Agriculture in the Russian Empire is a politicized topic.

If we talk about the general situation, then everything is obvious: in 1913 Russia occupied 1st place in the world in egg exports, 2nd place in wheat exports (first in 1910–1912), 2nd place in butter exports , 4th place in corn exports.

Now let's look at each myth separately.

Myth one: agriculture was backward and inefficient

The efficiency of farming can be assessed by the gross harvest of products. The data we have from the reports of the Central Statistical Committee for the years 1883–1915 clearly demonstrate an increase in yield, for example, of grain bread. Thus, in the 80s of the 19th century, the average yield was 2.2 million poods, in the 90s it was already 2.9 million poods, and in the 20th century and before the start of the First World War - 3.3 million poods. Simply put, in the first decade of Nicholas II’s reign, yields increased by 32% compared to the reign of his father Alexander III, and in the second decade of Nicholas’s reign, yields were already 50% higher.

The productivity of certain crops increased even more. For example, by the 90s, buckwheat began to be collected more by 27%, at the beginning of the century - by 62%.

The yield per individual tithe has also increased. If at the beginning of Alexander’s reign 29.7 pounds of rye were collected per tithe, then by 1914 it was already 42.4 pounds. The situation was similar with other crops: for example, buckwheat from one dessiatine collected 10.5 poods, and by 1914 - 27 poods.

Significant growth cannot be explained by random factors like favorable weather - we are talking about stable and progressive growth over 30 years.

If we compare the average wheat yield per tithe with other powers, then Russia is undoubtedly inferior to the leading countries. In Russia, on average, 70 poods of wheat were collected per tithe, in Austria 89 poods, in Britain 147, Germany 157. On the other hand, in many countries with a much more favorable climate the situation was much worse. Thus, in Spain they collected about 60 pounds, in Greece 52 pounds, in Italy the figures ranged from 60 to 80 over the years, in America - 70–75 pounds. Thus, Russia is not a leader in this area, but it is not an outsider either; it occupies a place somewhere in the middle.

In addition, you need to remember that in Russia there are many regions that are not ideal for agriculture - if you take into account only good black soil, the yield will be even higher.

Myth two: livestock farming was just as backward

But this is an outright lie: Russia was one of the European leaders in the provision of farm animals. Here is the data from the Summary Table of Livestock Statistics.

Number of horses per 100 inhabitants: Russia - 19.7, Britain - 3.7, Austria-Hungary - 7.5, Germany - 4.9. France - 5.8, Italy - 2.8. The only European country that competes with Russia is Denmark. There, there were 20.5 horses per 100 people. In general, the supply of horses was at the level of America, but inferior to Argentina, Canada and Australia.

In cattle, Russia was not a leader - rather, a strong middle peasant. On average, there were 29.3 head of cattle per 100 inhabitants of the Russian Empire. In Austria-Hungary - 30, in Britain - 26.1, in Germany - 30, in Italy - 18, in France - 32.1, in the USA - 62.2. That is, pre-revolutionary Russia was quite adequately provided with cattle - in fact, every third person had a cow.

When it comes to sheep, Russia is also a strong average: the indicators are not the best, but far from the worst. On average - 44.9 sheep and rams per 100 people. In Austria-Hungary this number was less than 30, in Britain - 60.7, in Germany - 7.5, in Italy - 32.3, in France - 30.5, in America - 40.8 sheep per hundred people.

The only industry in which Russia was inferior to some of the leading powers was pig farming; it was not very widespread. On average, there were 9.5 pigs per 100 people. In Austria-Hungary - about 30, in Britain - 8.1, in Germany - 25.5, in Italy - 7.3, in France - 11.2. However, here the average level is not inferior to French or British.

Myth three: there was no new equipment, but they plowed with peasant women

The mechanization of labor in agriculture can be assessed by the import of agricultural machinery. Only in the last decade before the war, for some instruments it grew not even several times, but hundreds and thousands of times. If in 1905 only 97 steam plows were imported, then in 1913 there were already 42.3 thousand (and a year earlier - more than 73 thousand). In 1905, 30.5 thousand seeders were imported, and on the eve of the war there were already more than 500 thousand per year. In 1905, 489.6 thousand locomobiles were delivered, and in 1913 - more than a million.

The issue of primitive farming methods is also controversial. The peasants were well aware of the need for fertilizers, and fertilizers were in great demand in the market. In 1905, 2.6 million pounds of Thomas slag were imported to Russia, and in 1913 - 11.2 million. Phosphorites in 1905 were imported 770 thousand pounds, and in 1913 already 3.2 million; superphosphates 1.7 million poods, and in 1913 - 12 million.

This does not mean that every farm was exemplary, but it is difficult not to notice the obvious trend: the latest methods and modern technology were actively introduced in the village.

As for the Soviet myth about peasants harnessing their wives to the plow - if such a thing existed, it was classified as a BDSM practice, and not a real need. There were plenty of horses; tools and knowledge about the latest agricultural practices, too.

The concept of a peasant (farm) economy and its main features

The history of the origin of peasant (farm) farms

The origin of farms, which we now call peasant (farm) farms, began in Russia with the Stolypin agrarian reform. Its essence was that by the Tsar's Decree of November 9, 1906, every peasant was allowed to leave the community with his own allotment and become an independent owner. The decree and subsequent legislative acts provided for the reduction of allotment land to a single tract (cut farm) or the isolation of a land plot with the construction of an estate on it - a residential building and outbuildings (farm farm). The reform gave some impetus to the development of capitalist relations in the Russian countryside, but could not ensure the progress of the productive forces of the agricultural sector due to the primitiveness of agricultural production.

Stolypin's transformations in the countryside were received ambiguously by almost all layers of Russian society, including the peasantry itself, whose worldview was built on the concepts of conciliarity and community.

As a result of the reform, in most regions of Russia the community became the subject of land ownership, and in some areas - the peasant household. In the latter case, peasants received the right to inherit land.

In 1910, 43 percent of soil plowing tools were plows. There were only 187 tractors in the entire country. In 1901 - 1905, in 50 provinces, the average annual wheat yield was 45 poods per dessiatine (1.09 hectares), and in 1906 - 1910 - 42.7 poods, i.e. decreased and was four times less than in England and two times less than in France.

According to the 1912 census, 31.5 percent of peasant farms were horseless, so fertilizer (in the form of manure) would only be enough to cover 15 percent of the crops if used properly.

The revolutionary events that followed led to the complete destruction of the nascent layer of farms, and the transfer of land into the ownership of peasants had to be forgotten for many years.

Revolution 1905 - 1907 showed all the doom and danger of the communal system. During the period from November 1905 to May 1911, a number of measures were taken aimed at weakening and then completely stopping redemption payments, eliminating communal land ownership, and granting the right to individual householders to demand the compulsory allocation of their allotment to private ownership. In history, these transformations were called the Stolypin agrarian reform. They were designed for 20 years, were carried out for 10, of which 7 were in peacetime. One of the most important results of Stolypin's reform was the creation of a layer of enterprising peasants.

The revolutionary events of 1917 and subsequent years, primarily the nationalization of land, the policy of war communism, and the civil war, undermined the economic basis of peasant farms. During the period of the new economic policy, there was some revival in the development of peasant households. But at the end of the 20s of the 20th century, the peasant yard was replaced by a collective farm yard.

There were serious differences between the peasant and collective farm households, due to changes in the entire economic system. One of the main characteristics of the legal personality of peasant households is the right to conduct business activities, including production, processing and sale of agricultural products and making a profit. Within the framework of these powers, peasant households were independent economic and legal entities, acquired rights and bore corresponding responsibilities.

The political and economic changes of the Soviet period could not but affect the legal capacity of the peasant household. The Soviet state, taking into account the historically established form of agricultural production - the peasant household, did not take the path of completely eliminating the household as a family-labor community of citizens. A certain isolation of property, the responsibility of the court for obligations entered into by its members on behalf of the court, and other features were preserved. At the same time, the peasant household, both from an economic and legal point of view, lost its entrepreneurial content and began to be of an auxiliary nature. There was no need to talk about the right to conduct individual labor activities, formally preserved in legislation, in practice. In the legal literature, the collective farm yard of that time was characterized as a form of farming. This circumstance was a key characteristic of the legal personality of the collective farm yard.

Since the late 80s of the 20th century, a revival of the farming way of life began in Russia. Today we can confidently conclude that peasant (farm) farms have taken root in the economy of our country and have become a reality that must be taken into account.

Among the problematic issues that complicate the development of peasant farms, the topic of the legal personality of peasant farms occupies a special place. Law of the RSFSR dated November 22, 1990 No. 348-1 “On Peasant (Farm) Farming” defined the peasant farm as an independent economic entity with the rights of a legal entity. At the same time, the property of the farm belonged to the members of the farm on the right of common shared ownership. This circumstance became the subject of justified criticism from scientists, the essence of which boiled down to the denial in the organizational and legal form - a farm - of the signs that allow it to be classified as a legal entity.

With the entry into force of part one of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, a farm cannot be created as a legal entity. The Civil Code of the Russian Federation established only the basic rights and obligations of citizens who want to engage in farming, so the status of the farm remained uncertain for a long time.

When studying the legal personality of a farm, the question of greatest interest is who is the bearer of the rights and obligations of the farm, the bearer of the legal properties of this subject.

The adoption of the new Land Code, the Law "On the Turnover of Agricultural Land", the Law "On Peasant (Farming) Economy", the Law "On Insolvency (Bankruptcy)" requires a scientific understanding of these regulations and the preparation of explanations for their practical application.

After the proclamation of agrarian and land reforms in 1990 - 1992, a new stage began in the history of the transformation of domestic agriculture. The formation of a competitive environment in the agricultural sector of the country's economy has become one of the main goals towards which the reformers' actions were aimed. However, the process of transferring agriculture to a market economy was difficult and contradictory.

These transformations began with the adoption in 1990 by the Second Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation of the Resolution "On the program for the revival of the Russian village and the development of the agro-industrial complex", the Law "On the social development of the village", the adoption in 1990 - 1991 by the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation of the Land Code of the RSFSR, Laws “On land reform”, “On peasant (farming) farming”, “On enterprises and business activities”, “On priority provision of the agro-industrial complex with material and technical resources”, “On payment for land”, as well as the entry into force of the Resolutions of the Council of Ministers RSFSR dated December 29, 1991 No. 86 “On the procedure for reorganizing collective farms and state farms” and dated February 4, 1991 No. 9 “On supporting the development of peasant (farm) farms, their associations, unions and cooperatives.” These regulatory legal acts identified three most important areas of transformation in the agricultural sector: organizational-economic, social and legal.

In 1991, the first practical steps were taken in the formation of a multi-structure agrarian economy. One of these ways of life was farming - a small form of agribusiness on a family basis. Currently, about 264 thousand farms are registered in the Russian Federation, with 14.3 million hectares of land assigned to them.

However, their importance in agricultural production is small. In the structure of gross agricultural output, their share accounts for no more than 4 percent. Of course, the problem of establishing farms in the Russian Federation has not only economic, but non-economic aspects. Creating a layer of competitive farms is possible only if a set of problems are solved: economic, legal and socio-demographic.

Without developing a concept for increasing the efficiency of farms, it is impossible to talk about their competition with large production forms.

The historical, geopolitical and economic conditions for the functioning of the Russian agricultural sector in Russia are such that the farming way of life cannot be dominant, as in Western countries. However, in Russia, family farms, under certain conditions, can become a significant component of a multi-structured agricultural economy. There is potential for the development of farming in Russia. The social base for the formation of farms before the start of agrarian reform in the Russian Federation was about 5 - 6 percent of the working-age population of the village, i.e. approximately 1.2 million people.

The results of scientific research have revealed the advantages and disadvantages of such an organizational and legal form as a farm. The advantages of farms are due to their family self-organization, which allows them to quickly make management decisions and train personnel on the farm itself. Not least important is high motivation for productive work. The disadvantages include a relatively short lifespan, the dependence of the development cycles of farm production on the age of the head of the farm, and the danger of conflict situations within the family of the head of the farm. Farms are most often created by rural residents who previously worked in the agricultural sector. Most of the heads of farms were heads of collective farms (state farms) or specialists in the field of agriculture, many were machine operators.

The problem of improving the legal framework for creating and regulating the activities of peasant (farm) farms also remains acute.

Already in 1994, after the new Civil Code of the Russian Federation came into effect, the former Law of the RSFSR “On Peasant (Farm) Economy” could only be applied to the extent that did not contradict the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. In 2001, the new Land Code of the Russian Federation came into force. In 2002, the Federal Law “On the Turnover of Agricultural Land” was adopted. Therefore, an adjustment or adoption of a new version of the Law on Peasant (Farm) Economy was required. First of all, it was necessary to clarify the conceptual apparatus, the very definition of a peasant (farm) economy, taking into account its specifics.

The farming business is of a family-entrepreneurial nature and is relatively small in size. These features determine the use of fundamentally different approaches and methods to justify the feasibility of farming production, its planning and efficiency assessment in comparison with those adapted for large agricultural enterprises. A farm is a business enterprise, the business management of which includes and combines marketing, competent management of resources (including human, financial, technical and natural), planning and forecasting. Essentially, a farm is a form of commercial organization of farming on a family basis with the permanent employment of its head and the possible involvement of hired labor, in which the cost of marketable agricultural products is at least 70 percent of total cash revenue.

Along with farms, peasant farms or personal subsidiary plots of rural residents exist and function in rural areas. Unlike farms, they are consumer in nature, archaic and conservative, and have a different motivational mechanism. Running a peasant or personal subsidiary plot is essentially an activity based on the labor of members of a peasant family with minimal recourse to the market. This type of activity for the production of agricultural products is primarily focused on the consumption of products within the farm itself and does not require legal registration of economic activities and maintaining official records. The development of this type of farm into farming is associated with the development of new technologies, an increase in the level of mechanization, and the general and professional culture of peasants.

The listed features of farms, identified on the basis of a generalization of the experience of their creation and operation, gave rise to talk about the need to clarify the legal definition of a peasant (farm) economy, formulated in the old version of the Law “On Peasant (Farm) Economy”. The previous definition did not make it possible to clearly distinguish this organizational and legal form from other forms of agricultural production. Also, in accordance with the current realities, it was necessary to clarify the procedure for creating a farm and providing the land necessary for the operation of such a farm; a list of the rights and responsibilities of members of the farm, as well as the powers of its head. It was important, in accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, to adjust the rules governing property relations in farming, as well as in cases of termination of its activities.

All these issues are explained in 23 articles, grouped into 9 chapters of the new edition of the Federal Law of June 11, 2003. No. 74-FZ "On peasant (farm) farming". The law was signed by the President of the Russian Federation on June 11, 2003 and came into force on the date of official publication (June 17, 2003).

The effect of the independent Law on Peasant Farms in the Russian Federation is due to several reasons. Among the first is the fact that peasant farms, as already mentioned, were recreated at the beginning of the agrarian reform and their organization required a certain legal framework. Other reasons are the special composition of peasant farms, the specificity of property relations and, to a certain extent, the organization of work in such a farm. Family relations between members of the economy are a certain obstacle to the law establishing a fairly rigid, formal approach to organizing relations between participants, as is provided for for commercial organizations. At the same time, since a farm is created to conduct commodity production and make a profit, the rights of participants in such activities and guarantees of receiving a share of income by each member of the farm must be ensured by law.

Currently, there are up to 264 thousand peasant farms in the Russian Federation. They employ about 1 million people and cultivate 18.4 million hectares of land. Thus, the Federal Law “On Peasant (Farm) Economy” has its own interested “audience”.

So, the law on peasant farming does not and should not cover all issues of the participation of such farming in legal relations. It contains a number of special rules on the organization of the economy, the legal regime of property and the procedure for the operation of the economy. Citizens running a peasant farm, participating in civil, land, financial and other legal relations are equally subject to the norms of sectoral legislation.

Introduction

Today, peasant farms make a significant contribution to supporting the country’s level of self-sufficiency in meat and dairy products. In 2016, according to Rosstat, they produced more than 12% of agricultural products. In 2013, this figure was 9.8%.

Despite active government support for small businesses, a number of problems that impede the development of peasant farms have still not been resolved; they, as a rule, are closely intertwined with historical events taking place in our country (of a political and economic nature).

The purpose of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the development of peasant farms in the country and the world, to identify the peculiarities of the functioning of farming in the Russian Federation. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are solved: studying regulatory documents and scientific publications related to the research problem, as well as the history of the development of peasant (farm) farming in the country and the world, identifying problems that hinder the development of these forms of management at the present stage.

The object of the study is peasant farms in the Russian Federation.

Material and research methods

During the research, methods of systemic and monographic analysis were used. The initial information for assessing the development of the object under study was the publications and works of domestic agricultural economists, researchers and scientists, and a set of statistical data on the development of peasant farming in the Russian Federation.

Results and discussion

Most authors identify six stages in the development of peasant farms. The first stage was the abolition of serfdom in 1861. Peasants received personal freedom and the right to purchase land. But most of them were unable to redeem their plots and ownership of the land remained with the landowner.

The second stage is the adoption of agrarian reform, initiated by P.A. Stolypin. He advocated the destruction of the community, as well as the transfer of land into private ownership of peasants.

The third stage is the period of collectivization. At the XV Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks in December 1927, a decision was made on collectivization, the purpose of which was to unite small-scale farms into larger, highly productive public cooperatives.

The fourth stage in the development of agricultural activity in Russia was marked by the codification of land legislation, the goal of which was “to create a harmonious set of laws on land, understandable to every farmer.”

The fifth stage - in the mid-50s of the last century - the construction of communism contributed to a sharp reduction in personal subsidiary farming, which brought enormous economic damage to the country, depriving it of about 40% of agricultural production; in the social sphere, changes were reflected in the cultivation of hostility to farming in the younger generation agriculture

The sixth stage was marked by the adoption of the RSFSR Law “On Peasant (Farm) Economy” on November 22, 1990, which for the first time reflected the essence of peasant farming as an organizational and legal form.

Currently, all activities of farms, rights and obligations are regulated by Federal Law dated June 11, 2003 No. 74-FZ “On Peasant (Farm) Farming”.

Having studied the history of Russian agriculture, we come to the conclusion that peasant (farm) farms as a separate organizational and legal form appeared relatively recently. However, the political problems that arose at that time on the territory of the state for more than 10 years “pushed into the background” the problems of the agricultural sector, and therefore agricultural farms in our country in their development still lag significantly behind similar forms of management in developed countries .

The most agriculturally developed countries, where farming is the predominant form of production, are the Federal Republic of Germany and the United States of America.

The revolutionary events that began in 1847 in Germany served as the beginning for the development of capitalist and agrarian relations, but the process of purchasing land due to its high cost dragged on until the 80s. XIX century. This situation was typical for the eastern regions of the country, while peasant and farm enterprises developed in the north and southwest.

Agrarian crisis 1876-1895 provoked the transition of agriculture to an intensive path of development. The government of the country played a major role in this, whose policy was aimed at maintaining farmers' incomes. In 1880, a law was passed to support peasant farming. Farms were divided according to specialization: pig breeding, potatoes, sugar beets, livestock. At the same time, wheat, wool, and cotton began to be imported, and agricultural societies were created for mutual lending and the use of expensive agricultural equipment in the fields.

The process of industrialization of agriculture proceeded rather slowly, which was explained by the presence of small land plots among peasants or their absence at all, low purchasing power, high rent payments, and debts. The situation changed in the post-war period, the development of the agricultural sector began through the introduction and use of the latest technologies and equipment, thanks to which a sharp increase in production volumes and an increase in labor productivity was achieved. The livestock sector occupied a leading position compared to crop production, and investment policies contributed to the transition of agriculture to the category of capital-intensive sectors of the economy.

Currently, in Germany, most agriculture is represented by small family farms, which are located in Central and Southern Germany. Large enterprises are located in Schleswig-Holstein and in the east of Lower Saxony. In order to provide local residents with fruits, vegetables and meat and dairy products, appropriate production enterprises were formed around megacities. Regions of the country where there is an abundance of well-moistened pastures and meadows are mainly occupied by dairy and beef cattle breeding. In turn, the areas near the ports, through which relatively inexpensive feed is imported, are mostly occupied by pig farming; potatoes and beets are grown in these same areas. This distribution of livestock industries into zones makes it possible to produce the necessary products at the lowest cost, which in turn ensures their lower cost. Here, the mechanism for distributing subsidies, related to the territorial location of their recipient, deserves special attention: farmers in the north receive 2 times more money per hectare than farmers whose production is located in the south of the country, this is mainly due to the soil fertility of these territories.

Next, let's move on to consider the features of agriculture in the United States of America. The formation of farms in the United States is associated with the elimination of slave estates and the development of capitalism. At the end of the 18th – beginning of the 19th centuries. After the introduction of the Homestead Law on May 20, 1862, farmers received about one and a half million plots, which amounted to an average of 90 million hectares. land. At that time, farms, regardless of the area of ​​land, as a form of organizing agricultural production, showed resilience, which influenced their further development. The economic efficiency of small forms of farming was determined by the following factors: the personal interest of farmers as a result of farming and the intensification of production, carried out through the use of new types of agricultural equipment, which make it possible to significantly speed up the process of production and processing of products.

So in the middle of the 19th century, to replace manual labor, Cyrus McCormick invented a reaper, which made it possible to speed up the process of mowing crops several times. And by the beginning of the 20th year, Chicago factories were already producing this car for export. Afterwards, mechanical seeders, mowers, potato diggers, tractors with internal combustion engines, grain harvesters and other equally necessary agricultural equipment began to appear on farms, and at the same time, the technology for storing and processing products improved.

An important place was occupied by experimental selection stations and laboratories that improved technologies for the production of agricultural products. And in specialized agricultural colleges they not only trained students, but also conducted various agricultural studies.

The large volume of investment in agricultural research already by the beginning of the 20th century predetermined its transition from an extensive path of development to an intensive and knowledge-intensive one.

Here we can highlight the following directions. Mechanization - increasingly complex mechanized agricultural equipment was created, starting with an iron plow and ending with a whole complex of machines for all types of agricultural work. Breeding - the creation of hybrid seeds in crop production and breeding work in the livestock sector - served to create specialized industries. Chemicalization solved the problems associated with maintaining and increasing soil fertility, which guaranteed a good harvest without the threat of pests. Biotechnology has led to the creation of higher quality and more productive products, but cheaper ones, whose production has a minimum negative impact on the environment. The development of information technology has provided agricultural producers with the necessary knowledge, and also opened up new opportunities to increase productivity and quality of work.

The majority (97%) of American farms are occupied by “family farms,” the so-called “gold reserve,” which helps replenish the agricultural “army” in the event of a food threat, both within the country and from foreign countries.

The interaction of the state, capable of providing the necessary support - on the one hand, and farmers, with practical knowledge of problems in the agricultural sector, on the other hand - made it possible to build a coherent system of production, processing and sale of agricultural products, by identifying priority areas in livestock and crop production, reasonable pricing policy, control over the quality of the manufactured product and, most importantly, through the development, implementation and active application of the results of scientific and technological progress.

Table 1. Comparative characteristics of peasant (farm) farms in the USA, Germany and Russia

Thus, having studied the history of the formation of farming in the USA and Germany, we came to the following conclusions: the state of both countries, starting from the origins of the formation of farming, took an active part and was interested in the development of the agricultural sector. Costs in the production of new technology, as well as investments in science, served as the foundation for the successful development of farming in the countries studied. At the same time, in Russia, these incentives were absent throughout the entire historical path of its development. In addition, until the middle of the 20th century, agricultural production was carried out in the community, which only hampered its development. As before, the predominant form of development in agriculture is the extensive path, which involves an increase in production volumes due to quantitative factors of economic growth: additional attraction of labor, expansion of sown areas, increased production of raw materials, etc. (Table 1).

Conclusions

In our opinion, the further development of the country's peasant farms should take place along an intensive path, taking into account the advanced experience of foreign countries, using the latest achievements of science and technology in production to obtain an increase in production through more efficient use of cultivated land, equipment and fertilizers.

Ownership rights of a peasant (farm) enterprise

thesis

1.1 History of the emergence and development of peasant (farm) farms

In Russia, the management of peasant (farm) farms began with the Stolypin agrarian reform, the essence of which was that by the Tsar’s Decree of November 9, 1906, each peasant was allowed to leave the community with his own allotment and become an independent and independent owner. The decree and subsequent legislative acts provided for the reduction of allotment land to a single tract (cut farm) or the isolation of a land plot with the construction of an estate on it - a residential building and outbuildings (farm farm). The reform gave some impetus to the development of capitalist relations in the Russian countryside, but could not ensure the progress of the productive forces of the agricultural sector due to the primitiveness of agricultural production History of State and Law of Russia / Edited by Vlasov V.I. - Rostov-on-Don. Phoenix.2005.- P. 133. .

In 1910, 43 percent of soil plowing tools were plows. There were only 187 tractors in the entire country. In 1901 - 1905, in 50 provinces, the average annual wheat yield was 45 poods per dessiatine (1.09 hectares), and in 1906 - 1910 - 42.7 poods, i.e. decreased and was four times less than in England, and two times less than in France History of State and Law of Russia / Ed. Titova Yu.P.-M. Jurayt.- P. 127. .

According to the 1912 census, 31.5 percent of peasant farms were horseless, so fertilizer (in the form of manure), if used correctly, could only be enough for 15 percent of crops. Ibid. .

Stolypin's transformations in the countryside were received ambiguously by almost all layers of Russian society, including the peasantry itself, whose worldview was built on the concepts of conciliarity and community.

The revolutionary events that followed led to the complete destruction of the nascent layer of farms, and the transfer of land into the ownership of peasants had to be forgotten for many years.

After the proclamation of agrarian and land reforms in 1990 - 1992, a new stage began in the history of the transformation of domestic agriculture. The formation of a competitive environment in the agricultural sector of the country's economy has become one of the main goals towards which the reformers' actions were aimed. However, the process of transferring agriculture to a market economy was difficult and contradictory.

These transformations began with the adoption in 1990 by the Second Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation of the Resolution "On the program for the revival of the Russian village and the development of the agro-industrial complex" Gazette of the Council of People's Commissars and the Supreme Court of the RSFSR. - 1991. - No. 1. - Art. 5., Law “On the Social Development of the Village” Gazette of the Council of People's Commissars and the Supreme Court of the RSFSR. - 1990. - No. 30. - Art. 411., adoption in 1990 - 1991 by the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation of the Land Code of the RSFSR Gazette of the SND and Supreme Court of the RSFSR. - 1991. - No. 22. - Art. 768., Laws "On Land Reform" Gazette of the Council of People's Commissars and the Supreme Court of the RSFSR. - 1990. - No. 26. - Art. 327., “On peasant (farm) farming” Gazette of the SND and Supreme Court of the RSFSR. - 1990. - No. 26. - Art. 324., "On enterprises and entrepreneurial activities" Gazette of the Council of People's Commissars and the Supreme Court of the RSFSR. - 1990. - No. 30. - Art. 418., “On the priority provision of the agro-industrial complex with material and technical resources” Gazette of the Council of People's Commissars and the Supreme Council of the RSFSR. - 1991. - No. 26. - Art. 878., “On payment for land” Gazette of the SND and the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. - 1991. - No. 44. - Art. 1424., as well as the entry into force of Resolutions of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR dated December 29, 1991 No. 86 “On the procedure for the reorganization of collective farms and state farms” SP RF.- 1992.- No. 1-2.- Art. 9. . These regulatory legal acts identified three most important areas of transformation in the agricultural sector: organizational-economic, social and legal.

In 1991, the first practical steps were taken in the formation of a multi-structure agrarian economy. One of these ways of life was farming - a small form of agribusiness on a family basis. Currently, about 264 thousand farms are registered in the Russian Federation, 14.3 million hectares of land are assigned to them. Utkin B. Clarification of the area of ​​the land plot // "Ezh-YURIST". - 2004. -No. 29.- P.11. .

However, their importance in agricultural production is small. In the structure of gross agricultural output, their share accounts for no more than 4 percent Kalinin N.I., Udachin A.A. Article-by-article Commentary on the Federal Law “On Peasant (Farm) Economy” - M. International Academy of Assessment and Consulting. 2004. - P. 46. . Of course, the problem of establishing farms in the Russian Federation has not only economic, but non-economic aspects. Creating a layer of competitive farms is possible only if a set of problems are solved: economic, legal and socio-demographic.

Without developing a concept for increasing the efficiency of farms, it is impossible to talk about their competition with large production forms.

The historical, geopolitical and economic conditions for the functioning of the Russian agricultural sector in Russia are such that the farming way of life cannot be dominant, as in Western countries. However, in Russia, family farms, under certain conditions, can become a significant component of a multi-structured agricultural economy. There is potential for the development of farming in Russia. The social base for the formation of farms before the start of agrarian reform in the Russian Federation was about 5 - 6 percent of the working-age population of the village, i.e. approximately 1.2 million people Gavrilyuk A. Four-time president // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. - 2003. - March 4. .

According to the State Statistics Committee, as of the beginning of March 2003, there were only 264 thousand peasant (farm) households in Russia (and their number did not increase over the previous six years) Gavrilyuk A. Four-time president // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. - 2003. - 4 Martha. .

Before the new Law came into force, many acts were adopted at the federal level to support peasant (farm) households. Among such acts containing legal norms, one should mention Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated July 27, 1993 No. 1139 “On some measures to support peasant (farmer) households and agricultural cooperatives” SAPP RF. - 1993. - No. 31. - Art. 2928., as well as government and departmental acts. These include, for example, Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR dated January 4, 1991 No. 9 “On supporting the development of peasant (farm) enterprises, their associations, unions and cooperatives” SP RSFSR. - 1991. - No. 7. - Art. 105. (effective as amended from 04/09/1992, 04/13/1993); Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated February 21, 1996 No. 165 “On state support for farm insurance companies” SZ RF. - 1996. - No. 9. - Art. 810. ; Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated December 18, 1996 No. 1499 “On the Federal Target Program for the Development of Peasant (Farm) Farms and Cooperatives for 1996-2000” SZ RF. - 1997. - No. 1. - Art. 157. (as amended on August 27, 1999); Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated May 3, 1999 No. 481 “On state support for peasant (farm) farms in 1999” SZ RF.- 1999.- No. 19.- Art. 2348. ; Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated December 7, 2000 No. 927 “On state support for the development of farming and other small businesses in agriculture” SZ RF.- 2000.- No. 50.- Art. 4906. ; Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated March 2, 2004 No. 121 “On reimbursement from the federal budget of part of the costs of paying interest on investment loans received in 2003-2004 from Russian credit organizations by agricultural producers and organizations of the agro-industrial complex of all forms of ownership, as well as peasant ( farms) for a period of up to 5 years" Rossiyskaya Gazeta. - 2004. - March 16. etc.

Subjects of the Russian Federation also carry out rule-making aimed at supporting farms. For example, in the Samara region this is the law dated 02/11/2004 No. 17-GD (as amended on 07/07/2005) "On approval of a comprehensive program for the development of the agro-industrial complex of the Samara region for 2004-2006 and the strategy for the development of the agro-industrial complex of the Samara region until 2015" Volga commune. - 2004. - February 13. .

Federal government bodies, government bodies of the constituent entities of the Federation and local governments are also required to provide support to farms in accordance with the legislation on small business.

As an analysis of legislation shows, the state pays a lot of attention to the development and support of entrepreneurship in rural areas. This is done both at the federal level and at the level of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Concept and characteristics of peasant (farm) farms

Land relations are the most important part of the sphere of social relations associated with a special object, land. At different periods of time (during the periods of preparation of the reforms of 1861, 1906, 1918), the land issue caused intense controversy...

Ownership rights of a peasant (farm) enterprise

A peasant (farm) economy is an association of citizens. This concept is often used in the legislation on non-profit organizations, and the reader may get the impression...

Legal status of peasant (farm) farms

Members of a peasant (farm) household are spouses and their children, adopted children, parents and other close relatives who jointly manage the farm (Clause 1, Article 1 of the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan “On Peasant (Farm) Farming”)...

Legal status of peasant (farm) farms

Legal status of peasant (farm) farms

The emergence of property rights is associated with the occurrence of certain legal facts, called the grounds for acquiring property rights, a non-exhaustive list of which is contained in Chapter 13 of the Civil Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan...

Legal regime of agricultural lands

A peasant (farm) economy is an association of citizens related by kinship and (or) property...

Legal regime of lands of agricultural commercial organizations and peasant (farm) farms

Current legislation provides for several types of rights on which the use of land by agricultural enterprises can be based: ownership, perpetual (permanent) use, temporary use, lease...

The origin of farms, which we now call peasant (farm) farms, began in Russia with the Stolypin agrarian reform. Its essence was...

Legal basis for the activities of peasant (farmer) farms

Legal basis for the activities of peasant (farmer) farms

In the current Federal Law “On Peasant (Farm) Farms”, in comparison with the RSFSR Law of 1990, the approach to issues of the right to create a peasant farm has changed significantly. Firstly...

Partnership as one of the types of commercial organizations in the Russian Federation

Article 86.1. Peasant (farm) enterprise 1. Citizens conducting joint activities in the field of agriculture without forming a legal entity on the basis of an agreement on the creation of a peasant (farm) enterprise (Article 23)...

The conditions for the seizure of land from peasant (farm) farms include: ? use of a land plot other than for the intended purpose of this category of land and in permitted ways; ? causing harm to the earth as a natural...

Conditions and procedure for the seizure of land from peasant (farm) farms

Land plots are confiscated if violations are not eliminated within the time limit...