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In properties, a verbal noun is close to a gerund (although it is believed that, say, there is no gerund in the Russian language).

From one verbal stem it is possible to form two types of verbal nouns: deverbative of the action name - lat. nomen actionis (sowing, transformation, salvation) and the name of the actor or sender of the action - lat. nomen agentis (sower, transformer, rescuer).

In German, there are two types of verbal nouns: the substantivized infinitive, or “name of the process” (examples: sein - das Sein, schwimmen - das Schwimmen, etc.) and “name of the result” in -ung. Most verbs can form both the first and second forms; from “static” verbs, only the first form is usually formed; from “dynamic” verbs, both forms can be formed (the first has a more abstract meaning).

In relation to oriental languages, the verbal noun is traditionally called “masdar” (Arabic: مصدر ‎‎). It is the source of word formation according to the opinion of scientists of the Basri school of morphology. They argue this by saying that it only points to a certain concept or state. It is simpler and more elementary than a verb, which is burdened with a connection with time and the person of the actor. For example: شُكْرٌ غُفْرَانٌ “gratitude” - “ShuKRun” (the concept is not associated with time or with the figure), “forgiveness” - GuFRaanun (also there is not even a hint of an answer to the questions: “when?” and “who?”)

See also

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See what a “verbal noun” is in other dictionaries:

See noun... Five-language dictionary of linguistic terms

The gerund is one of the nonfinite (impersonal) forms of the verb available in many languages ​​(English, Spanish, French, Latin, etc.). The verbal part of speech (along with the participle and gerund), expressing an action as an object. Answers... ... Wikipedia

Self-name: slüvensťĕ, vensťĕ Countries: Germany ... Wikipedia

A verbal noun (also a deverbative) in a number of inflected languages, including Russian, a noun formed directly from a verb. Examples: walking (from walk), eating (from eat). For many semantic and... ... Wikipedia

A verbal noun (also a deverbative) in a number of inflected languages, including Russian, a noun formed directly from a verb. Examples: walking (from walk), eating (from eat). For many semantic and... ... Wikipedia

VERBAL, verbal, verbal (gram.). Derived from the verb. A participle is a verbal adjective. Verbal noun. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

Influence, influence, influence. 1 It is known that in the Russian literary language of the first half of the 18th century. influence was a word of high style (cf. book Slavic influence in the meaning of pour in) (see: Sreznevsky, 1, p. 379). Its synonym is on average and... ... History of words

FRAME, FRAMING The word frame is derived from the word frame in the professional (carpentry) dialect. The history of the word frame itself in Russian remains unclear. In modern usage, three main meanings are associated with the word frame: 1.... ... History of words

COLORING, BLOOMING In the Russian literary language of the 18th century. professional terminology of the sciences and arts was in a disorderly ferment. Borrowed words struggled with Russian terms and often supplanted them, especially in those areas... ... History of words

Books

• English language. Workbook for the collection of exercises English. Grammar. 10-11 grade. Part 2, Yu. B. Golitsynsky. A collection of exercises on English grammar by Yu. B. Golitsynsky is widely used in the educational process of educational institutions in Russia and the CIS countries. The uniqueness of the technique...
• English for schoolchildren. Grammar. Collection of exercises. 10-11 grade. Workbook. Part 2, Golitsynsky Yu.. A collection of exercises on English grammar by Yu. B. Golitsynsky is widely used in the educational process of educational institutions in Russia and the CIS countries. The uniqueness of the technique...

The word formation of verbal nouns in the Russian language is dealt with by morphemics. Morphemics is a branch of linguistics that studies the structure of words and word forms of a language, organized by minimal significant linguistic units - morphemes. The tasks of morphemics include determining the function of the morpheme as a unit of language [Zubova, Menshikova: 5]. This study examines morphemes such as suffixes, and their main word-formation function - the formation of verbal nouns.

In Russian word formation of verbal nouns, a suffixal method of word formation is used, which also includes a suffixless method, which is sometimes also called truncation of the verb stem. The suffixal method is the formation of words by attaching a suffix to the generating (in this case, verbal) stem. This is the most productive way of word formation in the Russian language [Zubova, Menshikova: 123]. In the Russian language, verbal nouns are formed according to a transpositional word-formation type - within the framework of this word formation, the derived word and the generating stem are different parts of speech [Zubova, Menshikova: 142].

Suffixless way of forming nouns

As a result of truncation of the verb stem, the following types of nouns are formed:

Masculine nouns, masculine-neuter variety of the first substantive declension with the meaning of abstract action. Motivating verbs - verbs of types I and V with an infinitive stem in - a and type X with a stem in - and: let - start; find - search; bring - bring.

Other types and subtypes of motivating verbs are less common: salute - salute; split - split; inspect - inspection.

Motivating verbs structure: simple: walk - move; catch - catch; buzz - buzz; verbs with suffixal morphs - a-, - va-: lack of sleep - lack of sleep; tide - tide; perfective prefix verbs: to overwhelm - to overwhelm; scatter - scatter;

Nouns of this type are not formed from type I verbs with a stem in - e, type IV, verbs with - nichat/-ichat.

When forming a derivative, the final vowel of the verb stem is not preserved. The finals of infinitive stems - ova - and - irova- are also cut off: trade - bargaining; flirt - flirt; finals - well - and - willow - in those cases when the basics with these finals can be considered motivating: swing/swing - swing; pawn - pledge; knock - knock.

The basis of the present tense of a verb can appear in nouns motivated by verbs of types VI, VII, IX. For example: grow - growing, grew ( 1st person singular form of present and past tense, respectively) - height; howl - howl howl; calling - calling(1st person singular present tense) - call[GrSRLYA: 142].

When forming masculine derivatives, the following alternations occur: the final soft consonant of the verb base with the hard one: pickle - pickle; to come - arrival; [k] - [h]: click - cry; scream - scream; [p"] - [pl"]: scream - scream; [w"] - [sk]: squeak - squeak; [zh"] - [zg]: squeal - squeal; alternation vowels V root: sniff - glanders; murmur - murmur; push - pressure; calculate - miscalculation; press - press.

Words of this type mean actions regardless of the duration and nature of their occurrence. Often they acquire the meaning of a single act (a glance, a sneeze, a freeze). Secondary subject meanings: instrument of action, device: tray, drive; object and result of action: we'll take it out, cutout, undermining; location: pen, entrance, exit.

This type is productive in technical terminology, in colloquial and artistic speech, especially derivatives motivated by prefixed verbs. Derivations motivated by verbs without prefixes are used in artistic speech [GrSRLYA: 143].

Feminine nouns of the first substantive declension with the meaning of an abstract action or state. This type is not productive. The number of such verbal nouns in modern Russian is limited ( pay, payment, surcharge, spending, loss, cost, embezzlement, weed, mordant, poison, reprisal, government, crossing, living, pickings, profit, merit, service, length of service cool down, cold, praise, praise, theft, theft, loss, loss, attack, conversation, annoyance, dozing, thought, riding, thirst, drought, protection, game, hassle, resentment, guardianship, siege, crossing, chase, mercy, damage, bait, embellishment, oath, missing, Job, parting, reprisal, argument, cold, bustle, yearning, threat, delight).

Words of this type belong to the hard declension with alternation of paired soft consonants with hard ones. There are exceptions [GrSRLYA, p. 144]: [d] - [g] disappear - loss; [t"] - [h] spoil - damage; [b] - [bl"] row (row) - rowing; [v] / [v"] - [vl"] trade - trade; [p"] - [pl"] buy - purchase.

Another unproductive type of derivatives is a noun of the same educational structure as the previous type, denoting an inanimate object characterized by the action of a motivating verb ( meta, litter, estimate, sign, reward, fence, block, frame, seasoning, food, curtain, dam, burden, again, support, horseshoe, gilding, glaze, half-past, yarn, seedling, loan). The morphological characteristics here are the same as in the previous type of derivatives.

Feminine nouns of the second substantive declension with the meaning of an abstract action or state, motivated mainly by simple verbs: scold - scold; tremble - tremble; cut - cut; drizzle - drizzle.

When forming verbal nouns of this type, the final vowel of the verb stem disappears. The following alternations occur: paired hard consonants at the end of the verb stem with soft ones: preach - sermon; posterior lingual consonants With hissing: to lie - a lie; irregular ratio basics: help (help) - help.

This type is productive in colloquial and artistic speech.

Nouns of the pluralia tantum group with the meaning of abstract action: bother - trouble.

It is possible to cut off the final base - willow - and reverse alternation [g] - [d]: to gossip - gossip: to negotiate - negotiations. In this case, the final vowel of the stem is cut off. [GrSRLYa: 145]

Verb-motivated nouns are usually formed by adding a suffix to the past tense stem. In this case, the final vowel of the verb stem in the structure of the noun may or may not be preserved. Sometimes a noun suffix is ​​attached to the stem of the present tense form of the verb, but such forms are rare and are described separately [GrSRLYa: 46].

Nouns with the meaning of abstract action. Suffixes of nouns with the meaning of abstract action.

Suffix - nij-

Neuter nouns with suffixes - nij-/-enij-/-anij-/-тj-/-иj - denote an action on the verb. Morphs - nij - and - tij - appear in the position after the final vowel of the infinitive stem, while the first of them is after the vowels [a], [e], and the second is mainly in formations with monosyllabic verbal roots after [a], [and ], [o], [y]. Morphs - enij-/-anij-/-тij - appear in the position after the consonant, joining the stem of the infinitive, the final vowel of which is cut off. It is also possible to attach these morphs to the present tense stem. The morph - anij - in this case appears only after sibilants and [j].

Morphs - nij-/-enij - are highly productive, while - anij - and - uij - are not productive.

Nouns with the morph - nij - are motivated by the following groups of verbs:

Verbs of types I, V, X with the stem on - a - and type II on - ova-: blink-blink, punish-punishment, draw-drawing, hold-hold. Also, among motivating verbs there are verbs with suffixal morphs - iva-, - va-, - a - ( cutting down - cutting down, finishing the game - finishing the game); - ova-, - irova-, - izirova - ( design - design, theorize - to theorize); - stvova-, - nicha - ( wakefulness, aping), prefix-suffixal, suffixal-postfixal with suffix morphs - a-, - ova - ( make public - making public, fraternize - fraternization, use - use, freeze - freezing), perfective prefix verbs ( conquer - conquest); prefix-postfixal, prefix-suffixal-postfixal with suffix morphs - a-, - willow - ( find out - inquiry, grow - growth, tapping - tapping) [GrSRLYA: 65].

Verbs of types I and X in - e - ( smolder - smolder, endure - patience), including suffixal and prefix-suffixal with the suffix morph - e - ( grow old - aging) and prefix ( master - mastery, blush - redness).

Verbs of other types and subtypes: sing - singing, publish - publication, set - task. In some cases, when forming a verbal noun, the final - va - stem of the verb “falls out”: intend - intention, to be perplexed - bewilderment, suspect - suspicion.

Nouns with the morph - enij - are motivated by the following groups of verbs:

Type X verbs with stems - and - ( smoke - smoking, store - storage), including suffixal, prefixal-suffixal and suffixal-postfixal with the morph - and - ( complicate - complication); perfective prefix verbs ( extract - extraction, displace - displace); prefix-postfix perfective ( reign - reign). When nouns are formed from verbs of this group, there is an alternation of consonants: [t`] - [h]: shine - glow; [t`] - [w`]: illuminate - lighting; [d`] - [g]: iron - ironing; [d`] - [j`]: walk - walking; [st`] - [w`]: to take revenge - vengeance; [zd`] - [zh`]: pile up - piling up; [s`] - [w]: wear - wearing; [z`] - [g]: distort - distortion; [b`] - [bl`]: weaken - weakening; [v`] - [vl`]: melt - melting; [m`] - [ml`]: feed - feeding; [n`] - [pl`]: strengthen - strengthening; [f`] - [fl`]: graph - graphing.

Verbs types VI and VII,1. In this case, the fundamentals of the present tense are motivating. Here paired hard consonants alternate before morph suffixes with soft ones: [d] - [d`]: attack (attack) - attack; [t] - [t`]: read (read) - reading; [s] - [s`]: save (save) - salvation; [р] - [р`]: rub (ru) - friction. Rear lingual [k] and [g] alternate with hissing [h] and [zh]: neglect (neglect) - neglect, pound (pushing) - pounding.

Verbs of types III and IV. To form a verbal noun, either an infinitive stem is used, in which [y] - [ov`] alternate, or a past tense stem in - g with alternating [g] - [zh]. The first case is demonstrated by the following examples: arise - emergence, dare - boldness, disappear - disappearance. The second case includes: plunge - plunge, erupt - eruption, vomit - vomit.

Some verbs of types I, II and V form derivatives by cutting off the final and the stem: know - knowledge, fall - fall, rotate - rotation. Before the suffix they alternate: [b] - [b`], [v] - [v`], [d] - [d`], [s] - [s`], [t] - [t`], [ g] - [g], [p] - [pl`]. In the case of the verb read - reading there is an alternation of root vocalism [and] - [?]. The finals - ova - and - iva - of verb stems are absent in the following cases: worry - excitement, stretch - stretching etc. [GrSRLYa: 66]

Separate verbs of other types that form verbal nouns with this inflection: twirl - twirl, wash - ablution, forget - oblivion rot - decay, beat - beating, kill - murder e (obsolete).

Nouns with the morph - tij-

When forming verbal nouns with the morph - tij - verbs like:

I, 4-5: inflate - bloat, shed - shedding, sew - sewing;

VII, 2-3: live - life (life), sail - sailing, accept - acceptance;

IX: crucify - crucifixion, conceive - conception. In this case, there may be an irregular ratio of the bases: hug - hug, undertake - enterprise;

individual verbs of other types and subtypes and isolated verbs: bend - bend, to be - being, depart - departure;

The morph - anj - appears in formations motivated by verbs give And succeed: give - alms, succeed - success. Also, with verbs finish And endeavor with cutting off the final vowel of the infinitive stem: ending, diligence.

In nouns with the morph - иj- (-j-) the following act as motivators:

Verbs of types I and X with stems ending in - a, - and: have fun - fun, suffocate - suffocation, trust (entrust) - trust, communion - communion;

Verbs of type II, mainly nastvovat, in which the final -ova- is cut off: to be in distress - disaster, act - action, wander - wandering, parade - procession etc.[GrSRLYA: 67]

Where could such strange words - verbal nouns - come from? The source of their appearance is clerical speech.

In the practice of investigative agencies (police, courts), ready-made folders are used, on which the following is already printed: “Case ...”, all that remains is to add the names of the events (... about the fire) or offenses (... about the theft, ... about arson). Let’s imagine the following situation: a drowned man was found on the river bank (remember A.S. Pushkin: “...Daddy, daddy, our nets brought in a dead man”). The “Case about...” starts - about what? You cannot write: “... about murder,” because it could have been an accident and they will look in vain for the culprit of the crime. You also can’t write: “... about suicide,” because the investigation could go down the wrong path. According to the satirical writer, the investigator in a similar case wrote: “... about unauthorized entry into the water and failure to leave it.” Of course, the words “drowning” and “drowning” in the title are artificial words.

Writers used similar words to stylize speech or parody. For example: The hostess came out to carry out the idea of ​​bending the pie(N.V. Gogol); Case... about the gnawing of the plan by mice(A.I. Herzen); Announce to the widow Vonina that her failure to attach a sixty-kopeck stamp...(A.P. Chekhov); From his words one could conclude that he sees in Blum’s actions the fact of going too far(I. Ilf and E. Petrov).

M.E. was a great master of creating a comic effect in parodies of clerical language. Saltykov-Shchedrin. In his “Modern Idyll,” one of the characters proposes a project he has developed to compensate for insults.

For verbal insult by reproach for lack of good manners - 20 kopecks.

For verbal insult by reproach for lack of good manners with a raise of the hand, but without striking - 75 kopecks.

For striking the face with a hand and cutting any part of it (nose, eyebrows, lips, etc.) - 3 rubles.

Note. Equally prohibited is gouging out an eye, biting off a nose, cutting off an arm or leg, taking away a head, etc.

It does not at all follow from what has been said that verbal nouns cannot be used.

Firstly, they are convenient due to their brevity. Wed: When morning came, all nature came to life. - With the onset of morning, all nature came to life.

Secondly, verbal nouns are widely used as terms, for example: addition, subtraction, sensation, perception, coordination, control, adjacency, laying, penetration, import, export, etc.

But objections are raised to artificial formations such as “taking a foot out of a boot” or the unjustified clerical nature of ordinary text, for example in a building manager’s announcement: “Message about preventing tenants pollution stairs with dogs." And in student works there is an unsuccessful use of constructions with verbal nouns, for example: “Nagulnov allows beating fists"; "Writing the novel “Eugene Onegin” dates back to the era before the Decembrist uprising”; "For disclosures The image of Tatyana is greatly enhanced by the episode of her conversation with the nanny”; "At Bazarov's infection occurred corpse poison" (instead of: Bazarovgot infectedcorpse poison).

To avoid such mistakes, you should remember that it is always better to use a verbal predicate rather than a combination of a verbal noun with an auxiliary verb: Growingself-awareness of the masses. - “There is growth self-awareness of the masses"; Paulorganizescircle.- "Paul organizes mug"; Nilovnabegins to understandson's interests.- "To Nilovna understanding of interests begins to come son." The second synonymous constructions are difficult to perceive because the predicate in them is complicated: instead of simple verbs grows, organizes, begins to understand awkward verb-noun combinations are used. A similar “splitting of the predicate” (as these “pearls” of clerical eloquence are called) makes it difficult to perceive such a sentence: “We were all interested in why there is a decrease performance in some subjects" (instead of: performance decreases). And here’s another clumsy turn of phrase: “On the agenda of the class meeting was the question about improving discipline." Here it would be better to completely omit the verbal noun: question of discipline.

In the essays of schoolchildren, there is unnecessary word creation associated not only with verbal nouns. For example: "Unprincipled- Oblomov’s character trait.” The author of this phrase combined the adjective unscrupulous and noun integrity and received the non-existent word “unprincipled.” Another example: “The Young Guards showed miracles heroism." From two words - an adjective heroic and noun heroism- the student formed a third word that does not exist in the Russian language.

The creation of neologisms is a natural process in the development of language, but for the time being, refrain from actively participating in this process.