons (seasons); the number of days with favorable weather for a certain type of tourism for each season (Methodological recommendations..., 1983).

"Water recreational resources"

TO water recreational resources include all water bodies suitable for recreation. Only heavily polluted rivers, streams and lakes are completely unsuitable; recreation on the banks of which is unpleasant.

The suitability of water resources for different types of recreation is determined by a number of characteristics

Recreational characteristics of water bodies:

• · Water temperature and its changes throughout the year.
• · Coastal types: beaches, rocks, cliffs, grassy, ​​marshy. The beaches, in turn, are divided by width and rock composition - sandy, pebble, boulder.
• · Depth of the reservoir.
• · Safety of the reservoir for swimming: absence of areas of fast current, whirlpools, algae, various dangerous objects at the bottom - logs, sharp shells of mollusks, etc.
• · Pollution of the reservoir.
• · Characteristics of rafting conditions (of decisive importance for sports tourism): length of the river, its slope, flow speed, presence of rapids, waterfalls, dams, log piles, etc.
• · The nature of landscapes on the banks. Thus, according to (Recreational Use..., 1980), in terms of their potential qualities, reservoirs with dry banks covered with pine and coniferous-deciduous forests are most suitable for recreation. If any forest is not too far from a small river, then organizing a vacation is still possible. Shores that are swampy or plowed are considered unsuitable.

"Forest recreational resources"

TO Forest recreational resources include all forests suitable for recreation. Only impenetrable forests (growing in impenetrable swamps) are unsuitable. Forest recreational resources are characterized by the following indicators.

Forest cover is the percentage of forested area of ​​the total area of ​​the territory.

Characteristics of the forest plant community: predominant tree species, their age, the presence and density of undergrowth (young trees), undergrowth (shrubs), species composition of the herbaceous-shrub layer, mosses and lichens. The latter are indicators of soil moisture and fertility conditions.

“Balneological and mud therapeutic recreational resources”

Balneological and mud resources are sources of mineral waters and deposits of therapeutic mud of various compositions and origins - silt, peat, sapropel, volcanic. Their characteristics are similar to those of other mineral deposits.

Characteristics of balneological and mud therapy resources:

• · qualitative composition - medicinal properties determined by the content of chemical and biological (for mud) substances;
• · volume;
• · production conditions (for example, for mineral waters - depth).

"Landscape recreational resources"

TO landscape recreational resources include natural or artificial landscapes that are of educational or sporting interest, and also have fairly good hygienic qualities (Methodological recommendations..., 1983).

Different landscapes are interesting for different types of tourism. For sports and educational tourism, mountainous areas are most interesting as they are the most picturesque and difficult to navigate. Forests are also interesting, and the wilder and uninhabited they are, the better. Swamps can be attractive to lovers of consumer tourism. Plowed areas or areas disfigured by mining and destroyed nature do not attract anyone.

One of the main criteria for assessing a landscape for recreation is its aesthetics. It includes such categories as the variety of shapes of landscape elements, their color, color combinations between them, the size of panoramas that open from inspection sites, etc. (Methodological recommendations..., 1983). From the point of view of aesthetics, territories with different topography are distinguished. Mountain areas are considered the best. Next in descending order are: hilly areas, gently rolling areas, flat areas (the most unaesthetic).

"Educational Tourism Resources"

TO These include objects of educational significance that can be shown during excursions.

Natural educational objects of tourism include beautiful landscapes, as well as individual attractions: rocky cliffs, glaciers, waterfalls, lakes, springs, old trees, trees uncharacteristic for the area, traces of animal activity (beaver lodges, bird nests) and more.

Cultural educational resources of tourism include:

• · historical monuments - archaeological sites, places of historical events (for example, Malakhov Kurgan in Sevastopol);
• · architectural monuments - Kremlins, churches, unique houses, etc.;
• · entertainment institutions - theaters, concert halls, folk art houses (Methodological recommendations..., 1983);
• · places where wonderful people lived, for example, the village of Konstantinovo (Ryazan region, Yesenin’s birthplace), Kashirin’s house in Nizhny Novgorod, where Maxim Gorky spent his childhood;
• · landscape and architectural monuments - for example, ancient parks (Petergorf near St. Petersburg), ancient estates;
• · museums, art galleries, exhibition halls, zoos, aquariums, ethnographic monuments and other attractions.

“General characteristics of recreational resources”

For All recreational resources have a number of characteristics that matter.

Picturesque. An excursion site or area where people relax should be beautiful. The concept of beauty is largely subjective, but some generally accepted standards exist (an example is given in the description of landscape resources).

Diversity. It is desirable that various natural complexes and cultural recreational facilities be located in the recreation area. In one tour it is desirable to combine activities that differ in tourism purposes.

Uniqueness. The rarer an object is, the more valuable it is. Objects that are unique on a global scale (Egyptian pyramids, Lake Baikal), on an all-Russian scale (the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus), on a regional scale (Lake Svetloyar for the Volga-Vyatka region), on a local scale (recreation area "Shchelokovsky Farm" for Nizhny Novgorod) are highlighted ).

Fame. It is a derivative of uniqueness and the extent to which this uniqueness is known among the general public. For example, everyone knows Lake Baikal, and the name of the “Central Sikhote-Alin” ridge in the Far East tells little to the average worker, although the nature of this ridge is also unique.

Transport accessibility to the tourist site. This concept includes the cost of travel, type of transport, travel time, frequency of transport, its comfort, etc. It depends both on the territory where the object is located and on the gathering place of the group of tourists.

Service conditions determined by the recreational infrastructure of the area where the facility is located. This is the presence of tourist and medical and recreational institutions, their capacity, comfort, quality condition, profile and other characteristics, the presence of a road transport network and the institutions serving it (train stations, ports, stations, lockers, etc.), the presence and quality of communication institutions , financial institutions, utilities, etc.

"World Natural Heritage"

International evidence of recognition of the uniqueness of the site is its inclusion in the World Heritage List. Information about such objects is given according to (Methodological manual..., 2000).

Natural heritage sites include unique natural monuments, geological and physiographic features, natural sites or limited natural areas that have outstanding scientific, environmental or aesthetic value.

Objects of cultural heritage include unique works of man (architectural monuments, sculptures, archeology, architectural ensembles), as well as joint creations of man and nature that are of outstanding value from the point of view of history, anthropology, ethnology, aesthetics, art or scientific research.

World Heritage Site status contributes to:

• · obtaining additional guarantees for the safety of objects;
• · increasing the prestige of the territory and the institutions that manage it;
• · popularization of the site and development of tourism (for natural heritage sites, primarily environmental), as well as alternative types of environmental management;
• · obtaining priority in attracting financial resources (primarily from the World Heritage Fund);
• · organization of monitoring and control over the safety of the object.

Recreational resources of the world. Recreational refers to natural conditions, resources and public facilities

Which can be used for recreation, tourism and healthcare.

Recreational resources are divided into natural-recreational and cultural-historical. Natural recreational areas include sea and lake coasts, mountainous areas, territories with a comfortable temperature regime, they are used for the following types of tourism: beach (Côte d'Azur of France, Italian Riviera, Golden Sands of Bulgaria, islands of the Mediterranean and Caribbean Seas, Oceania), winter ( Alps, Scandinavian mountains, Carpathians, Pyrenees, Cordillera), ecological (visiting national parks and undeveloped territories).

Resources of the World Ocean. From the second half of the 20th century. Considerable attention is paid to the development of the resources of the World Ocean. The ocean is rich in biological, mineral and energy resources. More than 70 chemical elements are dissolved in seawater, which is why it is called “liquid ore.” Using the latest technologies, some of them are already being removed from water, in particular bromine, iodine, magnesium, table salt, etc.

The biological resources of the World Ocean are marine organisms that are used by humans. There are 180 thousand species of animals and 20 thousand species of plants in the Ocean. Fish, marine invertebrates (oysters, crabs), marine mammals (whales, walruses, seals) and seaweed are of economic importance. So far they provide only 2% of humanity's food needs. The most productive zone is the shelf zone.

The mineral resources of the World Ocean are very diverse. Now oil, natural gas, coal, iron ores, diamonds, gold, amber, etc. are being extracted on the ocean shelf. The development of the ocean floor has begun. Large reserves of iron-manganese raw materials were discovered here, significantly exceeding their reserves on land. In addition to the main components, ocean deposits contain more than 20 useful elements: nickel, cobalt, copper, titanium, molybdenum, etc. Technologies for extracting iron-manganese ores from the ocean floor have already been developed in the USA, Japan, Germany and other countries.

The energy resources of the World Ocean are inexhaustible and diverse. Tidal energy is already used in France, CILLA, Russia, Japan. A significant reserve is the energy of waves, sea currents, and water temperature differences.

Nowadays, the problem of economical use of the riches of the World Ocean and the protection of its resources arises. The world community is especially concerned about oil pollution in the ocean. After all, only 1 g of oil is enough to destroy life in 1 m3 of water. To preserve the nature of the World Ocean, international agreements are concluded on the protection of waters from pollution, rules for the use of biological resources, and the prohibition of testing weapons of mass destruction in the Ocean. Great hopes are placed on the use of truly inexhaustible resources in the future: solar energy, wind, internal heat of the Earth, and space.