Dictionary of incomprehensible words. The most mysterious words in the world

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In the Russian language, as well as in any other language, there are many outdated, little-known, uncommon, unusual, incomprehensible words and expressions, in other words - gloss. A collection of such words with explanations is called a glossary.

The author wanted to create a dictionary of rare and forgotten words, and not just outdated ones. The fact is that not every obsolete word is forgotten and not every rare word is obsolete. This is not difficult to verify if you look at the Dictionary of the Russian Language by S.I. Ozhegov, which almost everyone has at hand. Almost a third of the words here have signs " obsolete", "antique"But it is difficult to recognize them as rare and forgotten: they are often used both in literature and in oral speech (amorous, sweetheart, execution). Words of this kind are not included in the glossary. It is quite obvious why: they are well known to the modern reader. Another thing - words like " grid"(member of the princely squad), " custodian"(watchman)" grivoise"(playful, immodest), " shibai"(small dealer-reseller) or expressions" person on the twentieth"(employee)" Egyptian maidens"(gypsies)" on the third platoon" (very drunk). Such words and expressions are countless, because the layer of words called glossa is quite powerful in the Russian language.

Many of them are present in the works of Russian writers from Alexander Sumarokov (mid-18th century) to Alexander Blok (early 20th century). Not only a young reader, but also a sophisticated book lover may have difficulty reading the masterpieces of Russian literature of the Golden and Silver Age. Especially in cases where the context does not help to understand the meaning glosses, but it is absent in explanatory dictionaries. This is where a glossary is needed.

This is a popular reference book for the thoughtful reader of belles lettres. Hence the simplification of the dictionary entry, in which there is no emphasis on the heading words (they are in their list), grammatical and stylistic notes, indications of direct and figurative meanings of words. The quotation from a literary source is not formatted in the tradition of linguistic dictionaries. This is done so that the reader, according to the compiler’s intention, pays attention first of all to what kind of old word, in what meaning, in which writer and poet it occurs. For the inquisitive reader, information about the origin of words and information about some realities is also given.

The author has no doubt that his book is not without flaws, for it was said by a French writer of the 18th century. Antoine Rivarol: “There is no work that contains more shortcomings than a dictionary.” However, the author was consoled by Rivarol’s contemporary lexicographer Pierre Buast, who melancholy remarked that “God alone can compose perfect dictionary". (V.P. Somov)

Were there Russians? What was the cutter used for? Who is the Hertzumroller? These and other words are on the list of the most interesting hapaxes - words used only once in history

Gapaxes(in Greek - ἅπαξ λεγόμενον, hapax legomenon, “named once”) are words that appear only once in the entire body of texts in a given language. There should be many such words in every language: according to Zipf’s statistical law, the frequency dictionary of any text and any collection of them contains a long tail of “ones”. Most of these hapaxes consist of well-known roots and suffixes and are understandable even to those who have not heard them before. However, some of these words are particularly interesting, especially when we are talking about dead languages ​​or literary classics: their meaning is often mysterious, their origin is unclear, and in some cases they are complete ghost words, resulting from an erroneous interpretation of the text.

Rusichi

Old Russian language

The most famous ancient Russian hapax is the word Russians. True, it appears not once, but four times, but only in one short text - “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.” But few of our contemporaries are unfamiliar with this word: in dozens of popular books and films, the inhabitants of Ancient Rus' are called only this way, so now the word “Rusich” has become a popular patriotic name for anything: from a subway car to a cinema. And yet, the Eastern Slavs themselves usually called themselves simply collectively - Rus. Not a single ancient monument from Russians It was not possible to find more, except for obvious crude fakes such as the “Veles Book”. Even in the medieval imitation of the “Word” - “Zadonshchina” - the words Russians not on any of the lists, but there is Russian sons.

For a long time, a minority of scientists defended the point of view according to which the Lay, the only manuscript of which burned in 1812, was fake. Of course, the name of the inhabitants of Rus', which does not exist anywhere else, served these authors as one of the arguments in favor of the forgery of the monument. Now it is shown that this word does not actually contradict ancient Russian norms; rare options for -ichi were in most names of peoples and denoted “children of a common ancestor.” In addition, a similar word was found in Ukrainian folklore Rusovichi. “The Word” is a poetic text, so the unusual name could well have been used in it.

Fornicator

Old Russian language

In one ancient Russian text, the list of property mentions forged cutter. The “Dictionary of the Russian Language of the XI-XVII centuries” includes the word “fornicator” with the indication “the meaning is unclear.” The imagination pictures some kind of forged metal tool, the purpose of which is better not to think about.

Linguist Vadim Krysko solved the riddle of the “fornicator.” This word simply does not exist: the letter “yus” (ѫ) is read not as most often - “u”, but as “yu”, and before us is simply “forged cut dish”, that is, a dish with a forged carved pattern. The nominative case in such cases also occurs in modern language: for example, in the inscription on the price tag “leather gloves.”

Dzheregel

Ukrainian

The father of Ukrainian literature, Ivan Kotlyarevsky, wrote in his poem “The Aeneid”:

Dzheregels were woven here,
Chunks on the heads.

In the Ukrainian-Russian glossary appended to the Aeneid, he explained that these are “braids, finely braided and arranged like a wreath on the head.” Since then, this word has been included in various dictionaries of the Ukrainian language, including a small dictionary compiled by the young N.V. Gogol; but all its uses ultimately go back to Kotlyarevsky. Where he got the word from and whether it exactly means what it says in the glossary is unclear. In the 1985 Etymological Dictionary it is associated with Polish ceregiela(“ceremony”), but the meaning of the Polish word is completely different. For some time in the Russian Wikipedia there was an article “Dzheregeli”, illustrated with a photograph of Yulia Tymoshenko, but then it (the article) was deleted.

Gertsum-srolik

Belarusian language

In Yanka Kupala's classic play "Tuteishyya" ("Local" or "Natives"), one character meets another carrying a cart with all sorts of junk, and says to him:

“What’s wrong with you? Didn't you leave the men's free Hertzum children? “like a wheelbarrow, you ram this buck with yourself.”

More Belarusian texts with the word hertsum-srolik No. But it was found in the essays in Russian “Travel through Polesie and the Belarusian Territory” by Pavel Shpilevsky, where, when describing the Nemiga spills, it is said:

“Since this channel is sometimes quite large, bridges are built to cross it; however, the fast water removes the bridges the same day they are built, and then one has to cross in hired cab carts (like the Viennese Zeiselwagen) so-called Hertzum rollers -Jews who fly to the shores of Novaya Nemiga in countless numbers and collect pennies from their riders for transportation.”

As one can conclude, this word means a Minsk Jew who earns money as a cab driver, a kind of “bombilo”, a “free” non-professional. It is logical to look for its etymology in the Yiddish language. Linguist Alexandra Polyan suggested that it consists of her cu- “hey, you” and “Srolik” (in Ukrainian Yiddish Srul) is a common Jewish name, a diminutive of Israel.

ΣAΣTNR

Ancient Greek language

“The Oath of Chersonesos” is a monument from the territory of Crimea (near present-day Sevastopol), found in the central square of the ancient city of Tauride Chersonesos in the 1890s. Dated to the beginning of the 3rd century BC. e. This is a marble slab with a long text of the oath of a Chersonese citizen. Among the understandable oaths (“I will not betray anything to anyone, neither Greek nor barbarian”, “I will not violate democracy”, “I will not plot a conspiracy”, “I will be an enemy to attackers”) there is also this: “I will protect the saster (ΣAΣTNR) for the people.”

This word is not found in any other Greek text of Old or Modern times. The literature about Suster is enormous. There are many hypotheses, including some very eccentric ones. Max Vasmer and Lev Elnitsky, for example, believed that saster was the Scythian governor of Chersonesos, S. A. Zhebelev - that this was some kind of sacred object, for example an idol; V.V. Latyshev (the first publisher of the inscription) - that this is some kind of legal concept, for example, a civil oath. Parallels were sought for this word in Iranian and other languages. Historical novels appeared in which the sacred saster towering over the Chersonesos shore appears; A festival called “Saster of Chersonesus” was held in Sevastopol. On the Internet you can listen to a song with the words “And I will find the magic saster” (with the emphasis on “a”) and read poetry with the line “The unknown saster that melts away from us” (with the emphasis on “e”).

But no one knows for certain what or who the “saster” is, which (which) the Chersonesos were supposed to protect for the people. This problem can be solved only if one day another inscription with this word is found in the Black Sea region.

Celtis

Latin

The Vulgate (the Latin translation of the Bible made by St. Jerome) in most editions contains the following edition of verses 23-24 of chapter 19 of the Book of Job:

Quis mihi tribuat ut scribantur sermones mei? Quis mihi det ut exarentur in libro stylo ferreo et plumbi lamina, vel celte sculpantur in silice?

(“Oh, if only my words were written down! If only they were inscribed in a book with an iron and tin chisel, carved on stone for eternity!”)

Where in the Russian translation the words “for eternal time” (they are in both the Greek and Hebrew texts of the Bible; Jerome for some reason missed them), there is the Latin word celte- this can only be an ablative (in this case, an analogue of the Russian instrumental case) from the word celtis, meaning, judging by the context, some kind of tool for carving stone, for example “cutter” or “chisel”. Word celtis not found, except for the translation of the Bible, in any ancient text; all of his medieval examples depend on the Vulgate. The word found its way into many Latin dictionaries, and in the Renaissance it was taken as a name by the humanist Conrad Celtis, whose real surname Bikel means “pick, pick, ice pick” in German.

In many of the oldest Vulgate copies the words celte is well known certe- “exactly” ( vel certificate Jerome means something like “or else”). A number of researchers believed that celte- a complete phantom, the result of a typo instead certe. Philologist Max Niederman rehabilitated this word, showed that there is no reason to consider it a secondary reading, and brought to it a number of interesting Indo-European parallels. That the word meaning instrument was not included in the bulk of Latin texts, only a small part of which was devoted to technical topics, is not surprising. 

List of "rare" words in the Russian language ACCORDING TO THE SITE VERSION http://language.mypage.ru

The list is strange in places, but still interesting.

1.Multifora- this is the most common file for documents

2.Gap- threaten

3.Rubbish-blam(or halam-balam) - “This is not halam-balam for you!”

4.Kichkinka- baby, addressing a little girl - not Uzbek, but not Slavic either. From Uzbek "kichkintoy" - baby.

5.Yeh-ay-yay- Nizhny Novgorod exclamation of surprise

6.Kefirka- a girl trying to whiten her face with sour milk (it can be seen from the patches of unevenly lightened skin, and they smear it on her face and neck, sometimes her hands. Her ears look amazing)

7.Dubai- a lady who came to earn money and was engaged in prostitution. Or dressing “like a Dubai woman” - bright, tasteless, with an abundance of rhinestones, gold and trinkets.

8.Oud- part of the body (shameful oud - what is usually called an indecent word).

9.Shake- rag, rags - thick lace

10.Chuni- type of shoes. This is often the name for general shoes that are used to go out at night for minor needs.

11.Rumble- drink alcohol.

12.Confusion- a tangle of everyday affairs or events.

13.Galimyy(or golimy) - bad, low-quality, uninteresting

14.Yokarny Babai- exclamation (eprst, hedgehog cat, e-moe, etc.), resentment at the current situation.

15.Scoobut- shave, cut hair.

16.ShuflYadka(shuffleYada) - a small drawer (in a desk, wardrobe, chest of drawers, etc.)

17.FLYING- last summer.

18.Ticket- receipt, bill, ticket, small piece of paper.

19.ZanAdto- too, too much.

20.MlYavatst, mlYavy - relaxation, reluctance to do anything, fatigue.

21.Get dirty- crack, make holes.

22.Kotsat- spoil.

23.To be a coward- run in small steps.

24.Scabrous- vulgar

25.Punch, plod - to walk slowly, not to keep up with someone.

26.Bukhich- alcoholic party.

27.Overdressed- very bright, dressed in a dirty manner.

28.Khabalka- a rude, uneducated woman.

29.Broody- chicken woman (offensive)

30.To gasp- hit.

31.Jamb- error.

32.spinogryz- a harmful child.

33.Hag- crow, old woman.

34.Locker- porch.

35.Catch- attic.

36.BLUE- eggplants.

37.Fisherman, catcher - fisherman.

38.Nag- lose.

39.Tights- push in the crowd.

40.Sardonic laughter- uncontrollable, convulsive, bilious, angry, caustic.

41.Lapidarity- brevity, conciseness, expressiveness of syllable, style.

42.Algolagnia- sexual satisfaction experienced: - when pain is caused to a sexual partner (sadism); or - in connection with pain caused by a sexual partner (masochism).

43.Sublimation- this is a process in which attraction (LIBIDO) moves to another goal, far from sexual satisfaction, and the energy of instincts is transformed into socially acceptable, morally approved.

44.Lyalichny, Lyalichnaya - something very childish.

45.Buy up- do shopping.

46.Transcendental- incomprehensible to human understanding

47.Eschatology- ideas about the end of the world.

48.Apologist- Christian writer who defends Christianity from criticism.

49.Flute- vertical groove on the column.

50.Anagoga- allegorical explanation of biblical texts.

51.Lucullov- feast

52.Aiguillettes- these are these plastic things at the end of the laces.

53.Bonhomie- unceremonious, inappropriately familiar treatment under the guise of friendship.

54.Honeymoon(honeymoon in English) - we believe that this is the first month of newlyweds, but in English the word is divided into “honey” and “Moon”. Most likely, the English word “honeymoon” implies that the ordinary Moon, which in the American imagination is in the form of cheese, becomes honey.

55.Acquisitive- a selfish, profit-seeking person. How many of them are around us...

56.Chat(“he’s going to squabble”, “to squirm”, “don’t squirm”) - to get cocky, to “show off”, to show off.

57.MorosYaka, pamorha (emphasis on the first syllable) - drizzling rain in warm weather and sun.

58.Witchcraft(don't conjure) - to disturb something, to cause it to sway.

59.Vekhotka, whirlpool - a sponge (rag, washcloth) for washing dishes, bodies, etc.

60.Bawdy(noun “obscenity”) - vulgar, shameless.

61.Glumnoy- stupid.

62.Korchik, also known as a ladle, is a small saucepan with a long handle.

64.Deal on the ball- the same as for free.

65.Punch to the top- upside down.

66.KagalOm- all together.

67.WALK- fidgeting, not finding a place before falling asleep in bed.

68.kiss, kiss - kiss.

69.Trandykha(tryndet) - a woman who is an empty talker (talk nonsense).

70.Nonsense- verbal nonsense.

71.Trichomudia- junk, husband. genitals.

72.Fuck you- defecate.

73.Bundel(bundul) - large bottle, carboy

74.Hamanok- wallet.

75.Buza- dirt, thick.

76.Shkandybat- trudge, walk.

77.Snoop around- walk, jog.

78.Zhirovka- invoice for payment.

79.Ida- let's go, come on (let's go to the store).

80.Exercise- exercise.

81.Exercise- do exercises, faire ses exercises

82.Buffoon- buffoon, pretentious person.

83.Phat- talker, braggart.

84.Skvalyga- stingy.

85.Yoksel-moxel- used with feeling in moments of complete chaos.

86.Mess- mess.

87.Idle talker- chatterbox.

88.Mandibles- unskillful hands.

89.Rinda- queue.

90.Poland- volume of a certain container.

91.Maza- small (from Latvian Mazais).

92.Nonche- today.

93.Apotheosis- deification, glorification, exaltation of any person, event or phenomenon.

94.Sneeze- scold someone.

95.Planter, mochilo - a small artificial reservoir near the garden.

96.Sandy- scold.

97.Epidersion- accident, surprise.

98.Perdimonocle- an illogical unexpected conclusion.

99.Set up- set against.

100.skimp- skip something.

101.Insinuation- (from Latin insinuatio, literally - insinuating) - slander.

102.SkopidOmstvo- greed.

103.SabAn- a ladder with a platform (used when painting walls or other construction work).

104.Adobe- a dwelling made of reed bundles coated with clay.

105.Kryzhit— mark each verified list item with a checkmark.

106.Mikhryutka- a homely, frail person.

107.Dradedam- cloth (dradedam - a type of cloth) (the word is found in classical Russian literature).

108.Expansion- expansion of boundaries, limits.

109.De facto- actually, in fact.

110.De jure- legally, formally.

111.Rezochek- a cut piece of a product (from life).

112.looseness- different books in one box at the reception in the store.

113.Perzhnya- nonsense, trifle.

114.Check- the same as jackaling.

115.Herashka(vulg.) - something small and unpleasant, inorganic. origin.

116.Navel- something small, pleasant (Nabokov).

117.Pomuchtel(chekist.) - phone accounting assistant.

118.Triticale(bot.) - a hybrid of wheat and rye.

119.Rampetka- butterfly net (Nabokov).

120.Shpak- any civilian (Kuprin).

121.Bilbock- a toy (to catch a ball on a string with a stick) (L. Tolstoy).

122.Bibabo- a hand doll, like Obraztsov’s.

123.Nadys- the other day, recently, to spray, to brag, to brag.

124.Otherwise- better.

125.Smite- get dirty.

126.Mandibles- unskillful hands.

Ambivalence- duality of experience, expressed in the fact that one object simultaneously evokes two opposing feelings in a person.

Ambigram- graphically depicted words or phrases - perverts, i.e. readable on both sides. A simple example, the year is 1961 (if the units are sans serif). Complex A. - words in the form of a complex symmetrical calligraphic pattern.

Anagram- a word or phrase formed by rearranging letters or constituent parts, for example, “orange” and “spaniel”.

Aneurysm- extension. In medicine - local expansion, for example, of a blood vessel.

Apology- excessive praise, biased, biased position due to special interest in relation to a phenomenon, object or person.

Authenticity- authenticity.

Outsourcing- transfer by one organization of certain business processes and production functions to another organization. For example, accounting, equipment maintenance, transport services, etc.

Bulimia- insatiable constant hunger, a painful condition, which is sometimes the cause of obesity.

Burime - composing poems based on given rhymes, or simply playing rhymes.

Validity- full compliance with certain standards or compliance of the result with the initially set tasks.

Virality- the effect of “viral” dissemination of information by the very persons for whom this information was intended.

Grooming- pet care. Now primarily used to describe cosmetic care for dogs and cats.

Downshifting- voluntary renunciation of the benefits of civilization in favor of a simple and free life. For example, the transition from an urban lifestyle to a rural one.

Deja vu- the feeling that what is being experienced at the moment has already happened before.

Decoupage- decorative technique in decoration and design: cutting out any patterns from flat materials (leather, fabric, wood) and then gluing them onto the surface to be decorated.

Dumping- dumping of goods or services at a significantly reduced price as a means of competition.

Divergence- discrepancy of any signs and properties as a result of certain processes or external factors.

Identification- establishing correspondence based on a number of direct and indirect characteristics, identification or self-identification.

Impress- make a positive impression, inspire respect, be liked.

Indifference- indifference, indifference.

Insurgent- rebel.

Hypochondria- painfully depressed state, painful suspiciousness.

Carving- artistic cutting, usually of vegetables and fruits. Also in hairdressing - long-term perm.

Customization- focus on the consumer, following the direct needs of the buyer when producing goods or providing services.

Quintessence- the most important thing is the essence.

Cognitive- the ability of consciousness to perceive information and assimilate it.

Come il faut- something decent that fits into generally accepted norms.

Convergence- convergence and acquisition of similarities in a number of characteristics of initially different systems.

Congeniality- similarity in spirit, similarity of thoughts.

Conglomeration- the connection of dissimilar objects into one whole while maintaining their original properties and characteristics.

Consensus- agreement on a controversial issue, achieved as a result of a rapprochement of positions.

Constant- constant value, unchangeable parameter.

Credo- life principles, worldview beliefs.

Lability- instability, variability.

Latency- secrecy, dim manifestation of an existing characteristic.

Leasing- long-term rental of equipment, etc., in which the lessee gradually pays its cost, thereby acquiring the leased property.

Marginal- located on the edge or beyond the main one. The opposite of the establishment.

Misalliance- unequal marriage with a person of lower status, union with an unequal partner.

Memorandum- a reference document recording some facts, circumstances, etc.

Commercialism- pettiness, following selfish interests.

Metabolism- metabolism, as well as a direction in architecture characterized by dynamic variability: long-term buildings are combined with temporary ones.

Mise-en-scene- the location of the actors on stage. In a broad sense - the arrangement of characters.

Misophobia- fear of dirt, obsessive fear of pollution.

bad manners- bad manners, bad manners.

Nyctophobia- fear of night and insomnia.

Oxymoron- a combination of incompatible things. A stylistic figure is a combination of words with opposite meanings, for example, “hot snow.” Or colloquial: “Do you want some tea?” “Yes, no, perhaps...”

Ontogenesis- individual development of the body.

Offer- an offer to conclude a deal.

Paradigm- a basic conceptual scheme, characteristic of a certain period of time, underlying the definition and assessment of problems and their solutions, a complex of dominant trends in science.

Perturbation- an unexpected and sudden change in the course of events in a problematic direction.

Perfectionism- striving for perfection, following high ideals, increased demands on oneself and others. May be seen as a positive personality trait, but may also be perceived as a pathological form of a neurotic disorder.

Pleonasm- the use of unnecessary words in speech or text that do not add meaning, but enhance expressiveness, for example, “path-road.”

Pluralism- diversity or plurality, both in mundane and philosophical contexts. Monism - when it's the other way around - is one thing. Dualism recognizes only duality.

Postulate- truth accepted without evidence.

Preamble- the introductory part of some large text, justifying it.

Presumption- an assumption based on probability. In a legal context, it is the recognition of a fact as reliable until the contrary is proven. For example, the presumption of innocence and, conversely, guilt.

Prerogative- advantage, exclusive right due to position, right of first priority.

Prolongation- extension of the contract beyond the stipulated period.

Prostration- exhaustion, loss of strength, accompanied by indifference to the surrounding reality.

Reduction- transition from complex to simple, weakening of something.

Resonance- in physics, an increase in the amplitude of oscillations when they coincide with external harmonic influences. In a general sense, a reaction to a certain phenomenon, an echo of something. To resonate is to be in a state of resonance.

Reincarnation- rebirth of the soul.

Raiding- “free hunting”, actions with the aim of seizing, and sometimes destroying, someone else’s property.

Repair- compensation by the defeated party for material damage as a result of hostilities to the winner.

Representativeness- representativeness, demonstrativeness.

Retardation- a compositional technique consisting of delaying the narrative with the help of digressions, reasoning, spatial descriptions, and introductory scenes. Also, later formation of the organ and its slower development.

Reference- a characteristic or review of someone or something.

Reflection- reflection on your inner state, introspection.

Simulacrum- an image or explanation of something that does not exist in reality. A copy that does not have the original.

Synopsis- presentation of a certain topic in a highly compressed and generalized form.

Sociopathy- antisocial personality disorder. A mental disorder characterized by ignoring (inability to comply with) social norms, aggressiveness, and inappropriate behavior in public.

Status quo- the actual state of affairs.

Sublimation- release of affective energy through creativity and active social or other activities.

Substance- objective reality: matter or spirit, to choose from.

Tautology- a combination of words that are identical or similar in meaning (for example, “oil”), as well as the use of verbal forms of the same concept in the interpretation of a concept (for example, “an astronomer is a scientist who studies astronomy”).

Tactile- tactile.

Transliteration- writing words of one alphabet in letters of another. For example, "for example". There are corresponding standards for transferring Russian words into Latin.

Transcendental- the most generalized, initially inherent in the mind, but not acquired.

Trend- current trend, “the highlight of the season.”

Trolling- provocative behavior in Internet communication aimed at changing the topic of conversation and inciting conflicts. The term is actively included in real life. A troll is a person who commits provocative actions.

Utility- exceptional practicality.

Fetish- an object of blind, unconscious worship.

Physiognomy- the doctrine of the correspondence of a person’s facial features and appearance to his character and thoughts. In a broad sense, a description of hidden internal traits based on external appearance.

Filigree- professionalism, precision in detail.

Franchise(franchising) - commercial concession, i.e. the right of one party to use the capabilities and resources of the other party, in the most simplified and general sense - lease of a trademark.

Frapping- it’s unpleasant to surprise.

Frustration- a state of depression, anxiety arising as a result of the collapse of hopes, the impossibility of achieving goals.

Hipster- a representative of the modern youth subculture with characteristic elitist ostentatious behavior and emphasized intellectual predilections in cinema, music, fine arts, etc.

Happening- a kind of action, like a work of art.

Cheating, cheating- a very recent borrowing from the English language, meaning bypassing or violating some rules. Accordingly, cheating is a process, and the cheater is the one doing it.

Euthanasia- deliberate killing of a terminally ill person in order to end his suffering.

Heuristic- a field of knowledge that studies creative activity.

Euphemism- decent and acceptable expression instead of rude or obscene.

Egalitarianism- the concept of total equalization in society, in the economy, etc. - “universal equality”, equalization. Contradicts the basic laws of nature.

Exaltation- excited state, unhealthy activity.

Excess- an extreme form of manifestation of something, a process going beyond the boundaries of its normal course.

Empathy- the ability to put oneself in the place of another person, understanding another person “through oneself.”

Epicureanism- the desire to satisfy sensual instincts, an easy life and wealth (see hedonism).

Escapism- the desire to hide from reality in a fictional world.

In the first grade, the average student knows about two thousand words and further learns up to ten words a day while studying at school. Thus, upon graduation, the average citizen we are considering knows tens of thousands of words. At the same time, we use an average of five thousand words, which make up our permanent vocabulary.

Importance

It is useful to know buzzwords and their meaning for conversation with other people. Rich speech helps to attract attention, interest a person, look better, clearly express thoughts, control the opinion of the interlocutor and gives many other pleasant bonuses. You can also find those who study smart words and their meaning to humiliate an opponent and gain a feeling of superiority. However, this motivation is not ideal, although a dictionary of buzzwords can indeed help you feel better and superior to those who do not know such words.

If we talk about the function that smart words have for communication in everyday life, then rich speech, knowledge of certain quantities and their meanings attract attention. The interlocutor’s brain focuses on expressions that are atypical for everyday speech. Therefore, they begin to listen to you more carefully. As a result, your words are better remembered, and you become an interesting, sharp-tongued, interlocutor with whom it is pleasant to communicate.

In addition, knowing a list of smart words is a status norm for people who communicate with intellectuals, are interested in creativity, and use mental work. If you communicate in this area, you must have the appropriate skills. Among other things, it is important to learn to speak reasonedly and to the point, to add interesting accents and tones to your own speech, which the following words will help you achieve.

Examples

A priori. It does not require proof, is understandable and has been obtained experimentally.

Biennale. Originally an art exhibition, in our time this is also called simply a get-together related to art. The peculiarity is that it is held every two years.

Vesicular. Originally a medical term that refers to vesicles found in the lungs.

Gesheft. The German word originally refers to trade and profit, and is still used in a similar meaning, but it can also be used in another, figurative sense.

Dissonance. Originally a musical term that indicates an inharmonious combination of sounds. Now it is used quite often, including in combination with cognitive dissonance, which everyone wants to plunge each other into. Example of use: “Your illiterate use of smart words introduces dissonance into your speech.”

Endova. Utensils for drinking and eating, but also a valley means a kind of gutter between two roof slopes. If the roof has a complex structure, then where two differently directed slopes connect, a valley is formed. Not often used in modern speech.

Jamevu. A term close to psychiatry, the antonym of déjà vu. With jamevu, you are in familiar surroundings or circumstances that you have been in many times before, but you feel as if you are here for the first time.

It is being built. To understand, simply associate this word with the word based.

Indulgence. Previously, the Catholic Church sold documents for the atonement of sins, retail, wholesale and by weight. Such a product was called indulgence. Now used figuratively.

Incident. Originally a Latin word, relatively recently it was often used in jurisprudence. In general, it indicates a strange situation, a combination of circumstances that does not depend on the characters involved, and can have both positive and negative meanings. Not noticing and stepping into a puddle is an incident, but meeting a good friend is also an incident.

Liquidity. An economic term, but now used in everyday life. Indicates your ability to convert assets or private property into money.

Skimping. Disdainful attitude. For example: “At work, Ivan skimped on his direct responsibilities.”

Neologism. Literally translated from Latin - “new word”. It can be a new word created or a word used with a new meaning. An example from the Internet: like is a completely new neologism.

Orthodox. Greek word, antonym of heretic. In the original meaning - a person who is faithful to the teaching, who does not deviate from the original postulates. Now it can be used in other contexts.

Puritanism. A unique understanding of purity of views and behavior in society. Characteristic features are moderation, conservatism of views, minimization of pleasures, claims, and needs.

Radicalism. Extreme adherence to views, the use of crude methods to create change, often in social structures.

Maxim. A moral or wise saying. For example, “afterwards Ivan spent the whole evening bursting out in the company of friends with deep maxims on the topic of education.”

Interpretation. A similar word is interpretation. In general, we are talking about some kind of comment, explanation, view of a certain phenomenon. For example, “his interpretation of Lars von Trier’s film differs from the generally accepted one.”

Union. A form of association or generalization. Originally a political-economic term, but it can be used in other contexts.

Frustration. The feeling when you want to get what you want, but cannot achieve the goal.

Hypocrisy. Creating a positive image of one’s own personality, a deliberately strong negative attitude towards free views, flaunted virtue, modesty (sometimes religiosity). Although in reality the hypocrite is far from the ideals declared out loud.

Time trouble. Lack of time.

Swaggering. Arrogant and dismissive attitude. For example, “The boss, although he kept his distance, was not arrogant, he could communicate normally and joke.”

Chauvinism. Initially refers to nationalism and represents its radical form. Chauvinists considered their own nation to be exceptional and the best. The term can be used in other contexts, but the meaning of the understanding of exclusivity remains.

Scrupulousness. Following to each “chip”. Behaving according to standards or treating something with care and rigor.

Etymology. The field of knowledge about the origin and meaning of words. In order to expand your own vocabulary, it is useful to study etymology.

Jurisdiction. The range of powers that a government body or structure has.

Jagdtash. Hunting bag. Now the term is used as a name for a convenient, stylish bag.

Now that you know some smart Russian words and their meanings, here's some additional advice. You should not use these terms everywhere, just as they wear different clothes for different situations, and use appropriate communication styles for different circumstances.

Otherwise, you will look ridiculous, throwing terms everywhere and inserting them indiscriminately into all phrases. The beauty of speech lies in the harmonious combination of words, weaving a pattern of their sound and meaning.

Mastering the art of competent communication is not difficult if you wish. However, it will be equally important to pay attention to such aspects as correct diction, a well-trained voice and the appropriateness of using certain words.

There are situations when simply using smart words and terms is not enough, especially if they are used completely out of place and off topic. To avoid ridiculous attempts to attract the attention of your interlocutor only by inserting clever words, you should definitely study not only the meaning of these words, but also their synonyms and antonyms, the correct placement of stress, declension and gender. For example, it is a common mistake to use the neuter word “coffee” or to try to make the word “coat” plural.

Another opportunity to show yourself as a competent interlocutor is the ability to avoid banal, hackneyed and “hackneyed” expressions. Instead of “good” you can say “smart” if you are talking about an employee or colleague as a specialist, instead of “beautiful” you can say “spectacular”, “catchy” if you are discussing the appearance of anyone, even an acquaintance, even a celebrity. Using a dictionary, you can find a synonym for almost every word that is both understandable to everyone and at the same time quite unusual. This approach will undoubtedly attract attention to you during communication.

Parasitic words can be omitted or replaced. You will not learn this right away, but persistent and thoughtful training will help you achieve the desired effect. Speak slowly, carefully thinking through your phrases and their logical construction. Gradually, you will definitely master the art of conducting a conversation competently, and this will help you make the right impression, and, perhaps, will push you up the career ladder. Do not underestimate the ability to correctly express your thoughts and the ability to argue your own opinion; such skills can be useful in any situation.