Denote living objects (cat, tiger) and non-living (chalk, rice, gold).
The grammatical characteristics of this LGR are different. Personal nouns, since they name a person, have only 2 genders (m.r. and zh.r.): carpenter, excellent student, Spanish. Exception: child, face, child(s.r.) In impersonal nouns there are 3 genders: horse, chalk(m.r.), river, love(f.r.), window, movement(sr.r.).
Personal and impersonal nouns do not form closed series. There is a small group of words that, depending on the context, can refer to personal or impersonal nouns: bag, stump, type,mattress etc. ( Instead of a birch tree there was a stump(non-personal). Well, you're a stump(personal).).
Specific nouns.
Name specific objects, facts, living beings. They form the basis of nouns. Distinctive: freely combined with cardinal numbers, i.e. subject to counting: 1 board, 5 girls; have a numerical correlation ( student - students, spring - spring). All these features are not typical for abstract, collective and material nouns. Concrete nouns do not have derivational signs.
Abstract (abstract) nouns.
Abstract concepts are called (quality, property, action, state): whiteness, lightness, heroism, achievement, pain; and also name various currents and directions, scientific disciplines: Acmeism, Marxism, linguistics, literary criticism, realism.
Distinctive features: are not counted (you cannot say: 3 ease, 2 literary studies), are used in the singular.
Formed using the suffixes - awn / - is (pride, freshness),- to (a) ( forging, cleaning),- ev(a) ( blue),- in(a) ( depth, height),- from(a) ( redness, kindness),- purl(a) ( novelty, whiteness),
Ø( height, width),-stv(o) ( persistence, flight)- enij ( disarmament),-nij ( diligence),- иj ( zeal),- acij ( agitation), - change ( structuralism), - b(a) ( mowing, shooting).
Abstract nouns can also be unmotivated: hum, grief, melancholy, everyday life, laziness, comfort, etc.
Sometimes abstract nouns can be used in the plural form: troubles, torment, beauty, passion. At the same time, their semantics changes: the idea of abstraction is erased, the manifestation of qualities, properties, actions, states is concretized. Abstract nouns become concrete nouns.
Collective nouns.
Designate a collection of homogeneous objects as an indivisible whole: foliage, shoes.
Distinctive features: cannot be combined with cardinal numbers; have only singular forms; can be combined with indefinite quantitative words (many, few), fractional numerals, as well as with words denoting the relationship between part and whole: a lot of poor people, a little pine needles, ½ tops, a lot of little things, all the relatives.
Word formation signs: are formed using special suffixes - ur(a) (professorship), - stv(o) / - estv(o) ( merchants, students), -Ø ( game), - j – ( rags, officer's clothes),- n(i) (relatives),- from (poor),- nickname (spruce forest),- nyak (willow).
All collective nouns are divided into 2 groups: non-derivatives (dishes, trash, furniture), in which the meaning of collectiveness is expressed lexically, and derivatives ( kids, hazel), in which the meaning of collectiveness is expressed using suffixes.
Words that, although they denote a collection of objects, do not have the grammatical characteristics of collective nouns should be distinguished from collective nouns; they are combined with cardinal numbers and have a numerical correlation: people, troupe, regiment etc.
The concept of a noun. Signs of nouns. Noun categories
1. Noun- an independent part of speech that denotes an object and answers questions Who? What?
2. The main features of a noun.
General grammatical meaning- this is the meaning of the subject, in other words, everything about which it is possible to say: who is this? or what is this? This is the only part of speech that can mean anything, and specifically:
1) names of certain things and objects (house, tree, notebook, book, briefcase, bed, lamp);
2) names of living creatures (man, engineer, girl, guy, deer, mosquito);
3) names of different substances (oxygen, gasoline, lead, sugar, salt);
4) names of various natural phenomena and public life (storm, frost, rain, holiday, war);
5) names of abstract parameters and features (freshness, whiteness, blueness);
6) names of abstract actions and states (waiting, killing, running).
Morphological characteristics a noun is gender, number, case, declension. Nouns
1) belong to one of four genders - male, female, neuter, general, but do not change by gender: ocean, river, sea; see How to find the gender of a noun?;
2) change by numbers: ocean - oceans, river - rivers, sea - seas;
3) change according to cases: ocean - ocean, ocean, ocean etc.; see: What are the cases in the Russian language?
Changes in cases and numbers are called declination. See: How to find the declension of nouns?
The original form of the noun is the nominative singular.
Syntactic features: in a sentence, nouns in most cases act as subjects or objects, but can be any other members of the sentence:
Book
makes a person the owner of the universe (P. Pavlenko) - subject
;
The entire life of the world's population was settled in a book (A. Herzen) - addition
;
Book - storage
knowledge (B. Polevoy) - predicative
;
Dampness from the ground
my side began to feel cold (A. Gaidar) - inconsistent definition
;
Over
greyish plain
of the sea, the wind is driving up the clouds (M. Lermontov) - place event
;
The people will not forget - favorite
selfless heroes of their own (V. Lebedev-Kumach) - application
.
A noun in a sentence can act as appeals(not part of the sentence): Lucy , I'm waiting for you!
3. According to the nature of their lexical meaning, nouns are divided into two categories:
Note. Proper nouns have a number of features.
1) Proper names can consist of 1 word ( Moscow, Caspian Sea, Caucasus, "Mtsyri") or from several words ( Nizhny Novgorod, New Orleans, Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky, “War and Peace”, East Siberian Sea).
2) Proper names are written with a capital letter ( Tula, Alps).
3) Names (titles) of books, newspapers, magazines, films, paintings, ships, trains, etc. are written with a capital letter and, in addition, are highlighted with quotation marks ( novel “Eugene Onegin”, painting “Morning in the Forest”, motor ship “Vasily Surikov”).
4) Proper names are not used in the plural and are not mixed with numerals (except for cases of designating different objects and persons called identically: We have two Irina and three Olya in our class). City of Naberezhnye Chelny.
5) Proper nouns can turn into common nouns, and common nouns into proper nouns, for example: Narcissus(the name of a handsome young man in ancient Greek mythology) - narcissus(flower); Boston(city in USA) - Boston(wool fabric), Boston(slow waltz) Boston(card game); labor - newspaper "Trud".
4. According to their meaning, nouns are divided into four main categories:
5. According to the type of objects denoted, nouns are divided into two categories:
Note. Sometimes it can be difficult to differentiate between animate and inanimate nouns.
1) Animated nouns are predominantly masculine and feminine. There are very few animate neuter nouns ( child, animal, face meaning "person" mammal, insect, monster, creature in the meaning of “living organism”, monster).
2) Animate and inanimate nouns have features in declension:
Wed: mom - I see mothers(plural v.p.), no mothers(plural R.p.); father - I see fathers(plural v.p.), no fathers(plural R.p.); I see my father(singular v.p.), no father(units R.p.);
Wed: country - I see countries(plural v.p.), there are countries here(plural I.p.); stone - I see pebbles(plural v.p.), there are pebbles here(plural I.p.); I see a stone(singular v.p.), there is a stone here(singular part I.p.).
3) The division of nouns into animate and inanimate does not always coincide with the scientific concept of living and inanimate nature. For example, the noun regiment denotes a group of people, but it is an inanimate noun (V.p. = I.p.: I see a regiment - there is a regiment here). The same can be seen in the example of the noun microorganism. Based on the beliefs of biology, this is part of living nature, but the noun microorganism is inanimate (V.p. = I.p.: I see a microorganism - there is a microorganism here). The nouns dead and corpse are synonymous, but the noun dead is animate (V.p. = R.p.: I see a dead man - there is no dead man), and the noun corpse is inanimate (V.p. = I.p.: I see a corpse - there is a corpse here).
Additionally:
Source of material Internet site
Additional sources:
Of particular stylistic interest is the use of abstract nouns by writers to enhance the effectiveness of speech.
The psychology of creativity distinguishes two types of thinking: visual and theoretical. The first is characterized by the emergence in the human mind of ideas that reflect reality in individual concepts, which are expressed in specific names of objects of real reality; the second is to create abstract concepts enshrined in nouns of abstract meaning that are not reflected in specific images. Abstract thinking is characteristic primarily of scientists; it manifests itself in the abstraction of various linguistic means in scientific presentation, in particular in the preference for abstract nouns over concrete ones, as well as in the fact that specific words in scientific texts are usually used in an abstract sense. However, in the scientific style there is no expressive halo around nouns, since they perform only an informative function.
The fundamental difference in the stylistic use of abstract nouns in artistic speech is the activation of their expressive capabilities. Under the pen of artists, abstract nouns can become a strong source of speech expression, although their aesthetic function is sometimes underestimated, which distorts the idea of the stylistic resources of morphological means.
Russian writers have always attached great importance to the development of abstract vocabulary in artistic speech. Abstract nouns were involved in the system of expressive means by poets - to reflect the spiritual world of the lyrical hero, to designate sublime moral and aesthetic categories. For example, from A.S. Pushkin: But I'm not made for bliss...; And the heart beats in ecstasy, and for it the deity, and inspiration, and life, and tears were resurrected again, and love.
Poets of the second half of the 19th century. expanded the repertoire of abstract nouns, giving the style an excitedly pathetic sound. Thus, N. A. Nekrasov often uses the words: freedom, faith, shrine, sorrow, poverty, despair, struggle, violence. To enhance the expression of abstract nouns that receive political overtones in context, the poet used a special graphic technique - he wrote them with a capital letter: Through the dark abysses of Violence and Evil, Labor and Hunger she led me... [about the muse].
Among the classics of Russian prose, abstract nouns were a means of depicting the rich spiritual life of heroes. Many words of this lexico-grammatical category were introduced into literary speech by M. Yu. Lermontov, who skillfully clarified their meaning with expressive epithets: Cold anger took possession of me; immeasurable despair, furious courage, deep contempt, sweet delusions, inexplicable pleasure.
In the heritage of every great Russian writer, one can indicate abstract nouns characteristic of his style, having deep philosophical and aesthetic meaning, often introduced into use by the same artist: in Goncharov - Oblomovism, from Turgenev - nihilism, at Chernyshevsky - emancipation, patriotism.
Nowadays, abstract nouns are perceived for the most part as stylistically neutral, but often they still retain expressive shades, which are associated with the idea of literature, a sublime way of expression, and therefore the scope of their stylistic use is the reflections and philosophical quests of the heroes. Making up a significant part of the “intellectual vocabulary,” abstract nouns are used to characterize intellectual heroes in speech:
He [Sergei] was looking for threads that connected the past with an even more distant past and with the future... Man, he said, will never come to terms with death, because he has a feeling of the infinity of the thread, of which he himself is a part. It is not God who rewards a person with immortality, and it is not religion that instills in him the idea, but this encoded, genetically transmitted feeling of belonging to an endless series...
(Yu. Trifonov.)
It is important to emphasize this feature of the functioning of abstract nouns in a literary text: in speech they often receive a specific meaning: “ First joys"(Fed.); " Long goodbye"(Trif.); Death seemed to be flirting with the Cossack; ...Splashed his anger in a fight with Peter(Shol.); ...Life raged inside him. It rustled in the blood like a May thunderstorm in the bushes of a spring garden.; Health flowed out drop by drop, like sap from a cut birch tree.(Laurel). At the same time, the abstract semantics of abstract nouns is transformed as a result of metaphorical rethinking, expanding the boundaries of lexical compatibility, and updating their meaning. This reveals the most important feature of artistic speech - the object-shaped concretization of what is being described.
In their expressive function, abstract nouns also appear in the journalistic style of the modern Russian language, replenishing the composition of socio-political vocabulary with evaluative meanings: activity, atmosphere, struggle, friendship, campaign, slander, peace, public, stronghold, politics, potential, cooperation, start, tactics, escalation etc. Such abstract nouns play a leading role in the vocabulary of the newspaper: distinguished by their special breadth of semantics, they characterize various circumstances, events, phenomena, accompanying them with a sharp assessment.
- See: Kozhina M.N. On the specifics of artistic and scientific speech in the aspect of functional stylistics. - Perm, 1966. - P. 162. According to this study, abstract nouns in the scientific style make up 65.6% versus 34.4% concrete, and in artistic speech the picture is exactly the opposite: abstract nouns 35.9%, concrete 64, 1%.
- See: Solganik G. Ya. Newspaper vocabulary: Functional aspect. - M., 1981. - P. 64 et seq.
Love, hatred, admiration, friendship, jealousy... “These are feelings,” you will say and you will be absolutely right. But there is something else: all these words denote states, concepts that cannot be reached, touched, and cannot be counted. In other words, these are abstract (or abstract) nouns.
And the last thing is material nouns, which denote substances that are homogeneous in composition, in mass, and even if divided into parts, retain the properties of the whole. They are usually impossible to count. Just measure. For example: beef, water, dough, sour cream and others. Accordingly, they do not change according to numbers and are not used with cardinal numerals.
Language level
We continue our discussion about the role of abstract nouns in language, in reflecting reality. Many linguists believe that the four categories of nouns listed above are, in fact, four levels of reflection of reality in language: linguistic, philosophical, natural science and cognitive. At each of them, only one category appears exceptional and is contrasted with the other three.
For example, it was already mentioned above. In this plane, concrete nouns are contrasted with abstract, real and collective nouns, since only they name countable objects and are freely used in both the singular and plural. The rest are uncountable objects.
But since this article describes an abstract noun, let’s turn to the philosophical level of reflection of reality, since this is where its undivided reign begins.
Philosophy
At the philosophical level of reflection of reality, all existing objects are divided into ideal and material. Accordingly, an abstract noun that names ideal, abstract objects is on the opposite side of the concrete, material and collective names. After all, this trinity basically means something material and sensually perceived.
Consequently, abstract nouns (examples follow) are a unique category, the exclusivity of which lies in the fact that only it gives a name to such immaterial substances as: 1) an abstract property, a sign of an object (ease of flight, running, being, bag); 2) abstract behavior, action, activity (acquisition of a father, teacher, scientist; acquisition of a house, book, real estate); 3) abstract mood, feeling, state that appears in different situations (hatred for the enemy, for the world, for a friend; stagnation in relationships, in the country, in work); 4) something speculative, spiritual, which exists only in the human mind and cannot be visualized (unprincipledness, justice, spirituality).
Among common nouns, concrete and abstract words are distinguished by their lexical meanings and grammatical properties.
Concrete nouns denote things that exist as separate instances or individuals. They may be counted: house (one, two, three... houses), cow (one, two, three... cows), cook (one, two, three... cooks), strike (one, two, three... strikes ). Compatibility with cardinal numerals and variability in numbers ( house - houses, cow - cows, cook - cooks, blow - blows) are the main features of concrete nouns.
Within concrete nouns, a special group is formed by singular nouns (singulatives). They denote one instance of something, isolated from homogeneous objects. Wed: peasant - peasantry, student - students, rag - rags, leaf - foliage. Here singularity is expressed in the opposition of singularities to collective nouns. Unity is also expressed using special suffixes -in(a), -ink(a): straw - straw, pearl - pearl; dew - dewdrop, fluff - fluff, snow - snowflake etc.
Abstract (abstract) nouns denote abstract concepts - properties, qualities, as well as actions and states: courage, novelty, yellowness, honor, struggle, reading, joy, etc. The semantics of abstract nouns does not allow the idea of counting. They are used only in the singular. Plural forms are formed only in cases where they denote specific manifestations of abstract qualities and actions. Wed: feeling of joy and small joys, joys of life (events that cause joy); the beauty of a girl and the beauty of nature (beautiful places); reading books and pedagogical readings, Vinogradov readings. In concrete meanings, abstract nouns are combined with cardinal numbers, for example: Now we had three worries: the first was to find water, the second was to find fuel and the third was to find protection from the wind (Arsenyev). I know four sweet joys (Bryusov).
In their basic meanings, abstract nouns, as a rule, are not combined with quantitative determiners. However, some of them can be defined using indefinite words ( little joy, a little patience, a lot of attention, did a lot of troubles, said a lot of stupid things etc.).
Abstract nouns are formed using the suffixes -ost(-is), -k(a), -ot(a), izn(a), -ev(a), -ii(a), -ni], /ni;- , -rel(i), -stv(o), -ism, -atsi(i), etc., for example: endurance, sharpening, darkness, novelty, blue, lowland, disarmament, development, hustle, persistence, formalism, orientation.
