The predicate is an integral part of almost any sentence. Regardless of how it is expressed and whether it is expressed in principle, it defines the subject. This member of a sentence can denote both an action and some attribute of an object, and answer various questions (from the banal and well-known “what did you do?” to the more difficult to perceive “which one?”). All this shows that there are different ways of expressing the predicate. So what are they, and what influences the division of predicates into different types?

Ways of expression

As you know, the ways of expressing the subject and predicate can be different. The first, for example, can be expressed:

• noun or pronoun ( Man/He appeared);
• infinitive ( Working is our direct responsibility);
• phraseological unit (Augean stables is the most accurate definition of this room) etc.

The same can be said about the predicate. Limiting this member of the sentence to only a verb would be a huge mistake. It can be represented:

• noun ( Knowledge is power);
• numeral ( Three times five is fifteen);
• adjective, and even in comparative form ( Beneath him is a stream of lighter azure);
• and verbs in all their manifestations - in different moods and types, verbs in combination with particles, infinitives, and so on.

That is, in principle, it is already clear that the diversity here is colossal. The table below will help you better imagine the ways of expressing the predicate:

Simple verb predicate

Let's start, perhaps, with the first type. The simple verb predicate is probably the most common. It is expressed by verbs in any form, namely:

Simple verb predicate - nuances

There are certain nuances here. Very often, the future tense of the indicative mood is not perceived as a simple verbal predicate - it also consists of two words. But this would be the same mistake as not considering PGS (this is how the name of this type of predicate is abbreviated) as a verb in combination with a particle.

Another controversial point is the distinction between a phraseological unit (although it would be more accurate to say here - a non-free phrase) and a compound nominal predicate. The first is easily replaced by a single verb ( We were given an order - We were ordered. Why did you hang your head? - Why are you sad?), whereas with a compound nominal predicate such a trick will not work, the only thing is that you can replace the linking verb with the word “was” ( He sat sad - He was sad).

Compound verb predicate

Let's move on to the next type of predicate - a compound verb. Here everything is as simple as in the simple one - there is an auxiliary verb, and an infinitive is adjacent to it ( He wanted to study). The only nuance in this case is the clear highlighting of this very auxiliary verb, because it can be represented not only by it:

1. Phrasal verbs of the beginning and end of an action ( Stopped bickering / Started taking action)
2. Modal verbs of intention, ability, will, desire ( We were going to visit. I can run. I wish to be free. I want to escape)
3. Verbs of emotions (Afraid of falling in love. Hates lying)
4. Some impersonal verbs ( Worth noting. Something to think about)
5. Short adjectives, the full form of which is either completely absent or has a different meaning ( Nice to meet you. It's great to invent. We are free to choose)
6. Some nouns ( Master of lying. Woman who likes to walk)
7. It is possible and it is not possible ( It can be noted. It is impossible not to recognize b)
8. Phraseologism ( Eager to come)

Methods of expressing the predicate with examples are the best way to understand this, albeit not very confusing, but still voluminous topic. The main thing in a compound nominal predicate is to understand the mechanism of its formation. This is a verb (or something that replaces it) plus an infinitive. Believe this formula and you will succeed.

Compound nominal predicate

We continue to study ways of expressing the predicate with the compound nominal predicate - the least favorite among schoolchildren. Its unpopularity is due to the fact that sometimes it can be very difficult to distinguish it from a simple verbal predicate. But first things first.

Verb linkage

A compound nominal predicate includes two parts - a verbal connective and a nominal part. Separately, it should be noted that if we are talking about the present tense, then the verb connective can be omitted ( He's beautiful). The verb connective is most often represented:

Yes, sometimes it is very difficult to identify an independent predicate with secondary members. A short test “Ways of expressing a predicate” will help us understand at least a little about this difficult topic.

1. What's the point of wandering around here! - It’s pointless to wander through the parks.
2. Lie motionless on the hill. - How long can you lie here?!
3. He could live as an ascetic, wanting nothing. - How are you going to live here?

These sentences present different ways of expressing the predicate, try to figure out what types of predicate are presented in each sentence.

Nominal part

We continue the topic “Compound nominal predicate” by studying its nominal part. It can be expressed:

1. Noun ( Was an actress)
2. The adjective in all its forms - short and full, degrees of comparison ( We are very glad to see you. Perfect voice).
3. Communion in all its forms - also short and full and also passive and active (K nothing has been read. Young man reading)
4. Pronoun ( The sky is yours)
5. By a numeral name and any combination with numbers (Seven five - thirty-five. The height of the building is two hundred meters)
6. Adverb ( I'm a little bit like her)
7. Interjection ( Your thoughts are on guard!)
8. Phraseologism and non-free phrases ( His soul is a sealed secret for me)

As you can see, the ways of expressing the predicate vary enormously - if there is really nothing to remember in a simple verb, then you will have to tinker with a compound nominal. But with the proper desire, everything will be fine.

Conclusion

Ways of expressing the subject and predicate are the topic of long and detailed scientific lectures. The most important thing in all this is to realize that the main members of a sentence are expressed can be different parts of speech, sometimes not even single, that they can have different types and sometimes at first glance it is very, very difficult to understand what is in front of you. The only teacher here is practice, and in addition, a table that can be constantly supplemented with examples will help you understand the ways of expressing the predicate.

1. Impersonal sentences are called, the predicate of which does not admit a subject, is not mixed with the nominative case; they denote actions and states that occur on their own, in the absence of their producer. Wed: The sky is darkening. It's already getting dark in the plain. The first sentence is personal: it talks about the sky (that it is getting dark). The 2nd sentence is impersonal: it talks about an action, but does not indicate who performs it.

Impersonal sentences can mean:

1. Being, existence: So was, however it's more there won't be. I hoped, however it turned out differently.

2. Natural phenomena and natural phenomena: It's getting light! Oh, how soon the night passed! And in the yard for a long time turned white. Lit up thunderstorm tree. At the sawmill yard is burning!

3. Phenomena attributed to fate, fate: No luck ! It worked out It’s not time for me to come.

4. Sensory perceptions, feelings: It smelled resin. From the sea carried damp and salty air. Quiet along the sleepy river sparkled a little ripple.

5. Conditions of the body, often painful: Eyes stick together, head tends down. My friend, my ears laid. At this very time was feverish And was breaking.

6. Psychological experiences: I felt sad somehow to me.

2. Predicate verbs in an impersonal sentence have the 3rd person singular form or the neuter singular form - in both cases, in the absence of indicating the producer of the action: I don't sleeping something. In the morning me was feverish .

3. The predicate of impersonal sentences in most cases is expressed following verbs:

1) Personal verbs in impersonal use (these are verbs that lose their configuration forms and freeze in the 3rd person singular or in the past tense): Senom smells; Wave smashed boat(cf. Hay smells; Wave broke boat - the same verbs are used in the personal form).

2) Personal verbs in impersonal use, which acquired a new lexical meaning and turned into impersonal verbs: To you lucky (about happiness, luck). Works enough (enough). Their personal forms lucky (Horse lucky), grabs (Fish enough bait) have a completely different meaning.

3) Actually impersonal verbs that do not have homonyms among personal verbs: It's getting dark. It's getting light.

4) The impersonal predicate is often expressed by a special impersonal form of verbs, formed from the 3rd person form or the neuter form by adding a suffix -sya: doesn't sleep - doesn't sleep Xia; didn’t believe - didn’t believe sya. This predicate denotes different states of people that do not depend on their will: Two o'clock in the morning... Can't sleep.

5) A verb can also be used as an impersonal verb it was - it will be(meaning “there was” - “there is”): Works was for two weeks. The true tense of a statement is indicated by a pause in place of the omitted verb: Work - for two weeks, and in case of negation - in an impersonal form No: Not there was time. - No time.

4. Other methods of expressing the predicate in impersonal sentences (these predicates are compound):

1) Compound verb predicate: Noticeably it's starting to get lighter.It was starting to get dark. To me I wanted to sleep .

2) Composite predicate, which includes adverbs of state category(it is possible, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is impossible, shameful, fearful, disgusting, pathetic, it’s time, offensive, funny, joyful, warm, painful, dry, damp, cold, comfortable etc.), copula and often indefinite form of the verb, for example: Was already dark. To you Cold a little. To me was it's a pity old man. Need to rebuild all my life. Us it's time to go. It was funny to hear the tinkling of a Russian bell. It was a pity to me break up with an old man. It was scary to stay in the dark. About the trip it was impossible to even think .

3) Compound nominal predicate, which includes a neuter form laconic passive participle(on -But And -That) : About resentment was forgotten. Already sent by mail.

4) Compound predicate in interrogative impersonal sentences, which includes indefinite verb form and interrogative pronouns or pronominal adverbs: Directions VSokolniki? Who to entrust this job? What Now do?Where to go from troubles?

5) Composite predicate, which includes indefinite form and indecomposable phrases consisting of a verb was - will be - is(in the meaning of “there is” - “there was”) and pronouns or pronominal adverbs with it (was with whom, will be where, is when etc . p.): To you there will be something to see and marvel. To me there was somewhere to stay.There is when I'll have some tea drink! etc. When negated in these combinations, negative pronouns or negative pronominal adverbs arise (with the particle Not): To me there was no one to turn to for advice. To you there will be nothing to do. When expressing real time, no verb There is with a negative pronoun or adverb there is no: To me no one to complain about- he will blame himself. There's no reason to close!

5. Infinitive sentences- these are impersonal sentences, the predicates of which can be expressed in one indefinite form, in the absence of any secondary words. Impersonal sentences with a similar predicate are usually used in colloquial speech. Their expression is accompanied by a special expressive intonation. Note. Some linguists distinguish infinitive sentences into a separate class of one-part sentences.

The predicate in infinitive sentences, expressed in an indefinite form, means:

1) inevitability of action: Be great thunderstorm;

2) need for action: Don't be stubborn, darling! Now myself and show !;

3) strong desire: One more minute see her, say goodbye with her, shake her hand;

4) impossibility of action (expressed in an indefinite form of a verb with negation Not): Don't give up for you crazy threesome! I will never do this for you!

5) indignation, indignation: joke, and century joke!;

6) categorical order: Be silent! stand up!

In connection with a particle would the indefinite form conveys all the colors of the subjunctive mood, like:

1) possibility of action: would be rain, if there is no wind;

2) desirability of action: Eh, me too would there go .

6. Exercises on the topic “Impersonal sentences.”

Exercise 1. Write by inserting the missing letters. Find impersonal sentences, determine their predicate and indicate how it is expressed.

1) It was quiet all around, so quiet that from the mosquito’s chewing it was possible to watch its flight.

2) It was funny to hear, in the midst of this dead sleep of nature, the snorting of a tired troika and the uneven jingling of a Russian bell.

3) It became stuffy in the hut..., and I went out into the air to freshen up.

4) He [Pechorin] came to me in full uniform and announced that he was ordered to stay in my fortress... .

5) He is like a poplar between them - only he...grows, he...blooms in our garden.

6) And his horse was famous in the whole of Kabarda, and, for sure, nothing could be better than this horse. No wonder all the riders were jealous of him and tried to steal it more than once, but they failed. 7) It would be better for me to abandon him [the horse] at the edge of the forest and hide in the forest on foot, but it would be a pity to part with him.

8) When the father returned, there was no... daughter, no... son.

9) The air became so thin that it was painful to breathe.

10) We had to descend another 5 versts through icy mountains and muddy snow. (M. Yu. Lermontov.)

Exercise 2. Using the examples, change personal sentences to impersonal ones.

Reference. I I want to learn the history of Moscow. - I want to teach the history of Moscow.

1) I didn’t want to lag behind others.

2) He does not sit in the monastery.

3) Grandma doesn’t sleep.

4) I didn’t believe in the success of the trip.

Reference.Snow covered all the roads. - All the roads were covered in snow.

1) The rain refreshed the greenery.

2) The wind broke a branch on the tree.

3) The hail spoiled the sprouts.

4) The narrow ice covered the puddles.

5) The fire immediately engulfed the entire roof.

6) The whole sky was covered with grayish clouds.

7) The hurricane demolished a huge number of huts.

Reference. U I have skis. - I don't have skis.

1) I have skates.

2) There were white mushrooms.

3) I had a horse.

4) I had free time.

5) He had a passion for drawing.

Source of material Internet site

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in 8th grade

Target lesson: To develop students’ understanding of impersonal sentences.

Tasks:

1.Introduce the concept of a one-part impersonal sentence.

2. Teach to distinguish impersonal sentences from other types of one-part sentences, determine ways of expressing the predicate in an impersonal sentence, the meaning of impersonal sentences.

4. Develop memory, speech, and thinking of students.

5. Cultivate interest in the subject, an active attitude to the process of cognition, attentive attitude to language and speech.

Lesson type : lesson explaining new material.

Equipment : textbook, computer, projector, interactive whiteboard or teaching handout.

PROGRESS OF THE LESSON

I. Organizational moment (introductory speech by the teacher).

Hello guys! Let's start our lesson. We use this sentence very often. What is special about this proposal? (this is a one-part sentence, there is no subject)

Today in class we will talk about one-part sentences.

And we'll start with a little warm-up.

Continue the statement:

1. The main member of the sentence, answering the question of what the subject of speech does, is……( predicate) .

2.If a sentence has two main members, then this sentence is.... ( two-part).

3. The subject can be easily restored in sentences….( definitely personal).

4. In indefinite-personal sentences, the predicate has the form…. (3 l. plural ).

II. Updating knowledge.

Read the sentences and indicate the one-part sentences: (write on the board)

a) The winter cold reigns in the forest.

b) You walk through the winter forest and admire its beauty. (generalized-personal, narrative with a generalized meaning; the predicate is expressed by a 2nd person verb, singular)

c) The snow sparkles and shimmers in the moonlight.

d) Look, Vasya, in the spirit of the domchi: you are taking the master ( definitely-personal, the predicate is expressed by a 2-liter verb, singular.)

e) Since then they called him Khorem (indefinite-personal, the predicate is expressed by a verb of the 3rd letter, plural, pr. tense)

f) Ermolai threw several spruce branches into the fire.

d) There was a storm outside the window. (impersonal, the predicate is expressed by an impersonal verb). Students find it difficult to determine the type of sentence.

Tell us about those one-part sentences that you already know according to the scheme: (the diagram is written on the board)

Explain the name (definition)

Predicate form

Use in speech

Pay attention to the last sentence. Is it possible to answer the question of who produces the action or experiences the state in the form of I.p.? ( No).

III. Learning new material

Such sentences are called impersonal. Today we will talk about impersonal sentences. Let's formulate the objectives of our lesson. (Tasks are formulated by students independently, under the guidance of a teacher)

We need to find out:

- definition of an impersonal sentence;

- ways of expressing the predicate in an impersonal sentence;

-meanings of impersonal sentences;

-the role of impersonal sentences in the text.

Impersonal sentences are the most diverse and most common group of one-part sentences. Look at the handout. Here are the proposals. Read them.

1. I think mostly about the end of the world. 2. It began to howl and sing in the distance, thickly and piercingly. 3. My soul felt light and joyful. 4. You can talk endlessly about bears, like devils. 5. There is no sleep, there is the appearance of it. 6. The room was smoky.7. The sun has set and I need to go home.

Let's draw conclusions.

What are the features of impersonal sentences? (They do not and cannot have a subject)

Together with the teacher, students come to the conclusion that the sentences report an action or state that cannot be attributed to the person expressed by the subject, i.e. there is no subject and cannot be.

Now you have to figure out how the predicate in these sentences is expressed. Let's turn to the textbook materials. The theory textbook by V.V. will help you. Babaytseva paragraph 183, pp. 189-190.

Independent work with handouts to analyze the table “Ways of expressing the predicate in an impersonal sentence.”

In these sentences, identify the grammatical basics and indicate how they are expressed, using the tables on your tables and the textbook material.

1. Impersonal verb (with -sya and without -sya)

I think mostly about the end of the world.

2 Personal verb in impersonal meaning.

It began to howl and sing in the distance, thickly and piercingly.

3. State category word starting with -o

My soul felt light and joyful.

4. Combination of a verb or word of the state category in –o with an infinitive

You can talk endlessly about bears, like devils.

5. A negative word or construction expressing negation.
There is no dream, there is the appearance of it.

6. Short passive participle of the neuter gender with the suffixes –n-, -en-, -t-.

The room was smoky.

7. Infinitive (modal word combined with infinitive)

The sun has set and I need to go home.

Let's draw conclusions.

What are the features of impersonal sentences? (They do not and cannot have a subject).

- How can the predicate be expressed in an impersonal sentence? ( An impersonal verb, a personal verb in impersonal use., With infinitive (modal word combined with an infinitive).

Let's see if you can distinguish impersonal sentences from other one-part sentences. Let's run the test.

1. Specify the type of one-part sentence:"It's quiet all around."

a) impersonal

b) definitely personal

c) nominative

d) vaguely personal

2. Find an impersonal sentence.

a) There is no winter without snow.

b) Frost covered all the trees.

V) In winter, everyone loves a sheepskin coat.

G) Winter night is the longest.

3. Find an impersonal sentence.

A) I see pine trees and clouds high above my head.

b) The winter cold smelled across the fields and forests.

c) What splendor and tranquility

d) In winter you won’t hear birds singing.

4. Find an impersonal sentence.

A) The Christmas tree has already been decorated.

b) I see a snow-covered clearing.

c) The breeze blows.

d) If you like to ride, you also like to carry sleds.

5. Find a complex sentence that includes a one-part impersonal sentence.

A) Winter got angry: she decided to freeze everyone.

b) A wonderful picture, how dear you are to me: a white plain, a full moon.

V) Winter sings and calls, the shaggy forest is lulled by the ringing sounds of the pine forest.

G) The morning is clear, frosty, and I can’t sit at home.

Both test and verification can be carried out in different ways.

Well done, let's continue our work and remember the tasks that we formulated at the beginning of the lesson. ( Still need to knowmeanings of impersonal sentences; the role of impersonal sentences in the text.)

Can we guess which texts most often use impersonal sentences? I offer you the following job. It is necessary to read the text, determine the style, speech, and topic of the text. Write out impersonal sentences, analyze them by members of the sentence. You can work independently or in pairs.Text on cards

1. My soul felt so good, so joyful! Your heart is beating loudly and yearning for space, and you just want to rush and fly somewhere. There are some wonderful thoughts crowding into my head that take my breath away. I want to be kind, good; I want to do something extraordinary, so that everyone will be surprised, so that everyone will feel as good as I do.

2. In the afternoon it became unbearably stuffy. You could feel the approach of a thunderstorm in the air. The clouds floating across the sky became darker and darker. It became difficult to breathe. The flowers drooped their tender heads in languor and fell silent in motionless anticipation of the rain. Finally, in the distance, like the growl of an approaching beast, the first dull rumble of thunder was heard. There was a moment of languid calm, and the rain drummed dully on the boards with which the gardener was quickly covering the glass of the greenhouse. The greenhouse became as dark as night.

So, let's look at the written sentences and draw a conclusion: where can we find impersonal sentences most often?
(In literary texts, to convey the human condition, describe the state of nature).

Which sentence sounds better: "Evening Comes" or "Evening"; "I wanted to cry" or “I wanted to cry”?

Let's draw a conclusion about the role of impersonal sentences in speech. (Impersonal sentences have a special expressiveness; they succinctly depict the states of nature and man; they convey a personal attitude, perception of reality)

IV. Summing up the lesson, homework (reflection).

The lesson is coming to an end. Have we answered the questions posed at the beginning of the lesson? What new have you learned? What have you learned? Where will you use the acquired knowledge?

At home, I suggest you complete the exercises and compose a text on the topic “Autumn Day” only from impersonal sentences.

Russian lesson summary

in 8th grade

on the topic “Impersonal offer”

Target lesson: Continue to develop students’ understanding of impersonal sentences.

Tasks:

1.Expand and deepen the concept of one-part impersonal sentences, give an idea of ​​the functional and stylistic possibilities of impersonal sentences.

2. Practice the ability to distinguish impersonal sentences from other types of one-part sentences, determine ways of expressing the predicate in an impersonal sentence, the meaning of impersonal sentences.

3. To develop the ability to use impersonal sentences in oral and written speech.

4.Develop memory, speech, and thinking of students.

5. Cultivate interest in the subject, an active attitude to the process of cognition, promote the development of ideas about the richness of expression of thoughts, the beauty of the Russian language.

Lesson type : a lesson in consolidating new material and developing skills.

Equipment: textbook, computer, projector, interactive whiteboard and/or teaching handouts (tests, texts).

PROGRESS OF THE LESSON

I. Organizational moment.

Good afternoon, guys. Today we will continue our study of the topic “Impersonal Sentences” and we will start by checking our homework.

II. Updating knowledge, checking homework.

First, let's answer the questions that I will ask you. The answer should be one word: YES or NO

1. Is an impersonal sentence a one-part sentence? ( YES)

2. Is there a subject, i.e. the person performing the action in an impersonal sentence? ( NO)

3.Are the concepts of an impersonal verb and an impersonal sentence related? (YES)

4. Do impersonal verbs change according to persons and numbers? (NO)

5. Is it possible to restore the subject in an impersonal sentence? (NO)

6. The predicate in impersonal sentences can be expressed by the words no, was not? (YES)

How else can the predicate be expressed in an impersonal sentence? (An impersonal verb, a personal verb in impersonal use., With a word category of a state, a combination of a verb or a word of a category of a state - an infinitive, a negative word or a construction expressing negation, a short passive participle, infinitive (modal word combined with infinitive)

- What do impersonal sentences mean and express? (WITH state of man, state of nature)

Now let’s listen to your essays on the topic “Autumn Day,” consisting only of impersonal sentences (the work of several students is heard and evaluated).

III. Main part (deepening knowledge, developing skills, practicing skills)

Which texts use impersonal sentences? ( in fiction texts)

Today we have to reveal the wealth of meanings of impersonal sentences and their functional and stylistic possibilities, using the texts of the works of the great Russian writer I.S. Turgenev.

A conversation can be held about the writer, based on the knowledge of the students, messages can be prepared in advance with several students, or the teacher can confine himself to the word.

In literature lessons, which were devoted to the works of I.S. Turgenev, we studied his stories from the collection “Notes of a Hunter”. Remind me which ones(“Bezhin Meadow”, “The Burmister”, “Two Landowners”, “Yermolai and the Miller’s Wife”, “Khor and Kalinich” ).

I.A. Goncharov wrote about Turgenev’s “Notes of a Hunter”: “How vividly it is told - delightful!.. Turgenev is a true artist, creator...” And behind this high assessment is Turgenev’s ability to tell about Russia as you see it. He has amazing skill in describing Russian people and Russian nature.

Let's touch this wealth and see how many possibilities for expressing thoughts and feelings are hidden in one-part impersonal sentences.

During the lesson we will turn to examples from the works of this wonderful Russian writer. And here is the first task.

Read the sentences. Find the extra sentences and justify your answer. Write down the sentences, indicate the way to express the predicate. ( Students work independently, then a test is carried out (maybe a pair test or a frontal test).

Task on the board or cards:

There was no wind.( weather conditions )

Meanwhile, it got completely dark outside . (state of nature )

As for other matters, let’s now move on to another landowner. (O\L)

I was sorry to part with the old man . (human condition )

It's so drowsy and quiet all around. ( state of the environment )

After all, this is a sin. ( action evaluation )

I myself happened to notice involuntary signs of some kind of gloomy ferocity in him. ( designation of randomness of action )

Let's pay attention to the meanings of the sentences. Please note that the sentence may contain an assessment of the action, the action occurs without a producer, occurs independently of someone’s will, i.e. spontaneously. Impersonal offers provide the opportunity to express most subtly and accurately this kind of actions and states that occur spontaneously, on their own, and within us - against our will, to express the modal attitude of the speaker to what is being communicated.

Let's turn to the text .

The text can be presented in various ways: with missing punctuation, with missing spelling, or in a deformed form.

- Read the text.

Students read a passage from the text independently, then have one person read aloud.

From which work by I.S. Turgenev this passage?("Bezhin Meadow")

What is this passage talking about?(The narrator lost his way, got lost....

Let's write down the first sentence and parse it.

One student works at the board.

Is there a one-part sentence within this complex sentence?(Yes, ...there was no road there..., this sentence indicates the absence of something).

Tell me, are there any other impersonal sentences in this passage? (Yes, now you need to take the right again.)

- What does this sentence express, what meaning does it have?(The sentence has the modal meaning of should).

- Where is this sentence located, in what part of the text?(at the end of the paragraph, closes the SSC)

- The functioning of impersonal verbal sentences is associated with the formation of text integrity. Such sentences can act as a means of coherence in the SSC, i.e. realize internal connections in the disclosure of micro-topics, creating the semantic integrity of the text. The first sentence gives an assessment of a phenomenon or action, which is then revealed, and the last sentence completes the STS by organizing the text, dividing it into semantic parts.

Impersonal sentences are woven into the literary text as a necessary component of the narrative. Impersonal verbal structures at the beginning of the narrative can express the general visual background of the phenomenon, which is then described in detail, the general state of a person’s psychophysical perception, give an assessment of any phenomenon or action, which is then revealed. Impersonal structures can contain a result, show the completion of a process, a conclusion about the state and feelings of the hero. Read the passage again.

IV. Summing up the lesson

What new things have you learned about impersonal offers? What conclusion can we draw? (Impersonal sentences are very diverse in meaning. With the help of impersonal sentences, you can give an expressive description of the physical or moral state of a person. Impersonal sentences are often used in artistic speech to describe landscapes, settings where events take place, to express various shades - necessity, opportunity, etc. With their help, the action can be given a touch of spontaneity. in the works of I.S. Turgenev, impersonal sentences are used in the speech of the narrator and in the dialogues of the characters. This makes their speech more expressive. Impersonal sentences participate in the organization of the text).

As the final stage of the lesson, I offer you the following task. Carefully read the sentences from the works of I.S. Turgenev and fill out the table indicating the sentence numbers. An additional plus if you indicate next to which story this sentence is from.

Offer type

Serial number of the offer

Two-piece

Definitely personal

Vaguely personal

Impersonal

They brought us straw and hay there... N/L

A boy of about fifteen sat as a coachman and had difficulty holding a well-fed stallion. D

In general, Arkady Pavlych is considered one of the most educated nobles and the most enviable suitors of our province... B

Meanwhile dinner was served. N/L

Arina returned with a small decanter and glass. D

There was no wind... B

Ermolai was ordered to deliver a couple of quails to the master's kitchen. B

If you allow me, I’ll stay overnight in your hay barn. O/L

I opened my eyes and saw Kalinich. D

I was sorry to part with the old man. B

Come and visit me. O/L

Arkady Pavlych lowered his head and looked at him thoughtfully from under his brows. D.

I was bought off. N/L

Work can be time limited, checked by the teacher after the lesson, or selectively during the lesson.

VI. Homework.

Do an exercise in which you need to replace an impersonal sentence with a synonymous construction; write down impersonal sentences (6-7) from Turgenev’s story “Asya”.

N.A. SHAPIRO

Continuation. See the beginning in No. 39, 43/2003

One-part sentences.
Incomplete sentences

Definition of a one-part sentence

In Russian, all simple sentences according to the nature of the grammatical basis are divided into two types - two-part And one-piece. Two-part sentences have a subject and a predicate. Dissuaded grove golden birch cheerful tongue.(S. Yesenin) Poet you may not be , But must be a citizen . (N. Nekrasov) In one-part sentences there is only one main member, and the second is not needed to understand the meaning of the sentence. Late autumn. In the yards tourniquet dry leaves. Everything earlier it's getting dark. At school, the main member of a one-part sentence is called, like the main members of two-part sentences, the subject or predicate. Linguistic scientists usually use the term “main member of a one-part sentence.”

All one-part sentences are divided into sentences with the main member - the subject and sentences with the main member - the predicate (otherwise they are called, respectively, nominal and verbal one-part sentences).

It is important to understand the difference between one-part sentences and incomplete ones, which can also have only one main member. Wed: 1) – Dry leaves are being burned in the courtyards. 2) – What do wipers do in the fall? – Dry leaves are burned in the yards. In the first case, it is reported that a certain action is being performed, but who performs it is not important. This is a one-part proposal. In the second case, an action is reported that is performed by a specific subject - the wipers. Subject wipers missing, but easily recovered from the previous sentence. This means that the second sentence is two-part incomplete.

Name sentences

One-part sentences in which the main member is expressed by a noun in the nominative case or a syntactically indecomposable phrase are called nominal. Cinema. Three benches.(O. Mandelstam) Twenty-one. Night. Monday. The outlines of the capital in the darkness.(A. Akhmatova) The greenery of the laurel, almost to the point of trembling. The door is open, the window is dusty.(I. Brodsky) Such sentences are said to express the meaning of beingness. It is thanks to this meaning that a word or phrase “turns” into a sentence.

Nominal sentences may have some additional grammatical meanings, such as concrete demonstrative (expressed by the particle Here: Here's the mill); emotional assessment (expressed using special particles what, like this, well, what the, this etc.). It is important to distinguish nominal sentences with a particle Here from two-part ones with a pronoun This. Here's a chair– one-part noun sentence; This is a chair– two-part, where This– subject, and chair– a compound nominal predicate with a zero connective.

The teacher should pay special attention to students on how the order of words in a sentence can affect its composition. Yes, in a sentence Warm day the subject and definition, expressed by the adjective, standing before the word being defined, are easily detected. This is a one-part nominative common sentence. In the sentence Warm day there is a subject and a compound nominal predicate with a zero connective and a nominal part expressed by an adjective after the subject. This is a two-part unexpanded proposal.

Another case is more complicated. Offer It was boring listening to him is considered a one-component impersonal with a compound verbal predicate, where instead of an auxiliary verb there is a word of the state category boring and a linking verb. But if the infinitive is put in first place - Listen to him was boring, it can be considered as the subject, then it was boring– a compound nominal predicate, where the nominal part is expressed by a short adjective (cf. The listening was boring).

In the Russian language there are sentences in which, at first glance, there are no main members at all: Snow! Trees! Noise, noise!(Meaning: So much snow (trees, noise)!) Not a speck of dust. They are not studied in the school course. The grammatical meaning of beingness seems to allow us to classify these sentences as denominative. But the only member of such a sentence cannot be considered as the subject, because it is expressed by a noun not in the nominative, but in the genitive case. Many linguists call such sentences genitive (by the Latin name of the genitive case), and those sentences that we call nominative - nominative (by the Latin name of the nominative case), combining both of them into the type “nominal one-part sentences”.

When the only main member of a sentence is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, and the secondary members depend on the main one and form a phrase with it ( Early morning; End of the alley; House on the outskirts etc.), no one doubts that this proposal is one-part.

But there are also controversial cases. If the minor member has adverbial or objective meaning (I have the blues; There is a holiday in the house), some scholars consider the sentence to be two-part with an omitted predicate on the grounds that neither an adverbial nor an object can relate to the subject. Other scholars consider such sentences to be denominative, with a special minor member that relates to the entire sentence, extending it as a whole, and is called a determiner.

Exercise

Are the highlighted sentences denominative?

A wonderful man, Ivan Ivanovich!.. What apple and pear trees he has right next to his windows! He loves melons very much. This is his favorite food.

- Tell me, please, what do you need this gun for, which is set out to air out along with the dress?.. Listen, give it to me!
- How can you! This gun is expensive. You won't find guns like this anywhere anymore. Even when I was getting ready to join the police, I bought it from Turchin... How is that possible? This is a necessary thing...
- A good gun!(N. Gogol)

Answer. Title suggestions: What apple and pear trees he has right next to his windows! And Nice gun! Offer Listen, give it to me!- one-part, but not denominative, because the main member in it is not the subject, but the predicate. All other highlighted sentences have both a subject and a predicate, i.e. they are two-part.

One-part sentences with the main member - the predicate

One-part sentences with the main member - the predicate - are divided into definitely personal, indefinitely personal, generalized personal, and impersonal. These types differ in two main ways: a) in how expressed the idea of ​​the actor is; b) according to the morphological forms of the verb used as the main member of the sentence. In other words, different types of one-part sentences make it possible, with varying degrees of specificity, to imagine who performs the action, or contain an indication that there is no such producer at all, it is impossible to imagine him.

Moreover, each type of sentence has its own forms of the predicate verb, and they do not intersect, i.e. by the form of the verb, you can determine the type of one-part sentence (with the exception of generalized personal sentences, which will be discussed separately).

Definitely personal proposals

Definitely personal These are one-part sentences in which the actor is not named, but is thought of as a well-defined person - the speaker himself or his interlocutor. In other words, in definite personal sentences the subject is easily restored - the 1st or 2nd person pronoun (I, we, you, you). This is possible because the predicate in a definite personal sentence is expressed only by a verb of the 1st or 2nd person of the indicative or imperative mood.

I'm sorry the fever of youth and youthful fever and youthful delirium.(A. Pushkin) Linen on the river I'm rinsing, my two flowers growing.. . (M. Tsvetaeva) I laughed: “Oh, prophesy We’ll probably both be in trouble.”(A. Akhmatova) Let's praise, brothers, twilight of freedom...(O. Mandelstam) Don't come near to her with questions.(A. Blok) Come , let's drink guilt, let's have a snack bread or plums. Tell me let me know. I'm going to bed you in the garden under the clear sky and I'll tell you what are the names of the constellations?(I. Brodsky)

It is important to note that in definite-personal sentences the predicate cannot be expressed by a verb in the past tense or in the conditional mood, since in these forms there is no person meaning (Cf. Came up. I didn't show my excitement...(A. Akhmatova) In the first sentence it is impossible to restore the subject. You? She? This means that this sentence is not definitely personal, but two-part, incomplete. Which subject is missing can only be determined from the following lines: She sat down like a porcelain idol in the position she had chosen long ago.).

Exercise

Find one-part sentences in the text, determine the type of each of them.

Steppe again. Now the village of Abadzekhskaya lies widely on the horizon - its pyramidal poplars turn blue, its church turns blue. The air trembles with heat. The faces of the Solovyov girls take on an expression calm to the point of sternness - they hide their fatigue. But finally the village of Abadzekhskaya enters our lives, surrounding us with white huts and front gardens with mallow.
Here we made our first stop. River bank, low hedge, someone's gardens. Swimming in familiar water from an unfamiliar shore. Everyone is happy with the transition and pleasantly surprised that I am not tired, and I am more than anyone else. We collect brushwood, make a fire, the girls cook conder - either soup or millet porridge with lard. (E. Schwartz)

Answer. Title suggestions: Steppe again. River bank, low hedge, someone's gardens. Swimming in familiar water from an unfamiliar shore. Definitely personal proposal: We collect brushwood and make a fire(part of a complex sentence).

Vaguely personal proposals

Vaguely personal are called one-part sentences, where the actor is thought of as an indefinite person who does not interest the speaker. Such sentences are used when it is necessary to show that the action itself is important, and not the producer of the action. The predicate in such sentences necessarily has a plural form (although this does not mean that there are many implied figures), in the present and future tense. incl. and in command. incl. – 3rd person plural form. h.

After all, it’s only here that treasure nobility!(A. Griboyedov) We have scold everywhere, and everywhere they accept.(A. Griboyedov) Let me will announce Old Believer...(A. Griboyedov) But, without asking her advice, the girl got lucky to the crown. And at their table there are guests wore dishes by rank. Whenever left I was free, how quickly I would run into the dark forest! Just you will be locked up, will be imprisoned on the fool's chain and through the bars like an animal to tease you will come . (A. Pushkin) They took me away you at dawn...(A. Akhmatova) I let them take it away lanterns...(A. Akhmatova)

Exercise

Find in the text all the sentences in which the predicates are expressed by verbs in plural form. Which one is indefinitely personal? Try changing the remaining sentences into vaguely personal ones.

One day, the goddess Eris threw an apple with the inscription: “To the most beautiful” to the three inhabitants of Olympus - Hera, Athena and Aphrodite. Each goddess, of course, hoped that the apple was intended for her. Zeus ordered Paris to resolve the dispute.
By birth, Paris was a Trojan prince, but he lived not in a palace, but among shepherds. The fact is that his parents Priam and Hecuba, even before the birth of their son, received a terrible prophecy: because of the boy, Troy would perish. The baby was taken to Mount Ida and abandoned there. Paris was found and raised by shepherds. Here, on Ida, Paris judged the three goddesses. He recognized Aphrodite as the winner, but not disinterestedly: she promised the young man the love of the most beautiful woman in the world. (O. Levinskaya)

Answer. Vaguely personal sentence: baby carried to Mount Ida and abandoned there.
Possible modifications to other proposals: In Troy, even before the birth of the king's son, they received a terrible prophecy. Paris was found on Mount Ida and raised as a shepherd.

Generalized-personal proposals

Among one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, there are those in which the actor is thought of as a generalized person, i.e. the action relates to every person, to everyone; This meaning is especially common in proverbs: Soldiers are not born (i.e. no one can be born a soldier right away). Without difficulty Not take it out and fish from the pond. Quiet you're going- further you will.

As can be seen from the examples given, the predicate verbs in these sentences are in the same form as in definite-personal or indefinite-personal sentences. And yet, sentences with such a generalized meaning are often distinguished into a special type - generalized-personal offers.

Impersonal offers

Impersonal these are called one-component sentences in which the action is not correlated with any agent; in other words, there is no producer of action at all, he cannot be imagined.

To me can't sleep, no fire... They've been talking about Lensky's wedding for a long time it was decided. How funny shod with sharp iron on your feet, slide along the mirror of standing, smooth rivers! And it’s a pity for the old woman’s winter... But how any sometimes in the autumn, in the silence of the evening, in the village visit family cemetery... How long will I walk in the world, sometimes in a carriage, sometimes on horseback, sometimes in a wagon, sometimes in a carriage, sometimes in a cart, sometimes on foot? Where should we go? swim? (A. Pushkin)

The grammatical indicator of impersonality is the 3rd person singular form. h. (for present and future tense, as well as for the imperative mood): Smells hay. Today it will be hot. Let you sleeping like at home;

unit form Part neuter (for the past tense, as well as for the conditional mood): boat carried away to the middle of the river. Her would have been carried away and further, if not for the snag;

infinitive: Be rain.

As can be seen from the examples given above, impersonal sentences convey the state of nature and the environment, the human condition, the inevitability, desirability, possibility and impossibility of something.
Impersonal sentences are very diverse in the ways of expressing the predicate.
A simple verbal predicate in an impersonal sentence can be expressed:

a) impersonal verb (It's getting dark);
b) a personal verb in an impersonal form (Veterom blew away hat. Wed. Wind blew away hat – two-part sentence, subject – wind));
c) verb be with a negative particle or word No (Parcels No And there was no) ;
d) verb in indefinite form (This not to happen).

In a compound verbal predicate, the following can act as an auxiliary verb:

a) impersonal verbs should, I want, lucky etc. (I had to All do again);
b) personal phase verb ( It's starting to get dark );
c) instead of an auxiliary verb, short passive participles and special words of the state category are often used it’s impossible, it’s possible, it’s necessary, it’s a pity, it’s time, sin etc. . (Allowed for free carry one piece of luggage. Can be closed door. It's a pity was to part. It's time to leave in the field. It's a sin to complain due to lack of time).

A compound nominal predicate in an impersonal sentence consists of a nominal component - words of the state category or short passive past participles - and a linking verb in an impersonal form (in the present tense - the zero connective). (Us it was fun. It's getting lighter And quiet. In the evenings in the city dangerous. In the room tidied up.).

Word No

What part of speech does the strange word belong to? No? It does not change, there cannot be an auxiliary verb or connective with it, it is impossible to pose a question to it... And yet we discover that this word can act as the main one - and the only one! – a member in a one-part impersonal sentence.
Dictionaries say that No can be a negative particle, opposite in meaning to the particle Yes(– Have you finished reading the book yet?– No .). But when this word turns out to be a predicate in an impersonal sentence, we call it an invariable verbal form ( No - Means does not exist, is absent). This word is not found in any Slavic language except Russian. How was it formed?
In the Old Russian language there was an expression don't eat that one, Where that - adverb with meaning Here. From this expression the word first appeared There is not, and then the final one at disappeared, they began to talk and write No, although in colloquial speech you can find There is not so far (No one There is not Houses).

Often there are sentences with several main members - subjects or predicates. (Fog, wind, rain. It's getting dark, it's getting cold, getting stronger blowing from the sea.) It seems that such subjects or predicates can be called homogeneous. But it is more correct to consider that we are faced with complex sentences in which each part is a one-part sentence.

Exercises

1. Select the predicates in impersonal sentences.

We should tell you more about this tenant, because suspicion fell on him first of all. But they fell a little later, about an hour later, and at that moment he was standing at the entrance, listening to music and was beyond suspicion. However, he stood dejectedly... Suddenly he squared his shoulders, raised his head more proudly and walked straight towards us. However, it was not easy to approach us. (Yu. Koval)

Answer.I should tell you, it was not easy to approach.

2. Find one-part sentences in the text. Determine the type of each of them, highlight the predicate.

Since mom is always busy with laundry, she always needs a lot of water, and we don’t have a tap in the yard. And mother, and Marusya, and I must get water in the distant backyards of one of the neighboring houses in order to fill the insatiable barrel to the top. You bring four buckets, and your eyes turn green, and your legs and arms tremble, but you need to carry the fifth, sixth, seventh, otherwise your mother will have to go get water, and we want to save her from this - Marusya and I. (K. Chukovsky)

Answer. Bring it four buckets – definitely personal (or generalized personal). ...to pour an insatiable barrel to the top; in the eyes turns green, need to be carried fifth, sixth, seventh, otherwise have to go for water for mom - impersonal.

3. Find incorrect statements.

1) In one-part sentences there cannot be a predicate expressed by a verb in the conditional mood.
2) In an indefinite-personal sentence, the predicate is necessarily expressed by a verb in plural form.
3) There are one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, in which there are no verbs.
4) In definite personal sentences, the subject is easily restored - a personal pronoun of the 1st, 2nd or 3rd person.
5) In impersonal sentences, the predicate verb cannot be used in the plural form.
6) If there is no subject in the sentence, and the predicate is expressed by a verb in the feminine or masculine singular form. part last vr., this two-part sentence is incomplete.

Answer. 1, 4.

4. Find in the text: a) a one-part indefinite personal sentence; b) a one-part impersonal sentence.

1) The most difficult thing was in the Sumerian letter depict abstract concepts, proper names, as well as various function words and morphemes. 2) The rebus principle helped with this. 3) For example, the arrow sign was used not only for the word arrow, but also for the word life, which sounded the same. 4) Constantly applying the rebus principle, the Sumerians assigned to some signs not a specific meaning, but a sound reading. 5) As a result, syllabic signs arose that could denote a certain short sequence of sounds, most often a syllable. 6) Thus, it was in Sumer that the connection between spoken speech and written signs was first formed, without which real writing is impossible.

Answer. a) – 3); b) – 1).

Incomplete sentences

Incomplete is a sentence in which any member (or group of members) is missing. The missing part of the sentence can be restored from the context or is clear from the speech situation.

Here is an example of incomplete sentences in which the missing subject is restored from the context.

She walked and walked. And suddenly in front of him from the hill the master sees a house, a village, a grove under the hill and a garden above the bright river.(A.S. Pushkin.) (Context – previous sentence: In a clear field, in the silvery light of the moon, immersed in her dreams, Tatiana I walked alone for a long time.)

Examples of incomplete sentences, the missing members of which are restored from the situation.

He knocked down his husband and wanted to look at the widow’s tears. Unscrupulous!(A.S. Pushkin) - Leporello’s words, a response to the desire expressed by his master, Don Guan, to meet Dona Anna. It is clear that the missing subject is He or Don Guan .

– Oh my God! And here, next to this tomb!(A.S. Pushkin.) This is an incomplete sentence - Dona Anna’s reaction to the words of the protagonist of “The Stone Guest”: Don Guan admitted that he was not a monk, but “an unfortunate victim of a hopeless passion.” In his remark there is not a single word that could take the place of the missing members of the sentence, but based on the situation they can be approximately restored as follows: “ Do you dare say it here, next to this tomb!”

May be missed:

subject: How firmly she stepped into her role!(A.S. Pushkin) (The subject is restored from the subject from the previous sentence: How has it changed Tatiana!);

He would have disappeared like a blister on the water, without any trace, leaving no descendants, without providing future children with either a fortune or an honest name!(N.V. Gogol) (Subject I restored by the addition from the previous sentence: Whatever you say,” he said to himself, “if the police captain doesn’t arrive, to me Perhaps it would not have been possible to look at the light of God again!)(N.V. Gogol);

addition:And I took it in my arms! And I was pulling my ears so hard! And I fed him gingerbread!(A.S. Pushkin) (Previous sentences: How Tanya has grown! How long ago, it seems, did I baptize you?);

predicate: Just not on the street, but from here, through the back door, and there through the courtyards. (M.A. Bulgakov) (Previous sentence: Run!);

several members of the sentence at once, including the grammatical basis:How long ago?(A.S. Pushkin) (Previous sentence: Are you composing Requiem?)

Incomplete sentences are often found in complex sentences: He is happy if she puts a fluffy boa on her shoulder...(A.S. Pushkin) You Don Guana reminded me of how you scolded me and clenched your teeth with gnashing.(A.S. Pushkin) In both sentences, the subject missing in the subordinate clause is restored from the main sentence.

Incomplete sentences are very common in spoken language, particularly in dialogue, where the initial sentence is usually an extended, grammatically complete one, and subsequent remarks tend to be incomplete sentences because they do not repeat words already named.

– I'm angry with my son.
– For what?
– For an evil crime.(A.S. Pushkin)

It happens that students mistakenly consider sentences incomplete in which not a single member is missing, for example: He's a genius, like you and me(A.S. Pushkin), saying that they are also incomprehensible without context . It is important to explain that sentence incompleteness is primarily a grammatical phenomenon, and it is grammatical incompleteness that causes semantic incompleteness. In the example given, the ambiguity is caused by the use of pronouns. Students should be reminded that pronouns always need to be explained in context.

Exercises

1. Find incomplete sentences and restore missing members.

And Tanya enters the empty house where our hero recently lived. ...Tanya is further away; The old woman said to her: “Here is the fireplace; here the master sat alone... This is the master's office; Here he rested, ate coffee, listened to the clerk’s reports and read a book in the morning...” (A.S. Pushkin)

Answer. Tanya ( coming) further... Old lady ( speaks) to her...

2. Find parts of complex sentences that are incomplete sentences and highlight them.

You are tolerant if you do not clench your fists when people contradict you. You are tolerant if you can understand why they hate you so much or love you so annoyingly and troublesomely, and you can forgive all this for both. You are tolerant if you are able to reasonably and calmly negotiate with different people, without hurting their pride and deep down in your soul, excusing them for being different from you.

An apologist is a person who is ready to extol an idea he once liked even when life has shown its falsity, praising the ruler, no matter what mistakes he made, glorifying the political regime, no matter what outrages happened in the country under him. Apologetics is a rather funny activity if done out of stupidity, and vile if done out of calculation. (S. Zhukovsky)

Answer. 1) ...if you are able to reasonably and calmly negotiate with different people, without hurting their pride and in the depths of your soul, excusing them for being different from you; 2) ...if done out of stupidity; 3) ...if by calculation.

All other subordinate clauses that do not have a subject are complete one-part clauses.

Let us remind you once again that incomplete sentences should be distinguished from one-part sentences, in which the missing subject or predicate does not need to be restored to understand the meaning. In a complex sentence But it’s sad to think that youth was given to us in vain, that cheated on her all the time that she deceived us...(A.S. Pushkin) the third part is an incomplete sentence with a missing subject We, which is restored by addition us from the previous subordinate clause. Subordinate clause of a sentence Just make sure that didn't see you. (A.S. Pushkin) by the nature of the grammatical basis is a one-part indefinite-personal sentence: what is important here is the action itself, and not the one who performs it; The grammatical form of the verb (plural past tense) here does not mean that there should be many producers of the action - this is an indicator of an indefinite personal meaning. In other words, the proposal so that didn't see you – complete.

Punctuation in an incomplete sentence

In an incomplete sentence, a dash may be placed at the place where the predicate is missing, if a pause is expected when pronouncing the sentence: ...Then Baron von Klotz was aiming to be a minister, and I was aiming to be his son-in-law.(A.S. Griboyedov) If there is no pause, the dash is not placed: ...Well, people in this side! She comes to him, and he comes to me.(A.S. Griboedov)

Elliptical sentences

In Russian there are sentences called elliptical(from the Greek word ellipsis, which means “omission”, “lack”). They omit the predicate, but retain the word that depends on it, and no context is needed to understand such sentences. These can be sentences with the meaning of movement, movement ( I'm going to the Tauride Garden(K.I. Chukovsky); speeches - thoughts ( And his wife: for rudeness, for your words(A.T. Tvardovsky), etc. Such sentences are usually found in colloquial speech and in works of art, but are not used in book styles (scientific and official business).

Some scientists consider elliptical sentences to be a type of incomplete sentences, others consider them to be a special type of sentences that is adjacent to incomplete ones and is similar to them.

From a syntax point of view, a sentence is one of the basic units of language. It is characterized by semantic and intonation completeness and necessarily has a grammatical basis. In Russian, a predicative stem can consist of one or two main members.

The concept of one-part sentences

Types of one-part sentences with examples serve as a visual illustration of the theoretical material in the “Syntax” section of the Russian language.

Syntactic constructions with a base consisting of a subject and a predicate are called two-part. For example: I don't like fatality(V.S. Vysotsky).

Sentences that contain only one of the main members are called one-part sentences. Such phrases have a complete meaning and do not need a second main member. It happens that its presence is simply impossible (in impersonal sentences). In works of art, one-part sentences are very often used, examples from literature: I melt window glass with my forehead(V.V. Mayakovsky). There is no subject here, but it is easy to restore: “I”. It got a little dark(K.K. Sluchevsky). This sentence does not and cannot have a subject.

In colloquial speech, simple one-part sentences are quite common. Examples of their use prove this: -Where shall we go? - To the cinema.

One-part sentences are divided into types:

1. Nominal (with a basis from the subject).

2. With a predicate at the base:

• personal;
• impersonal.

• But they called all three daughters witches(V.S. Vysotsky) (predicate - past tense verb, plural, indicative).
• And let them say, yes let them say, but no, no one dies in vain(V.S. Vysotsky) (in the role of a predicate - a verb in the present tense, in the 3rd letter and plural).
• They would give me a plot of six acres not far from the car plant(Sholokhov) (verb-predicate in the form of the subjunctive plural).

Features of generalized personal proposals

Some linguists (V.V. Babaytseva, A.A. Shakhmatov, etc.) do not distinguish this group of one-part sentences as a separate type, because the forms of expression of the predicates in them are identical to definite- and indefinite-personal and differ only in semantic load. In them the predicate has a generalized meaning. Such constructions are most often used in proverbs and sayings: If you love the tops, love the roots. Don't have a hundred rubles, but have a hundred friends. Once you lied, you became a liar forever.

When studying the topic “One-Part Personal Sentence”, examples are of great importance, because they clearly help to determine the type of syntactic construction with one of the main members and distinguish between them.

Impersonal offer

One-part impersonal sentence (example: It gets dark early. There's a noise in my head.) differs from personal in that it does not and cannot have a subject.

The predicate can be expressed in different ways:

• Impersonal verb: It was getting dark. I feel sick.
• A personal verb transformed into an impersonal form: I have a tingling sensation in my side. There was a rumble in the distance. You're lucky! I can't sleep.
• Predicative adverb (state category or impersonal predicative words): It was very quiet(I.A. Bunin). It's stuffy. Sad.
• Infinitive: Don't bend to a changing world(A.V. Makarevich).
• The negation word “no” and the negative particle “neither”: There's not a cloud in the sky. You have no conscience!

Types of predicate

In one-part sentences

In Russian linguistics, the predicate is represented by three types:

1. Simple verb. Expressed by one verb in any form.
2. Compound verb. Consists of a linking verb and an infinitive.
3. Compound nominal. It contains a linking verb and a nominal part, which can be expressed by an adjective, noun, participle or adverb.

All of the following are found in one-part sentences

Chilly(one-part impersonal sentence). An example of a predicate with an omitted verb linkage in the present tense, but which appears in the past tense: It was cool. The nominal part is expressed

In a definitely personal sentence: Let's join hands, friends(B.Sh. Okudzhava) - simple verb predicate.

In an indefinite personal sentence: I don't want to listen to any of you(O. Ermachenkova) - predicate - personal verb + infinitive.

Nominal one-part sentences are examples of a compound nominal predicate with a zero verb connective in the present tense. Demonstrative particles are often placed side by side with the nominative: Here's your ticket, here's your carriage(V.S. Vysotsky). If nominative sentences are presented in the past tense, they are transformed into two-part sentences. Compare: There was your ticket, there was your carriage.

One-part and incomplete sentences

It is necessary to distinguish incomplete two-part sentences from one-part ones. In one-part sentences, in the absence of one of the main members, the meaning of the sentence does not change. In incomplete sentences, any member of the sentence may be missing, and the meaning may not be clear out of context: Opposite is a table. Or: Today.

In some cases, it is difficult to distinguish between definitely-personal sentences and two-part incomplete ones. First of all, this applies to predicates expressed by a verb in the past tense form. For example: I thought and began to eat(A.S. Pushkin). Without basic context, it is impossible to determine whether a verb is used in the 1st or 3rd person. In order not to make a mistake, it is important to understand: in the past tense form the person of the verb is not determined, which means this is a two-part incomplete sentence.

Particular difficulty is caused by the differences between an incomplete two-part sentence and a denominative one, for example: Night. Frosty night. And Night in the village. To avoid difficulties, it is important to understand: a circumstance is a minor member related to the predicate. Therefore, the proposal " Night in the village"- a two-part incomplete with a compound nominal predicate, in which the verb part is omitted. Compare: Night fell in the village. Frosty night. This is a nominative sentence, because the definition agrees with the subject, therefore, the adjective “frosty” characterizes the main member “night”.

When studying syntax, it is important to perform training exercises, and for this it is necessary to analyze the types of one-part sentences with examples.

The role of one-part sentences in language

In written and spoken speech, one-part sentences play a significant role. Such syntactic constructions in a laconic and succinct form allow you to formulate a thought brightly and colorfully, and help to present images or objects. They give statements dynamism and emotionality, allowing you to focus attention on the necessary objects or subjects. Using one-part sentences you can avoid unnecessary pronouns.