Simple derived prepositions. Derivative and non-derivative prepositions

Instructions

Compare the sentences: “We ran around the house,” “There were a lot of flowers around.” In the first, “around” is a derived preposition, in the second, “around” appears in the place clause. “He came to me, thanks” and “Thanks to him, mine has improved.” In the first sentence “thanks” is a gerund, in the second it is a preposition.

Parts speeches- these are groups of words with similar characteristics. In the Russian language, there are independent and auxiliary parts. Independent names or indicate objects, properties, quantity, action, state. These words received this name because they can be used in speeches without function words.

To independent parts speeches include noun, adjective, verb, numeral, pronoun, speeches e. A noun is an independent part speeches, which generally names the subject and answers the questions who? What? This group of words can denote an object (table, house), a person (boy, student), ( , ), a sign (depth, height), an abstract concept (conscience, altruism), an action (singing, dancing), an attitude (equality, exclusivity ). Nouns, animate or inanimate, proper or common, have gender, number and case. In a sentence they most often appear or. Adjective - independent part speeches, denoting a feature of an object and answering the questions “which?”, “which?”, “which?”, “which?”, “whose?”. A sign is usually understood as properties, quality, belonging, characterizing objects. According to their meaning, adjectives are divided into qualitative, relative and possessive. Adjectives depend on nouns and agree with them, that is, they are placed in the same case, number and gender. Adjectives can have a full and short form (green, green). In a sentence these parts speeches there are usually agreed upon definitions. Short adjectives are used only as predicates. The verb is an independent part speeches, which denotes the state or action of an object and answers the questions what to do? what to do? (to be, to look). Verbs are imperfect and perfect, transitive and intransitive. This part speeches changes according to inclination. The initial (indefinite) form of a verb is called the infinitive. It has no time, number, person or gender (to do, to walk). The verbs in the sentence are . A participle is a special form of a verb that denotes an attribute of an object by action. It answers the questions “which?”, “which?”, “which?” (flying, drawn). A gerund is a special unchangeable form of a verb that denotes a sign, but acts as a sign of another action. It answers the questions “doing what?”, “having done what?” (crying, playing, missing). The numeral is an independent part speeches, which denotes the number, number of objects, as well as their order when counting. According to their meaning, they are divided into quantitative (answer the question “how much?”) and ordinal (answer the questions “which?”, “which ones?”). The numerals change (fifth, fifth, fifth). In a sentence, numerals are subject, predicate, adverbial tense, and attribute. Pronoun - independent part speeches, indicating objects, signs, but not naming them (I, mine, this). In a sentence they are used as a subject, an object, a determiner, less often - a circumstance, a predicate. According to their meaning, pronouns are divided into personal (I, you, he, they), reflexive (themselves), interrogative (who, which), relative (who, what, which), indefinite (something, some), negative (no one, how many). then), possessive (my, our, yours), demonstrative (that, such, so much), (any, other). On speeches e - independent part speeches, which denotes a sign of an object, a sign of an action, a sign of another sign. It answers the questions “how?”, “where?”, “where?”, “when?”, “why?”, “for what?” (good, carefully, beautiful, tomorrow, very). On speeches e is not inflected, does not conjugate, and is most often an adverbial adverbial clause in a sentence.

Video on the topic

Sources:

• Independent parts of speech
• which part of speech answers the question where

Almost always, after trying a fragrance, you will unmistakably guess which gender it was created for. Subtle connoisseurs of perfumery will recognize individual notes in the composition of eau de toilette that are unique to products for men or women.

Instructions

Modern eau de toilette, the era of which began in the first half of the 20th century, consists of several groups of notes that gradually reveal themselves in the aroma. The basis for women's fragrances are floral, berry and fruity scents - this is the idea of ​​the fair sex, tender and juicy, like gifts of nature. And the solidity and reliability are emphasized by woody and herbaceous notes.

Some essential oils are not used at all in women's compositions: lavender and sage give the composition a tobacco shade, which is not suitable for delicate ladies. The individual character of fragrances on the skin of a particular person is achieved through the use of certain notes. In waters for these purposes, musk is usually used, in men's waters - amber. Without musk or amber, the aroma would not be intertwined with the natural smell of a person, but would “sound” separately.

In the nineties, in the wake of androgynous fashion, a whole range of unisex perfumes appeared - fragrances equally suitable for women and men. In them, the base notes are shifted from floral accents to citrus, herbaceous, and sea notes.

As a rule, women are less consistent in their perfume preferences. If a man can use the same scent for years, the fair sex tends to experiment and study. Ladies will not refuse to have 3-4 bottles at their disposal for different occasions: light fruity for a business morning, for a feminine look, bohemian spicy oriental, fresh citrus for active recreation.

Finally, perfumes can also be distinguished by the design of the bottle. Packaging for women's fragrances tends to be fancier. To attract the attention of the fair sex, manufacturers use different colors, unusual shapes and materials. Men, for the most part, are more conservative, so eau de toilette for them is packaged in bottles of strict geometric shapes, without frills or decorations.

Students of foreign languages ​​are faced with the problem of staging such functional parts of speech as. This also applies to the English language. However, this problem can be solved quite simply, namely, familiarize yourself with the rules and complete a number of practical tasks.

In Russian as “for”. "This lawn is behind our yard." “This lawn is located in the back of our yard.” "Under" - under. For example, “There is a toy under the bed of the child.” "It's under the child's bed." As a preposition of place, "by" means "about" or "at". "This nice guy is standing by me." “This guy is standing next to me now.” "In front of" is translated into Russian as "before". "There is a big bookstore in front of my house." “There is a large bookstore in front of my house.”

Pay attention also to prepositions of direction in the language. The most common one is "to". It can have the meaning “to”, “on”, “in”. "I'm going to Paris this week." "I'm going to Paris this week." "From" is translated into Russian as "from" and "from". "I have come from Moscow". "I came from Moscow." "Out of" means "from". "I'm taking out a pencil out of my bag." “I take a pencil out of my bag.” Another important preposition is “at”. It has the following Russian equivalents: “u”, “na”, “about”. "They have been at Smiths recently." “The Smith family recently visited them.”

The numbers next to the letter designation indicate the octane number; the larger they are, the more stable the gasoline molecules and the less detonation. The octane number may be preceded by one letter (A) or two (AI). “A” indicates that the fuel is intended for automobiles, “I” indicates that the octane value was determined by research. High octane fuel is always more expensive. It is worth immediately noting that in everyday life you can independently determine the brand of fuel, i.e. its octane number is impossible - laboratory tests are needed. However, understanding the application and advantages of both brands is quite possible.

Gasoline AI-92

It is considered to belong to the Regular motor gasoline category. It is a high-octane fuel used in high-compression automobile engines. Gasoline is resistant to detonation and ensures smooth engine operation. However, in European countries it is considered an “endangered” fuel, mainly due to the toxicity of exhaust gases. AI-92 is widely used in Russia. This gasoline can be leaded or unleaded (according to the amount of lead).

Gasoline AI-95

Belongs to the Premium motor gasoline category. It is considered a fuel of improved quality. In its production, gas gasoline and various additives are used to reduce detonation. This type of fuel has a minimum lead content, which is a definite plus in environmental terms. There is also a subclass of 95 gasoline - “Extra” fuel, characterized by the complete absence of lead. In terms of anti-knock qualities, AI-95 is almost similar to its “colleague”, 93 gasoline.

Comparison of fuel brands

If we compare theoretically, then 95 gasoline is of better quality than 92 gasoline, at least the toxicity of exhaust gases is much less. However, in practice the situation is somewhat different; especially if it is connected with Russian gas stations. The main difference between 95 and 92 is the presence of a larger number of additives, in particular, various esters, which promote faster combustion of fuel, which gives small savings in gasoline consumption. But in reality, this saving is more than eaten up by the higher cost.

Moreover, as practice shows, it happens that at Russian gas stations the 92nd turns out to be better than the 95th. In fact, the difference between these two types of fuel today is minimal and depends on the integrity of the manufacturer and seller. Therefore, there is only one way out - refuel at a proven gas station.

Tip 11: What is the physical meaning of derivative
In order to find the derivative of a function, take an arbitrary function - the dependence of the “y” on the “x”. In the expression of this function, replace its argument with the increment of the argument and divide the resulting expression by the increment itself. You will get a fraction. Next, you need to perform a limit operation. To do this, you need to direct the increment of the argument to zero and observe where your fraction will tend to in this case. That final, as a rule, value will be the derivative of the function. Please note that in the expression for the derivative of the function there will no longer be any increments, because you have directed them to zero, so only the variable and (or) constant will remain.

So, the derivative is the ratio of the increment of a function to the increment of the argument. What is the meaning of such a value? If you, for example, find the derivative of a linear function, you will see that it is constant. Moreover, this constant in the expression of the function itself is simply multiplied by the argument. Next, if you plot this function for different values ​​of the derivative, simply changing it over and over again, you will notice that at higher values, the slope of the line becomes greater, and vice versa. If you are not dealing with a linear function, then the value of the derivative at a given point is about the slope of the tangent drawn at a given point of the function. Thus, the value of the derivative of a function indicates the growth rate of the function at a given point.

Physical meaning of the derivative

There are many spelling rules in the Russian language. Most of them cause writing difficulties not only for schoolchildren and foreigners who study Russian, but also for adults. One of these rules is the spelling of prepositions. Mainly the problem is finding them correctly. With simple non-derivative prepositions, everything is more or less clear, and most people do not have difficulty finding them. But in the Russian language there is another group of words that, depending on the context, can refer to different parts of speech. These are derived prepositions that come from adverbs, nouns or gerunds. They are so difficult to write that many people have great difficulty encountering them in the text.

Characteristics of derived prepositions

All prepositions in the Russian language are auxiliary parts of speech that do not have their own meaning and morphological characteristics. They serve as a link between words in a sentence and are used to build a grammatically correct and competent construction. Derivative prepositions in the Russian language appeared relatively recently. They originated from significant parts of speech due to the loss of their own morphological characteristics and meaning. Because of this, their spelling often differs from the original words, causing spelling difficulties. They are used quite often in speech, so every literate person should be able to find them and write them correctly.

Features of this part of speech

1. Derivative prepositions can be simple, consisting of one word, for example, “near”, “around”, “thanks to”, “towards” and others. But many of them consist of two words, retaining the form they had as a significant part of speech. Usually this is a combination of a non-derivative preposition with a noun, so merged with it in meaning and grammatically that it is often perceived as one word. For example: “with the help”, “for lack of”, “not counting”, “at the expense”, “to the extent” and others.

2. The spelling of such prepositions needs to be memorized, because most often it is not regulated by any rules. In difficult cases, you need to check a spelling dictionary. The greatest difficulty is in writing the prepositions “during”, “in continuation”, “as a result”, “subsequently”.

3. To determine that a derivative preposition, and not an independent part of speech, is used in a sentence, you need to replace it with another preposition or conjunction. For example, “as a result” - “because of”, “about” - “about”, “towards” - “to”, “like” - “how”.

4. There is a small group of derived prepositions that are difficult to distinguish from the independent parts of speech from which they originated. This causes difficulties in writing them. In this case, you can only understand the meaning in the context. These words are: “about”, “as a result of”, “thanks to”, “despite” and others.

Types of derivative prepositions

All prepositions under consideration are divided into three groups depending on what part of speech they came from.

1. Adverbial prepositions, that is, derivative prepositions formed from adverbs, have retained their meaning. Basically they indicate the time and location of an object in space. For example, “near the house”, “after school”, “inside the box” and others.

2. Denominal prepositions are so called because they are formed from a noun. They can denote spatial, temporal, causal or object relations. This is a fairly large group of prepositions, and they are the ones that most often cause spelling difficulties, for example: “in connection”, “to the extent”, “about”, “like”, “on arrival” and others.

3. Verbal prepositions originate from gerunds, which have lost their meaning of additional action. They are closely related to nouns and are usually used only with one case. For example: “thanks to (what?)”, “in spite of (what?)”, “despite (what?)”.

What meanings do they have?

Each derived preposition, when combined with nouns, gives it a specific meaning. Most often they are used with one case, but you can also ask adverbial questions about them. The most common meanings of derived prepositions:

They denote a certain period of time: “during”, “at the end”, “in completion”, “after” and others;

Causal relations are determined by prepositions: “thanks to”, “in spite of”, “due to”, “as a result of”;

They can indicate the location of an object: “near”, “about”, “opposite”, “in front” and others.

How to learn to write prepositions correctly

The spelling of independent words is regulated by spelling rules. Most people learned them during school and have no difficulty spelling. And derived prepositions do not follow any rules. You need to remember how to write them. But in difficult cases, you can check with a spelling dictionary. The difficulty is most often caused by people’s inability to distinguish sentences with prepositions from constructions with independent parts of speech. If you learn to find these words in the text, there will be fewer mistakes. After all, most people still know the basic rules of spelling.

Ways to search for prepositions in text

1. You need to try to replace the word with another preposition. Each derived preposition has a similar one from the category of non-derivatives, for example, “in view of - because of”, “about - about”, “towards - to”, “following - for” and others. Significant parts of speech are replaced only by synonyms: “for an account - for a book”, “for a meeting - for a date”.

2. Ask a question about the word. If there is a preposition in a sentence, then most likely it will be part of the question, and the answer will be a noun: “I live opposite the school - (opposite what?)” or “(where?) - opposite the school.” And the word, as an independent part of speech, itself answers the question: “this house is opposite - (where?) - opposite.”

3. A derivative preposition cannot be removed from a sentence without losing the meaning and destroying the grammatical structure: “to walk in front of the column - to walk (?) the column.” If you remove the significant part of the speech, then although the meaning will be impoverished, the sentence will not lose its integrity: “he walked ahead - he walked.”

4. They can also be distinguished by meaning. For example, “during the day” is a preposition that denotes a period of time, and “during the river” is a noun that denotes the flow of water.

What derivative prepositions are written together

Among the words of this part of speech there are many that have long been used in the Russian language. Some prepositions have so merged with nouns in meaning that almost no one has any difficulty spelling them. For example, “near”, “like”, “in view of”, “instead of”, “like”, “inside” and others. But there are also words that are written together only when they are used as prepositions. And here you need to be able to distinguish them from significant parts of speech. For example, “due to the rain” is a preposition, you can replace it with the word “due to,” and “as a result of the case” is a noun: “(in what?) - as a result.” More examples of frequently used prepositions and their difference with homonymous parts of speech: “towards each other” - “to meet friends”, “about repairs” - “to a bank account”. You also need to remember that “not” in prepositions formed from gerunds is written together: “despite his advanced age (despite what?)” is a preposition, but compare: “he walked without (not looking) around” .

Compound derivative prepositions

Spelling of prepositions that consist of two words also causes difficulties. But they are not associated with the separate spelling of these words, but most often with the letter at the end of the preposition. It needs to be remembered, since basically it is completely different from the nouns from which these words come:

The letter “and” is written at the end of the prepositions “after”, “on arrival”, “at the end”, “in connection”, “in accordance”, “in comparison”, “during”;

You need to remember the spelling of prepositions with the letter “e” at the end: “during”, “in continuation”, “in conclusion”, “in contrast”, “in conclusion”, “in commemoration”, “on arrival”, “on arrival” ";

There is also a group of prepositions that cause almost no difficulties: “by virtue”, “to the extent”, “in connection” and some others.

In order for a person’s speech to be literate, it is necessary to use derivative prepositions as much as possible. They enrich the language, allow you to more accurately express your thoughts and use grammatically correct constructions.

>>Russian language grade 7 >>Russian language: Derivative and non-derivative prepositions

Derivative prepositions

In the Russian language there are prepositions derived and non-derivative. But now we will get acquainted with derivative prepositions. We will get acquainted with the definition of derived prepositions and find out what prepositions they are.

What prepositions are called derivatives

Derived prepositions are prepositions formed from independent parts of speech when they lose their meaning and morphological characteristics.

Or we can also say about derivative prepositions that such prepositions were formed by the method of transition from independent parts of speech to auxiliary ones. With this transition of independent parts of speech into auxiliary parts, the former lose their lexical meaning and morphological features.

Also, it is very important to be able to distinguish between a derived preposition and the independent parts of speech homonymous to it.

For example: In the first sentence, the word “thanks to” will be a gerund, but in the second it will act as a derivative preposition.

Misha, leaving home, thanked his grandmother for the delicious breakfast. Thanks to her good knowledge of the subject, Olya received a good grade in the exams.

Or take, for example, these sentences:

Due to snow drifts it was impossible to travel. During the investigation into the theft case, new evidence was discovered.

If we consider these sentences, then the first sentence contains an arbitrary preposition, and the second contains a noun.

Let's take a closer look at the question of how to distinguish a derivative preposition from another part of speech?

Firstly, it is impossible to pose a question to a preposition;
Secondly, the preposition does not have a role that it could fulfill on its own;
Thirdly, a distinctive feature of prepositions may be that a synonym can be chosen for it.

Derivative prepositions can be divided into the following three groups:

1. These are prepositions formed from nouns. They can be called denominative prepositions;

For example: Due to lack of time, I had to give up classes in the section. Mom wanted to talk about her son's progress.

2. Prepositions that are formed from adverbs. They are also called adverbial prepositions;

For example: A birch tree grew opposite the window. There was a fence around the house.

3. And prepositions formed from gerunds. They are also called verbal prepositions.

For example: Thanks to Taras, I now have an interesting book.

And although a derivative preposition tends to consist of several parts, in the end it always consists of one word.

Spelling of derived prepositions

Exercise 1.

Read the sentences carefully and determine where in these sentences the derived prepositions are and which are from other parts of speech:

Due to the upcoming departure, the meeting had to be postponed. Due to heavy rain, all paths were washed away. Due to illness, Vanya missed many lessons. The money was not transferred to the account. I came to talk about extra lessons. Instead of lessons, Denis went for a walk with friends. I will certainly do everything that is asked of me. The request should arrive within a week.

Exercise 2.

Look carefully at the offers. Instead of periods, what prepositions would you insert?

... I managed to learn a poem when I was in a bad mood.
... for forty-five minutes the teacher explained a new topic.
The asthma attack was relieved...with the help of doctors.
Finally I was able to talk...work.

Repetition of covered material

4. Remember the definition of which part of speech is called a preposition?
5. What types of prepositions have you already studied?
6. What prepositions are called non-derivative?
7. How are they different from derivatives?
8. Give examples of non-derivative prepositions?
9. Is a preposition a part of a sentence?
10. Is it possible to replace a preposition with a synonym?

Task No. 13. Continuous, hyphenated, separate spelling of words.

The task on this topic is formulated as follows:Identify the sentence in which both highlighted words are written FULL. Open the brackets and write down these two words.

13 task checks knowledge of continuous, hyphenated, separate writing of homonymous parts of speech. Homonyms - units of language that are different in meaning but identical in spelling.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. READ THE SENTENCE, THINK ABOUT ITS MEANING.

2. DETERMINE WHICH PART OF SPEECH THE HIGHLIGHTED WORD BELONGES TO.

3. REMEMBER THE RULE.

4. OPEN THE BRACKETS AND WRITE OUT TWO WORDS.

Before turning to the rule, check whether the form can be used without a preposition/prefix. If you can’t, write together.

Spelling of derivative prepositions.

It is necessary to distinguish between derived prepositions and nouns in oblique cases, used with non-derivative prepositions.

Note:

1. Derivative preposition IN CONNECTION WITH written separately, in three words: due to departure.

2. The derivative preposition IN CONCLUSION is written two words with an E at the end and has the meaning “FINISHING”, “IN THE RESULT”, “AT THE END”: At the end of my report, I would like to summarize what has been said.

3. Derivative preposition IN DIFFERENCE from someone, something written as two words with an E at the end: Unlike me, my sister gets straight A's.

4. REMEMBER the spelling of the following prepositions, which are written together: IN THE MIDDLE (rooms); NEAR (the monument); INSTEAD (brother).

DISTINCTION:

Spelling of conjunctions and homonymous parts of speech. The conjunctions SO THAT, ALSO, ALSO, THEN, BEHIND, AND SO, THEREFORE are written together, they can be replaced with synonyms of the same part of speech. Other parts of speech that are similar in sound to these conjunctions, THAT WOULD, THE SAME, THE SAME, FOR THAT, WITH WHAT, AND SO, FROM THAT are written separately. They consist of two components: one of them can be: 1.Removed from the sentence. 2. Rearrange to another place 3. Insert another word between them.

NON-DERIVATIVE AND DERIVATIVE PREPOSITIONS The work was completed by: Myachina Yana, grade 7B Teacher: Sokolova E.V.

Preposition This is an auxiliary part of speech that expresses the dependence of a noun (or a pronoun replacing it) on another noun (a fence around the house, talking with them), an adjective (weak due to illness) or a verb (as well as participles and gerunds - run across the field, running across the field without looking at his comrades) in a phrase and sentence.

Due to their syntactic independence, prepositions never act as members of a sentence. Prepositions, unlike independent parts of speech, do not name objects, signs, actions, or quantities; they do not change and are not members of a sentence.

Derivative and non-derivative prepositions The very name of the prepositions that will be discussed suggests their features: Non-derivative prepositions have no analogues in other parts of speech, they were formed as prepositions in, on, without, from, about, with, with, at, through and others. Derivative prepositions are formed by transitioning independent parts of speech into auxiliary ones

Non-derivative prepositions Non-derivative prepositions arose a very long time ago and have no analogues in other parts of speech; they were formed as prepositions: from, from, with, at, to, for, in, on, for, about, through, with, over, etc. . d. Most non-derivative prepositions are ambiguous and homonymous to prefixes: for go - behind the forest, in go - to the forest, from go - from the forest, with go - from the mountain, to go - to the table.

Non-derivative prepositions MANY NON-DERIVATIVE PREPOSITIONS CAN BE USED WITH DIFFERENT CASES. From school, to the sea, by car, At a friend's place, with mom, in a store, From home, near the buffet, Around the corner, until dawn I was looking for mushrooms under a tree. Did you recognize the prepositions here?

Derived prepositions Derivative prepositions are formed by the transition of independent parts of speech into functional ones. For example, the preposition around (to walk around the house) comes from the adverb around (it is clearly visible around), the preposition by (to convince by means of strong evidence) - from the noun by in the instrumental case (serves as a convenient way ), preposition in continuation (to sit for an hour) - from the combination of the noun continuation with the preposition in (to believe in the continuation of friendship), preposition thanks (we managed thanks to the help of a friend) - from the gerund thanks (left, thanks for the help provided).

Derived prepositions are divided into categories depending on the parts of speech from which they were formed: adverbial, denominal and verbal. Denominate Adverbial Verbals in view of, like, as a result of, like, about, in fact, to the extent, by virtue of, in relation to, for the purposes of, in part, with the exception of, along the line, to the extent, about, for the reason, in part, with hand, in connection with, along with, in contrast to. Inside, around, in front, on the contrary, on top, in the middle, on top, above, behind, after, in defiance of, contrary to, according to, accordingly, between, besides. thanks, including, excluding, after, ending, not counting, starting with, despite.

Denominative Denominative prepositions are formed from various case forms of nouns and express objective and some adverbial relations, for example: about work, about a statement, by means of a prefix, due to a collapse, on the occasion of a holiday, during a lesson, etc.

Adverbial Adverbs, formed from adverbs, mainly express spatial and temporal relationships: near, along, instead of, inside, near, around, contrary to, after, in front, except, on the contrary, about, on top, behind, against, behind, on top, over , through, among, etc.);

Verbal verbs are formed from verb forms (gerunds) and express various adverbial relations: thanks to, excluding, despite, despite, after, etc.

Opposite words Independent parts of speech Derived prepositions Nouns and prepositions of nouns. Deposit money into the account; make mistakes in the investigation; bends in the river flow; to be in prison; keep in mind; believe in strength. Talk about work; troubles due to negotiations; talk for an hour; say at the end of the lecture; be late due to bad weather; stay due to circumstances. Adverbs and prepositions formed from adverbs. Look around, look around, be close, walk along, live in the house opposite, be near, be in front, be inside. Turn around an axis, walk around a pond, be near an object, walk along a road, stand in front of a house, be near a patient, be in front of everyone, be indoors. Participles and prepositions formed from participles. Walk without looking around; stand up, thanking the teacher for the congratulations. Help despite troubles; win thanks to the attacker.

Derivative prepositions, as a rule, are used with one case: thanks to advice according to the rules in defiance of (what?) the forecast against the order towards the wind during the rain during a thunderstorm as (what?) movement due to bad weather due to circumstances