Everyday tales

Household fairy tales are different from fairy tales. They are based on the events of everyday life. There are no miracles or fantastic images, there are real heroes: husband, wife, soldier, merchant, master, priest, etc. These are tales about the marriage of heroes and heroines, the correction of obstinate wives, inept, lazy housewives, gentlemen and servants, about the fooled master, a rich owner, a lady deceived by a cunning owner, clever thieves, a cunning and savvy soldier, etc. These are fairy tales on family and everyday themes. They express an accusatory orientation; the self-interest of the clergy, who does not follow the sacred commandments, and the greed and envy of its representatives are condemned; cruelty, ignorance, rudeness of the bar-serfs.

These tales sympathetically depict a seasoned soldier who knows how to make things and tell tales, cooks soup from an ax, and can outwit anyone. He is able to deceive the devil, the master, the stupid old woman. The servant skillfully achieves his goal, despite the absurdity of the situations. And this reveals the irony.

Everyday tales are short. The plot is usually centered on one episode, the action develops quickly, there is no repetition of episodes, the events in them can be defined as absurd, funny, strange. In these tales, comedy is widely developed, which is determined by their satirical, humorous, ironic character. They are not horror, they are funny, witty, everything is focused on action and narrative features that reveal the images of the characters. “They,” wrote Belinsky, “reflect the way of life of the people, their home life, their moral concepts and this crafty Russian mind, so inclined to irony, so simple-minded in its craftiness.”

One of the everyday tales is the fairy tale"The Prover Wife".

It has all the features of an everyday fairy tale. It begins with the beginning: “There lived an old man with an old woman.” The tale tells about ordinary events in the life of peasants. Its plot develops quickly. A large place in the fairy tale is given to dialogues (conversation between an old woman and an old man, an old woman and a master). Its heroes are everyday characters. It reflects the family life of the peasants: the heroes “hook” (that is, pick up) peas in the field, set up fishing equipment (“hooks”), and fishing gear in the form of a net (“muzzle”). The heroes are surrounded by everyday things: the old man puts a pike in a “pesterek” (birch bark basket), etc.

At the same time, the fairy tale condemns human vices: the talkativeness of the old man’s wife, who, having found a treasure, told everyone about it; the cruelty of the master who ordered a peasant woman to be flogged with rods.

The tale contains elements of the unusual: a pike in a field, a hare in the water. But they are connected with the real actions of the old man, who in a witty way decided to play a joke on the old woman, teach her a lesson, punish her for her talkativeness. “He (the old man - A.F.) took a pike, put it in the hare’s face instead, and took the fish to the field and put it in peas.” The old woman believed everything.

When the master began to inquire about the treasure, the old man wanted to remain silent, and his talkative old woman told the master about everything. She argued that the pike was in peas, the hare was hit in the face, and the devil tore the master’s skin. It is no coincidence that the fairy tale is called “The Proving Wife.” And even when she is punished with rods: “they stretched her, heartfelt, and began to treat her; you know, she says the same thing under the rods.” The master spat and drove the old man and old woman away.

The fairy tale punishes and condemns the talkative and stubborn old woman and treats the old man with sympathy, glorifying resourcefulness, intelligence, and ingenuity. The fairy tale reflects the elements of folk speech.

Fairy tales. Heroes of Russian fairy tales

IN fairy tale A special, mysterious world appears before the listener, different from that in fairy tales about animals. It features extraordinary fantastic heroes, good and truth defeat darkness, evil and lies.

“This is a world where Ivan Tsarevich rushes through the dark forest on a gray wolf, where the deceived Alyonushka suffers, where Vasilisa the Beautiful brings scorching fire from Baba Yaga, where the brave hero finds the death of Kashchei the Immortal.”. 1

Some of the fairy tales are closely related to mythological ideas. Such images as Frost, Water, Sun, Wind are associated with the elemental forces of nature. The most popular of Russian fairy tales are: “Three Kingdoms”, “The Magic Ring”, “Finist’s Feather – the Clear Falcon”, “The Frog Princess”, “Kashchei the Immortal”, “Marya Morevna”, “The Sea King and Vasilisa the Wise”, “ Sivka-Burka", "Morozko" and others.

The hero of a fairy tale is courageous and fearless. He overcomes all obstacles in his path, wins victories, and wins his happiness. And if at the beginning of the fairy tale he can act as Ivan the Fool, Emelya the Fool, then at the end he certainly turns into the handsome and well done Ivan Tsarevich. A.M. drew attention to this at one time. Bitter:

“The hero of folklore is a “fool”, despised even by his father and brothers, always turning out to be smarter than them, always the winner of all everyday adversities.” 2

A positive hero is always helped by other fairy-tale characters. So, in the fairy tale “Three Kingdoms” the hero is chosen into the world with the help of a wonderful bird. In other fairy tales, the heroes are helped by Sivka-Burka, the Gray Wolf, and Elena the Beautiful. Even such characters as Morozko and Baba Yaga help the heroes for their hard work and good manners. All this expresses popular ideas about human morality and morality.

Always next to the main characters in a fairy tale wonderful helpers: Gray Wolf, Sivka-Burka, Obedalo, Opivalo, Dubynya and Usynya, etc. They have wonderful means: a flying carpet, walking boots, a self-assembled tablecloth, an invisible hat. Images of positive heroes in fairy tales, helpers and wonderful objects express people's dreams.

The images of female heroines of fairy tales in the popular imagination are unusually beautiful. They say about them: “Neither to tell in a fairy tale, nor to describe with a pen.” They are wise, possess witchcraft powers, have remarkable intelligence and resourcefulness (Elena the Beautiful, Vasilisa the Wise, Marya Morevna).

The opponents of the positive heroes are dark forces, terrible monsters (Kashchei the Immortal, Baba Yaga, Dashing One-Eyed, Serpent Gorynych). They are cruel, treacherous and greedy. This is how the people’s idea of violence and evil is expressed. Their appearance sets off the image of a positive hero and his feat. Storytellers spared no expense in color to emphasize the struggle between the light and dark principles. In its content and in its form, a fairy tale contains elements of the wonderful and unusual. The composition of fairy tales is different from the composition of fairy tales about animals. Some fairy tales begin with a saying - a humorous joke that is not related to the plot. The purpose of the saying is to attract the attention of listeners. It is followed by a beginning that begins the story. It takes listeners into a fairy-tale world, designates the time and place of action, the setting, and the characters. The fairy tale ends with an ending. The narrative develops sequentially, the action is given in dynamics. The structure of the tale reproduces dramatically tense situations.

In fairy tales, episodes are repeated three times (Tsarevich Ivan fights three snakes on Kalinov Bridge, three beautiful princesses are saved by Ivan in the underworld). They use traditional artistic means of expression: epithets (good horse, brave horse, green meadow, silk grass, azure flowers, blue sea, dense forests), similes, metaphors, words with diminutive suffixes. These features of fairy tales echo the epics and emphasize the vividness of the narrative.

An example of such a fairy tale is the fairy tale "Two Ivans - Soldiers' Sons".

Tales about animals.

One of the oldest types of Russian fairy tales - fairy tales about animals. The animal world in fairy tales is perceived as an allegorical image of the human. Animals personify the real carriers of human vices in everyday life (greed, stupidity, cowardice, boasting, trickery, cruelty, flattery, hypocrisy, etc.).

The most popular fairy tales about animals are the tales of the fox and the wolf. Image foxes stable. She is portrayed as a lying, cunning deceiver: she deceives a man by pretending to be dead (“The Fox Steals Fish from the Sleigh”); deceives the wolf ("The Fox and the Wolf"); deceives the rooster ("The Cat, the Rooster and the Fox"); drives the hare out of the bast hut (“The Fox and the Hare”); exchanges a goose for a lamb, a lamb for a bull, steals honey (“The Bear and the Fox”). In all fairy tales, she is flattering, vengeful, cunning, calculating.

Another hero that the fox often encounters is wolf. He is stupid, which is expressed in the attitude of the people towards him, he devours kids ("The Wolf and the Goat"), is going to tear apart a sheep ("The Sheep, the Fox and the Wolf"), fattens up a hungry dog in order to eat it, and is left without a tail ("The Fox and wolf").

Another hero of fairy tales about animals is bear. He personifies brute strength and has power over other animals. In fairy tales he is often called “the oppressor of everyone.” The bear is also stupid. Persuading with the peasant to harvest the harvest, he is left with nothing each time (“The Man and the Bear”).

Hare, frog, mouse, thrush appear in fairy tales as the weak. They perform an auxiliary role and are often in the service of “large” animals. Only cat And rooster act as positive heroes. They help the offended and are faithful to friendship.

Allegory is manifested in the characterization of the characters: the depiction of the habits of animals and the peculiarities of their behavior resembles the depiction of human behavior and introduces critical principles into the narrative, which are expressed in the use of various techniques of satirical and humorous depiction of reality.

The humor is based on the reproduction of absurd situations in which the characters find themselves (a wolf puts its tail into an ice hole and believes that it will catch a fish).

The language of fairy tales is figurative, reproducing everyday speech, some fairy tales consist entirely of dialogues ("The Fox and the Black Grouse", "The Bean Seed"). In them, dialogue dominates the narrative. The text includes small songs ("Kolobok", "Goat-dereza").

The composition of fairy tales is simple, based on the repetition of situations. The plot of the fairy tales unfolds rapidly ("The Bean Seed", "Beasts in the Pit"). Tales about animals are highly artistic, their images are expressive.

Everyday and satirical Russian fairy tales / Everyday tales titles

Everyday and satirical Russian fairy tales are based on events in people's daily lives. Fairy tales convey everyday life in which real characters participate: husband and wife, gentlemen and servants, stupid ladies and ladies, a thief and a soldier, and of course a cunning master. The names in everyday fairy tales speak for themselves: Porridge from an axe, a gentleman and a man, an argumentative wife, a seven-year-old daughter, a fool and a birch tree and others...

Teenagers will be interested in everyday and satirical Russian fairy tales (“Good, but Bad,” “Porridge from an Ax,” “Inept Wife”). They talk about the vicissitudes of family life, show ways to resolve conflict situations, and form an attitude of common sense and a healthy sense of humor in relation to adversity.

Social everyday tales arose, according to researchers, in two stages: everyday tales - earlier, with the formation of the family and family life during the decomposition of the clan system, and social ones - with the emergence of class society and the aggravation of social contradictions during the period of early feudalism, especially during the decomposition of serfdom building and during the period of capitalism. The name of everyday fairy tales is reflected primarily in the fact that the plots are based on two important social themes: social injustice and social punishment.

What are everyday fairy tales? In the fairy tale “The Master and the Carpenter,” the master ordered the servants to beat the oncoming carpenter because he himself was coming from the village of Adkova, and the carpenter was coming from the village of Raikova. The carpenter found out where the master lived, hired him to build a house (the master did not recognize him), called him into the forest to select the necessary logs and dealt with him there. The plot of how a man fooled a master is very popular in fairy tales in various forms and variations.

Often children ask to read the same fairy tale many times. Often, they accurately remember the details and do not allow parents to deviate even a step from the text. This is a natural feature of the baby’s mental development. Therefore, Russian fairy tales about animals best convey life experience to young children.

Fairy tales, like any other works of the literary genre, also have their own classification, and not even just one. Fairy tales can be divided into several groups, firstly, by content, and secondly, by authorship. In addition, there is also a classification of fairy tales based on nationality, which is transparent and understandable to everyone. For example, “Russian folk tales”, “German fairy tales”, etc. It is also not so difficult to say what kind of fairy tales there are by authorship. Everyone knows that there are folk tales, and there are original ones, written by a specific person. We will return to this later, but first we will talk about a more complex classification of fairy tales - by content.

Types of fairy tales by content

household
magical
fairy tales about animals

Each of these types is divided into several more, which we will talk about in the corresponding chapters. Let's start with everyday fairy tales.

Everyday tales

As the name suggests, everyday fairy tales include those that describe the life and way of life of a particular people. However, it should be noted that in this kind of fairy tales the usual description is rare, and most often it is supplemented by various humorous and satirical descriptions. For example, any qualities of a particular class of society or estate are ridiculed. Among everyday fairy tales, the following types of fairy tales are distinguished (we list them with examples):

social and domestic (“Shemyakin Court”, “Dividing the Goose”, “Chatty Old Woman”)
satirical-everyday (“The Man and the Priest,” “The Master and the Carpenter,” “The Master and the Man,” “How the Priest Hired a Worker”)
magical and everyday (with elements from fairy tales, vivid examples of this: “Morozko”, “Cinderella”)

In general, it should be noted that this classification was derived by literary scholars rather conditionally, since it is not always possible to say unambiguously which category a particular fairy tale belongs to. Many can be classified as both social-everyday and satirical-everyday, and, for example, in the well-known fairy tale “Morozko”, a certain amount of magic is also added to these two features, so it is both everyday, satirical, and magical at the same time. And this is the case with many fairy tales - be sure to take this point into account when classifying.

Fairy tales

A fairy tale can be recognized, first of all, by its surroundings, which, as a rule, little correspond to the reality revealed to us in life. Heroes exist in their own fantasy world. Often such tales begin with the words “In a certain kingdom...”. Fairy tales can also be divided into several types:

heroic tales (with victory over various mythical creatures or with adventures in which the hero goes to find some kind of magical object). Examples: “Rejuvenating Apples”, “Vasilisa the Beautiful”;
archaic tales (tell about destitute and lonely people and those who were kicked out or left their family for some reason and about their adventures). Examples: “Twelve Months”, “Children of the Cannibal”;
fairy tales about people endowed with magical powers. For example: “Marya the Mistress”, “Elena the Wise”.

Animal Tales

Let's see what tales there are about animals:

tales about ordinary animals (wild and domestic). For example: “The Fox and the Hare”, “The Fox and the Crane”, “The Wolf and the Seven Little Goats”;
tales about magical animals. For example: “Goldfish”, “Humpbacked Horse”, “Emelya” (“At the command of the pike”).

In addition, there are fairy tales like this:

cumulative (in which there is a repeating plot). For example: “Mitten”, “Kolobok”, “Turnip”;
fables. As an example, let us cite the well-known fables “The Crow and the Fox” and “The Monkey and the Glasses.” A small note: not all literary scholars classify the fable as a fairy-tale genre, giving it a separate place among literary genres, but for the sake of completeness, I decided to include fables here too.

As you probably know, these fables are not folk art, they have authors. Thus, fairy tales can be divided into folk and original. “The Fox and the Hare” is a Russian folk tale, and “The Little Humpbacked Horse” is an original one, since it was written by P.P. Ershov. Well, we have considered, perhaps, all the main types of fairy tales, both in content and in terms of authorship and nationality.

Some links

This page presents wonderful fairy tales.

And you will find several dozen of the most famous fairy tales about animals.

I would like to note that the fairy tales presented on the pages of this site are perhaps the most famous from the Russian folk tales section.

Fairy tale- This term has other meanings, see Fairy tale (meanings). Little Thumb and the Giant. Illustration from 1865. Fairy tale genre literary ... Wikipedia

One of the main genres of folklore, predominantly a prosaic artistic story of a magical, adventurous or everyday nature with a focus on fantastic fiction. Rubric: types and genres of literature Genus: genres of folklore Type: adventurous... ... Terminological dictionary-thesaurus on literary criticism

Fairy tale- Fairy tale: 1) a type of narrative, mostly prosaic folklore (fairy-tale prose), which includes works of different genres, the content of which, from the point of view of folklore bearers, lacks strict authenticity. Fairytale folklore ... Wikipedia

Cinderella (fairy tale)- Cinderella is a popular fairy tale that has come down to us in the editions of Charles Perrault, the Brothers Grimm and in other editions. Contents... Wikipedia

Frog Princess- Vasnetsov “The Frog Princess” The Frog Princess is a character in some Russian folk fairy tales. According to the typical plot of the fairy tale, Ivan Tsarevich finds the Frog Princess by accident. Ivan Tsarevich shot from a bow so that the arrow would lead him to his bride, but instead... Wikipedia

Frog Princess- Ivan Tsarevich and the Frog Princess (illustration by I. Ya. Bilibin) ... Wikipedia

Nymakh- (Khak. “fairy tale” or “chazag nymakh” “walking tale”) one of the main genres of oral folk art among the Khakass. Represented primarily by prose works of fiction of a magical, adventurous or everyday nature with ... Wikipedia

Semenov, Pyotr Mikhailovich- Pyotr Mikhailovich Semyonov P′otr Sem′onov ... Wikipedia

Russian literature- I. INTRODUCTION II. RUSSIAN ORAL POETRY A. Periodization of the history of oral poetry B. Development of ancient oral poetry 1. The most ancient origins of oral poetry. Oral poetic creativity of ancient Rus' from the 10th to the mid-16th century. 2.Oral poetry from the middle of the 16th century to the end... ... Literary encyclopedia

Russia. Russian language and Russian literature: History of Russian literature- The history of Russian literature, for the convenience of viewing the main phenomena of its development, can be divided into three periods: I from the first monuments to the Tatar yoke; II until the end of the 17th century; III to our time. In reality, these periods are not sharply... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron

Books

Reader on literary reading. 4th grade, Sviridova V.. The works included in the anthology, thematically and in terms of issues, continue the work begun in the textbook by V. Yu. Sviridova “Literary Reading” for grade 4, while significantly expanding... Buy for 392 rubles
Reader on literary reading. 4th grade. Federal State Educational Standard, Victoria Yuryevna Sviridova. The works included in the anthology, thematically and in terms of issues, continue the work begun in the textbook by V. Yu. Sviridova “Literary Reading” for grade 4, while significantly expanding ...

There are two types of fairy tales: original and folk. The name itself speaks for itself. Author's fairy tales include works written by one specific person. Typically, he is the creator and parent whose name is advertised in the book.

Folk tales are passed down from generation to generation, by word of mouth. There is no one specific writer, everyone adds their own. As a result, with each reteller new actions appear, and then the fairy tale sounds in a new way.
From century to century, from generation to generation, stories are passed on where ancestors teach and pass on their wisdom, their instructions and enormous experience.

The common feature of the two types is the deepest meaning contained between the lines. For a child, a fairy tale is a fun and interesting story; for an adult, it is a text that carries moral and ethical implications.

Types of fairy tales by content

magical
about animals
household

Fairy tales

Magic is present in almost every fairy tale. It is this that defeats evil and helps heroes cope with difficulties. Thanks to such stories, many children from an early age believe in miracles and magic. The author immerses you in a fantasy world where, with the help of magical objects or actions, any desire comes true. The purpose of such stories is to convey to the reader that there should always be faith in miracles. Miracles can strike at the most unexpected moment. These are exactly what the main character lacks to achieve his goal.

Animal Tales

In this form, the role of humans is replaced by animals, not only domestic ones, but also forest and wild animals. Fish, birds, insects, all living creatures are involved, each has a special role. Even natural phenomena receive, if not the main, then secondary significance. Both animals have their own character and principles of behavior. We were taught that the hare is a coward - he is afraid of everything and everyone. The fox is cunning and greedy. Everyone is afraid of the bear, but according to the plan, he is one of the intelligent animals. At first glance, the wolf is toothy and predatory. It is often found in fairy tales where he turns out to be a coward and a compassionate animal. In all actions, these heroes perform similar roles. It is stories about animals that instill in readers how they should be represented.

The most popular fairy tales about animals include:

Teremok
Kolobok
turnip

In turn, stories about our little brothers are divided into two subgroups: in some, animals play a secondary role - At the behest of the pike. In others, their importance is equal to that of humans - Dobrynya Nikitich and Zmey Gorynych.

Everyday tales

Works of this nature show that you shouldn’t expect miracles, you need to do everything yourself. Only a hardworking, fair and prudent person can achieve everything in life. They show the inherent life of each person. They focus on negative traits, make fun of them and teach a necessary lesson. In these works, the main thing is not powerful force, but intelligence and morality. In these fairy tales, stingy and greedy people are always taught a lesson by the wise and noble.

These include:

Porridge from an ax
The Tale of the Priest and His Worker Balda
Magic pipe

Whatever fairy tales are, children of all ages love them very much. After all, they are the lessons in everyday life. They learn from the characters' mistakes and imitate the main characters. A fairy tale is important especially for young children. She subconsciously teaches lessons in different situations. Shows that defending your own opinion is important. Also, attitudes towards different nationalities and races should not be a barrier to communication. Correct address to adults and elderly people. No wonder they say that they learn from fairy tales.

Some people distinguish 4 types of fairy tales, others 3 types. 5th grade, 2nd grade.

Duel of Pushkin and Dantes reasons, history, result, consequences
The duel between the chamberlain Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin and the French officer Georges Charles Dantes took place on February 8, 1837 in a copse near the Commandant's dacha.
Chinese civilization has made many discoveries that have made life easier for the whole world. They helped make it easier, at the same time giving new knowledge, making life richer and simpler.