The first industrial enterprise on the territory of Kuznetsk land. Key dates from the history of Kuzbass

History of the creation of the Kemerovo region

Goal: to introduce children to the history of the creation of their native land.

Song about Kuzbass.

In our vast Russian vastness,
There is a famous land.
The region where we live.
They call it “Pearl of Siberia”,
And we call it our beloved land.
Kuzbass is a special kind of land,
It cannot be confused with any other.
Hot work day and night,
It boils both on the ground and underground.
The earth stores countless reserves.
The fields of the native side are generous.
From the rhythm of life of our Kuzbass,
The state of the country depends.
The taiga is noisy.
Calling to the tops of the mountains.
The land of our fathers has been dear to us since childhood.
Sweet spaces excite the heart,
The steep banks caress the eye.
We are proud of your good glory,
Your wealth, our native land.
Kuznetsk region, for the benefit of the entire state,
For our happiness, live and prosper!
V. Ivanov

Kemerovo region. Very often it is called Kuzbass (Kuzbass coal basin). This name was proposed in 1842 by the Russian geographer and geologist P.A. Chikhachev. Even earlier, our region was called Kuznetsk land. With this name, the Russian pioneers expressed their respect for the Shorian blacksmiths, giving the name Kuznetsk to the new fort, erected on the right bank of the river. Tomi. The name “Kuznetsk land” comes from Kuznetsk.

Kemerovo region in antiquity and at the turn of the 18th century.

The history of the Kuznetsk land begins in ancient times. Judging by archaeological materials, the settlement of the territory of our region occurred 40–10 thousand years ago.

At this time, the climate of the Kemerovo region was significantly different from the present one; it was warm and dry. During this period, many heat-loving plants grew on our territory, and many birds and various wild animals lived in the taiga. The largest of them was the mammoth. The remains of mammoths are often found in Prokopyevsky, Belovsky, Guryevsky and other areas. The local history museum of Prokopyevsk has a complete skeleton of this animal. Climate change and the onset of the Ice Age led to the disappearance of heat-loving plants and cave animals: mammoths and rhinoceroses.

After the glacier retreated, access to the Siberian expanses was opened; people came here from the territories of present-day Altai and Kazakhstan.

The first people were hunters and their appearance differed little from modern people. They knew how to make fire, build semi-dugouts for housing, sew clothes from animal skins, and make tools from stone. Ancient people settled along river banks and near cliffs. This was convenient for driven hunting. Living conditions and primitive tools forced them to unite into groups. Only in a team could ancient man survive in those conditions.

During the Bronze Age, the first division of labor took place, the beginning of which was laid in the Stone Age. The emergence of metallurgy was very important for the economy of this time. First, copper and then bronze tools and weapons appeared in the human arsenal. Another occupation was farming. People grew barley and wheat.

The Bronze Age prepared the transition to a new historical era - the Iron Age. Man learned to mine and smelt a stronger metal - iron. This period is represented by two cultures: Tagar and Tashtyk. The creators of the Tagar culture were Caucasian tribes who lived in the 7th – 2nd centuries. BC, the Tagar tribes were influenced by their neighbors, which left an imprint on their culture.

The Tagarians lived sedentary lives. They were engaged in livestock breeding and agriculture. They created settlements with huge earthen ramparts. The settlement consisted of one or three dozen log houses, slightly sunk into the ground. The floor was earthen and there was a fireplace in the center of the house. They revered their ancestors, and the Sun, as a life-giving principle, was also a cult of veneration. Later, the Tagars left their previous habitats and went to Kazakhstan. This is due to the invasion of nomadic Hunnic tribes from the east.

On the contrary, Tashtyk people led an active lifestyle. Their main occupation was cattle breeding. The tools were metal and bone.

In the Tashtyk era, property inequality and the division of society into social groups appeared.

People of the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages left many archaeological monuments (sites, burial grounds, burial mounds, fortifications) on this territory of ours.

The 17th and 18th centuries were marked by the emergence of Russian settlements on the Kuznetsk land. Their founders were not only Russian servicemen, but also fugitives from the European part of Russia. Arriving on the Kuznetsk land, Russian servicemen met here the descendants of the ancient Turks: Shors, Teleuts, Kalmaks and Siberian Tatars. The Shors are the most numerous among the indigenous peoples of the region and in our time they live mainly in the south along the banks of the Tom, Mrassu, and Kondoma rivers.

The rich artistic creativity of the Shors, Teleuts, Kalmaks and Siberian Tatars is expressed in songs, fairy tales, and legends.

In 1698, Peter I, having learned about silver ores found near the Kitat River, gave an order to the Tomsk governor “to promote ore prospecting and ore smelting on the tributaries of the Kiya River with all possible diligence and zeal.” Thus, silver ores in Salair, iron ores in Gornaya Shoria, and gold in Kuznetsk Alatau were discovered.

In 1721, the Cossack son Mikhailo Volkov discovered a “burnt mountain” on the banks of the Tom River, becoming the discoverer of Kuznetsk coals.

Industrial development of the Kuznetsk land began at the end of the 18th century. The first to show interest in the development of Kuznetsk coal was the Ural industrialist A. N. Demidov. Later, Demidov’s Kolyvansko-Voskresensky plants and the adjacent mineral resources became the property of the imperial family. From that time on, most of Kuzbass, which became part of the Altai mountain district, was under the jurisdiction of the Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty.

At this time, industrial enterprises appeared: the Tomsk ironworks, the Gavrilovsky and Guryevsky silver smelting plants, the Sukharinsky and Salairsky mountain mines. But since for a long time Russian industry developed mainly in the European part of the country, Kuzbass did not have decent development and development. Only a century later, when Russia’s economic strategy increased its focus on using the resource potential of the eastern regions, the Trans-Siberian Railway was built, and Kuzbass received an impetus for the industrial use of iron ores, non-ferrous metals, coal and wood.

Kemerovo region at the beginning of the 20th century.

After the October Revolution of 1917, Kuzbass became part of the West Siberian Territory, then the Novosibirsk Region. At this time, an autonomous industrial colony of Kuzbass (AIK) was organized, led by the Dutch engineer Rutgers. During these years, the construction of a coking plant was completed, and the mines were equipped with advanced technology. The revolution in the economy was marked by the transition to planned economic management. In the first plan of GOELRO, an important place is given to the creation of the Ural-Kuzbass industrial complex. Kuzbass is turning into a huge construction site. The coal industry continues to develop, and the foundations of the metallurgical and chemical industries have been laid. The energy sector is developing. Industrialization is changing the face of the region. Workers' settlements sprang up around the facilities under construction and very soon received the status of cities. On the eve of the Great Patriotic War, half of the Kuzbass residents already lived within the city limits.

Kuzbass during the Great Patriotic War.

During the war, Kuzbass became the main supplier of coal and metal. 50 thousand tanks and 45 thousand aircraft were made from steel smelted by Kuznetsk metallurgists. This includes the production of toluene for explosives, gunpowder and other products necessary for the front. In 1941, equipment from 71 enterprises was evacuated to Kuzbass from the occupied areas, most of which remained in Kuzbass. The war doubled the capacity of Kuzbass.

In 1943, in the context of a radical change at the front, in order to increase the production of coal, the production of metals and military products for the needs of the front at the enterprises of Kuzbass, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, by decree of January 26, decided to separate Kuzbass from the Novosibirsk region and to create on it territory of the Kemerovo region. The new region included 17.5% of the territory of the Novosibirsk region, 9 of 12 cities of regional subordination, 17 of 20 workers' villages, 23 of 75 districts. The population of the Kemerovo region amounted to 42% of the total population of the Novosibirsk region. The regional center became the city of Kemerovo.

So, on January 26, 1943, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, 9 cities and 23 districts were separated from the Novosibirsk region. This is how the Kemerovo region appeared on the map of our Motherland.

Kemerovo region in the post-war years to the present day.

With the end of the Great Patriotic War, the need arose to rebuild all life in a peaceful way, and first of all this concerned the reorganization of military production. The national economic plan of the Fourth Five-Year Plan provided for the growth of industrial production and coal mining.

In the 50s and in the first half of the 70s, the Kuzbass economy increased its pace of development based on peacetime tasks; heavy industry continued to dominate in its structure and play a priority role. The rapid growth of industrial enterprises led to the appearance of new cities on the map of Kuzbass.

In agriculture, there was an active search for ways to further develop production. Having received equipment at their disposal and stimulated by increased purchase prices for agricultural products handed over to the state, village workers sought to improve their work.

Capital construction was carried out at a high pace in rural areas. Capital investments in Kuzbass agriculture in 1971–1980 reached almost two billion rubles.

The events that took place in the 1990s completely changed the course of further development not only of Kuzbass, but of the entire country. An important content of the transition to the market was the process of privatization of state property. By the beginning of 1997, only a part of enterprises remained outside the sphere of private property in the Kemerovo region.

This time was marked by the closure of individual enterprises. Thus, in the coal industry alone, 33 mines were closed.

Unemployment appeared, a significant part of the population found itself below the poverty line, and competition arose in the job market.

Overcoming the crisis in Kuzbass industry began on the initiative of the new head of the administration, Aman Tuleyev.

Primary attention was paid to the work of the coal industry, which plays a major role in the economy of the region. Attention was paid to the development of coal mining in a more efficient and safe open-pit manner. Already in 1999, 15 coal mining enterprises were put into operation.

Over seven years, at a new stage in the coal industry, instead of closed 42 mines and one open pit, 11 new mines and 16 open pits were put into operation.

In the period from 2000 to 2007, 15 new ones were built and 12 existing large metallurgical units were reconstructed.

Since 2001, the administration of the Kemerovo region, together with OJSC Gazprom, has been implementing the program “Pilot-industrial production of methane from coal seams of the Kuznetsk basin.”

Another new industry for the Kemerovo region is oil refining. In 2003, the creation of oil refineries began.

In the field of agriculture in 2000–2007, the focus was on updating the fleet of agricultural machinery. In 2007, for the first time in the last 40 years, 1 million 680 thousand tons of grain were harvested. In 2001, the Governor's Grain Reserve Fund was created. This solved two main problems. The first is support for agricultural producers. The second is a stable supply of inexpensive bread to the population of the Kemerovo region.

Difficulties in providing the population with housing were overcome. From 1997 to 2004, 3.6 million square meters of new housing were built. Special luxury houses are being built for veterans. In housing construction, individual construction is actively gaining momentum. It is stimulated by mortgage loans for terms ranging from one to twenty years.

In 2007, the birth rate increased by 44 percent compared to 1999.

In 2008–2009, the global financial crisis became a serious test for the Kuzbass economy. During 2009, agreements on socio-economic cooperation were signed between the regional administration and large companies. The main thing in these agreements is the agreement to preserve the jobs of the main professions in basic industries as much as possible, and to retain the core of labor collectives. In 2009–2010, the main efforts were aimed at supporting enterprises.

In February 2010, a truly historic event took place in Kuzbass - the coal gas mine was solemnly launched, and large-scale production and use of methane from coal seams was launched.

In April 2010, in the Leninsk-Kuznetsky region, together with a South Korean company, a new KuzbassAvto plant was put into operation. This is the first car assembly plant beyond the Urals that uses the most modern technical developments.

Over three years (2008–2010), more than 3 million square meters of housing were built. The implementation of integrated low-rise development projects, and, above all, the satellite city of Kemerovo Lesnaya Polyana, received further development.

In June 2009, the Borisovsky sanatorium was opened after reconstruction in the Krapivinsky district, famous for its unique healing water from an underground source.

From 2010 to the present, our region, our Kuzbass, has been developing and thriving.

Kuznetsk region.

Someone dreams of the southern coast of Crimea.
Some people are attracted by palm trees and seas.
And Siberia, like a mother, is unique to me.
This is my father's house, this is my homeland.
Kuznetsk region is the pearl of Siberia.
Kuznetsk region is a mining land.
The people of Kuzbass are their might and strength,
Wealth of mineral resources and grain fields.
I like Siberian nature,
Its open spaces, rivers and meadows,
The melodious dialect of the Russian people
And summer heat and winter snows
I. Elizariev

Appendix 1. How the names of rivers and settlements in the Kuznetsk land were born

The oldest site discovered by archaeologists in Siberia is located near Kuzbass in the Altai Mountains. It belongs to the Paleolithic period. Its age is 500 thousand years. This was the habitat of the oldest group of people, who are usually called archanthropes (Pithecanthropus is one of their species). The time of their existence coincided with the great glaciation, which Europe and Siberia experienced to the greatest extent. The Kuznetsk-Salair landscape region, as well as other mountainous areas, was under the influence of glaciers.

The most ancient human sites on the territory of the Kuznetsk Territory were discovered in 1989 on the territory of the Mokhovsky coal mine (Leninsk-Kuznetsky region). One of them was covered by cover deposits about 40 meters thick. At this depth, several stones chipped by human hands and a large number of animal bones were found. A significant part of the species of these animals does not currently exist. In ancient times, they were the main hunting prey of humans. The appearance of the first people within the southern regions of Siberia, including the territory of the Kuznetsk-Salair landscape region, coincided with the interglacial period. The warming climate and geographical conditions were favorable for life. Monuments of the Middle Paleolithic (300-40 thousand years ago) on the territory of the Kuznetsk-Salair landscape region are still unknown. But discoveries and studies carried out in the Altai Mountains, in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and Khakassia, suggest that it was part of the habitat of paleoanthropes. At this stage, no significant changes have occurred in a person’s life. The old way of life, the main types of economic activity and the form of association of people were preserved. But relations within the ancestral community became more complex, subordinate to the interests of the collective. The methods of producing tools have not changed, but the range of these tools has expanded somewhat. All this indicates a progressive trend in the development of man and his society.

Late Paleolithic time(40-12 thousand years ago) is associated with the last phase of the Ice Age. The cooling caused the activation of mountain glaciers, beyond which the tundra extended. Thus, the mountains of the Kuznetsk Alatau were covered with glaciers, and the Kuznetsk Basin and the adjacent areas were tundra. Simultaneously with the formation of the Late Paleolithic, the formation of man of a modern physical appearance, as well as society, the basis of which was the clan organization, took place. On the territory of the Kuznetsk-Salair landscape region, many monuments of the Late Paleolithic are known. This is a treasure trove of stone tools near the village. Kuzedeevo, workshops for stone processing and tool making (Shumikha-I), short-term sites of Paleolithic hunters (Bedarevo-P, Shorokhovo-I, Ilyinka-II, Sarbala), and finally, a permanent settlement on the Kiya River, near the village of Shestakovo. Their research yielded a significant collection of stone objects. Among them, scrapers and scrapers predominate. These tools are designed to process the inner surface of the animal's skin, as a result of which it became softer. Such a skin could already be used to make clothing. The most ancient sites of the Late Paleolithic in the Kuznetsk Territory are Voronino-Yaya (about 30 thousand years old) and Shestakovo, on the right bank of the river. Cue. The Shestakovo site, which first appeared 25 thousand years ago, continued to exist with significant interruptions for up to 18 thousand years. The remaining sites, that is, most of the Late Paleolithic monuments, date back to 12-15 thousand years. This is the time of the final phase of not only the Late Paleolithic period, but also the Pleistocene era.

During the Middle Stone Period - Mesolithic(12-8 thousand years ago) in the vast territory of Europe and Northern Asia from 12 thousand to 10 thousand years ago there was a process of transition from the Pleistocene to a new geological era - the Holocene. It consisted in the gradual disappearance of glaciers, in the formation of landscapes that are currently familiar to us, in the replacement of animals of the glacial world with animals adapted to new climatic conditions. Global natural changes have affected people's lives. Active development of territories previously occupied by glaciers began, new hunting tools and means of transport such as skis and boats were invented, and new methods of fishing appeared. Of particular note is the invention of the bow and arrow, which became the most important and widespread weapon for many millennia and which continued to exist for a long time with the advent of firearms. Stone continued to be the main material for the production of tools. On the territory of the modern Kemerovo region, the Mesolithic has not been sufficiently studied, but monuments have been discovered in its different areas: in the north of Kuzbass this is the site of Bolshoi Berchikul-1, in the middle reaches of the river. Tomi site Bychka-1 and in Gornaya Shoria - Pe-chergol-1. The materials of these monuments are characteristic of the Mesolithic. Their main features are the small, miniature size of the tools and the manufacture of a significant part of the tools on small knife-like plates.

The coming Neolithic(8-5 thousand years ago) or New Stone Age - the final period of the Stone Age. This is the time of the most important discoveries and achievements in the ancient history of mankind. In the Neolithic, ceramic dishes were invented, which allowed man for the first time to prepare and consume hot liquid food; fabric was invented, for the production of which specially processed plant fibers (nettle, hemp) were used. New techniques appeared in stone processing: sawing, drilling, and grinding reached its peak. This made it possible for man to use new types of stone to make tools. Almost all of these achievements can be traced on Neolithic materials from the Kuznetsk-Salair landscape region. New Stone Age settlements were discovered by archaeologists in the foothills of the Kuznetsk Alatau (Bolshoy Berchikul-4, Tambar reservoir, on the Dudet River, Smirnovsky Stream-1, on the Kiya River), in the mountains of Mountain Shoria (Pechergol-2), on the banks of the Tom River (Bychka-1 , late layer). Burial sites (cemeteries) of this time were found and excavated in the area of Novokuznetsk (Kuznetsk burial ground), on the Ina River near the villages of Trekino, Lebedi, Vaskovo, on the Yaya River not far from the village of the same name. The world of things of the Neolithic population that lived within the Kuznetsk region is quite diverse. But what is most striking is that absolutely symmetrical and proportional objects are made from stone using primitive technical techniques. Stone remained the main raw material for the production of tools, however, bone and horn began to occupy a prominent place. Almost all stone tools are associated with hunting and the corresponding way of life. Having mastered the entire territory of the Kuznetsk region, the Neolithic population was engaged in hunting and fishing. Ancient people hunted bear, elk, deer, roe deer, wolf, and beaver. Among fur-bearing animals they hunted hare, marmot, squirrel, sable, and fox. The end of the Neolithic dates back to the emergence of a natural sanctuary on Tom, now widely known as the Tomsk Pisanitsa.

During the transition from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age (Chalcolithic). At the end of the 4th - beginning of the 3rd millennium BC, tribes appeared in the southern regions of Siberia who knew and used copper. These were the first cattle breeders on Siberian soil. But during this historical period, no particularly noticeable changes occurred within the Kuznetsk-Salair landscape region. Stone and bone remained the main materials for making tools and household items. The technique of their production has not changed either. But the number of tools that were made on a knife-shaped plate has noticeably decreased. Finally, the chronology of the monuments (mid-3rd millennium BC) indicates that they belong to a transitional time, when tribes that used copper lived in the adjacent territories - in the Altai mountains and the steppes of modern Khakassia. Currently, the largest settlement of this people has been explored in the Kuznetsk Territory. It was located on the shores of Lake Tanay. Villages on the shores of the lake were created by hunters and fishermen. In the taiga they caught bear, elk, deer, and in the forest-steppe - roe deer. Fishing occupied a significant place in the lives of the people of these villages. We caught a lot of crucian carp. Here, on the territory of the villages, dishes were made. Sand was added to the thoroughly mixed clay. Then mixed again, achieving a homogeneous mass. Ribbons were made from it, connecting them to form a vessel.

Second half of the 3rd - beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. e. were the Early Bronze Age. The ancient societies of Siberia took a noticeable step forward in the development of early metal. They switched to the production of bronze tools, manufacturing them using the foundry method in special molds. Unfortunately, this historical period in most of Siberia, including the Kuznetsk region, still remains poorly studied. Excavations carried out by archaeologists in Gornaya Shoria on the Mrassu River, near the village of Mundybash, on the Tom River in the vicinity of Novokuznetsk, in the north of Kuzbass and in the Kuznetsk Basin, suggest that almost the entire landscape area was developed during this period. Probably, representatives of two peoples lived here, who were in active but peaceful contact in the central regions of the region (Kuznetsk Basin). One of them occupied predominantly Mountain Shoria, and the other occupied most of the territory from the northern foothills of the Kuznetsk Alatau to the basin. The history of these tribes can only be reconstructed from materials from sites. And they were temporary or seasonal in nature, which indicates the active lifestyle of people.

The first half of the 2nd millennium BC. e. amounted to the period of developed (middle) bronze. Most of the Kuznetsk region, mainly its forest-steppe, was occupied by tribes of the new population. Groups of the Caucasoid population of Western Asia took part in its formation. But the basis was made up of the peoples of the previous time, who lived in the forest-steppe of the Upper Ob and in adjacent territories. It is well known that the new population occupied not only the Kuznetsk Basin, but also the coastal areas of the Ob River right up to the confluence of the Tom River. They were pastoralists, hunters, fishermen and gatherers. They raised horses and cattle. But this type of economic activity did not satisfy society’s needs for meat food. Therefore, the diet was supplemented by hunted game, fish and foraging products. Some experts suggest that these people knew agriculture. More definitely, we can say that they were excellent metallurgists and foundries.

In the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. e. vast expanses of steppe and forest-steppe from the Southern Urals to the Middle Yenisei occupied shepherds-cattle breeders of the Andronovo culture. The Andronovo people destroyed fairly developed cultures in this space. Experts believe that these people belonged to the Indo-Iranian language group. The main occupation of the Andronovo tribes was cattle breeding. The time of existence of the Andronovo people is associated with the decomposition of primitive communal relations. Their social organization was complex. In order to occupy a vast territory and destroy sufficiently developed associations, it was necessary to have a powerful organization. In Andronovo society, social inequality has noticeably increased. The heads of a large family, the elders of clan communities and tribal leaders began to have particular importance. These posts were in the hands of men.

IN Late Bronze Age(in the XII-X centuries BC) on the territory of the Kuznetsk Basin, the Andronovo people were replaced by a new population, which was formed with their participation. These were cattle breeders and hunters. It is no coincidence that their settlements were located in places rich in game, but at the same time near lands that could be used for grazing. There is reason to believe that they were also engaged in farming and fishing. Such a diversified economy, combining appropriating and producing forms in equal parts, was possible only with a sedentary lifestyle. Their history is associated with population growth and a significant pace of development, which was not the case in previous times. Farming dictated a sedentary lifestyle for people. Therefore, they created villages consisting of several houses (from 4 to 15).

At the final stage (X--7th century BC BC) Late Bronze Age Throughout the territory of the modern Kemerovo region, a culture appeared, the creators of which were new tribes. These people occupied vast areas from the Middle Irtysh region to the Kuznetsk Alatau. The main archaeological sites: a settlement on the Lyuskus River, the settlement of Ust-Kamenka, burial grounds Zhuravlevo-4, Pyanovo, Titovo. The new population built settlements along the banks of rivers with a vast floodplain valley, rich in lush grass and fertile soils; on high and steep places they built fortifications (fortifications) against military raids. These were farmers and cattle breeders. Archaeologists conventionally call them Irmen people. With the Late Bronze Age, one of the fascinating pages of ancient history ends. It is being replaced by a new era associated with the advent and widespread use of iron.

IN early iron age(VIII-VII centuries BC) large tribal associations were formed on the vast expanses of the Eurasian steppes. In the north of the modern Kemerovo region, where a narrow belt of forest-steppe extends, in the 6th-5th centuries BC. e. Significant groups of a new population appeared, which are conventionally called Tagars. of which have been excavated by archaeologists. These are large burial mound necropolises near the villages of Nekrasovo, Serebryakovo, Kondrashka in the Tisulsky district, near a settlement on the shore of Lake Utinka and near the village of Tisul, etc. Excavation materials make it possible to reconstruct many aspects of the life of the Tagar population. The Tagars were cattle breeders and farmers. Unlike the steppe peoples of Eurasia, who had nomadic cattle breeding, they lived in stationary settlements. Such a village could consist of up to 20 houses, arranged in rows, forming a street. The houses were log-built, square or rectangular in shape, with a gable roof. Men plowed the land, harvested crops, grazed livestock, and teenagers helped them in this. Women did housework, prepared food for long-term storage, weaved, and sculpted dishes. The children helped them. But this is all peaceful life. It was disrupted by frequent military clashes. In winter and summer, between plowing and harvesting, men went out on the “military path.” The Tagarian's weaponry consisted of a dagger, a bow and arrows in a quiver, and a coin. The mint was the most formidable weapon of the Tagarians. The need for metal weapons was very significant. This caused further development of specialization in the field of mining, metallurgy and metalworking. The Tagarians had to cast a lot of objects from bronze. But bronze cauldrons, in some cases quite large in size (up to 20 liters), are striking.

2nd century BC e. -- V century AD appeared the period of the Great Migration of Peoples. By the end of the first millennium BC. e. On the territory of Kuzbass, the processes of historical development have become complex. This was due to the migration of certain population groups from the northern taiga regions of Western Siberia and from the territory of the Middle Yenisei. Thus, a new population arose in the Central Nisei region, which received the code name “Tashtyk people”. Their appearance on the historical “arena” was directly related to the ancient history of the Kuznetsk-Salair landscape region. In the north of the Kemerovo region, where the Kiya River emerged from the gorges of the Kuznetsk Alatau mountains, archaeologists found and explored a huge settlement of the Tashtyk people or a population related to them. It consisted of a large number of polygonal houses with a narrow and long entrance. It was a settlement of people whose main occupation was cattle breeding and agriculture.

At the same time, when the warlike Tashtyk people lived in the north of Kuzbass, the rest of the territory was developed by groups of tribes. Archaeologists call them “Kulai people”. The Kulai people created an amazing material and spiritual culture. The Kulai people created an amazing material and spiritual culture.

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1. Kuzbass in ancient times

ComingNeolithic(8-5 thousand years ago) or New Stone Age - the final period of the Stone Age. This is the time of the most important discoveries and achievements in the ancient history of mankind. In the Neolithic, ceramic dishes were invented, which allowed man for the first time to prepare and consume hot liquid food; fabric was invented, for the production of which specially processed plant fibers (nettle, hemp) were used. New techniques appeared in stone processing: sawing, drilling, and grinding reached its peak. This made it possible for man to use new types of stone to make tools. Almost all of these achievements can be traced on Neolithic materials from the Kuznetsk-Salair landscape region. New Stone Age settlements were discovered by archaeologists in the foothills of the Kuznetsk Alatau (Bolshoy Berchikul-4, Tambar reservoir, on the Dudet River, Smirnovsky Stream-1, on the Kiya River), in the mountains of Mountain Shoria (Pechergol-2), on the banks of the Tom River (Bychka-1 , late layer). Burial sites (cemeteries) of this time were found and excavated in the area of Novokuznetsk (Kuznetsk burial ground), on the Ina River near the villages of Trekino, Lebedi, Vaskovo, on the Yaya River not far from the village of the same name. The world of things of the Neolithic population that lived within the Kuznetsk region is quite diverse. But what is most striking is that absolutely symmetrical and proportional objects are made from stone using primitive technical techniques. Stone remained the main raw material for the production of tools, however, bone and horn began to occupy a prominent place. Almost all stone tools are associated with hunting and the corresponding way of life. Having mastered the entire territory of the Kuznetsk region, the Neolithic population was engaged in hunting and fishing. Ancient people hunted bear, elk, deer, roe deer, wolf, and beaver. Among fur-bearing animals they hunted hare, marmot, squirrel, sable, and fox. The end of the Neolithic dates back to the emergence of a natural sanctuary on Tom, now widely known as the Tomsk Pisanitsa.

At the final stage (X--VIIcentury BC BC) Late Bronze Age Throughout the territory of the modern Kemerovo region, a culture appeared, the creators of which were new tribes. These people occupied vast areas from the Middle Irtysh region to the Kuznetsk Alatau. The main archaeological sites: a settlement on the Lyuskus River, the settlement of Ust-Kamenka, burial grounds Zhuravlevo-4, Pyanovo, Titovo. The new population built settlements along the banks of rivers with a vast floodplain valley, rich in lush grass and fertile soils; on high and steep places they built fortifications (fortifications) against military raids. These were farmers and cattle breeders. Archaeologists conventionally call them Irmen people. With the Late Bronze Age, one of the fascinating pages of ancient history ends. It is being replaced by a new era associated with the advent and widespread use of iron.

IN early iron age(VIII-VII centuries BC) large tribal associations were formed on the vast expanses of the Eurasian steppes. In the north of the modern Kemerovo region, where a narrow belt of forest-steppe extends, in the 6th-5th centuries BC. e. Significant groups of new population appeared, which are conventionally called Tagars. of which have been excavated by archaeologists. These are large burial mound necropolises near the villages of Nekrasovo, Serebryakovo, Kondrashka in the Tisulsky district, near a settlement on the shore of Lake Utinka and near the village of Tisul, etc. Excavation materials make it possible to reconstruct many aspects of the life of the Tagar population. The Tagars were cattle breeders and farmers. Unlike the steppe peoples of Eurasia, who had nomadic cattle breeding, they lived in stationary settlements. Such a village could consist of up to 20 houses, arranged in rows, forming a street. The houses were log-built, square or rectangular in shape, with a gable roof. Men plowed the land, harvested crops, grazed livestock, and teenagers helped them in this. Women did housework, prepared food for long-term storage, weaved, and sculpted dishes. The children helped them. But this is all peaceful life. It was disrupted by frequent military clashes. In winter and summer, between plowing and harvesting, men went out on the “military path.” The Tagarian's weaponry consisted of a dagger, a bow and arrows in a quiver, and a coin. The mint was the most formidable weapon of the Tagarians. The need for metal weapons was very significant. This caused further development of specialization in the field of mining, metallurgy and metalworking. The Tagarians had to cast a lot of objects from bronze. But bronze cauldrons, in some cases quite large in size (up to 20 liters), are striking.

II century BC e. -- V century AD appeared the period of the Great Migration of Peoples. By the end of the first millennium BC. e. On the territory of Kuzbass, the processes of historical development have become complex. This was due to the migration of certain population groups from the northern taiga regions of Western Siberia and from the territory of the Middle Yenisei. Thus, a new population arose in the Central Nisei region, which received the code name “Tashtyk people”. Their appearance on the historical “arena” was directly related to the ancient history of the Kuznetsk-Salair landscape region. In the north of the Kemerovo region, where the Kiya River emerged from the gorges of the Kuznetsk Alatau mountains, archaeologists found and explored a huge settlement of the Tashtyk people or a population related to them. It consisted of a large number of polygonal houses with a narrow and long entrance. It was a settlement of people whose main occupation was cattle breeding and agriculture.

2. Ancient Turkic period in the history of Kuzbass

During early Middle Ages (VI-XI centuries) the historical development of ancient societies was closely connected with events in the steppes of Central Asia. The fact is that nomadic Turkic tribes appeared on Central Asian territory in previous times. Within their boundaries, replacing each other, early states emerged, which are usually called the “khaganate”. During the existence of the First (552-630) and Second (679-742) Turkic Khaganates, the traditional culture created by the Kulai continued to develop on the territory of the Kuznetsk region. But there have certainly been significant changes. They were associated with an increase in the share of cattle breeding in the economic activity of the population, with further social stratification of society. The history of this people is reconstructed based on materials from excavations of burial grounds near the villages of Saratovka, Shabanovo, Vaganovo, treasures found in the vicinity of Elykaev, Terekhin, Egozov, Lebedey. The local origins of its development are evidenced by the burial ritual in the form of cremation followed by burial in a mound, the shape of the dishes and its ornaments, some household items and weapons. Through the Turks, the Kuznetsk population maintained contacts with China and the states of Western Asia. In particular, Chinese coins were found in the burials. In the 9th-10th centuries the situation on the territory of the Kuznetsk-Salair region changed significantly. In 840, the Kyrgyz created a huge power. This was preceded by long wars with the Uyghurs, who were finally defeated. According to experts, tribes lived on the territory of the Kuznetsk region, which in written sources are known as Kipchaks. It was a nomadic or semi-nomadic population. They raised sheep and cattle, as well as horses, which they used for riding. The Mongolian period (XIII-XIV centuries) on the territory of the Kuznetsk-Salair landscape region has been studied very poorly. The main historical events of this time took place in the steppe and were associated with the formation of the Genghisid empire. The Mongol rule over the population of the region was formal, so it was unlikely to cause any significant changes. According to anthropologists, the population of the Mongol era combined Caucasoid and Mongoloid racial features in appearance. This once again allows us to assert that the local line of historical development and the external one, associated with the Turkic world, were in interaction for a long time. There was no cardinal withdrawal. But ultimately, the process of Turkization of the local population was completed. When the Kuznetsk land was included in the Russian state, the Russians were met here by indigenous peoples who spoke the Turkic language. A new page has begun in the history of our region.

3. Development of the territory of Kuzbass by Russians

The 17th century in the development of the territory of the modern Kemerovo region is the time of the implementation of the historical mission of Russia.

With the formation of the Russian state, his interest in distant Siberia manifested itself. Ivan IV decided to expand the number of tribute payers to Siberia. Yasak in Siberia was collected from the indigenous population mainly with the skins of fur-bearing animals: sable, mink, ermine.

The state's monopoly right extended to the fur wealth of Siberia. The main routes for the advancement of Russian explorers, obviously, were the rivers Cherdyn, Vishera, Tavda, Tobol, Irtysh, Ob, Tom. The starting point for the colonization of the Kuznetsk Basin was the founding of the city of Tomsk in 1604, which opened the way for Russian explorers to the middle and lower Pritom. It is believed that the first news of the Tomsk governor sending armed detachments up the Tom River dates back to 1607-1608. Moving deeper into the Siberian land, Russian servicemen taxed local residents with tribute; they called all of them Tatars. Attempts by Tomsk governors to collect yasak from the population of the upper Tomsk region met with fierce resistance from the Kyrgyz, Teleut and Kalmat nobility. detachments of Russian servicemen had to stay for a long time in unfamiliar lands, and sometimes even spend the winter there. In place of such winter huts, small temporary forts began to appear. One of the first forts to emerge on the Kuznetsk land was a fort in the Abagur region, founded in 1615. In the same year the village of Yagunovo was founded. In 1617, a decree came from Moscow to build a fort on the Tom River. According to another version, the fort was originally set up on the Kondoma River, 6 kilometers from its confluence with the Tom, on Krasnaya Gora. This version is confirmed by materials from archaeological excavations. The new fort was located in the lands of the Abinsk people, whom the Cossacks called blacksmiths for their ability to smelt and forge iron. Hence the name of the fort - Kuznetsky. Until the 17th century, the main food product for Russians was rye bread. A very common type of bread food was porridge - oatmeal, buckwheat, barley, wheat. At the beginning of the 17th century, the Kuznetsk fort was, after Tomsk, the southernmost point of land development in Siberia. Kuznetsk received city status in 1622. In the same year, Kuznetsk received its first coat of arms. Kuznetsk land became Russian. In 1620, peasants settled on the territory of the fort. In 1657, between the guard Cossack villages of Yarskaya and Itkara, the Sosnovsky fort was established, administratively included in the Tomsk district. In 1665, the Verkhotomsk fort was established south of Sosnovskoye by Tomsk servicemen. Initially, the entire population was concentrated in the prison itself. Then settlements and villages began to appear around it. Zaimka, and then the village of Kemerovo, also arose on the right bank of the Tom, eight versts from the fort. It was named after the surname of its founder Afanasy Stepanovich Kemerov. The most common form of peasant land use at that time was seizure. Grabbing and borrowing land use was based on three main principles of customary law: the right of first seizure of “nobody’s” land, labor law, and the law of prescription. The leading role was played by the first two principles; the law of prescription was of secondary importance. Having seized the lands, the peasant considered himself their complete owner. However, the nomadic tribes located around raided the local indigenous population and ravaged the Russian settlements that had arisen. In order to escape from raids, at the beginning of the 18th century, fortresses began to be built along the Irtysh and in the upper reaches of the Ob. The last to emerge was the Mungat fort near the modern village of Krapivino, founded in 1715. With the creation of a system of fortified forts and agricultural camps located around them, the final formation of the Tomsk-Kuznetsk agricultural region took place. Then there were significant changes in the social status of the Kuznetsk peasantry. The financial and economic transformations of Peter the Great's time and the introduction of the poll tax legally prepared the formation of the class of state peasants in Russia. The total Russian population of the Kuznetsk Land at the beginning of the 18th century was small. There were much fewer women than men at that time, since mostly single men traveled to these distant lands.

4. Development of the Kuzbass mining industry in the 17th-18th centuries

In the 20s of the 18th century, the search for ores and the construction of factories in Siberia began. The discovery of coal in the country dates back to the same time. Mikhailo Volkov is rightfully considered the discoverer of coal in Kuzbass. But at that time this discovery did not find practical application. Along with coal, rich deposits of metal ores were discovered in Altai and Kuznetsk. Their discovery aroused the interest of the famous industrialist Akinfiy Demidov. In 1726, the Berg College allowed him to build copper smelters in Altai. Demidov made an attempt to use Kuznetsk coal. In 1744, Empress Elizaveta Petrovna learned about the secret smelting of silver at the Demidov factories and ordered their transfer to the Tsar’s Cabinet. By decree of May 12, 1747, the Kolyvan-Voskresensky mountain district was created, which included a huge territory, including the lands of the Kuznetsk district. In 1770-1771, an ironworks was built on the left bank of the Tom-Chumysh River and was named Tomsk. This was the first plant erected on Kuznetsk land, 50 kilometers west of the city of Kuznetsk, near the village of Tomsk, modern Prokopyevsky district. The products were varied: cast iron, iron, steel and various products. The plant's management made an attempt to use coal for smelting from a small adit 45 miles from the plant. However, technical difficulties forced the smelting process to be carried out on charcoal. The Tsar's Cabinet showed the greatest interest in silver. The production of precious metals was the main task of the mining industry of Altai and Kuzbass. In 1781, exiled miner Dmitry Popov discovered the largest deposits of silver ore in Salair. Initially, Salair ores were taken away for smelting to Altai factories. However, then the mining authorities considered it more profitable to build a plant at the ore mining site. Thus, a silver smelting plant was built in 1795, named Gavrilovsky by order of Empress Catherine II. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Gavrilovsky plant could no longer meet the needs of the Cabinet. There was a need to build a second silver smelter. The site for the plant was found in 1811 on the Bachat River. But the question of building the plant was postponed until better times due to the outbreak of the war with Napoleon. The silver smelter was launched on November 15, 1816, the day of the holy martyrs Gury and Dmitry, and was named Guryevsky. But soon its new purpose was determined, and the plant began to develop as a ferrous metallurgy enterprise. In the 20s of the 19th century, experimental smelting of cast iron and iron using Kuznetsk coal began to be carried out in the workshops of the Guryev plant. In the second quarter of the 19th century, factories in Kuzbass remained enterprises where manual labor predominated. At the same time, it was at this time that a clear idea of the Kuznetsk coal basin was formed. The area of the “coal region” is 40 thousand square versts. On August 23, 1842, researcher Chikhachev arrived in Kuznetsk on behalf of the Cabinet. A visit to the Bachat region struck the scientist with thick coal-bearing deposits between the Alatau mountain range and the Chumysh, Kondoma, Mrassa and Usa rivers. Chikhachev compiled the first geological map of the Altai basin, the Kuznetsk and Minusinsk basins and the Sayans. This map was the first to outline the area of distribution of coal-bearing deposits in the Kuznetsk basin, “the largest of all coal basins in the world.” The colossal coal reserves in the Kuznetsk basin continued to remain in complete oblivion. In pursuit of silver, copper, lead, and zinc, which were contained in the polymetallic ores of Salair, were sent to the dump. A feature of the development of Kuzbass in the 30-60s was gold mining. The discoverers of placer gold in Western Siberia were free prospectors from local peasants. They began to mine gold in the taiga along the Kiya River. Gold mining was usually done by hand both in summer and winter, workers often died. In general, labor productivity in the Cabinet gold mines was low and the Cabinet considered it more profitable to lease the mines to private entrepreneurs. Hundreds of scouts rushed to the gold-bearing areas after the merchants for gold. A gold rush began in Siberia. The rapidly developing private gold mining industry required tens of thousands of workers. The main source of labor for the mines was Siberian exile, i.e. exiled settlers. Since the late 30s of the 19th century, the factories fell into disrepair. A crisis began in Kuzbass industry.

5. Life and customs of the Russian population of Kuzbass

To understand the nature of the settlement and life of the first Russian blacksmiths, it is important to take into account some of the features of their survival in the new lands. Until the 17th century, the main food product for Russians was rye bread. A very common type of bread food was porridge - oatmeal, buckwheat, barley, wheat. In addition, grain served as the basis for the preparation of a number of drinks - kvass, beer, as well as for distilling. Livestock and poultry products were in second place after bread and other plant foods. The agricultural nature of Russian culture as a whole, the need for bread and plant foods experienced by service people arriving in Siberia, made the issue of grain supply one of the main ones in the activities of the local administration. The first inhabitants of the fort were Russian servicemen and Kuznetsk Tatars. In most villages and hamlets of Pritomye, livestock farming played a secondary role. Fishing was a secondary industry. Beekeeping also spread. The appearance of the Russians brought significant changes to the life of the natives of Pritomye. Russian villages were founded, as a rule, along the banks of rivers, which served as routes of communication and, most importantly, were rich in fertile floodplain lands, fishing grounds and drinking resources. The small ethnolocal groups of aborigines living on the coastal lands quickly got used to their new neighbors, borrowing from them, first of all, new, more advanced forms of farming and carpentry skills. The appearance of the Russian ethnic group on the territory of Pritomye entailed not only the economic development of the region, but also the establishment of close military-diplomatic contacts with the aboriginal population of the Abinsk and Biryusa people. The economy and material culture of both groups of “Kuznetsk Tatars” - the Abinsk and Biryusinians - represented a combination of steppe pastoral traditions with the peculiarities of the economy of foot hunters of the mountain taiga. Russian documents of the 17th-18th centuries call metallurgy and blacksmithing, hunting fur-bearing animals as the main occupations of the main part of the Abinsk people leading a sedentary lifestyle, and as auxiliary occupations - cattle breeding, primitive agriculture, gathering and barter trade. In the 18th century, the main population of the Kuznetsk land was peasants, consisting of three categories: state, economic and assigned. State peasants appeared as a result of the tax reform of 1724. They had to pay a tax to the state - a poll tax and quitrent and zemstvo taxes for the maintenance of post roads, repairs of bridges, government buildings, etc. But especially difficult for the peasants were conscription and in-kind duties: construction of roads, postal stations, transportation of government cargo. Peasants were organized into communities. And the official owner of the land was not the individual peasant household, but the community. She was a legal entity in resolving all land issues. The third category of Kuznetsk peasants were assigned peasants. They appeared in the Middle Tomsk region in connection with the construction of the Demidov factories. In 1742, part of the state peasants of the Kuznetsk district were assigned to the Barnaul plant. And then into the ownership of the Cabinet. Formally, the registration did not change the legal status of the peasants; they retained their state status. Their personal and civil rights and obligations remained the same. But instead of paying the poll tax, the assigned peasants performed factory work. The Ibir assigned peasants were close in status to serfs. In the mid-18th century, peasant protests led to mass self-immolations. This forced the government of Catherine II to issue a decree in 1765, inviting the authorities not to allow Siberian residents to self-immolate. The self-immolations stopped, but escapes continued to the nearby taiga and further - “beyond the Stone”, to Belovodye, to the upper reaches of the Katun, to Eastern Siberia. Only the peasant reform of 1861 freed the assigned peasants from factory work and transferred them to the class of state peasants. Another large part of the population of the Kuznetsk land were artisans. The mining charter defined artisans as a special class of people obliged to perform mining factory work. The material standard of living of the artisans was extremely low. They built themselves huts with adobe stoves, with small windows covered with bull's bladder. Apart from benches and a table, there was no other furniture. The basis of nutrition was government provisions, i.e. flour, often musty. They baked bread from flour and cooked flour stew. The craftsmen were almost entirely illiterate. Driven to despair, the artisans fled to the nearby taiga, and sometimes further, to Eastern Siberia. The spiritual life of society was under the watchful eye of the state. The cabinet authorities tried to keep abreast of the public sentiments of the population. The main focus was on the church. The main temple of the Kuznetsk district in the 18th century was the Transfiguration Cathedral in Kuznetsk. Social life in the Kuznetsk region was modest and quiet. Public education in the 18th century in Kuzbass was based on private education. Home school and private lessons at home have long remained one of the most common forms of education. In the middle of the 19th century, schools were created at the Tomsk and Guryev factories, at the Salair mine and some mines. More significant changes in the social life of the region occurred later and were associated with the abolition of serfdom and other reforms.

In the 17th century, Kuznetsk and its surroundings were a remote, poorly populated area, and even subject to constant attacks by nomads. Therefore, if Russian people came here, as a rule, it was not of their own free will: either they were military men who were sent here for service, or exiles. The latter were political or criminal criminals, and here they were recorded, as a rule, “in the arable land.” In addition, former foreign prisoners of war from European states were sometimes sent to Kuznetsk in the 17th century to join the local garrison. While in exile in various Russian cities and forts, they carried out military service, became Russian citizens and very often converted to Orthodoxy. The majority of the city's population were military people. Exiled peasants and a small number of free peasants also lived here. In the 17th century, Kuznetsk was a city where the male population predominated over the female population. Here at that time the so-called “women’s issue” was very acute. In Kuznetsk in the 17th century there were also exiled women, mostly criminals. They were sent here in order to “marry” the exiled peasants and thereby “calm and strengthen them from escaping.” And the flight of exiled peasants from Kuznetsk in the 17th century was widespread. When the gold rush began in Siberia. The rapidly developing private gold mining industry required tens of thousands of workers. The main source of labor for the mines was Siberian exile, i.e. exiled settlers. They were hired by merchants for seasonal work. Merchant mines worked only in the summer.

Mention of the exiled Poles in Kuznetsk is contained in the memoirs of the famous participant in the revolutionary movement, economist, sociologist, publicist, writer V.V. Bervi-Flerovsky and his wife. V.V. Bervy noted his rapprochement with Polish exiles. In his memoirs, he indicated that “during my stay in Kuznetsk and in Siberia in general (1866), Poles involved in the uprising were sent there in large numbers.” Describing the Polish exiles of Kuznetsk, Ekaterina Ivanovna noted that “the majority were noblemen with an elementary education. Some knew a craft, and they were relatively comfortable. The nobles received 6 rubles a month..., but the majority had to show real skill in order to live on their own rations" Many of the exiles were engaged in crafts. For example, Felix Albertovich Kovalsky studied shoemaking, the younger Landsberg learned blacksmithing. Domanovsky baked delicious wheat bread and made sausages and sausages. Undoubtedly, crafts in Siberia had a certain influence on the life and way of life of the local population.

7. Kuzbass under capitalism

Abolition of serfdom, economic development of Kuzbass . The implementation of the reform of 1861 led to the loss of cheap labor and caused the curtailment of cabinet production, the closure of factories and mines, and a reduction in the number of residents in factory villages. Moreover, the rich upper iron ore horizons had already been worked out; there were no funds to develop new, deeper layers - all this gave rise to the collapse of the cabinet economy. In 1864, the Tomsk ironworks was closed, in 1897 - the Salair mines and the Gavrilovsky silver smelter. State gold mines in Kuznetsk Alatau, Salair and Gornaya Shoria, coal mines in Bachati, Kolchugino and the Guryev Metallurgical Plant experienced difficulties. With the general trend of decline in cabinet production, industrial coal mining has gained some development. By 1890, coal production in Kuzbass increased 20 times and amounted to 1,051 thousand poods. But on a Russian scale this was only 0.28 percent. During the post-reform period, there was a rapid growth in private gold mining. In 1861, private gold mining was allowed on Cabinet lands. The main labor force at the mines were local peasants; exiled settlers, partly newcomers from European Russia, also worked. All mined metal was supposed to be delivered at a fixed price to state-owned gold-alloying laboratories, but part of it was hidden by industrialists and sold privately to China or sent to the Irbit fair. The abolition of serfdom contributed to the growth of agricultural migration from European Russia to Siberia and the growth of agricultural production here. In almost forty years by 1897, the population of Siberia increased by 96.5 percent. All peasants, including new settlers, former registered servants and those who lived here until 1861, had to bear general duties, which were divided into government payments (capitation tax, six-ruble quitrent tax to the income of His Majesty’s Cabinet, real estate tax, government tax on trade certificates) , provincial zemstvo collection and worldly duties (salary to volost elders, clerks, church duties, etc.). In addition, natural duties were retained (travel, submarine, recruit, etc.). The main tools of labor remained the plow, wooden harrows, sickles, and scythes. Cattle breeding specialized in breeding horses, which were raised both for agricultural work and for fishing and for sale to mines and cities. Dairy and meat production was limited to the needs of on-farm use. At the same time, Siberia was included in the commodity circulation, which led to the development of peasant crafts and trades, such as: wood and metal processing, carriage, fishing, nuts, animals, carpentry, stove, sheepskin, carpentry, and sawmilling. Distilleries, vodka, breweries, yeast, match, and tar industries were created. Thus, by the end of the century in Kuzbass, the main trends generated by the reforms of the 80s were noticeably manifested: the weakening of cabinet and activation of private industry, population growth, some rise in the development of agriculture, expansion and capitalization of peasant and urban industries.

Administrative device. Population. Cities. Culture

In the second half of the 19th century, Kuzbass was an integral part of the Tomsk province. Mariinsky and Kuznetsky made up the Kuznetsk region. The population of the Mariinsky and Kuznetsk districts in 1858 was 120 thousand people, of which 75 thousand were called factory people, 20 thousand of whom lived in 19 factory, mining or mine settlements, the rest in villages. In 1896, 124,464 people (21 thousand families) lived in the Mariinsky District alone, including 15 thousand people in the city of Mariinsk. In the Kuznetsk district there were 29 thousand people (6 thousand families), including 3.5 thousand people in the city. In general, over half a century, the population of Kuzbass increased by 27.5 percent and amounted to more than 153 thousand people. Administratively, the highest governing body in the province was the Tomsk provincial government. The board was headed by a governor appointed by the sovereign, with a vice-governor as his deputy. The board initially consisted of four departments: the first was in charge of organizing the police and supervising order, the second was in charge of the inventory and sale of property, the third was in charge of food distribution, income and expenses, the fourth was in charge of transportation and distribution of exiles. In 1861, in connection with the implementation of the peasant reform, a fifth peasant department was created, in 1881 - in addition to the existing ones - a construction department, and in 1890 - a prison department. In 1867, the Tomsk provincial gendarme department was created, subordinate to the head of the Siberian gendarme district, the Headquarters of the gendarme corps and the Police Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The department was in charge of the affairs of the political police: it conducted searches and inquiries in political cases, public and secret supervision, and the fight against foreign espionage. In 1883, in the Tomsk and Tobolsk provinces, special positions of officials for peasant affairs and district presences for peasant affairs were established, which were entrusted with general “monitoring of the public administration of rural inhabitants.” Locally - in the volosts - volost boards were created, elected by volost assemblies of peasants, headed by volost elders. In villages and hamlets, important issues were resolved at village meetings. The administration of urban settlements was headed before the reform by mayors, and in the post-reform period by police chiefs. Subordinate to the latter were bailiffs and private bailiffs who controlled order in certain parts of the city. The religious life of the region was administered by the Tomsk Spiritual Consistory, opened in 1834. By the end of the 19th century, there were about 250 churches, chapels and houses of worship in Kuzbass. In conditions of growing capitalist trends, urban settlements of Kuzbass developed. Mariinsk and Kuznetsk had such status. Mariinsk was also a convenient place for trade, being located on the Moscow-Siberian Highway. In 1862, Mariinsk had just over 500 houses and 3,671 inhabitants. In 1876, the city had 6,547 inhabitants. According to the 1897 census, the city already had 8,125 inhabitants. In 1876, the so-called city self-government was introduced in Mariinsk. Of the Kuzbass settlements, it was the only one that had the right by status to elect its own city duma. The essence of city self-government was complete self-sufficiency of city needs from its own budget. The revenue part of the city budget consisted of: fees from real estate, trade, patents, horses and carriages, duties of various types, private donations, all kinds of administrative fines and penalties. Items of expenditure of the city budget: maintenance of government institutions, personnel of the city council, heating and lighting of city administrative premises, including prisons, maintenance of the city police. Kuznetsk, unlike Mariinsk, was located away from the Great Siberian Highway, factories and mines. Its population grew slowly. In 1858 it was 1,655, in 1877 - 3,051, in 1897 - 3,117 inhabitants. The majority of the city's population was engaged in agriculture, mainly cattle breeding. There were almost no industrial workers. There were no fairs; markets were held once a week. Trade was carried out in goods produced by peasants and, insignificantly, in industrial items brought from the Irbit fair. Kuznetsk merchants purchased furs, leather, oil, lard, wax, honey from peasants and foreigners in the area and sent them to the Irbit fair. The highest representative of state power in the territory of the Kuznetsk district was the district police officer who lived in Kuznetsk with the district police officers subordinate to him. In the city itself, power was exercised by the city government, elected by a meeting of householders, consisting of 10 people, headed by the city elder.

Development of culture in the post-reform period. Culturally, Kuzbass was a backward outskirts. By 1889, there were only two mining schools left in the Kuznetsk district - in Guryevsk and Salair with 150 students. Wealthy peasants sometimes hired private teachers for their children. In 1884, the government officially transferred the primary school to the clergy. The Synod received funds for their maintenance. By 1888, 23 such schools had opened in the Kuznetsk district. The basis of education was the Law of God and the elements of literacy: letters and accounts. In Mariinsk, medical care was provided to the population by a so-called charitable institution with a hospital ward with seven beds. In Kuznetsk there were a district and two parish schools (male and female), where six lessons of the law of God were given per week. Medical care was provided (at the end of the century) by two doctors, one paramedic, and three midwives. In national regions (Gornaya Shoria), cultural work was carried out by the Russian Orthodox Church through missionary work - propaganda, explanatory, and liturgical activities aimed at spreading Christianity among the local population. In 1882, the first public library in Kuzbass was opened in Salair. There were no secondary educational institutions in the Kuznetsk and Mariinsky districts at that time. In 1889, 305 newspapers and magazines were subscribed to the entire Kuznetsk district.

Construction of the Trans-Siberianhighways. A significant factor that influenced the development of Kuzbass was the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway through its territory. During the survey and construction of the highway, extensive geological research was carried out along the route and in the adjacent area. Nikolai Georgievich Garin-Mikhailovsky was appointed head of the survey party in the West Siberian section. He is credited with determining the shortest distance of the road, with minimal slopes. On February 10, 1893, the Committee of the Siberian Railway determined the direction of the Central Siberian Railway south of Tomsk from the Ob to Irkutsk - through Mariinsk, along the northern territories of Kuzbass. The road was being built at an accelerated pace. Already in 1895, train traffic began along the West Siberian Line to the Ob. And in the summer of 1893, builders moved from the Ob to the east through Kuzbass. The builders included poor peasants driven out of the village by poverty, exiled settlers, yesterday's miners of the Mariinsky taiga, and native Siberians. Within Kuzbass, the builders faced a centuries-old taiga. One of the stations was called Taiga. All metal products, from rails to nails, were imported from European Russia. The construction site knew neither machines nor mechanisms. Thousands of workers dug soil with shovels, chiseled rocks with picks, and transported soil with wheelbarrows. On February 15, 1897, temporary traffic was opened from the Ob station to Krasnoyarsk. And the next year, regular train traffic began along the Central Siberian Railway. Thus, in just ten years, from 1891 to 1900, the Great Siberian Railway was largely built and put into operation. The construction of the railway and its fuel needs determined the development of the Kuzbass coal industry. The only difficulty was the lack of a road for transporting coal to the highway. With the launch of the railway line, interest in the development of coal on the part of private industrialists increased. One after another, shafts with a small cross-section were laid. Almost simultaneously with the Sudzhensky mines, the state-owned Anzhersky mines opened in 1898. In both the Anzhersky and Sudzhensky mines, coal was mined in a predatory manner. A lot of coal was thrown in pillars. We tried to spend as little time as possible on enrichment work. Gold mining remained an even more profitable business. At the beginning of the 20th century, gold mining began to move from the manufacturing stage to the machine industry stage. The opening of railway traffic caused an increase in resettlement to Siberia. Between 1895 and 1905, six times more immigrants arrived here than in the previous 25 years. Transportation of grain along the Siberian Railway from 1895 to 1900 increased from 603 thousand poods to 18,145 thousand. The villages adjacent to the highway expanded. A consequence of the economic processes of the 90s was the formation of a significant detachment of the working class in Kuzbass. The largest number of workers concentrated in the coal mines and at the Taiga railway station.

8. Kuzbass during the years of revolutions and Civil War

Kuzbass during the First Russianrevolution. Overwork and lack of basic living conditions aroused hatred and anger among the workers. Railway workers and miners of Kuzbass responded with rallies of workers' solidarity to the events in the capital on January 9, 1905 (Bloody Sunday - the dispersal of a peaceful procession of St. Petersburg workers to the Winter Palace, which aimed to present Tsar Nicholas II with a collective Petition about workers' needs). A one-day political strike was held at Taiga station. In the spring of 1905, there was unrest among the Angers miners. Fearing for the fate of fuel supplies, the government declared the Anzher and Sudzhensky mines under martial law. In August 1905, the All-Siberian railway strike took place. In October 1905, workers of the Siberian Railway took part in the All-Russian political strike. On October 21, a telegram from the Ministry of Railways was sent to road chiefs with proposals to improve the financial situation of railway workers in the event of an end to the strike. On October 23, train traffic partially resumed along the Siberian Railway. On December 7, the Siberian Road (and earlier than others, Taiga) again joined the general political strike, which in a number of places (Krasnoyarsk, Chita) developed into an armed uprising. The Siberian Road remained under martial law until February 1912. Two punitive expeditions were sent to Siberia: from Moscow. At the same time, detachments of the gendarmerie colonel Syropyatov moved from Omsk along the railway line. In 1906-1907, there was a decline in labor strikes and an intensification of peasant uprisings: “forest riots”, cutting down of office forests, refusal to pay taxes. However, events forced Nicholas II to undertake large-scale agrarian reform, the inspiration of which was P. A. Stolypin. The lands were transferred to the settlers, and the rights to their subsoil were retained by the Cabinet, to which the state treasury was obliged to pay 22 kopecks for each tithe of land ceded by the tsar for 49 years. After 1910, the influx of immigrants decreased. The reasons for this were: the industrial boom of 1909-1914, which absorbed free labor, the increase in resettlement from Siberia, and the crop failure of 1911. In Kuznetsk and Mariinsky districts from 1908 to 1914, the sown area increased from 261 thousand dessiatines to 443 thousand dessiatines. Butter production increased sharply. The growth of resettlement and the development of the agricultural sector stimulated the rise of Siberian industry. Mechanization and concentration of gold mining gradually took place. Small mines began to close due to unprofitability. In 1912, a large joint-stock company of the Kuznetsk coal mines “Kopikuz” arose. It sought to monopolize coal mining and the production of ferrous metals in Western Siberia. The share of Kuzbass in all-Russian coal production rose from 0.5 percent in 1890 to 3 percent in 1913. By 1914, agriculture and the coal industry in Kuzbass were on the rise.

The first industrial enterprise on the territory of Kuznetsk land. Key dates from the history of Kuzbass

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