Kuznetsov scientist. Kuznetsov Vladimir Dmitrievich

Kuznetsov, Vladimir Dmitrievich(1887-1963) - Soviet physicist. Professor, Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1958), Hero of Socialist Labor (1957), Honored Scientist of the RSFSR (1934), laureate of the Stalin Prize (1942).

Biography

He graduated from St. Petersburg University in the physics and mathematics department in 1910. In 1911, he was invited to Tomsk by TTI professor B. P. Weinberg. Kuznetsov was approved as a laboratory assistant at the Siberian Higher Women's Courses, elected as a senior laboratory assistant at TTI, where he later worked as a teacher, private assistant professor, and supernumerary professor until 1928. With the opening of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics at TSU in 1920, he moved there to job, became head of the physics department. In 1922 he was elected deputy rector of TSU. From March 1929 to January 1933 and from March 1937 to April 1960, he was elected by competition as director of the SFTI.

In 1934, Kuznetsov was awarded the academic degree of Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences without defending a dissertation. In 1946 he was elected a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and in 1958 he became its full member. Kuznetsov is one of the initiators of the creation of the West Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Novosibirsk.

During the Great Patriotic War, Kuznetsov was one of the organizers of the Tomsk Committee of Scientists to provide assistance to industry, transport, and agriculture. He was buried at the Southern Cemetery of Tomsk.

The building of the West Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Novosibirsk

SFTI building on Novosobornaya Square. Academician V.D. Kuznetsov was director of SFTI from February 1929 to 1933 and from 1937 to 1960

Scientific activities

The main works are devoted to the study of the properties of solids and the phenomena occurring in them during technological processing, the study of surface energy, hardness and other properties of crystals, internal friction in solids, plasticity and strength of metal mono- and polycrystals, the mechanism of crystallization and recrystallization, external friction and wear of metals and alloys, metal cutting. Development of the fundamentals of the physical theory of cutting, theoretical proof and experimental confirmation of the possibility of high-speed cutting of metals.

Kuznetsov began his scientific activity in the field of liquid dielectrics; around 1922, the problem of solid state physics became dominant in his scientific work. Kuznetsov’s main research related to the following scientific areas:

• surface energy and hardness;
• plasticity and strength;
• crystallization and recrystallization;
• metal cutting;
• friction and wear of metals;
• heat resistance and thermal fatigue of metals.

Studies of steel brittleness at low temperatures in Siberia (-50) allowed Kuznetsov, together with Professor A. N. Dobrovidov, to find the possibility of shifting the critical region of steel brittleness towards low temperatures by treating steel with sorbitol, which was of great industrial importance.

At the beginning of 1940, Kuznetsov put forward the idea of ​​ultra-high-speed cutting of metals and the theory of this process, based on knowledge of the temperature-speed dependence of mechanical properties. The physical approach to cutting issues was called the “Tomsk direction” and won universal recognition. After the war, he invented a method for studying cutting processes at ultra-high speeds, which began to be used in our country. Later, this method began to be developed abroad (in the USA and Japan). During the war years, Kuznetsov carried out a series of works to study the process of armor penetration. He summarized the results of these studies in his book “Physics of Armor Penetration”. Under his leadership, a series of works was carried out aimed at elucidating the physical processes occurring during the mutual sliding of metals. Research on friction and wear is summarized in Volume IV of “Solid State Physics.” In the second half of the 1950s. worked on problems of heat resistance and thermal fatigue of metals. Research in this area was summarized in a monograph, but its publication was not completed due to the deterioration of Kuznetsov’s health.

Kuznetsov's scientific and literary activity was very extensive. He created a work unprecedented in world science - the monograph “Solid State Physics”, consisting of 5 volumes with a total volume of over 320 pp.

Vladimir Kuznetsov wrote the following books: “Crystals and Crystallization” (1953); "Surface Energy of Solids" (1954), which was republished in German; “Build-up during cutting and friction” (1956), published in 1964. international publishing house (Oxford, London, Edinburgh, Paris, Frankfurt, New York). By decision of the Publishing Council of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Kuznetsov’s “Selected Works” were published. Based on the results of Kuznetsov’s theoretical and experimental research, about 200 articles were published.

Kuznetsov laid the foundation for the development of various areas of solid state physics in Tomsk. With his assistance, the physics of dielectrics began to develop intensively at SFTI, which was further developed at the Tomsk Polytechnic Institute under the leadership of A. A. Vorobyov. In recent years, Kuznetsova has contributed to research in the field of semiconductor physics.

Social activities

For many years, Kuznetsov was a deputy of the city council, chairman of the Tomsk regional peace committee, in 1947-1951. - Deputy of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR

Awards, recognition

USSR State Prize (1944).

Order of St. Stanislaus, 3rd degree (1917); medal “In memory of the 300th anniversary of the reign of the House of Romanov”; three Orders of Lenin; title of Hero of Socialist Labor (1957); Medal "For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945" (1946).

After Kuznetsov's death, SFTI began to bear his name. In the reading room of the SFTI there is a bust of V. D. Kuznetsov.

One of the streets of Tomsk is named after him.

Family

Wife - K. T. Ivanova, a student at the Higher Women's Courses in St. Petersburg, died in 1940.

Wife – Tamara Stepanovna, doctor.

Daughters: Lydia, Eleanor, Albina (adopted), Tatyana.

Sources

1. Sergeevykh G.P. "Professors of Tomsk Polytechnic University". T.2. - Tomsk, NTL, 2001-216p.

2. Journal of TPU “Tomsk Polytechnic” No. 10, 2004-199 pp.

There is hardly a person in the world who does not know the famous literary hero Stirlitz, created by the writer. The character from the black-and-white serial film “Seventeen Moments of Spring” gave the audience an example of courage and bravery, acting in the interests of the USSR on the territory of Nazi Germany. But few people know that while working on the book, the writer relied on real people who participated in the events of that troubled time from 1941 to 1945.

Nikolai Ivanovich Kuznetsov is one of the prototypes of the famous Maxim Maksimovich Isaev. This man, who left his mark on the history of the Soviet Union, is often called a friend among strangers or the God of intelligence. Acting undercover, this hero personally eliminated eleven high-ranking officials of Nazi Germany. Of course, Nikolai Ivanovich helped his homeland win that difficult battle against the troops.

Childhood and youth

Nikanor Ivanovich (real name Kuznetsov, which was later changed to Nikolai) was born on July 27, 1911 in the village of Zyryanka, located in the Talitsky urban district of the Sverdlovsk region. Kuznetsov grew up in an ordinary peasant family of six people. In addition to Nikolai, two girls were raised in the house - Agafya and Lydia, as well as a boy Victor. Initially, the young man studied at a seven-year comprehensive school, and then continued his education and entered the agricultural technical school in Tyumen.

The young man pored over textbooks and tried to study well, and was also accepted into the Communist Youth League. However, Nikolai had to leave the educational institution, since the family lost its breadwinner - Ivan Kuznetsov, who died of tuberculosis. Having lost his father, the future Hero of the Soviet Union began to take care of his mother, brothers and sisters, fulfilling the duties of the head of the family.

But the hardships of life did not break the young man; he continued to gnaw on the granite of science, enrolling in the Talitsky Forestry College. Around the same time, Kuznetsov showed linguistic abilities, the guy began to study his native language, and German. Thanks to highly qualified teachers, Nikolai quickly mastered a foreign language.

It is noteworthy that he studied not only the official business style, but also picked up slang and profanity thanks to his communication with a forester of German origin, who was once a soldier in the Austrian-Hungarian army.

The young man also independently studied Esperanto, the most common planned language, invented by the ophthalmologist Zamenhof. It was to it that he translated his favorite poem “Borodino”, composed by. Among other things, Nikolai Ivanovich mastered the Ukrainian, Komi and Polish languages.

Pre-war years

Unfortunately, there are black spots in the biography of Nikolai Ivanovich. In 1929, the young man was expelled from the Komsomol, as information surfaced that Kuznetsov was of White Guard-kulak origin. A year later, already in the spring, Nikolai found himself in Kudymkar, where he got a job as an assistant tax collector for the construction of local forests. Later, the polyglot was taken back to the technical school, but was not allowed to defend his diploma. Also, the hardworking young man was again accepted into the ranks of the Komsomol, but not for long.

While working at the enterprise, Kuznetsov complained to law enforcement officers about his colleagues in the shop who were stealing state property. Two dodgers were sentenced to imprisonment for 4–8 years, and Kuznetsov also fell into disgrace and was sentenced to a year of correctional labor. In addition, Nikolai Ivanovich worked at Mnogopromsoyuz, as well as in the Red Hammer promartel.

In 1934 he worked as a statistician at the Sverdles trust, and then as a draftsman at the Yekaterinburg plant. A year later, the guy got a job at Uralmashzavod, but was fired for repeated absenteeism. In 1938 he was arrested by the NKVD and spent several months in prison.

Great Patriotic War

It is worth saying that Nikolai Ivanovich had an active civic position. He personally participated in the unification of private peasant farms into state collective farms. Kuznetsov traveled to villages and villages and repeatedly encountered local residents. In moments of danger, the young man behaved fearlessly and judiciously, for which he received the attention of operational state security agencies.

Also, thanks to his knowledge of the Komi language, Kuznetsov participated in the capture of forest bandit groups and showed himself as a professional agent. In 1938, People's Commissar Mikhail Ivanovich Zhuravlev gave a positive review of Kuznetsov and offered to take the talented polyglot into the central office. A criminal record and repeated controversial issues in the biography of Nikolai Ivanovich did not allow this to be done, however, due to the troubled political situation in the country, the authorities had to give up their principles.

Kuznetsov received the status of a highly classified special agent, as well as a passport in the name of Rudolf Wilhelmovich Schmidt. Since 1939, in the past, a simple worker carried out tasks assigned by government agencies and was introduced into the diplomatic life that was in full swing in Moscow.

When the Great Patriotic War began, the leadership of the USSR created a reconnaissance group under the command. Having joined the ranks of a special group under the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR, Nikolai Kuznetsov reincarnated as the German lieutenant Paul Wilhelm Siebert, who was initially listed in the German Air Force, and then was listed in the infantry.

The Russian intelligence officer observed the life and customs of Germany, and also personally communicated with high-ranking officials of the Third Reich. The Germans did not notice the trick, because the Russian agent looked like a true Aryan. In addition, the Abwehr orientation indicated that Kuznetsov spoke at least six dialects of the German language. That is, the scout found out where his interlocutor was from, and, as if at the snap of a finger, switched to the desired dialect.

Having set up an ambush on February 7, 1943, Nikolai Ivanovich found out from Major Gahan, who was captured, about Adolf Hitler’s headquarters in northern Ukraine. Kuznetsov also received a secret card. Information about “Werewolf” was urgently transferred to the Moscow leadership.

The main task of Nikolai Kuznetsov was to eliminate Gauleiter Erich Koch. However, both attempts to destroy the honorary SS Obergruppenführer were doomed to fiasco. Nikolai Ivanovich planned to make the first attempt at a parade in honor of the Fuhrer’s birthday, and the second attempt was made during a personal reception with Koch. However, the first time Erich did not bother to show up for the parade, and the second time Siebert did not take such a risky step, because then there were many witnesses and guards present.

Kuznetsov also made attempts to destroy Koch’s confidant, Paul Dargel. But this plan also failed miserably: Paul was wounded by a grenade, lost both legs, but survived. In the fall of 1943, Siebert carried out his last operation in Rovno: SA Oberführer Alfred Funk was shot in the courtroom.

Among other things, a native of Zyryanka declassified a German operation called “Long Jump”, the essence of which was to kill the main enemies of Adolf Hitler, the so-called “Big Three” -, and. Kuznetsov received reasonable information from Hans Ulrich von Ortel, who, after drinking strong drinks, could not keep his mouth shut.

Personal life

Contemporaries of Nikolai Ivanovich Kuznetsov used to say that the Hero of the Soviet Union was a ladies' man and changed women like gloves. The first chosen one of the brave man was Elena Chugaeva, who worked as a nurse in Kudymkar. The lovers consolidated their relationship by marriage, but three months after the marriage, Nikolai Ivanovich left his wife, leaving for the Perm region. Kuznetsov did not have time to formalize the official divorce.

The scout can be positioned as a Don Juan; he had numerous love affairs with the capital's ballet primas, but among all the other young ladies it is worth noting a certain Oksana Obolenskaya. Nikolai Ivanovich courted this lady like a true gentleman and, in order not to go unnoticed, he composed a beautiful legend about himself and introduced himself as the German pilot Rudolf Schmidt, most likely based on the thoughts that women are greedy for foreigners.

But on the eve of the war, Oksana did not want to get involved with a man who allegedly had a German surname. Therefore, Obolenskaya chose her compatriot over Kuznetsov. But Nikolai Ivanovich could not stop his beloved and show his true self. According to rumors, the intelligence officer asked Colonel Dmitry Medvedev to reveal the truth to Obolenskaya in the event of Kuznetsov’s death.

Death and memory

Nikolai Ivanovich Kuznetsov and his comrades Yan Kaminsky and Ivan Belov fell at the hands of their comrades. The fact is that the scouts had to make a stop on the territory of Ukraine when they followed the retreating German troops. According to one version, Kuznetsov died while participating in a shootout with the UPA; according to another, he was blown up by a grenade. The hero died on March 9, 1944.

The supposed burial place of Nikolai Ivanovich was found in the Kutyki tract. Strutinsky (Kuznetsov’s comrade, participating in the search operation) ensured that the scout’s remains were interred on the Hill of Glory.

Monuments to Kuznetsov in the cities of Lviv and Rivne suffered at the hands of vandals - members of the Ukrainian nationalist underground. Later, one of the monuments was transported to Talitsa. In 2015, the monument located in the village of Povcha was destroyed.

Also, a museum in his home village of Zyryanka was named in honor of Nikolai Ivanovich.

Awards

• 1944 – title of Hero of the Soviet Union
• 1943 and 1944 – Order of Lenin
• 1944 – medal “Partisan of the Patriotic War”, 1st degree
• 1999 – medal “Defender of the Fatherland”
• 2004 – medal “60 years of liberation of Ukraine from fascist invaders”

Born in 1913 in Moscow. He spent his childhood in Moscow, and graduated from high school in the city of Borovichi, in the Novgorod province, where his father worked at that moment. After graduating from school, he came to work at the Borovichi ceramics plant as an assistant mechanic. Natural talent and secondary education, which at a general level looked very significant, soon made him a foreman of electricians. Viktor Ivanovich was always proud of the fact that at that time he was assigned to calculate a transformer substation, he did it and the substation worked. However, very soon the knowledge acquired at school became insufficient. In 1933, Viktor Kuznetsov entered the Leningrad Industrial Institute (by the time of graduation it had turned into the Polytechnic Institute; now St. Petersburg Technical University) to major in Boilers. He studied successfully and, perhaps, we would never have known the name Kuznetsov if in the second year I had not learned about the organization of a new group “Calculation and Design of Aircraft” at the Faculty of Engineering and Physics (now the Faculty of Physics and Mechanics). I decided to change my specialty and have never regretted it. Learns a new specialty with enthusiasm. Yes, this is not surprising. Lectures were given to students by outstanding mechanical scientists Lev Gerasimovich Loitsyansky and Evgeniy Leopoldovich Nikolai. The future director of the Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Georgy Nikolaevich Flerov, and the future designer of heavy tanks and atomic weapons, Nikolai Leonidovich Dukhov, studied in the same group with Kuznetsov. The very atmosphere at the Faculty of Engineering and Physics, whose dean was Academician Abram Fedorovich Ioffe, contributed to the birth of wonderful scientists and engineers. Kuznetsov did his pre-graduate internship in Leningrad at an instrument-making plant and, as they say, he fit in there. Therefore, when, after graduating from the institute, he received an assignment to the chief mechanic department of the Izhevsk Motorcycle Plant, the instrument technicians decided to intercept the intelligent graduate, which they managed to do. In the 1930s, much attention was paid to creating a powerful navy, and for a fleet to be powerful, it had to be equipped with modern instruments. So Viktor Ivanovich Kuznetsov took up gyrocompasses. In those years, the problem of producing domestic gyrocompasses was very urgent. Only two countries in the world - the USA and Germany - produced such devices and their cost reached hundreds of thousands of dollars. It was necessary to solve this problem and it was solved, including with the active participation of the then young engineer Viktor Kuznetsov. In the late 30s, Viktor Ivanovich became interested in shooting while pitching and he was appointed leader of the newly created group. Three months of grueling work and at the end of October 1939 the system was installed on the main caliber guns of the cruiser Kirov. The system significantly increased the firing efficiency of naval artillery, for which Kuznetsov was awarded the Stalin Prize in 1942, already during the war years. The talented, promising engineer attracted close attention and in 1940, People's Commissar of Ferrous Metallurgy Tevosyan, who had previously been the Minister of Shipbuilding, invited him to move from Leningrad to Moscow. But no amount of persuasion from either Tevosyan or Molotov, who was involved in this, yielded results: Kuznetsov categorically did not want to move to Moscow, believing that he had a very interesting job in Leningrad and there was no need to change it. He returned to Leningrad, immediately left for Kronstadt, and from there to the cruiser: he decided to sit it out, maybe they would forget. Not so. He was found in the sea... I still had to go. In Moscow, I worked at a research institute for six months. And then there was a call to the People's Commissariat of Foreign Trade and a direction to Germany to accept the cruiser. In the late autumn of 1940, Kuznetsov left for Berlin. The Second World War was already underway, but relations between the USSR and Germany were quite close. The USSR supplied wheat and oil, Germany built a cruiser for this. Kuznetsov was supposed to receive control devices for searchlights and the firing of guns and torpedoes. I had to travel a lot around Germany and visit many factories

and companies. The beginning of the Great Patriotic War found Kuznetsov in Berlin. Together with other Soviet citizens, he was interned, placed in the Moabit prison, then in the Blankefeld camp. He stayed in the camp for about ten days. Then, together with other specialists, he was transported through Yugoslavia to Bulgaria, and there he was handed over to the Turks. Kuznetsov returned to Moscow only in August 1941. During the war, he worked at the same research institute that was evacuated to Sverdlovsk. Kuznetsov himself considered the main work done during the war to be a stabilizer for tanks, which significantly increased the aiming of fire. This work was awarded the second Stalin Prize in 1946. In April 1945, Viktor Ivanovich was sent to Germany to the same plant that made gyro devices for our cruiser in 1940. It was at this plant that he had his first contact with rocket technology, where he found stabilizers for V-2 rockets. In August 1945, a new business trip to Germany. Mishin, Pilyugin, Barmin, Ryazansky, Boguslavsky, Voskresensky flew with him. Who could have imagined then that this company of random fellow travelers had gathered for many years. Since 1945, without leaving the fleet, Kuznetsov began working for rocket scientists. On May 13, 1946, he was appointed head of the newly created NII-10, which was tasked with working on gyroscopes. We had to develop the theory of gyroscopes from scratch. There is no point in listing Kuznetsov's works in subsequent years. Everything that was created in rocket and space technology is closely connected with his name. Starting with R-1, its instruments are installed on all rockets, spacecraft, and interplanetary stations. They spin up on Earth and work until the end of the flight. Kuznetsov was a member of the first composition of the famous royal Council of Chief Designers. In a narrow circle of friends he was called “Vitya-baby” - he was the tallest of all the Chiefs. In 1956, for his participation in the creation of the USSR nuclear missile shield, he was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor for the first time. For his participation in the creation of the first Earth satellites, he was awarded the Lenin Prize in 1957. In 1961, for his participation in the preparation and implementation of the first manned flight, he was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor for the second time. He has published numerous works on inertial navigation and autonomous control systems. In 1968 he was elected a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1967 and 1977, he was awarded USSR State Prizes for new work on the creation of rocket and space technology. Currently retired.

Victor Ivanovich Kuznetsov(1913 - 1991) - Soviet scientist and designer in the field of applied mechanics and automatic control. Twice Hero of Socialist Labor. Lenin Prize laureate.

Biography

Born on April 14 (April 27), 1913 in Moscow. He graduated from high school in the city of Borovichi (Novgorod province), where his father worked at that time. After graduating from school, he came to work at the Borovichi ceramics plant as an assistant fitter.

In 1933 he entered and in 1938 graduated from the Leningrad Industrial Institute. He studied the theory of gyroscopes and created a number of unique gyroscopic devices and systems.

In 1937 - 1940 he worked as a research engineer at the Elektropribor plant in Leningrad. In 1940 - 1943 - at work at NII-10 (the future MNIRE "Altair") as head of a department. As B.E. Chertok later recalled, V.I. Kuznetsov preferred design work to administrative work. He perfectly understood the theory of gyroscopes, well understood developments in the plane of theoretical mechanics and understood the manufacturability of the proposed products.

From 1943 to 1947, he headed a department at the Moscow Research Institute-1 of the Ministry of Shipbuilding and Industry (now Morinformsystem-Agat) in Moscow; since 1946, he has been one of the “magnificent six” and is responsible for the creation of gyroscopic devices for rockets. Member of the CPSU(b) since 1942.

In 1947, he was appointed head of department No. 2 of NII-10, formed from laboratory No. 2. In 1953, a special design bureau (SKB NII-10) was created within NII-10 on the basis of department No. 2 (SKB NII-10), the deputy head and chief designer of which was appointed V . I. Kuznetsov. SKB was developing gyroscopic devices.

In 1956, he and a group of employees (about 350 people) moved to the newly created Research Institute of Gyroscopic Stabilization (NII-994, later, Research Institute of Applied Mechanics). Kuznetsov worked at the Research Institute of PM until 1991, initially holding the position of chief engineer - chief designer, and then first deputy director for scientific work - chief designer.

Gyroscopic devices and control systems, in the development of which he took part, were in demand for stabilizing ship artillery carriages and radar antenna posts designed at NII-10; subsequently they became the basis for the creation of such systems for rocket and space complexes. Under the leadership of Kuznetsov, gyroscopic command devices were developed for the control systems of ballistic missiles R-1, R-2, R-5, intercontinental ballistic missiles R-7, R-14, R-16, R-36, UR-100 and their numerous modifications, as well as a large number of space launch vehicles and various spacecraft.

The works of V. I. Kuznetsov on inertial navigation and autonomous control systems are well known.

Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1968). Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1958).

Awards

• Lenin Prize (1957)
• Stalin Prize of the second degree (1943) - for work to improve the quality of fire of naval artillery
• Stalin Prize of the second degree (1946) - for the creation of new fire control devices for naval artillery
• USSR State Prize (1967)
• USSR State Prize (1977)
• twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1956, 1961)
• two Orders of Lenin (1956, 1961)
• Order of the October Revolution
• Order of the Red Banner of Labor
• Gold medal named after S.P. Korolev (USSR Academy of Sciences, 1979)

Memory

In Moscow, in the park near house No. 53 on Aviamotornaya Street, a memorial bust of V. I. Kuznetsov was installed.

Kuznetsov Viktor Ivanovich - chief designer of NII-100 of the USSR Ministry of Shipbuilding Industry, chief designer of research institute No. 944 of the State Committee of the USSR Council of Ministers for Shipbuilding.

He graduated from high school in the city of Borovichi, Novgorod region, where his father then worked. Since 1930, he worked as an electrician at the Krasny Keramik plant in the city of Borovichi. From 1933 to 1938 - student at the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute named after M.I. Kalinina.

After graduating from the institute in 1938, he worked as a research engineer at plant No. 212 of the People's Commissariat of the Shipbuilding Industry of the USSR in Leningrad. Since 1940, he worked at NII-10 (Moscow) as head of the gyroscopic department. Gyroscopes have always been unique equipment; in those years, only a few countries in the world produced them, and their cost was literally astronomical. Already his first works were crowned with success: the gyroscopes created with his participation were installed on the newest Soviet cruiser Kirov.

The beginning of the Great Patriotic War found V.I. Kuznetsov in Berlin, where he was on a business trip. He was arrested and spent 10 days in prison and in a camp: the Nazis did not want to release the talented engineer. On special instructions from Moscow, employees of the Soviet embassy prepared diplomatic documents, and the German Foreign Ministry was informed that the personnel of the German embassy would be released from the USSR only after the release of Soviet technical specialists. Thanks to these actions, Kuznetsov was released and in August 1941, together with the embassy staff, returned to the USSR through Yugoslavia and Turkey. His institute had already been evacuated to Sverdlovsk, where Kuznetsov also urgently went.

Since 1943, he worked in the special design bureau of the People's Commissariat of the Shipbuilding Industry of the USSR: head of the gyro-stabilization department, deputy head of the design bureau, chief designer of gyroscopic devices. At these posts during the Great Patriotic War, he did a great job of creating and improving gyroscopic technology for artillery fire control devices of Soviet warships. Many of his devices were introduced and produced and immediately installed on ships, having proven themselves in combat operations. He also has the honor of creating a tank firing stabilizer device. Member of the CPSU(b) since 1942.

In 1945, he was on a long business trip to Germany, studying German rocket technology, including control devices for V-2 rockets. Since May 1946, he was the chief designer of NII-10, which was involved in the development of gyroscopes for the first Soviet rocketry. From 1956 until the last days of his life, he worked at NII-944 (now the Federal State Unitary Enterprise Research Institute of Applied Mechanics named after Academician V.I. Kuznetsov): chief engineer of the research institute, deputy director of the research institute, head and scientific director of the complex, deputy chief engineer director of the scientific research institute. Founder of the creation of gyroscopic technology for rocket and space equipment in the USSR. Creator of the gyroscope design school.

Under the leadership of V.I. Kuznetsov created gyro devices for the control systems of the first Soviet missiles R-1, R-2, R-5, R-7, intercontinental ballistic missiles R-16, R-36, UR-100 and their numerous modifications. It was his gyroscopes that were on the rockets that launched the first earth satellite and the Vostok-1 spacecraft with the first cosmonaut Yu.A. into space. Gagarin.

For services in the creation of long-range ballistic missiles by Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (classified as “top secret”) of April 20, 1956 Kuznetsov Viktor Ivanovich awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor with the Order of Lenin and the Hammer and Sickle gold medal.

For special services in the development of rocket technology, in the creation and successful launch of the world's first spacecraft "Vostok" with a man on board, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR ("closed") of June 17, 1961, he was awarded the second gold medal "Hammer and Sickle".

Member of the legendary Council of Chief Designers of Space Technology under the leadership of S.P. Queen. In the 1960s and 1970s, the team under his leadership created gyroscopic equipment for Soviet automatic interplanetary stations that made flights to the moon, Venus, Mars, for orbital space stations such as Salyut and Mir, and the Energia rocket and space system -Buran." Author of scientific works on inertial navigation and autonomous control systems.

Winner of the Lenin Prize (1957), two Stalin Prizes (1943, 1946), three USSR State Prizes (1962, 1967, 1977).

Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1968). Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1958). Corresponding member of the Academy of Artillery Sciences of the USSR (1949). Doctor of Technical Sciences (1959), Professor (1973). Full member of the International Academy of Aeronautics (1991).

Awarded 3 Orders of Lenin (04/20/1956; 04/26/1973; 04/26/1983), Order of the October Revolution (04/26/1971), 2 Orders of the Red Banner of Labor (04/28/1963, 09/17/1975), medals.

The name of the Hero is given to the research institute that he headed for many years - the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Research Institute of Applied Mechanics named after Academician V.I. Kuznetsov" in Moscow. A bronze bust of V.I. Kuznetsov was installed in Moscow.