The rules are homogeneous. Generalizing words for homogeneous sentence members

The concept of a complex sentence

Sentences with homogeneous members

Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

Generalizing words for homogeneous sentence members

1. The concept of a complex sentence

Complex sentences include those sentences in which there are relatively independent syntactic constructions and phrases: isolated members of the sentence, homogeneous members, introductory constructions, inserted constructions, addresses, comparative phrases. Complex sentences on the transitivity scale occupy the transition zone between simple and complex sentences. The complicating part of the sentence contains a semi-predicative element that complements the main predicative core of the sentence. Thus, semi-predicativeness is a message additional to the main statement about the relevance of what is being expressed to reality.

1. Sentences with homogeneous members

Homogeneous members of the sentence – these are members of the same name, connected to each other by a coordinating connection and performing the same syntactic function in a sentence, i.e. united by the same relationship to the same member of the sentence. Homogeneous members are connected or can be connected by coordinating conjunctions and are pronounced with the intonation of enumeration. In the absence of conjunctions or when they are repeated, homogeneous members are also connected by connecting pauses. The basis for the selection of homogeneous components is based on three leading characteristics:

1. single-functionality;

2. subordinating connection with a common / subordinate or subordinate / word;

3. a coordinating connection between them, marked by intonation or coordinating conjunctions.

For example: A fairy tale is needed not onlychildren , but alsoadults /K.Paustovsky/ – in this sentence homogeneous indirect objects are equally subordinate to the predicate needed and are in a relationship of comparison, realized by a coordinating conjunction. Homogeneous subjects, unlike all other homogeneous members, do not obey, but subordinate to themselves the member of the sentence associated with them - the predicate: Neither power nor life amuses me/A. Pushkin/.

The main members of one-part sentences are not covered by all three parameters, therefore their syntactic structure is not recognized or is called into question: They didn’t knock, didn’t shout, didn’t bother with questions/A. Chekhov/: Night, street, lantern, pharmacy/A.Blok/.

Both main and secondary members of a sentence can be homogeneous, for example: Gardenerfell silent, shoved tube behind the boot top (P.S.) - homogeneous predicates; We walked past Dunyashkacaps and scarves, overcoats Andoveralls (E.N.) – homogeneous subjects; Vasya drew on the corners of album sheetsbirds, animals Andangels (P.S.) – homogeneous additions.

Homogeneous members may have the same morphological expression, but can be expressed by different parts of speech: Spokehe is calm, without sadness, without complaint in the voice andSo , as if he himself was listening carefully to his speech, checking it mentally(Bitter).

Homogeneous members of a sentence are characterized by the following signs:

Take the position of one member of the sentence;

Associated with the same member of the sentence by a subordinating connection;

Connected together by a coordinating connection;

Often have the same morphological expression;

Usually they express similar concepts.

The presence of homogeneous members of a sentence is not considered in the following cases:

When repeating the same words in order to emphasize the duration of an action, a multitude of persons or objects, an enhanced manifestation of a characteristic, etc., for example: I'm going, I'm going in an open field (P.); Here is a dark, dark garden (N.).Drink and drink , and the water from the ground flows and flows/IN. Peskov/.

In complete phraseological expressions: both day and night; both old and young; neither this nor that; neither give nor take; neither back nor forward, etc.

When two verbs are combined in the same form, acting as a single predicate (in the meaning of an action and its purpose, an unexpected or arbitrary action, etc.), for example, I'll go have a look class schedule;took it and did it vice versa, etc.

Members of a sentence connected by explicative/clarifying-explanatory/ relations are not homogeneous: Now, in mid-April, the oak was black and gloomy/IN. Krutilin/.

Nor does such a phenomenon of modern language as indicating an object in its relation to another object provide syntactic homogeneity: Tolstoy and his contemporaries: readers and the book: student and perestroika. The presence of an alleged coordinating connection does not indicate homogeneity, but a stylistic predicament: We will drink tea with sugar and with dad/K.Simonov/.

In a block of homogeneous members, its parts are interconnected in meaning and by grammatical means: intonation, coordinating conjunctions and lexico-grammatical means.

The most significant indicator of homogeneity is coordinating connection.

To connect homogeneous members of a sentence, the following categories of coordinating conjunctions are used:

Connecting unions: and, yes,(meaning “and”), neither...nor and others. Union And can be single or repeating. A single conjunction shows that the enumeration is exhaustive, for example: Screaming, barking and howling were heard outside (Ars.).

Repetition of the union And before each homogeneous member of the sentence makes the series incomplete and emphasizes the enumerative intonation, for example: And the sling, and the arrow, and the crafty dagger spare the winner for years (P.).

Union And can connect homogeneous members in pairs, for example: They came together: wave and stone, poetry and prose, ice and fire are not so different from each other (P.).

Repeating conjunction neither...nor used in negative sentences, acting as a conjunction And, For example: Neither the sea nor the sky were visible behind the rain (M. G.)

Union Yes(in the meaning of “and”) is used mainly in colloquial speech; its use in works of art gives the speech a touch of simplicity, for example: And Vaska listens and eats (Kr.); Open the window and sit with me (P.).

Union Yes is also used as a repeating member, but cannot appear before the first homogeneous member, for example: Dog, Man, and Cat, and Falcon once swore to each other eternal friendship(Kr.).

Opposing alliances: ah, but, yes(meaning “but”), however, etc.

Union A shows that one concept is affirmed and the other is denied: The Tit gave glory, but did not light the sea(Kr.).

In the absence of negation, the union A indicates a contrast: The dog barks at the brave, but bites the cowardly(proverb).

Union But introduces a hint of limitation: On the right bank there are peaceful but still restless villages(L.T.)

Union Yes adds a conversational tone: He who is noble and strong, but not smart, is so bad if he has a good heart(Kr.).

Conjunctions emphasize opposition however And but: I hesitated a little, but sat down (T.).

A connecting conjunction can act as an adversative conjunction And: I wanted to travel around the whole world, but I didn’t travel a hundredth part(Gr.).

Dividing unions: or, either, whether... whether, then... that, not that... not that, either... or etc.

Union or(single or repeating) indicates the need to select one of the concepts expressed by homogeneous members and excluding or replacing each other: I was allowed to go to the river with Yevseich every day, either in the morning or in the evening (Aks.)

Union or, with the same meaning (usually repeated), has a colloquial character: Gavrila decided that the mute either fled or drowned along with his dog (T.)

Repeating conjunction then... then indicates the alternation of phenomena: The stars blinked with faint light and then disappeared (T.)

Repeating conjunction whether... whether has a dividing-enumerative meaning.

Repeating conjunctions not that... not that, or... or indicate the uncertainty of the impression or the difficulty of choice: There is either laziness or tenderness in the heart (T.)

Comparative(gradational): both - so and; not only – but also; although and – but; if not, then; not that - but (but); not as much - as much as - as much comparisons matter: Although it is simple in appearance, it has a wonderful quality (Kr.).

Connecting:yes and; a and; but also; and even then; and even then, Also have connecting meaning: I peacefully enjoyed my work, success, fame, as well as the works and successes of my friends (P.)

One sentence may contain several blocks (rows) of homogeneous members. In one composed series, synonyms and antonyms occur, forming additional meanings that explode the external uniformity of the series: Rejoicing and mourning, and dripping with black blood , She looks, looks, looks at youWith both hatred and love (Block).

The concept of homogeneous members of a sentence.

Homogeneous are two or more members of a sentence connected to each other by a coordinating connection. The coordinating connection consists in the fact that words are connected to each other as equal, independent of each other; neither serves to explain the other. Homogeneous members are:

a) two or more subjects with a common predicate, for example: Armenians, Georgians, Circassians, Persians crowded in the wrong square (P.);

b) two or more predicates with a common subject, for example: Seething, hurrying, roaring life(T.) ;

c) two or more minor members, depending on the same member of the sentence and answering the same question, for example: The wind blew down the street feathers, shavings, dust.(M.G.) Fast, furious the troika was rushing. (N.) Started sprinkling rare, small rain. (Ch.)

The coordinating connection is expressed either by conjunctions and intonation, or without conjunctions, only by intonation. In a sentence The native Volga rolled along in a wide veil evenly, majestically homogeneous circumstances are connected only by the intonation of the enumeration;

they are pronounced in the same tone, each with its own logical stress, and there is a pause between them. In a sentence That night I did not sleep and did not undress (P.) homogeneous predicates are connected by conjunction and intonation; with a single union And there is no pause between homogeneous members; but if this union is repeated, then there is a pause: And for him they rose again And deity, and inspiration, and life, and tears, and love.. (P.)

Conjunctions connecting homogeneous members are called creative conjunctions.

Homogeneous members usually have the same grammatical form, as in the examples above, but this is not necessary: ​​for example, in the sentence She listened to him with fear and greed(M.G.) homogeneous circumstances are expressed by a noun in the indirect case with a preposition and an adverb.

Homogeneous members can be common, Yes, in a sentence Gloomy Bor sullenly silent or howls dully(T.) homogeneous predicates are common by circumstances.

Sometimes syntactically indecomposable combinations of words are homogeneous; for example, in a sentence.

I wandered all day I from room to room, from roof to roof, from staircase to staircase(P.) homogeneous circumstances are: 1) from room to room, 2) from roof to roof, 3) with stairs to stairs.

A sentence may have several rows of homogeneous members, for example: Princess Marya at all didn't think or remember about my face and hairstyle.(L.T.) This sentence has two rows of homogeneous members: predicates didn't think or remember and additions about face and hairstyle.

Conjunctions connecting homogeneous members of a sentence.

Coordinating conjunctions that serve to connect homogeneous members, according to their basic meaning, are connecting, separating, and against i t e l e n d c o m p a r a t i o n s.

1. Connective unions and, no - no, yes (= And) etc.

Union And can be single or repeating. Single union And , when there are several homogeneous members, is placed before the last one and emphasizes that the enumeration is complete, for example: Carts, carts, and gigs creak endlessly And vans. (Seraph.) Repeating union And, as a rule, it is placed before each homogeneous member and gives the statement an additional intensifying-enumerative meaning: Now And knocking And screaming And you can’t hear the bells. (T.)

Union neither - nor used instead of a conjunction And in negative sentences and can only be repeated. Wed:

He didn't have a brother And sisters.- He didn't have neither brother neither sisters. (L.)

Union yes (==and) can be single or repeating;

when repeated, it gives the statement, like a conjunction And, intensifying-enumerative meaning, but cannot appear before the first homogeneous member: 1) Pines only Yes The spruce tops were noisy. (P.) 2) Let him serve in the army, Yes will pull the strap, Yes sniffs gunpowder Yes there will be a soldier... (P.)

2. Separating unions or (or), either, then - that, not that - not that etc.

Dividing unions or And or show that any one of the listed homogeneous terms is possible;

they can be either single or repeating, for example: 1) Sometimes a pole floats by like a dead snake or log. (M.G.) I am with a stranger or timid, or put on airs. (M.G.) In case of repetition, they often give the sentence an additional enumerative meaning, for example: Evseich or amused us with stories, or played with us or listened to my reading. (A.)

Union That - That can only be repetitive; it indicates the alternation of actions or objects: Wind That howled dully, then whistled impetuously. (T.) That the seal will call, That deer (Chuk.)

Complex dividing union not that - not that also only repeating, indicates the uncertainty of the impression made by an action, an object, the quality of an object, etc., for example: There's someone up above the ceiling not that moans not that laughs. (Ch.) Not that fog, not that smoke enveloped the entire grove.

3. Anti-violent unions a, but, yes (= but), however, but and others indicate the opposition of one to another and therefore are not repeated: 1) We won’t bring our cart, A let's roll it down (Kr.) 2) His face had a rather pleasant expression, But picaresque. (P:) 3) Good singer Yes arrogant. (M.G.) 4) I hesitated a bit however sat down (T.) 5) They[singers] they fight a little, but They don’t even put drunken things into their mouths. (Kr.)

4. Double comparative conjunctions both - and, not only - but and, not so much - as, if not - then, although - but (a). The first part of the union is placed in front of one homogeneous member, the second - in front of the other.

Union not as much - as used to compare actions or properties according to their degree, for example: He thought not so much about the upcoming vacation, How many about meeting my old friend soon. He not so much cowardly, How many timid.

Union both and serves only for comparison, for example: Y Siberia has many features How in nature, so and in human morals. (Gonch.) All other comparative conjunctions have different additional meanings.

Union not only - but also emphasizes that, in addition to what is indicated by the first homogeneous term, there is also something else that the speaker, when compared with the first, considers more important, for example: The partisans had not only rifles, but also machine guns.

Union if not - That has an additional conditional meaning, and the conjunction although (but)-concessive, for example: 1) Most of their faces expressed if not fear, That anxiety. (L.T.) 2) It [the bridge] looks at least and simple, A has a wonderful property. (Kr-)

Punctuation marks between homogeneous members of a sentence.

1. A comma is placed between homogeneous members not connected by conjunctions, for example: The steppe groaned under the ringing of sabers, under the whistling of bullets, under the peals of gunfire. (Form.)

2. Before a single conjunction, connecting or disjunctive (and, yes(==and), or, either), connecting homogeneous members, no comma is used.

EXAMPLES: The clear sky, morning freshness, dew, breeze and birdsong filled Lisa's heart with infantile gaiety. (P.) Ryazan sawyers trudged slowly Yes glaziers. (Leon.) There was no emotion in his movements or fear.

3. Before repeated connecting and disjunctive conjunctions And -and, neither - nor, yes - yes, or - or, either - either, that - that, not that - not that, standing between homogeneous members, a comma is placed.

EXAMPLES. Forgive the fever of youth And youthful heat, And youthful delirium. (P.) He fell in love with dense groves, solitude, silence, And night, And stars, And moon (P.)(commas are placed between all homogeneous members: the first two - because there is no union, the last three - because the union is repeated). I'm imagining That noisy feasts, That military camp, That combat fights. (P.)

Note: It should be noted that there are some difficult cases of placement (or absence) of punctuation marks for homogeneous members.

In the example Local fevers are similar to Crimean and Moldavian and are treated in the same way (P.) not a single comma is placed, since one And connects predicates (similar and treatable) and not repeated, other And connects definitions (Crimean and Moldavian) and also not repeated.

When homogeneous members are combined by meaning into links, when placing punctuation marks, each link is taken as one homogeneous member:

A) In the endless, in the free space shine and movement, roar and thunder(Tyutch.) - four homogeneous members are connected in pairs by a union And into two links, between which there is no union; therefore the links are separated by a comma;

b) I love the lush decay of nature, the forests dressed in crimson and gold, in their canopies the sound of the wind and fresh breath, And the skies are covered with wavy haze, And a rare ray of sunshine, And first frosts, And distant threats of gray winter (P.) - additions noise And breathing have a common circumstance (in their entryway) and definition (wind) and are one link; therefore they are not separated by a comma, although the following is a conjunction And repeats;

V) The Ivashins had him as their own man And he had a tender fatherly feeling for Zina and admired her (Ch.) - the last two homogeneous predicates (had a fatherly feeling and admired) in meaning they constitute one link, since they talk about the relationship to Zina; therefore, there is no comma between predicates.

4. Whole expressions with a repeating conjunction are never separated by a comma: and this and that, neither this nor that, both this and that, and this way and that, and here and there, neither here nor there, and day and night, and cold and hunger, neither fish nor meat, neither light nor dawn, neither give nor take and the like.

5. Before adversarial alliances a, but, yes (==but) a comma is added.

EXAMPLES. I will put not the family, but the mind as a governor. (P.) The appeal was written in rough, But strong expressions. (P.) The spool is small, Yes expensive (Ate.)

In the absence of an adversative conjunction between homogeneous members, a dash is placed rather than a comma: They don't live here - it's paradise. (Kr.)

6. If homogeneous members are connected by a double conjunction, then a comma is placed before the second part (between homogeneous -

our members): Sanin felt in his entire being if not pleasure, That some lightness. (T.)

On the connecting meaning of some coordinating conjunctions.

Some of the unions (and, Yes in meaning And ) are used in a connecting sense. In this case, they add what came to mind after the thought had already been expressed. or they add an unexpected consequence. Before conjunctions with this meaning, the voice is lowered and a pause is made. Union yes and has only connecting meaning.

A comma is placed before connecting conjunctions; instead of a comma there can be a dash or even a period.

EXAMPLES. 1) Fedotik (Irine). Just now I bought colored pencils for you from Pyzhikov on Moskovskaya.. AND this little knife. (Ch.) Oh Fedotik remembered the knife when the thought had already been expressed. Union And in this example it has a connecting meaning.

2) The caretaker stood, stood - yes and left. (P.) The caretaker, pushed out by the footman, in bewilderment, confused, stood by the closed door, and then, without thinking of anything, left. Additional character of the predicate left shown by the conjunction yes and and a pause before it, which is indicated by a dash in the letter.

3) Lizaveta Ivanovna was a domestic martyr. She was pouring tea And received reprimands for wasting too much sugar; she read novels aloud, and was to blame for all the author’s mistakes; she accompanied the countess on her walks, And was responsible for the weather And behind the pavement. (P.) In this example, in three sentences the conjunction And has a connecting meaning. He adds a predicate, which means something completely unexpected, which does not follow from what was said.

Unions with the indicated meanings can also be joined by heterogeneous members, for example: But I give him a job, and a very interesting one. (Sharp)

Homogeneous definitions.

1. Definitions are considered homogeneous if they characterize the subject from one point of view, according to any one characteristic (that is, they are homogeneous logically and in meaning). Each of the homogeneous definitions is directly associated with the defined noun, and therefore a conjunction can be inserted between them And . Homogeneous definitions have

the following values:

a) serve to list varieties of objects by indicating their distinctive features, for example: The store received wool, silk, and linen fabrics (both wool, silk, and linen);

b) list the signs and attributes of the object, forming, as it were, one series of synonyms, for example: Finally comes the long, boring, stormy winter (A.) (and long, and boring, and stormy).

2. Heterogeneous ones must be distinguished from homogeneous definitions. A heterogeneous definition refers to a combination of a defined noun and a definition attached to it, like a complex name for an object, for example: Walked long commodity train. (Ch.) In this sentence the first definition long refers to more than one word train, and to the combination freight train, as a complex name for an object. Another example: He studied in higher education establishment. Such definitions are not separated by a comma.

Definitions that characterize an object from different sides, for example, its size, shape, color, material, etc., are also heterogeneous. Compare: wide asphalt highway, large rectangular stone slab, long red scarf. In this case, there is no comma between the definitions.

Note: Some Examples allow for different understandings, resulting in different pronunciations and different punctuation. Let's take an example:

1) They smoldered silently tiny, motionless eyes. (T.) 2) Deafly smoldered his tiny still eyes. This example can be understood in such a way that definitions list the characteristics of an object, and separate them with commas; It can also be understood that the first definition (tiny) refers to the combination of a defined with a second definition (fixed eyes) and don't put a comma.

The first understanding is more consistent with artistic descriptions, striving for clarity, and the second - with prosaic, precise speech, striving for generalization.

Let's take another example: 1) I need different, spicy knife. 2) I'm below other spicy knife. If this example is to be understood in such a way that the second definition explains the first (need another one, but exactly sharp knife, since the first knife turned out to be dull), then a comma should be put, but if it needs to be understood in such a way that the first definition another refers to the combination sharp knife(there is one sharp knife, you need another similar one), then the comma should not be inserted.

Agreement in number in sentences with homogeneous members.

I. When the subject closest to the predicate or all subjects are in the plural, the predicate is also put in the same number. It's fun on the other side curled up willows, young oak trees and willows. (Cor.) Questions, exclamations, stories fell down vying with each other. (T.)

When the subject closest to the predicate or all subjects are singular, agreement depends on the meaning of the conjunctions and the order of words.

If homogeneous subjects are connected by connecting conjunctions or only by intonation, and the predicate follows them, then it is usually placed in the plural: Youth and nature accelerated my recovery. (P.) When the predicate stands before homogeneous subjects, it is placed either in the singular, agreeing with the nearest subject, or in the plural: Forgotten camp noise, comrades and brothers. (Gr.) On all faces expressed excitement and anxiety. (L.T.) However, even in this position, the predicate, which denotes an action performed by several persons (for example, got together, got together, got together etc.), must be placed in the plural. Usually in summer came together and brother Nikolai, and sister Elena, and uncle Vanya and his wife.

When homogeneous subjects are connected by disjunctive conjunctions, the predicate is often put in the singular to show that at any given moment it is connected with one of the subjects: 1) Experienced fear or momentary

panic attack in just a minute Seems and funny, and strange, and incomprehensible. (Form.) 2) Sometimes a dead snake will float by pole or log. (M.G.) If the predicate wants to be attributed to all subjects, it is put in the plural: Either loud laughter or a song were heard in the revived rooms of an old house.

In the case of combining homogeneous subjects with adversatives

By conjunctions, the predicate agrees in gender and number with the nearest homogeneous member: Me oppressed not pain, but heavy, dull bewilderment. (M. G.) Not knowledge, but intuition suggested the right decision for me.

II. A definition relating to several homogeneous definables agrees with them in number in the same way as a predicate with homogeneous subjects. It should be noted that adjective definitions are more likely to agree with the closest qualifier, for example: Her gorgeous the fur coat and hat made no impression. (Ch.) Enmity and captivity old one let the Finnish waves forget. (P.)

Note: This does not apply to isolated definitions: they are, as a rule. put in the plural: in these dispatches already had some thoroughness and accuracy, so necessary in the matter of war. (S.-C.)

III. If a noun has several homogeneous definitions listing types of objects, then this noun is usually put in the singular, for example:

1) Student success in the first and second quarters were very average. 2) Number of students in primary and secondary school increased sharply. The plural is preferred if the noun comes before adjectives or if it is necessary to emphasize that there are several objects: 1) There were factories aviation, mechanical engineering, metallurgical. 2) He walked to the threshing floor, cattle and horse yards.(L.T.)

Exercise 76. Write by inserting the missing letters. Place punctuation marks. Underline the homogeneous members of the sentence (if a sentence has several rows of homogeneous members, then underline the homogeneous members of one row with one line, another with two, etc.).

1) The first snow is flashing. 2) The carts were loaded with hay, straw, bags of flour, pots, bricks... and firewood. 3) Nogai guides in burkas and lassos galloped around them. 4) He was tall, thin and seemed to be about thirty years old. 5) For two days, the solitary fields, the coolness of the gloomy oak forest, and the murmur of a quiet stream seemed new to him. 6) Through the window Tatyana saw in the morning a whitewashed courtyard with a curtain roof and a fence on the glass, light patterns of trees in winter silver, forty cheerful ones in the yard and the softly covered winter mountains with a brilliant carpet. 7) In front of the house, multi-colored lights flashed, spun, rose up in ears of palm trees, fountains, rained down with stars, faded away and flared up again.

77. Read, indicate the meaning of conjunctions that appear with homogeneous members; Explain the placement of punctuation marks for homogeneous terms. Explain the spelling of words in all marked cases.

1) Mature pine trees with pale yellow trunks, dark oaks and magnificent ash trees raised their lonely tops high here and there. 2) The gloomy forest is sullenly silent or howls dully. 3) And it smells like smoke, and grass, and a little tar, and a little leather. 4) The sky was either covered with loose white clouds, then suddenly cleared in places for a moment. 5) The last waves of warmed fog either roll down and spread out like tablecloths, or twist and disappear into the depths. gently with And rising above. 6) The felled aspens crushed both grass and small bushes. 7) Tchertop-hanov was known throughout the neighborhood as a dangerous and extravagant, proud and bully of the first hand. 8) I couldn’t discover passion in him neither to food, neither to the hunt. 9) He would I came to you myself, but I was afraid. 10) I also try to acquire something through correspondence and lessons. 11) The sun was shining and warm, but Not inferno.

78 . Write it down using punctuation marks. Fill in the missing letters.

1) The rapids bushes were all blown deep into the snow by the blizzard. 2) In the snowdrifts in front of her, a seething dark and gray stream rustles and swirls in its waves. 3) The moon took off and with a languid light illuminated Tatiana’s pale beauty and loose hair and drops of tears. 4) I love furious youth and tightness and sparkle and joy. 5) In harmony, my rival was the noise of the forests or the violent whirlwind or the living melody of the orioles or the dull noise of the sea at night or the sh...sweat of a quiet...streaming river. 6) He [the poet] will collect new thoughts and feelings and pass them on to us. 7) I remember high mountain peaks and flowing waters, cheerful streams and shadow and noise and red lengths. 8) Between the mountaineers...the captive observed their faith, morals, education, loved their lives, simplicity, hospitality, thirst for abuse, free movements, the speed and lightness of their legs and the strength of a doe. 9) On the way, I thought about both this and that for the deliverance of the poor girl. 10) Although my successes were slow, they were good...reliable.

(From the works of A. S. Pushkin.)

79. Read the examples and indicate where the definitions serve to list varieties of objects, where they list the characteristics of the object, where one explains the other, where the first definition refers to the combination of a noun and an adjective. Explain the spelling of words in all marked cases.

1) Amusingly colorful with their pink, lilac, fawn hats, they looked out And earthy damp and ki. 2) Only here and there between the bushes were tiny clearings with emerald green, silky thin grass. 3) Motionless silvery clouds could be seen here and there in the sky. 4) It was a beautiful July day. 5) Gemma put on a big straw nn oh hat. 6) Her Not the large, pink, pretty face breathed with irrevocable determination. 7) She was Not It’s unpleasant to show yourself to me in this new, unexpected light. 8) Muffled, restrained sobs suddenly struck me. 9) Suddenly a loud noise was heard from the yard and Sky voice. 10) I saw a man, wet, in rags, with a long nn oh disheveled nn oh beard. 11) A different, fresh look is needed here.

(From the works of I. S. Turgenev.)

80. Copy using punctuation marks and inserting missing letters.

1) White, red, and blue shirts flashed everywhere between the trees. (T.) 2) The entire river was dammed with fine, solid ice soaked in water. (T.) 3) I turned into a long linden a...ey. (Ch.) 4) In the distance, the clearing was crossed by a high railway embankment. (Ch.) 5) It was a moonlit, clear evening. (Ch.) 6) Direct... there was complete darkness. (Ch.) 7) A fine, rare rain began to fall. 8) All around was the same gloomy, strict wild nature. (L.T.) 9) He fixed his moving gaze on the distant masses of gray, ruddy blue mountains. (P.) 10) The need for a new, better life hurt my heart unbearably. (Ch.) 11) Nekhlyudov inhaled the strong smell of a young birch leaf. (L.T.)

81 . Write by inserting the missing letters; Explain the agreement in the number of predicates with homogeneous subjects, and definitions with homogeneous definables.

1) In the village... stomping and screams were heard. (L.T.) 2) Noise and screaming were heard everywhere. (P.) 3) All faces expressed excitement and anxiety. (L.T.) 4) Sometimes you can hear the crackle of a gun, the vague din of battle. (T.) 5) In all her movements one could notice either... negligence or... fatigue. (T.) 6) They [the children] are worried not only about the present, but also about the future of the kittens. (Ch.) 7) The prepared large fork and spatula made of maple wood made one suspect that it was unlikely that boiled sterlet was being prepared. (L.T.) 8) His calmness and simplicity of address surprised Olenin. (L.T.) 9) She wiped every thing so carefully, as if the vase or book were alive. (M.G.)

82. In the sentences below, to the existing main and minor members, add others that are similar to them.

Sample. The factory requires mechanics. ... - The plant requires mechanics, turners, and electricians.

1) Boards were brought to the warehouse, ... 2) The boy loved to make things: planing, ... 3) His briefcase was old, ... 4) Snow lay everywhere: in the fields, ... 5) In our forest not only spruce and pine trees grow, but also... 6) The wind either died down, then... 7) He did not receive letters from anyone: not from his brother, ... 8) Cheerful, ... voices are heard from the street children. 9) Pavel tried to help his mother in everything: he sawed wood, ... 10) The silence of the night was sometimes broken by the cry of an eagle owl, ... 11) The visitor turned out to be a man of average height, ... 12) Athletes from all over the planet came to the Olympics: from France...

Generalizing words for homogeneous sentence members.

A general word is a member of a sentence, which is a more general designation for all homogeneous members attached to it.

In the example There was in the basket game: two black grouse and a duck (Gonch.) the generalizing word is the subject game.

A generalizing word can be any member of a sentence, for example: predicate - Estate location it was good: friendly, secluded and free (T.), circumstance - The bird was everywhere: in the garden, in the vegetable garden, on the threshing floor, on the street (A.), definition - Headquarters in the village of Taginka two divisions: Zheleznaya and Penza (Mal.) etc.

Combinations of words can be generalizing, for example:

K. black forest also belongs berry trees: bird cherry and rowan. (A.)

Very often, generalizing words are expressed by attributive and negative pronouns and pronominal adverbs: everything, no one, nothing, always, never, everywhere, everywhere, nowhere, nowhere etc.

Homogeneous members answer the same question as the generalizing word with which they stand: In the field, in the grove, in the air -everywhere Silence reigned.

Generalizing words are the same members of the sentence as homogeneous members that appear with generalizing words, for example:

1) Suddenly All came to life: and forests, and ponds, and steppes.(G.)(All highlighted words are subjects.) 2) In the forests, on the mountains, by the seas and by the rivers - everywhere we will find the brothers. (OK.)(All highlighted words are circumstances of place.)

Note: With homogeneous subjects there may be nominal predicates with a general meaning, for example: Apples, pears, oranges, tangerines, grapes - fruits,...

Colon and dash for homogeneous terms.

1. When a generalizing word comes in front of homogeneous members of a sentence, then a pause is made before the homogeneous members, and a dot is placed in the letter, for example: All things have changed around: both the weather and the nature of the forest.(L.T.)

2. If the sentence does not end with homogeneous members, then a dash is placed after them: All This: flowers, glitter, sounds and smells- it was pressing on my eyes. (M.G.)

If, according to the context, a comma is required after homogeneous members with a preceding generalizing word (for example, before an adversative conjunction), then the dash after the homogeneous members is usually omitted, for example: People have experienced many natural disasters: fires, drought, floods, but this did not break the will of man in his struggle with nature.

3. A generalizing word may be followed by a conjunction or

introductory word warning about the enumeration: somehow, namely, for example etc.; before such a conjunction or introductory word a comma is placed, and after it a dot: He was served the usual in taverns dishes, such as: cabbage soup, brains with peas. sausages with cabbage. (G.)

4. If a generalizing word comes after homogeneous members of a sentence, then a pause is made in the pronunciation after the homogeneous members, and a dash is placed in the letter: In the steppe, beyond the river,

on the roads - everywhere it was empty. (L.T.)

5. The generalizing word may be preceded by an introductory word:

in a word, in a word, in general etc.; The ti r is placed before the introductory word, and after it there is a comma: But common sense, firmness and freedom, ardent participation in other people's troubles and joys - in a word, all her virtues were definitely born with her. (T.)

Note: Sometimes a colon is placed before homogeneous members of a sentence if there is no generalizing word before them; this usually happens in business and scientific speech.

EXAMPLE The meeting was attended by: director of the institute S. I. Ivanov, deputy director I. T. Protsenko, deans of faculties P. M. Simonov and M. S. Uspensky, scientific secretary P. M. Timofeev.

Stylistic differences in constructions with homogeneous members.

Homogeneous members used without conjunctions or joined by conjunctions And or But , have no stylistic connotation and are characteristic of all functional styles. Constructions with homogeneous members connected by a union Yes, are more typical for colloquial speech and the language of folklore. Wed: Blue And scarlet banners flutter over the stadium. - Cloaks of only two colors - blue and gray(from colloquial speech); He small in stature, but physically very strong(book design).- Small, but smart. The spool is small, but expensive(sayings); You talk a lot, but you do little(from colloquial speech).

Constructions with unions And ... And, Not only ... But And, How ... So And close in meaning. Wed: He came both yesterday and today. - He came not only yesterday, but also today. - He came both yesterday and today. Moreover, constructions with a repeating conjunction And stylistically neutral, and constructions with conjunctions Not only ... But And, How ... So And gravitate towards bookish and written speech. Both parts in each of these conjunctions are constant and cannot be replaced by other words. For example, it is incorrect:

“She loves not only literature, but also physics” or: “not only literature, but also physics”; "He came like yesterday and also today." Such constructions are unacceptable in the Russian literary language.

Exercise 83. Write by inserting the missing letters. Explain punctuation marks.

1) Everything around suddenly became darker: trees, grass and earth. 2) The house was still sleeping like a dead sleep in the morning. 3) The entire estate of Tchertopkhanov consisted of four log houses of different sizes, namely: an outbuilding, a stable, a barn and a bathhouse. 4) Everything in his house: music, furniture, food, and wine - not... only could not be called paramount, but even to the second degree... it was suitable. 5) These long readings, this silence, this snail-shaped hidden life - all this went just in tune with his spiritual structure. 6) Tchertop-hanov covered his ears with ... both hands and ran. And hops, and anger, and self-confidence - everything flew out at once. 7) We will not only play comedies, we will play everything: dramas, ballets and even tragedies. 8) A thin aquiline nose with open translucent nostrils, a bold outline of high eyebrows, pale, slightly sunken cheeks - all the features of her face expressed wayward passion and carefree prowess. 9) On the red... grass, on the blades of grass, on the straws - countless threads of autumn cobwebs glittered and... shimmered everywhere.

(From the works of I. S. Turgenev.)

84. Write it down using punctuation marks. Explain the spelling of words in all marked cases.

1) The Circassian hangs around his armor on centuries-old roots on branches, a battle shield, a cloak, a shell, a quiver and a bow with a shell. 2) Everything is alive there and the poplars are cool in the shade of the olive trees, the sleeping herds around the houses are decided e skeins of grapes. 3) There were two of us, brother and me. 4) Neither you nor she will forget what happened.

5) And with it they put a military shell Not a loaded arquebus, a quiver and a bow, a Georgian dagger and checkers of crosses? steel.

6)Neither muses neither works neither joys of leisure nothing will replace his only friend. 7) Something familiar is heard in the long songs of the coachman, either daring revelry or heartfelt melancholy.

(From the works of A. S. Pushkin.)

II. 1) Sharp hunting requires three conditions: a dark night, light water and completely clear weather. 2) Large fish, such as pike, catfish, asp, pike perch, fight with a sharp edge. 3) At this time of year, large fish somehow did not take chub and tench.

(S. T. A k s a k o v.)

85. Copy it using missing punctuation marks. Fill in the missing letters.

What could be more wonderful and interesting than underground caves? Narrow winding entrance. Dark and damp. Gradually you get used... to the light of a trembling candle. The passages stretch...the branches...then unexpectedly expand...into entire halls, then steeply descend...somewhere down and suddenly break off into abysses. Neither ropes nor hooks nor rope ladders help...to reach unknown depths in order to fully explore the underground labyrinth.

In the echoing emptiness of the caves you can hear various sounds and the rustling of bats and the quiet measured noise of falling drops and dull rolls of stones breaking off under your feet. They roll for a long, long time until somewhere in the distance a splash of water is heard. You try...to guess what a lake is, an underground river or a waterfall.

Especially wonderful in the caves is the lush decoration, either from fancy white snow patterns or from long high columns or from icicles, garlands and curtains hanging from above. Sometimes the walls of caves are covered...with deposits of white yellow red minerals. The strange shapes of these deposits resemble either the figures of some giants or the bones of giant lizards.

(According to A.E. Fersman.)

86. Copy it using missing punctuation marks.

All species of resinous trees, such as pine, spruce, fir and others, are called “red forest” or “red forest”. All other tree species that lose their leaves in the fall and renew them in the spring, such as oak, elm, sedge, linden, birch, aspen, alder, and others are called “black forest” or “black forest.” It is also necessary to classify as black forest those species of bushes that also lose their leaves in winter, viburnum, hazel, honeysuckle, wolf's bast, rose hips, common willow grass, and others.

(S. T. A k s a k o v.)

87. Based on the program and textbook of the Russian language for the third grade, determine which homogeneous members and unions elementary school students are introduced to. Come up with eight sentences yourself with such homogeneous members and conjunctions. In this case, use the list of difficult to write words available in the program.

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Simple sentences with a complex structure are diverse. They may contain:

1) homogeneous members;
2) separation;
3) introductory words and sentences and plug-in constructions;
4) appeals.

Here we consider the complication of the sentence structure by homogeneous members.

§1. Homogeneous members of the sentence

Homogeneous members- these are members of a sentence associated with the same word and answering the same question. They have equal rights, do not depend on each other and are one and the same member of the sentence. They are connected to each other by a coordinative or non-conjunctive syntactic connection.
The coordinating connection is expressed intonationally and with the help of coordinating conjunctions: single or repeated. The non-union connection is expressed intonationally.

I love ice cream.

I love ice cream, chocolate, cookies and cakes.

Laughing girls ran into the room.

(simple two-part extended sentence)

Cheerful, laughing, squealing, screaming girls ran into the room.

(a simple two-part extended sentence, complicated by homogeneous members)

Any member of a sentence can be expressed by a number of homogeneous members. Subjects, predicates, objects, definitions and circumstances can be homogeneous.

There were boys, girls and their parents in the hall.

(boys, girls and their parents- homogeneous subjects)

The girl is well-mannered and well educated.

(well-mannered and educated- homogeneous predicates)

I loved books, construction sets and cartoons.

(books, construction sets, cartoons- homogeneous additions)

We spent all our days in the forest or on the river.

(in the forest, on the river- homogeneous circumstances)

It was a clear, hot, truly summer day.

(clear, hot, summer- homogeneous definitions)

Most often, homogeneous members of a sentence are expressed by words of one part of speech, but such homogeneous members are also possible that are expressed by words of different parts of speech, phrases and phraseological units. That is, homogeneous members can be grammatically formatted differently.

The girl answered the exam smartly, intelligently, and in beautiful language.

(homogeneous circumstances expressed by adverbs smartly, smartly and noun phrase beautiful language)

Due to the sudden downpour, we were soaked to the skin and frozen.

(homogeneous predicates, expressed by phraseological units soaked to the skin and verb frozen)

Complications with homogeneous members can be introduced into a sentence in different ways and be punctuated differently.

Homogeneous members of a sentence, as mentioned above, form a combination of words based on a coordinating and/or non-union connection. If these are minor members of the sentence, then the connection with the words on which they depend is subordinate.

Homogeneous members in oral speech are formed intonationally, and in written speech punctuationally.

One sentence can have several rows of homogeneous members.

Masha, Seryozha and Petya were sitting around the table in the dining room and drawing.

(Masha, Seryozha and Petya- homogeneous subjects - 1st row of homogeneous members)
(sat and drew- homogeneous predicates - 2nd row of homogeneous members)

§2. Sentences with a generalizing word with homogeneous members

Rows of homogeneous members may have words with a general meaning that relate to all the words of the row. This generalizing words. The generalizing word is the same member of the sentence as the homogeneous members related to it.

Generalizing words are words that mean:

• generic and specific concepts:

  The room had simple furniture: an old sofa, a table, two chairs.

  (general word - furniture);

• words: All, All, Always, everywhere, everywhere, everywhere and others, conveying the idea of ​​universality:

  Things were scattered everywhere: on the floor, on chairs, on the bed, on the table.

In a sentence, generalizing words can appear both before and after rows of homogeneous members. Compare with the example above:

On the floor, on chairs, on the bed, on the table - things were scattered everywhere.

The punctuation of sentences depends on the place that generalizing words occupy.

§3. Distinguishing homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

If several definitions refer to the same subject or object, this does not mean that you necessarily have a series of homogeneous definitions. There are also heterogeneous definitions. What is their difference?
Homogeneous definitions characterize an object on one side, according to one characteristic, for example, by size, color, shape, material. Heterogeneous definitions characterize an object from different angles, according to different characteristics.

A cheerful, loudly laughing girl ran into the room.

(cheerful, laughing- homogeneous definitions expressing mood, state)

A small girl laughing loudly ran into the room.

(small and laughing- heterogeneous definitions)

There were red, orange and yellow flowers in the vase.

(red, orange and yellow- homogeneous definitions denoting a common feature - color)

There were large red fragrant flowers in the vase.

(large, red, fragrant- adjectives denoting different characteristics: color, shape, smell; these are heterogeneous definitions)

Definitions expressed by different parts of speech are also heterogeneous, for example:

At the end of November the first light snow fell.

(words first And easy refer to different parts of speech: first- numeral, easy- adjective; they do not form a series of homogeneous members)

Test of strength

Find out your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. Is it true that homogeneous members are members of a sentence associated with the same word and answering the same question?

2. Are homogeneous members of a sentence equal?

3. Is it true that homogeneous members are connected by a subordinating relationship?

4. Are sentences with several rows of homogeneous members possible?

5. Is the number of homogeneous members limited?

6. Is it true that homogeneous members cannot be connected by coordinating conjunctions?

7. What is the name of a word with a general meaning that homogeneous members can have?

   • general word
   • appeal
   • circumstance

8. Is a generalizing word always the same member of a sentence as the homogeneous members related to it?

9. Dry yellow autumn leaves rustled underfoot..?

   • homogeneous definitions
   • heterogeneous definitions

10. What are the definitions in the sentence: The bushes under the window were covered with red, yellow, and orange leaves.?

    • homogeneous definitions
    • heterogeneous definitions

Incorrect punctuation is one of the typical mistakes made in written speech. The most difficult ones usually include placing commas in sentences where there are heterogeneous or homogeneous definitions. Only a clear understanding of their features and differences helps make the entry correct and readable.

What is the definition?

This is a denoting attribute, property or quality of an object denoted by a noun. Most often expressed by an adjective ( white scarf), participle ( running boy), pronoun ( our home), ordinal number ( second number) and answers the questions "which one?" "whose?". However, there may be cases of use as a definition of a noun ( checkered dress), a verb in the infinitive form ( dream of being able to fly), adjective in simple comparative degree ( an older girl appeared), adverbs ( hard boiled egg).

What are homogeneous members

The definition of this concept is given in syntax and concerns the structure of the simple (or predicative part). Homogeneous members are expressed by words of the same part of speech and the same form, depend on the same word. Consequently, they will answer a general question and perform the same syntactic function in a sentence. Homogeneous members are connected with each other by a coordinating or non-union connection. It should also be noted that their rearrangement within a syntactic structure is usually possible.

Based on the above rule, we can say that homogeneous definitions characterize an object on the basis of common (similar) features and qualities. Consider the sentence: “ In the garden, white, scarlet, burgundy buds of roses that had not yet blossomed proudly towered over their fellow flowers." The homogeneous definitions used in it denote color, and therefore characterize the object according to the same characteristic. Or another example: " Soon, low, heavy clouds hung over the city sweltering from the heat." In this sentence, one feature is logically connected to another.

Heterogeneous and homogeneous definitions: distinctive features

This question often causes difficulties. To understand the material, let’s take a closer look at what features each group of definitions has.

These are the main features, knowledge of which will allow you to easily distinguish between sentences with homogeneous definitions and heterogeneous ones. This means using punctuation marks correctly.

In addition, when performing syntactic and punctuation analysis of a sentence, you need to remember the following important points.

Definitions that are always the same

1. Adjectives next to each other characterize an object according to one characteristic: size, color, geographical location, assessment, sensations, etc. " At the bookstore, Zakhar purchased reference books on German, Italian, and French culture in advance.».
2. A group of synonyms used in a sentence: they call the same feature differently. " From early morning everyone in the house was in a cheerful, festive mood caused by yesterday's news».
3. Definitions that appear after the noun, with the exception of terms such as grab overhead crane. For example, in A. Pushkin’s poem we find: “ Three greyhounds are running along a boring winter road" In this case, each of the adjectives refers directly to the noun, and each definition is logically highlighted.
4. Homogeneous members of a sentence represent a semantic gradation, i.e. designation of the characteristic in increasing order. " The sisters, overwhelmed by a joyful, festive, radiant mood, could no longer hide their emotions».
5. Inconsistent definitions. For example: " A tall man in a warm sweater, with shining eyes and a bewitching smile, cheerfully entered the room.».

Combination of a single adjective and participial phrase

It is also necessary to dwell on the next group of definitions. These are adjectives and participial phrases used side by side and related to the same noun. Here, punctuation depends on the position of the latter.

Definitions that correspond to the scheme “single adjective + participial phrase” are almost always homogeneous. For example, " In the distance, dark mountains towering above the forest could be seen" However, if the participial phrase is used before the adjective and refers not to the noun, but to the entire combination, the rule “punctuation marks for homogeneous definitions” does not work. For example, " Yellow leaves swirling in the autumn air smoothly fell onto the damp ground.».

One more point needs to be taken into account. Consider this example: “ Among the dense, spreading fir trees, darkened in the twilight, it was difficult to see the narrow path leading to the lake" This is a sentence with isolated homogeneous definitions expressed by participial phrases. Moreover, the first of them is located between two single adjectives and clarifies the meaning of the word “thick”. Therefore, according to the rules for the design of homogeneous members, they are distinguished in writing by punctuation marks.

Cases when a comma is not required but is preferred

1. Homogeneous definitions (examples of which can often be found in fiction) designate different, but usually accompanying each other, causal features. For example, " At night,(you can insert BECAUSE) Long shadows from trees and lanterns were clearly visible in the deserted streets" Another example: " Suddenly, deafening sounds reached the old man’s ears,(BECAUSE) terrible thunderclaps».
2. Sentences with epithets that give a diverse description of the subject. For example, " And now, looking at the big one, Luzhin, she... was filled... with pity"(V. Nabokov). Or from A. Chekhov: “ Rainy, dirty, dark autumn has arrived».
3. When using adjectives in a figurative meaning (close to epithets): “ Timofey's large, fishy eyes were sad and carefully looked straight ahead».

Such homogeneous definitions - examples show this - are an excellent means of expressiveness in a work of art. With their help, writers and poets emphasize certain significant details in the description of an object (person).

Exceptional cases

Sometimes in speech you can find sentences with homogeneous definitions, expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives. For example, " Until recently, old, low houses stood in this place, but now there are new, tall ones." As this example shows, in such a case there are two groups of definitions that relate to the same noun, but have opposite meanings.

Another case concerns definitions interconnected by explanatory relationships. " Completely different sounds, alien to the boy, were heard from the open window." In this sentence, after the first definition, the words “namely”, “that is” would be appropriate.

Rules for placing punctuation marks

Here everything depends on how homogeneous definitions are related to each other. Commas are used in non-union connections. Example: " A short, wrinkled, hunchbacked old woman was sitting on a chair on the porch, silently pointing to the open door." If there are coordinating conjunctions (“usually”, “and”), punctuation marks are not needed. " Women in white and blue homespun shirts peered into the distance, hoping to recognize the horseman approaching them." Thus, these sentences are subject to punctuation rules that apply to all syntactic constructions with homogeneous members.

If the definitions are heterogeneous (their examples are discussed in the table), a comma is not placed between them. Exception with combinations that can be ambiguous. For example, " After much debate and reflection, it was decided to resort to other proven methods" In this case, everything depends on the meaning of the participle. A comma is used if “namely” can be inserted before the word “verified”.

Conclusion

Analysis of all of the above leads to the conclusion that punctuation literacy largely depends on knowledge of specific theoretical material on syntax: what is a definition, homogeneous members of a sentence.

When you need to more accurately characterize an object or phenomenon (or their properties), describe them more specifically and expressively, intelligibly, so that the interlocutor understands your thought more fully, homogeneous members of the sentence come to your aid. Without them, your thought will lose completeness and clarity.

Homogeneous members─ these are characteristics that relate exclusively to one object; in a sentence they will be subordinated to only one word. They describe various aspects of the same person, action or quality.

I love bread, especially wheat and rye.

In this simple sentence with homogeneous members they are adjectives"rye" and "wheat". In another example:

The street became brighter with sunshine and smiles.

─ this nouns.

But homogeneous members may turn out to be any part of speech: verb, noun, adverb.

We worked, strained ourselves and worked hard at this construction site for centuries.

How to identify homogeneous groups of sentence words in a simple sentence

It is very easy to identify such members of a sentence. They are subordinated only to the word that they characterize; they can be classified as same question. Moreover, they are independent of each other.

Lena loves dancing, rhythmic music and fitness.

In this case, these are words related to the subject “Lena” and answer the question of what exactly she likes. They are nouns. If we remove one or another addition from the example, the meaning of the sentence will not change, but we will learn less about Lena’s tastes. At the same time, homogeneous members can be main or secondary in a sentence.

For example:

Identification of homogeneous members

In a sentence, homogeneous words can be distinguished using:

It's important to remember that commas must be placed before the second conjunction, when you write a sentence in which words are connected in this way!

How to emphasize homogeneous members?

When analyzing a sentence in a written text, homogeneous members are emphasized equally, depending on what function they perform in the sentence. Predicates are underlined as predicates (with a double solid line), definitions are underlined as definitions (with a wavy line), and so on.

It is important to remember that in the analyzed text in one phrase there may be several groups of similar words at once, and they may well turn out to be different parts of speech.

The hyacinths, crocuses and azaleas in this park were fragrant and intoxicated my head with their scent.

In this simple phrase quickly two groups are defined: three subjects and two predicates. The first group should be emphasized as subjects (nouns, names of colors), the second group of words - as predicates, with two solid words.

Phraseological phrases

With phraseological units, a more difficult case awaits you in terms of punctuation. Remember that in stable phrases, commas are never used. There are not so many of them, you can just memorize them:

• Both old and young.
• Neither fish nor meat.
• And so on.

You just need to analyze the text very carefully and train your own memory on phraseological units. Not such a difficult matter!