Relations in the field of protection and use of the animal world, as well as in the field of conservation and restoration of its habitat in order to ensure biological diversity, the sustainable existence of the animal world, the conservation of the genetic fund of wild animals and the protection of the animal world are regulated by both universal and bilateral agreements, in most of which our state participates (Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage of 1972, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, 1973, etc.). The conventions determine the objects of the animal world, the procedure for their use, establish measures for the protection of their habitat, and provide forms of state regulation of the use of living resources.

Thus, the objectives of the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity are the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits associated with the use of genetic resources. States determine the components of biological diversity, take measures for their conservation and rational use, assess the impact and minimize adverse effects, regulate the use of biotechnologies, etc.

The international legal protection of flora and fauna is developing in the following main directions.

1. Protection of natural complexes. For example, in accordance with the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Principally as Habitats of Waterfowl, 1971, states have identified relevant wetlands on their territory and included them in a special List deposited with the International Union under protection of nature and natural resources. The Convention provides for the holding of periodic conferences of member countries to implement its provisions;

2. Protection of rare and endangered species of animals and plants. International cooperation in this area of relations is carried out primarily on the basis of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, 1973. There are three Annexes to the Convention. Appendix I contains a list of endangered species whose existence is adversely affected by trade. Appendix II lists species that may become endangered if their trade is not strictly controlled. Appendix III lists the species that need to be controlled for trade. The Convention establishes the rules for state regulation of trade in rare species of fauna and flora.

In accordance with the Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears of 1973, the extraction of polar bears is prohibited, except for cases of their use for scientific purposes, by the local population using traditional hunting methods and some others. It is also prohibited to export, import and deliver to the territory, as well as trade in the territory of the participants in the Convention of polar bears and products obtained from them (skins, etc.);

3. Ensuring the rational use of natural resources. For example, the 1980 Convention on the Conservation of the Antarctic Living Resources states that any fishery and related activities in the area south of 60°S should be subject to the following principles:

preventing the reduction of the harvested population to levels below which its sustainable recruitment is not ensured;

recovery of depleted populations;

minimizing the risk of changes in the marine ecosystem so that sustainable conservation of Antarctic marine living resources is possible.

Based on the norms of the Convention, the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources was established, whose tasks include collecting information on the use of Antarctic resources and coordinating the relevant activities of the participating States.

64. Legal regime of the continental shelf. The Arctic and the problem of determining the outer limit of the continental shelf of the Russian Federation

The continental shelf is the part of the mainland that is flooded by the sea. According to the Convention on the Continental Shelf of 1958, the continental shelf is understood as the seabed (including its subsoil), extending from the outer limit of the territorial sea to the limits established by international law, over which the coastal state exercises sovereign rights for the purpose of exploration and exploitation of its natural resources.

According to the 1958 Convention (Article 1), the continental shelf is understood to mean the surface and subsoil of the seabed of the submarine areas adjacent to the coast, but located outside the zone of the territorial sea to a depth of 200 m or beyond this limit, to a place to which the depth of the overlying waters allows the development of the natural resources of these areas, as well as the surface and subsoil of similar areas adjacent to the shores of the islands. Thus, the outer boundary of the shelf is an isobath - a line connecting depths of 200 m. The natural resources of the shelf include mineral and other non-living resources of the surface and subsoil of the seabed of the shelf, as well as living organisms of "sessile" species - organisms that, during their commercial development attached to the bottom or move only along the bottom (crayfish, crabs, etc.).

If the states whose coasts are located opposite each other have the right to the same continental shelf, the limit of the shelf is determined by an agreement between these states, and in the absence of an agreement, by the principle of equal distance from the nearest points of the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured. In some cases, disputes about the delimitation of the continental shelf were considered by the International Court of Justice, which determined the boundaries of the shelf.

The 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (Article 76) gives a slightly different definition of the boundaries of the continental shelf. This:

the seabed and subsoil of the submarine areas extending beyond the territorial sea throughout the natural extension of the land territory to the outer limit of the continental margin or to a distance of 200 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured when the outer limit of the continental margin does not extend for such a distance;

if the boundary of the mainland extends more than 200 miles, then the outer limit of the shelf must not be more than 350 miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured, or not more than 100 miles from the 2500-meter isobath (a line connecting depths of 2500 m).

The rights of a coastal State on the continental shelf do not affect the legal status of the overlying waters and the airspace above it. Since the maritime space above the continental shelf continues to be open sea, all states have the right to carry out navigation, flights, fisheries, lay submarine cables and pipelines. At the same time, a special regime has been established for the exploration and development of natural resources. The coastal state has the right, for the purpose of exploration and development of natural resources of the shelf, to erect appropriate structures and installations, to create security zones around them (up to 500 m). The exercise of the rights of a coastal state should not infringe on the rights of navigation and other rights of other states.

The coastal state has the right to determine the routes for laying cables and pipelines, to allow the construction of installations and drilling operations, and the construction of artificial islands.

In the modern period of world development, oil and gas and other mineral resources of the Arctic continental shelf attract the close attention of states. Interest in Arctic resources is shown not only by the circumpolar states (USA, Russia, Canada, Norway and Denmark), but also by a number of leading powers in Europe and Asia, such as Germany, Great Britain, France, China, Japan, India, as well as oil-rich Arab countries . In total, almost 40 states have announced their interest in the Arctic. The Russian Federation has set as priority tasks the completion of the international legal formalization of the boundaries of the continental shelf in the Arctic Ocean on the basis of the existing international legal framework and interaction with the subarctic states; prevention of spatial losses and worse legal conditions for the activities of the Russian Federation in the Arctic compared to other coastal Arctic states.

The problem of establishing the outer boundaries of the jurisdiction of states on the continental shelf in the Arctic Ocean is widely discussed in the press and in the official circles of the Arctic states, which indicates its importance and relevance.

The political urgency of the problem manifested itself with particular force in August 2007 in connection with the immersion of the Russian deep-sea manned submersibles Mir-1 and Mir-2 to a depth of 4261 meters at the geographical point of the North Pole and the installation of the titanium State flag of the Russian Federation at the bottom. This event caused a strong reaction from the diplomatic departments of the Arctic states, which eventually led to the convening of the first conference on the Arctic Ocean in Ilulissat in May 2008.

The demonstration by the states of the presence of their interests on the Arctic continental shelf also emphasized the relevance of the issue of the legal regime of the Arctic as a whole. The point of view has become widespread that two competing regimes operate in the Arctic at once: the regime established by the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (hereinafter referred to as the 1982 Convention), and the customary legal regime that developed in the Arctic long before the adoption of the 1982 Convention . based on a complex of historical, economic, geographic, environmental and other factors, which is especially enhanced by the fact that the United States is not a party to the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. as a consequence, the need to delimit the continental shelf located here.

In addition, in relation to the Arctic continental shelf, there are several pressing theoretical and legal problems associated with the activities of the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (hereinafter referred to as the Commission). In particular, the issues of the possibility of filing an application with the Commission by states that have not ratified the 1982 Convention have not been resolved; on maximum time limits for a new/revised application by a coastal State; on the presence of restrictions in the right of the coastal state to file applications and objections to applications of third states to the Commission; on the legitimacy of the activities of the Commission for the Legal Interpretation of the Provisions of the 1982 Convention. 4

It is highly relevant to study the practice of the Commission regarding the classification of submarine formations as "ocean ridges", "submarine ridges" and "seamounts that are natural components of the continental margin".

No less important are the issues related to the choice of the optimal form of the future Russian application to the Commission (revised, new, partial or joint); validity of the location of the boundaries of the continental shelf, reflected in the application of the Russian Federation in 2001; applicability of the principles, concepts, methods and other developments of international judicial practice in relation to problems related to the delimitation of the continental shelf in the Arctic.

flora protection

Measures for the protection of vegetation include:

1. Legislative measures;
2. protection of vegetation in specially protected natural areas;
3. creation of collections of rare and endangered species in the Botanical Gardens and other institutions;
4. creation of "gene banks";
5. regulation of trade in rare and endangered species.

Many plants are protected in specially protected natural areas. To preserve the natural flora, it is important to create an extensive network of natural reserves. These reserves should include diverse landscapes with the maximum possible number of species of living organisms (http://ecology-education.ru/index.php?action=full&id=461).

Reproduction of forest resources. The main tasks of forest protection are their rational use and restoration. Measures to protect the forests of sparsely forested areas are becoming increasingly important in connection with their water protection, soil protection, sanitary and health-improving role. Particular attention should be paid to the protection of mountain forests, as they perform important water-regulating soil-protective functions.

An important measure for the rational use of forests is the fight against timber losses. Often, significant losses occur during the harvesting of wood. Branches and needles remain in the felling areas, which are a valuable material for the preparation of coniferous flour - vitamin feed for livestock. Waste from logging is promising for obtaining essential oils (http://biofile.ru/geo/23878.html).

Fauna protection

The protection of the animal world provides for:

· Obtaining products and raw materials for human needs (meat, furs, etc.);
· Regulation of the number of species depending on their role in the life and economy of people;
· Preservation of species diversity, the gene pool of the animal world.

Animal protection- this is a set of measures carried out by states and public organizations to preserve the species composition of the fauna, maintain the optimal number of useful animals (Bondarenko V.D., 1985).

The organization of fauna protection is based on two main directions - conservation and conservation in the process of use.

Of the most important planning and regime measures aimed at preserving the natural state of natural complexes as the habitat of animals, carried out in the territory of the national park, the following should be noted:

· Allocation of reserved and specially protected zones, performing the role of permanent reserves for animals;
· A sharp reduction in forestry activities;
· Regulation of recreation and gathering of mushrooms, berries, nuts and other wild plants;
· Protection of reservoirs as habitats for aquatic and semi-aquatic animals.

On the territories included in the boundaries of the national park without withdrawal from economic exploitation, it is necessary to introduce the following requirements and restrictions:

· Comply with the compliance of grazing norms with the capacity of pasture lands, the use of floodplain meadows only for haymaking;
· Permit the passage of a tractor, motor vehicles and motorcycles only on public roads and specially designated economic roads;
· Plowing, reaping and haymaking is allowed only from the center of the site to its periphery;
· When thinning and sanitary felling, leave hollow trees, undergrowth, undergrowth, natural litter;
· To allow thinning on the wound at the end of the period of mass reproduction of most animal species (http://www.biodiv-ersity.ru/publications/books/veselin/p5.html).

Violators of the legislation on the protection and use of wildlife, depending on the severity of the act, the degree of guilt and the harm caused, are subject to criminal and administrative liability (Bondarenko V.D., 1985).

To protect the flora and fauna in Italy, several national parks have been created; the largest of which are Gran Paradiso, Stelvio, Circeo, Abruzzo. These are only small islands of wild nature with a total area of about 2 thousand km 2. Gran Paradiso and Stelvio are built in the Alps to protect the high mountain flora and fauna. Abruzzo is reserved for the same purposes in the highest part of the Apennines. Circeo was created on the coast to protect not only forests, but also peculiar coastal forms - grottoes, cliffs, etc. Protective areas are being created to protect soil from erosion. However, all these measures are far from sufficient to preserve Italian nature from rapid and steady change by human activity.

Val Grande National Park

Valley of the Trigno River

Wezzena Peak

The lack of proper organization of nature protection leads to further destruction of forests, irrational use of land for construction, reduction in the area of national parks, and destruction of forest fauna. As a result of the depopulation of mountain villages on abandoned lands, located mostly on steep slopes, soil erosion is increasing, the risk of landslides and floods.

Pollution of inland and sea waters is very noticeable. Many rivers have already become dangerous to use for the water supply of cities. Industrial waste from numerous coastal enterprises pollutes the Mediterranean Sea and damages coastal fauna and flora. Thus, the discharge of sewage into the lagoon near the city of Cagliari on the island of Sardinia endangers flamingos and other rare birds that stop here during seasonal migrations. The unrestrained growth of seaside tourist centers has led to the fact that about half of the Italian coast can now be considered destroyed or, in any case, lost for the rational development of tourism.

The habitat in large industrial cities is in a threatening state. Italian cities are one of the last places in the world in terms of landscaping. The development of industry and road transport has led to air pollution, which in the centers of the chemical industry often exceeds the permissible limits.

However, in recent years the situation has gradually changed for the better. Italy is the only G8 country that has abandoned the construction of nuclear power plants. The government, concerned about the environmental situation in the country, took decisive steps to improve it. First of all, funding for environmental programs was significantly increased both at the national and regional levels. An important step towards reducing harmful emissions into the atmosphere was the signing and subsequent ratification by Italy of the well-known Kyoto Protocol. In 2005, a law came into force restricting smoking in public places. All this allows Italians to look to the future with optimism.

Naroch National Park, the photo of which can be seen in all advertising tourist booklets of the Republic of Belarus, is located on the territory of four districts in the west of the Minsk region. These are Myadel, Vileika, Postavy and Smorgon districts. The park stretches for 34 km from north to south, and for 59 km from east to west. The administration of the reserve is located in the village of Naroch.

General information

Today, the Naroch National Park covers an area of 97.3 thousand hectares. Of these, 66.8 thousand are part of the park, the rest of the land belongs to other land users. These are agricultural enterprises.

Purpose of education

In 1999, the Naroch National Park was established by Decree of the President of Belarus. - preservation of the natural complex and a group of lakes, flora and fauna, characteristic of the Belarusian Poozerie.

The territory of the park is guarded by the inspector-jaeger service of the park and forestry workers.

Naroch National Park - regime of protection and nature management

In order to maintain the status of a protected area, the Narochansky park is divided into functional zones. All of them have their own corresponding mode:

1. Protected area, which occupies 8.4% of the park. It is forbidden for unauthorized persons to be here without special permission.
This zone includes:

most of the Blue Lakes complex;
marsh massif "Cheremshitsa";
350 hectares of forest,
island on Lake Naroch.

All activities are prohibited here, except for security measures and scientific work.

2. Zone of regulated (partial) use. It occupies 57.6% of the total area of the park. In the allotted areas, it is allowed to mow hay, graze livestock, pick berries and mushrooms, and fish. Reforestation work, excursions and other activities that do not contradict the purpose of the zone are allowed.

3. Recreational area (1.2%)

It was created to accommodate institutions of sanatorium treatment, recreation and entertainment for local residents and guests, for holding various public events. This zone includes sanatoriums and health resorts, beaches, parks, glades, where there are many vacationers.

4. Economic zone (32.8%)

It is intended for the construction of structures, the implementation of economic and industrial, trade, and tourism activities.

Vegetation

Naroch National Park is of great interest to scientists around the world. This is due to the great diversity of vegetation in this area. This region belongs to the subzone of dark coniferous oak forests, which is dominated by coniferous massifs, lowland upland meadows and high peat bogs.

Vegetation covers more than 50 thousand hectares. These places are characterized by mountain ash and juniper in the undergrowth, and with a huge amount of lingonberries, heather, mosses and lichens.

There are birch-aspen and birch forests, alder forests. Some areas are occupied by broad-leaved-coniferous and with an undergrowth of honeysuckle, hazel, buckthorn euonymus, and a grass cover dominated by bracken.

rare plants

The list of endangered and rare species already listed in the Red Book includes more than thirty species. These are mountain arnica, spring primrose, forest anemone, meadow backache, noble copse orchis, etc.

In order to expand the collection fund of trees and shrubs, increase the range of material required for planting and significantly expand the seed base in the park, work is underway to create an arboretum, which will occupy an area of more than sixteen hectares.

Animal world

Naroch National Park, whose flora and fauna are surprisingly diverse, has a network of reservoirs, which allows the existence of a huge complex of aquatic animals. These are fish, terrestrial coastal vertebrates, a huge number of waterfowl, especially during migrations. At least 243 species of vertebrates (terrestrial) live in the park.

Birds

Local forests are especially rich in birds - ninety-five species of birds are concentrated in them. Among them are representatives of the northern taiga complex, such as the hairy owl, hazel grouse, nutcracker and others. The aquatic ornithocomplex is also represented by 35 species. There are 33 species of birds living in open spaces, 2 rare species live in raised bogs - the curlew. Near the settlements you can meet 14 species of birds.

Ungulates

The forests of the Naroch region have become winter habitats for ungulates. They are not able to provide accommodation for large populations of wild boar, elk, roe deer throughout the year.

Fish

Naroch National Park can be proud of the presence of 32 species of fish in rivers and lakes. Among them are minnow, chub, char, quicksand, stickleback and others.

Lakes and rivers

The Naroch National Park differs from many other institutions of this type in its extensive hydrographic network. Of particular interest to scientists are the lakes of the park, which are combined into several groups:

Small rivers

Naroch National Park on its territory has the rivers Naroch and Stracha.

Naroch originates from the lake of the same name. It has a valley with a noticeable floodplain, the width of which is from 300 to 600 meters. The river bed is winding, in some areas canalized. Width - from 8 to 16 meters.

The Stracha River originates in Lake M. Shvakshty, it is distinguished by a poorly developed valley with gentle slopes and a narrow floodplain. The channel is very winding, its width is 15 meters. These rivers are great for water tourism.

Rest

There are 36 natural monuments of local and republican significance in the Naroch park. There are such reserves as:

"Blue Lakes".
"Shvakshty" and "Cheremshitsy".
"Cherevka Peninsula".
"Rudakovo", "Nekasetsky", "Stepsons".

There is a large resort area of the Republic of Belarus in the park, which unites 11 sanatoriums and boarding houses. Nowadays, it is actively developing due to the successful implementation of the state program.

In the park "Narochansky" about 30 routes have been developed for tourists, multi-day cycling, hiking and water trips are held. 16 tourist camps have been built on the coasts of nine lakes.

In the summer, everyone can travel by helicopter and view these picturesque places from above. In addition, you can take part in fishing and hunting tours, go spearfishing, diving.

Dendrological garden

Many tourists will certainly be interested in the dendrological garden. It was created in 2002 on the shores of lakes Myastro and Naroch and bears the name of S. A. Gomza. Here is a unique collection of 400 species of trees, herbs and shrubs.

How to get there, where to stay

Today, many people come to rest in the Naroch National Park. How to get here? Pretty simple. The most convenient way to get there is by car, along the highways in the direction of the village of Naroch. The road from Minsk will take no more than 2 hours.

Shuttle taxis and buses run from the central one. The route Minsk - Naroch is suitable for you.

All guests are offered to stay in a comfortable modern complex "Naroch". You can also stay in a hotel or camping cottages.