Moiseenko P. A

This year marks the 160th anniversary of the birth of Pyotr Anisimovich Moiseenko (1852-1923), a Russian revolutionary worker, one of the main organizers of the famous Morozov strike. However, when talking about Moiseenko the revolutionary, they rarely remember that Pyotr Anisimovich was a multi-talented person: he sang well, drew, played on stage, was a correspondent for the Pravda newspaper, a poet, wrote songs and even knew how to simply speak in poetry, and his book “Memoirs. 1873-1923,” published in 1924, became so popular that it was republished in 1966.
It should be noted that Pyotr Anisimovich is known as different surnames: Moiseenko, Maseenok, Anisimov, Onisimov and Shcherbakov. An explanation for this can be found in his book of memoirs: from birth until 1883 he bore the surname Anisimov - after his father, and in 1883 in the city of Orekhovo-Zuyevo he had to get a passport instead of a passing certificate, and he told the clerk: “... Street nickname of our family Moseenki, and that’s why I am called Moseenok.” But the clerk wrote Moiseenko in his passport. And the St. Petersburg weavers called him “Grandfather Maseenok.” Onisimov and Shcherbakov are pseudonyms of Pyotr Anisimovich.
But let's return to the beginning of P. Moiseenko's life. He was born in the village. An ordinary Smolensk province of Sychevsky district in a peasant family. His childhood was difficult: he was born under serfdom and from an early age he had to endure beatings from the landowner, in addition, at the age of 4 Pyotr Moiseenko became an orphan. But this did not stop him from learning to read and write on his own. Factory work activity Peter Anisimovich began at the age of 13, and during his life he had to master many professions, but “in every in this case“- wrote A. S. Serafimovich, “he was what was required to be: he was a weaver, he was a carpenter, he was a mechanic, he mowed with the peasants, he was a carpenter - and every time he worked like a professional.” From 1965 he worked at a Moscow weaving factory, then, escaping from cruel treatment, he moved to a trading enterprise, got married at the age of 18, and in 1871 got a job as a weaver at Zimin’s factory in Zuev. Later P. Moiseenko will write about his weaving past:
... By huge buildings both night and day
The machines rumble incessantly: “We weave!”
Shuttles scurry through the gaps of the foundation -
“We weave,” they repeat, like machines.
“We are weaving,” the batans knock tirelessly.
And hundreds of weavers stand at their looms.
Healthy or sick - you are not free: go!
Otherwise, hungry death awaits ahead...
In 1873, a friend's brother brought him from Nizhny Novgorod illegal books, under the impression of which P. Moiseenko and his friend decided to go to St. Petersburg to look for the truth. In 1874, Pyotr Anisimovich entered the St. Petersburg Shaw factory, in this city he joined the youth artel, voraciously read books, met advanced revolutionaries (G.V. Plekhanov, S.N. Khalturin), participated in the Kazan demonstration of 1876, becomes a member of the Northern Union of Russian Workers. In 1878 he took part in a strike at the Novo-Paper Spinning Mill, the participants of which decided to submit a petition to the heir to the throne - the future emperor Alexander III. Moiseenko, who was initially against this idea, subsequently had to write this letter. He also led the group going to submit a petition. Pyotr Anisimovich is arrested, but by order of the heir he is released and he returns to the factory, and the workers' demands were subsequently satisfied. Soon P. Moiseenko is arrested and sent home under police supervision. He did not stay in the village, because, having learned about the fate of his comrades-in-arms, he decided to flee to St. Petersburg, where he switched to the illegal position of a revolutionary. Arrested in 1879 for organizing strikes at the Novo-Paper Spinning Mill. All this could not help but be reflected in the work of Moiseenko the poet; in the same year, 1879, while in prison, he wrote his song, well-known at that time:
I want to tell you
How they started to rob us
Parasite fists,
Police hooks.
And ministers and kings
They look at us from afar -
Decree they wrote a new one,
To rob more cleanly...
...Our king, father-savior,
The leader of your gang,
Well you manage:
You send honest people to hard labor,
The military court approved
The prisons are full...
In 1880, Pyotr Anisimov was exiled to the Yenisei province.
In 1883, Pyotr Moiseenko entered the Nikolskoye Manufactory of Savva Morozov Son and Co. in Orekhovo-Zuevo. Seeing the difficult situation of the workers and the unfair treatment of them, the already experienced revolutionary begins agitation, but after Easter 1884 he moved to Likino, to the neighboring Smirnov factory, however, after working there for 2 months, he returned to Morozov with the decision “to arrange a strike." And so on January 7, 1885, the famous Morozov strike began, which, according to various sources, covered from 8 to 11 thousand workers. The next day the governor arrived, at his meeting with the workers Vasily Volkov - P. Moiseenko's closest ally - read out a number of economic demands drawn up by Pyotr Anisimovich. As a result, more than fifty workers were arrested, and all the rest were fired. In addition, a reduction was approved wages, announced on October 1, 1884 and became the cause of unrest. The workers posted their demands and, at the agreement of P. Moiseenko, set off to release the arrested. They managed to free more than 40 people, after which a massacre occurred: about 600 of the most active were arrested the next day and deported to their homeland, and the strike was put to an end. The instigator-Moiseenko was arrested later, because on the day of the massacre he proposed sending a telegram to the Minister of Internal Affairs demanding the appointment of a special commission to investigate the case, and the workers sent him to Moscow to send a telegram, since this was impossible to do in Orekhovo-Zuevo itself. Having fulfilled the order, Pyotr Moiseenko decided upon returning to Orekhovo “to take the blame upon himself, knowing in advance that exile would still be inevitable.” He was indeed arrested and tried twice: in the trial chamber, which sentenced Moiseenko and Volkov to three months in prison as the instigators of the strike, and in the jury trial, which acquitted them. But despite the second acquittal, the strike organizers were again arrested and exiled to Arkhangelsk province. However, the large-scale Morozov strike had great importance for the Russian labor movement of 1885, which swept the entire country. As a result of the strike, a law on fines was passed in 1886 as a concession to the demands of the Morozov workers.
All subsequent years of his life, Pyotr Moiseenko was forced to move from city to city, he was persecuted by the authorities and was repeatedly exiled to distant regions of the country, but he continued to fight everywhere, calling out:
Comrades, brothers! Enough of the silence!
Our powerful friendly army is growing.
Let's close closer together and boldly go
Forward to the fight against triumphant evil
With mighty bright faith in my chest
To victory and happiness for everyone ahead!
For example, in 1916 he became one of the leaders of a strike of more than 30 thousand miners in Gorlovka, Donbass. P. A. Moiseenko had to hide until February Revolution. In 1918, Pyotr Anisimovich worked in the Red Army, then lived in the Caucasus, Moscow and Orekhovo-Zuevo. From 1922 he worked at Istpart in Kharkov. Pyotr Anisimovich Moiseenko died on November 30, 1923, was buried in Orekhovo-Zuevo in the Yard of the strike of 1885. The people perpetuated the memory of the fighter and poet: in St. Petersburg there is a spinning and weaving factory named after Pyotr Anisimov, many monuments were created in his honor in all corners countries. And the surname Moiseenko is on the streets in many cities of Russia: in Orekhovo-Zuevo, Rostov-on-Don, St. Petersburg, Volgograd, Novosibirsk, Astrakhan, pos. Novodushino Smolensk region, as well as in Ukraine: in Gorlovka, Donetsk, Dnepropetrovsk and Enakiev, Donetsk region.
Pyotr Anisimovich Moiseenko devoted his entire life to fighting for the rights of other people. I would like to believe that his memory will continue to live not only in formal city names, but also in the hearts of his descendants.

Pyotr Anisimovich Moiseenko(, Obydennaya village, Smolensk province - November 30, Kharkov) - one of the first Russian revolutionary workers, a weaver.

Biography

Born in 1852 in the village of Obydennaya, Sychevsky district, Smolensk province. Orphaned early. At the age of 13 he began working in a factory. In the early 1870s. came to St. Petersburg, worked at the Shaw, Kozhevnikov, and New Paper Spinning factories. He participated in the workers' circles of the Narva Outpost, became close with the populists, especially closely with G.V. Plekhanov and S.N. Khalturin. Participated in the Kazan demonstration of 1876. Since then, member of the “Northern Union of Russian Workers”. In February - March 1878, Moiseenko, one of the leaders of the strike at the New Paper Mill, was arrested in April 1878 and exiled to his homeland.

In the fall of 1878, he escaped from surveillance and returned illegally to St. Petersburg, where he continued revolutionary work under the name P. Anisimov. In January, he again led a strike at the New Paper Mill, and on January 18 he was arrested and exiled to Eastern Siberia. He served his exile in the Kansk district of the Yenisei province. Upon returning from exile in 1883, he received a passport in which the surname “Moiseenko” was incorrectly written, which he bore until the end of his life.

Upon his return, he entered the Orekhovo-Zuevsky factory of Savva Morozov, where in the city, together with V.S. Volkov, he led the famous Morozov strike. He was tried for this, and although the jury acquitted him, he was exiled administratively to the Arkhangelsk province. At the end of his exile, he left for Chelyabinsk, from where he was again deported to his homeland. Having received permission to leave and changed several cities, he ends up in Rostov-on-Don, where he becomes close to the Social Democrats. In the city he was arrested again and exiled to the city of Velsk, Vologda province.

Shortly before his death in 1923, he wrote a book of memoirs.

He died on November 30, 1923 in Kharkov. He was buried in the city of Orekhovo-Zuevo, Moscow region.

Memory of P. A. Moiseenko

Also named after Moiseenko are streets in Orekhovo-Zuevo, Rostov-on-Don, Volgograd, Novosibirsk, Astrakhan, the regional centers of Novodugino, Smolensk region, Velsk Arkhangelsk region(Russia), the village of Gorodishchi, Petushinsky district, Vladimir region, in Gorlovka, Donetsk and Yenakiev (Ukraine). Until 2015, Les Kurbas Street in Dnepropetrovsk was named after Pyotr Moiseenko.

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Notes

Literature

Moiseenko P. A. Memoirs of an old revolutionary. - M.: Mysl, 1966. - 277 p.
- article from encyclopedic dictionary"Pomegranate"

An excerpt characterizing Moiseenko, Pyotr Anisimovich

“Karataev” - Pierre remembered.
And suddenly Pierre introduced himself to a living, long-forgotten, gentle old teacher who taught Pierre geography in Switzerland. “Wait,” said the old man. And he showed Pierre the globe. This globe was a living, oscillating ball that had no dimensions. The entire surface of the ball consisted of drops tightly compressed together. And these drops all moved, moved and then merged from several into one, then from one they were divided into many. Each drop sought to spread out, to capture the greatest possible space, but others, striving for the same thing, compressed it, sometimes destroyed it, sometimes merged with it.
“This is life,” said the old teacher.
“How simple and clear this is,” thought Pierre. “How could I not know this before?”
- There is God in the middle, and every drop strives to expand so that largest sizes reflect it. And it grows, merges, and shrinks, and is destroyed on the surface, goes into the depths and floats up again. Here he is, Karataev, overflowing and disappearing. “Vous avez compris, mon enfant, [You understand.],” said the teacher.
“Vous avez compris, sacre nom, [You understand, damn you.],” a voice shouted, and Pierre woke up.
He rose and sat down. A Frenchman, who had just pushed aside a Russian soldier, sat squatting by the fire, frying meat put on a ramrod. Veiny, rolled-up, hairy, red hands with short fingers deftly turned the ramrod. A brown gloomy face with frowning eyebrows was clearly visible in the light of the coals.
“Ca lui est bien egal,” he grumbled, quickly turning to the soldier standing behind him. -...brigand. Va! [He doesn't care... a robber, really!]
And the soldier, twirling the ramrod, looked gloomily at Pierre. Pierre turned away, peering into the shadows. One Russian soldier, a prisoner, the one who had been pushed away by the Frenchman, sat by the fire and ruffled something with his hand. Looking closer, Pierre recognized a purple dog, which, wagging its tail, was sitting next to the soldier.
- Oh, did you come? - said Pierre. “Ah, Pla...” he began and didn’t finish. In his imagination, suddenly, at the same time, connecting with each other, a memory arose of the look with which Plato looked at him, sitting under a tree, of the shot heard in that place, of the howl of a dog, of the criminal faces of two Frenchmen who ran past him, of the filmed a smoking gun, about the absence of Karataev at this halt, and he was ready to understand that Karataev was killed, but at the same moment in his soul, coming from God knows where, a memory arose of the evening he spent with the beautiful Polish woman, in the summer, on the balcony of his Kyiv house. And yet, without connecting the memories of this day and without drawing a conclusion about them, Pierre closed his eyes, and the picture of summer nature mixed with the memory of swimming, of a liquid oscillating ball, and he sank somewhere into the water, so that the water converged above his head.
Before sunrise, he was awakened by loud, frequent shots and screams. The French ran past Pierre.
- Les cosaques! [Cossacks!] - one of them shouted, and a minute later a crowd of Russian faces surrounded Pierre.
For a long time Pierre could not understand what was happening to him. From all sides he heard the cries of joy of his comrades.
- Brothers! My dears, my dears! - the old soldiers cried, crying, hugging the Cossacks and hussars. Hussars and Cossacks surrounded the prisoners and hurriedly offered them dresses, boots, and bread. Pierre sobbed, sitting among them, and could not utter a word; he hugged the first soldier who approached him and, crying, kissed him.
Dolokhov stood at the gate of a ruined house, letting a crowd of disarmed French pass by. The French, excited by everything that had happened, spoke loudly among themselves; but when they passed by Dolokhov, who was lightly whipping his boots with his whip and looking at them with his cold, glassy gaze, promising nothing good, their conversation fell silent. On the other side stood the Cossack Dolokhov and counted the prisoners, marking hundreds with a chalk line on the gate.
- How many? – Dolokhov asked the Cossack who was counting the prisoners.
“For the second hundred,” answered the Cossack.
“Filez, filez, [Come in, come in.],” Dolokhov said, having learned this expression from the French, and, meeting the eyes of the passing prisoners, his gaze flashed with a cruel brilliance.
Denisov, with gloomy face Having taken off his hat, he walked behind the Cossacks, who were carrying the body of Petya Rostov to a hole dug in the garden.

Since October 28, when frosts began, the flight of the French only took on a more tragic character: people freezing and roasting to death at the fires and continuing to ride in fur coats and carriages with the looted goods of the emperor, kings and dukes; but in its essence the process of flight and decomposition French army has not changed at all since the speech from Moscow.

Preface: The further the events of the revolutionary struggle in Russia recede into history, the great value acquire memoirs of its participants. How much poorer and more sketchy would our ideas about the people and achievements of each of the generations and classes operating in Russian liberation movement, if it weren’t for their living autobiography - the diaries and memoirs of I. D. Yakushkin and A. I. Herzen, V. N. Figner and P. A. Kropotkin, N. K. Krupskaya and V. A. Antonov-Ovseenko and many, many other revolutionaries. The revolutionary workers brought their own, unique things into Russian revolutionary memoirs: V. G. Gerasimov, I. V. Babushkin, A. S. Shapovalov, P. A. Zalomov, F. N. Samoilov, A. E. Badaev... One of the leading places in this series belongs to the author of “Memoirs of an Old Revolutionary” P. A. Moiseenko, the patriarch of the labor movement in Russia, a man whose biography and memoirs depict a half-century period in the history of the Russian proletariat.

About the author: Moiseenko (Moseenok, Anisimov), Pyotr Anisimovich, one of the first Russian worker revolutionaries, was born in 1852 from serf peasants in the Smolensk province. In 1865 he was sent as a “boy” to a Moscow factory. From 1871 he worked as a weaver in Orekhovo-Zuevo, from 1874-1875 in St. Petersburg, where he became a member of workers' circles. Having met G.V. Plekhanov, S.N. Khalturin and other populists and advanced workers, Moiseenko entered the revolutionary movement. Participated in the Kazan demonstration of 1876, an active member of the Northern Union of Russian Workers. For participating in and organizing strikes at the New Paper Spinning Mill, he was expelled in 1878 to Smolensk, and in 1880 to Yenisei province. Since 1883, upon returning from exile, he worked at Morozov’s Nikolskaya manufactory, where, together with L.I. Abramenkov and V.S. Volkov, he organized the famous Morozov strike of 1885, for which he was arrested, tried twice and exiled to the Arkhangelsk province (1886-1889). In 1894 for revolutionary activity in Rostov-on-Don (where in 1893, with the assistance of A.S. Serafimovich, he entered the local Social Democratic organization; participated in the preparation of a major strike in 1894) was again arrested and deported to the Vologda province. Upon returning from exile in 1898, he carried out revolutionary work in the Donbass. Since 1905 - member of the RSDLP, Bolshevik. Active participant in the revolution of 1905 -1907. In 1909-1910 worked in Baku, and from 1912 in Gorlovka. Pravda correspondent. During the First World War he conducted revolutionary propaganda. In 1916, he was one of the leaders of a strike of 30 thousand miners in the Gorlovka region. In 1917-1918 - on Soviet work in Baku and the North Caucasus, then in the Red Army. Participant civil war. In 1920-1921 - instructor in public education V Mineralnye Vody. From 1922 he worked at Istpart in Kharkov. Wrote “Memoirs. 1873 - 1923" (Moscow, 1924) - one of the most valuable monuments of Russian workers' memoirs

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