What was called polyudye in Ancient Rus':
collection of tribute by the prince from the lands under his control
Which of the events happened later than all the others:
the beginning of the codification of ancient Russian laws
In Ancient Rus', a tax in favor of the church was called:
tithe
The code of laws of Ancient Rus' was called:
Russian Truth
The Baptism of Rus' took place in:
“Lessons” and “cemeteries” for collecting tribute from the tribes were established:
Princess Olga
The formation of the Old Russian state refers to:
Novgorod and Kyiv were united by the prince:
Prophetic Oleg
According to the Norman theory, the main role in the formation of Kievan Rus was played by:
The Old Russian state was formed in:
Rus' finally breaks up into separate principalities after death:
Mstislav the Great
The ancient Russian state fell apart into...feudal centers:
The period of feudal fragmentation in Rus'This:
XII – XIII centuries
The period of feudal fragmentation was a time for the Russian lands:
economic and cultural recovery
Church land ownership begins to take shape in:
mid-12th century
The first mention of Moscow refers to:
The city did not have its own princely dynasty:
Novgorod
The conditional holding of land by a feudal lord was called:
estate
The ancestral domains of the boyars in Rus' were called:
Kievan Rus was replaced by a form of political structure called:
Feudal fragmentation
Whichof the events happened before all the others:
Battle of Neva
Representatives of the khans of the Golden Horde in Rus' were called:
Period of the Mongol-Tatar yoke in Rus' (years):
The right to reign was given by the one received in the Horde:
The Mongol-Tatar state, which established a yoke overRussian lands, was called:
Golden Horde
The Battle of the Kalka River ended:
defeat of the Russian army
The annual tribute established for the Russian lands by the Golden Horde was called:
The result of Khan Batu’s campaign against Rus' in 1237–1238. became:
devastation of a large part of the northeastern lands
The “Battle of the Ice” took place in:
1223 is the year:
battles on the Kalka River
The idea of the policy of despotic centralization belonged to:
Ivan Kalita
The feudal war took place during the reign of:
Vasily II
The right of the Moscow Grand Dukes to pass on the great reign of Vladimir by inheritance was recognized by the Golden Horde for:
Dmitry Donskoy
How many stages are there in the unification of Russian lands intoXIV– beginningXVIcentury:
Moscow became the ecclesiastical center of the Russian lands under the prince:
Ivan Kalita
The political unification of Russian lands around Moscow ends in:
The Battle of Kulikovo took place in:
The founder of the Moscow princely dynasty is:
Daniil Alexandrovich
Moscow's main rival in the struggle for the Grand Reign of Vladimir in the first halfXIVV. was:
Tver Principality
In 1382, Moscow was captured by the Mongol Khan:
Tokhtamysh
The system was called localism:
appointments to government positions
The annexation of Novgorod to the Moscow Principality occurred during:
The system of orders appeared in Russia with:
“Standing on the Ugra River” in 1480 ended:
retreat of the Horde troops
The concept of “Moscow – the third Rome” was put forward by:
monk Philotheus
"St. George's Day" was set at:
Code of Laws of 1497
The double-headed eagle became the Russian coat of arms in:
1472 under Ivan III
The new name of the Moscow state - Russia, along with the term Rus, began to be used:
from the end of the 15th century.
The period for the transfer of peasants from one feudal lord to another, according to Ivan’s Code of LawsIII(1497), was:
The week before and the week after St. George's Day
Boyar feeders
The governors sent from Moscow to manage the districts were called:
Zemsky Sobor is:
advisory body
The policy of Ivan the Terrible, aimed at strengthening autocracy and combating the separatism of the boyars, was called:
Oprichnina
The Rurik dynasty ended with death:
Fedor Ivanovich
Period of Russian history at the turn of the centuryXVI- XVIIcenturies got the name:
Time of Troubles
At the beginningXVIIV. impostors sought to take the Russian throne under the name:
False Dmitry
The result of Ivan's foreign policyIVwas:
conquest of the Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberian Khanates
The first zemstvo councils were convened in:
Initially, the word “oprichnina” meant:
share of property allocated to the widow princess
The first among the Moscow princes to be crowned king was:
Ivan the Terrible
The leaders of the second militia that liberated Moscow from the Polish invaders were:
Minin, Pozharsky
Legal registration of serfdom occurred in:
Patriarch -creator of the idea"The Priesthood is Above the Kingdom":
The semi-privileged classes were:
Indicate the year with which the beginning of the Romanov Dynasty is associated:
The following provisions apply to the reform of Patriarch Nikon:
replacing the two-fingered sign of the cross with three-fingered one
The schism in the Russian Orthodox Church occurred in:
Contemporaries called the reign “the rebellious age of the quietest king”:
Alexey Mikhailovich
The Council Code is:
code of laws
Opponents of Patriarch Nikon's church reform are called:
Old Believers
Enterprises that appeared in Russia inXVIIV. and were based on the division of labor and manual craft techniques, called:
Manufactory
Russia became an empire in:
The period of Russian history, called “Bironovschina”, was associated with:
Anna Ivanovna
As a result of which war Russia gained access to the Baltic Sea:
Northern (1700 – 1721)
The main tax on taxable estates introduced by PeterIat the beginningXVIIIV. was called:
capitation tax
According to the Table of Ranks adopted in 1722, promotion depended on:
personal merit
St. Petersburg became the capital of Russia in:
Peter the Great established:
collegium
New authority created by PeterI, was called:
Features of the development of manufacturing in Russia inXVIIIV.:
There was almost no civilian labor
Russian periodhistory from 1725 to 1762 got the name:
The era of palace coups
The secularization of church lands is associated with the rule of:
Catherine II
“Novorossiya” – lands that became part of Russia:
Azov-Black Sea coast
The emancipation of the peasants is associated with:
“Certificate of Complaint to Cities”:
consolidated the class structure of the city's population
Catherine's domestic policyIIwas called:
Enlightened absolutism
Which of the named population groups in Russia at the beginningXIXcenturies belonged to the privileged classes:
clergy
In what century did Russia become a Black Sea power?
The privileged class in Russia, the basis of whose economic dominance was land ownership, is:
This event occurred during the reign of CatherineII:
"Pugachevism"
Date that refers to the reign of CatherineII:
Basic legal code of Russia inXIX– beginningXXcenturies:
Code of Laws of the Russian Empire
Improving the public administration system under NicholasIled to:
strengthening of autocratic power and bureaucratization of management
Which of the following military leaders participated in the Patriotic War of 1812:
P.I. Bagration
Decembrist uprising
INXIXV. in Russia the form of government was:
autocratic monarchy
In 1853-1856.
freedmen
The work of a serf on the land of a landowner in the first halfXIXV. was called:
The system of peasant land use in Russia is called:
Community system
The industrial revolution that took place in Russia in the middleXIXc., associated with:
Replacing manual labor with machine labor
The Crimean War took place:
Peasants who bought their freedom, freed from serfdom in accordance with the decree of 1803, were called:
Identify the features characteristic of the modernization carried out by AlexanderII:
reforms were carried out “from above”
cash ransom for temporarily obliged peasants
The temporarily obliged position of the peasants was characterized by:
legal norms of corvee or quitrent
Jurors, lawyers, and judicial investigators are introduced in Russia when:
Alexandra II
The era of “great reforms” is the reign of:
Alexandra II
As a result of the reform of 1861, serfs received:
freedom from serfdom
Carrying out reforms 1860 – 1870 in Russia:
contributed to the transition from traditional society to industrial
The abolition of serfdom, the implementation of military, judicial, and zemstvo reforms refer to the reign of:
Alexandra II
“Redemption payments”, “segments” - these concepts refer to:
peasant reform of 1861
Serfdom was abolished in:
At the beginningXXcentury, the Russian Empire ranked first in the world in:
national income growth rate
"Work question" at the endXIXcentury included a complex of problems, including the need to:
development of labor legislation
The Emperor, who in Russian history was called the “Peacemaker”:
Alexander III
The era of counter-reforms in Russia is the period with:
1882 – early 1890
Raznochintsy are:
intellectuals who came from different strata of society
In Russia at the endXIXV. a rich peasant who used the labor of impoverished fellow villagers was called:
The labor of peasants freed from serfdom on the landowner's land for the land they rented from the landowner was called:
sharecropping
The followers of the theory of Lavrov, Bakunin, Tkachev, who carried out the propaganda of socialist ideas among the peasants, were called:
populists
The teachings of Karl Marx (Marxism) formed the ideological basis:
Russian social democracy
Agrarian system in Russia at the beginningXXV. (until 1905) was characterized by:
peasant land shortage
The leading party of the Russian bourgeoisie at the beginningXXV.:
The creation of the State Duma in Russia at the beginningXXV. was an important step along the way:
introduction of a democratic electoral system
In Russia in 1905 - 1907.happened:
creation of the State Duma
The legal activities of political parties in Russia were permitted in:
Economic reforms in Russia at the endXIXV. were associated with:
At the beginningXXcenturies, subjects of the Russian Empire in official documents were divided into groups according to ... principle.
class
formation of political parties
The first Soviets of Workers' Deputies were created in 1905 in:
Ivanovo-Voznesensk
The “Union of the Russian People”, which emerged in 1905, characterized the demand:
preservation of autocracy
Event of the revolution of 1905 - 1907, which occurred later than others:
The agrarian reform of P.A. Stolypin is characterized by:
resettlement of peasants to the Urals
Agrarian reform of P.A. Stolypin:
remained unfinished
The First World War began in:
Russia's allies in the Entente were:
England, France
The essence of the Stolypin agrarian reform was:
community destruction
How many State Dumas were elected in Russia before February 1917:
P. Stolypin’s agrarian reform provided for:
free exit of peasants from the community
P.A. Stolypin in 1906 proposed introducing in Russia:
military courts to punish participants in the revolutionary movement
The socialist party in Russia was the party:
At the beginning of the First World War, Russia was in the following alliances:
In the first weeks after the Bolsheviks took power in October 1917, the party was banned:
The provisional government, created during the days of the February revolution, announced that all pressing Russian problems would be resolved:
Constituent Assembly
Order No. 1 issued by the Council proposed:
introduce elected committees in the army and navy
OnIIThe All-Russian Congress of Soviets in October 1917 decided to:
proclamation of Soviet power
The concept of “Bolshevism” includes the recognition of:
Socialist revolution as the main form of struggle
The central direction in the activities of the Bolsheviks after 1917 was nationalization, which included:
transfer of all types of private property into the hands of the state
Decrees on peace and land were adopted:
II Congress of Soviets
Russia was declared a republic:
Council of People's Commissars, All-Russian Central Executive Committee
abolition of the monarchy
The first bodies of Soviet power formed onIICongress of Soviets is:
The consequences of the February revolution include:
The policy of “war communism” is characterized by:
wages in kind
“Red Guard attack on capital” undertaken by the Bolsheviks in 1917 – 1918. meant:
accelerated nationalization of large, medium and small enterprises
The main issue during the civil war was:
power and property
The policy of “war communism” is characterized by the introduction:
surplus appropriation
To the one held in Soviet Russia 1918-1920. The policy of “war communism” includes:
universal labor conscription
The basis of the White movement during the Civil War was:
officers and cadets of the tsarist army
Among the listed events of the Civil War, the latest in time was:
breakthrough of P.N.’s defense Wrangel on the Perekop Isthmus
The slogan “For Soviets without parties!” nominated in 1921 by participants:
Kronstadt uprising of sailors and workers
Domestic policy of the Bolshevik government in the period from the summer of 1918 to the beginning of 1921. was called:
War communism
In the first years of Soviet power in Russia the following took place:
Civil war
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was created in:
In what year did the uprising of sailors and workers take place in Kronstadt in Soviet Russia?
The main prerequisite for the formation of the USSR was:
victory of Soviet power in the Civil War
One of the important steps in the transition to peaceful life after the Civil War in Russia was the decision to:
replacing surplus appropriation with tax in kind
The first Constitution of the USSR was adopted in:
The new economic policy was carried out:
from 1921 to 1928
During the NEP years:
many small and medium-sized enterprises have become private
Stalin's main opponent in the Central Committee in the 1920s was:
The Constitution of 1924 of the USSR proclaimed:
Federation of Republics
The transition to NEP (new economic policy) was caused by:
peasants' dissatisfaction with surplus appropriation
The essence of collectivization in the 1930s. in the USSR was:
nationalization of agriculture
The personality cult of J.V. Stalin in the 1930s. led to:
destruction of civil rights and freedoms of the population
The establishment of a totalitarian regime in the USSR in the thirties was associated with:
lack of political culture of the population
Political life of the USSR in the 1930s. was characterized by:
massive political repressions
The concept of “great turning point” is associated with:
completion of industrialization and collectivization
Among the results of industrialization in the USSR in the 1930s. related:
achievement of economic independence by the USSR
The command-administrative system that developed in the USSR in the 1930s was characterized by:
non-economic management methods
GULAG is an abbreviation for:
NKVD camp administration
For the USSR in the 1930s. was typical:
diversity of opinions in public life
destruction of oppositions within the CPSU(b)
The USSR was created as a federation of union republics, based on the principles:
voluntariness and equality
According to the plans of the Hitlerite leadership, the consequence of the implementation of the “Barbarossa Plan” was to be:
transformation of the USSR into a German colony
One of the reasons for the heavy defeats of the Red Army in the first months of the Great Patriotic War is:
an attempt by the Red Army to go offensive instead of defensive
An important consequence of the Battle of Moscow was that:
The German plan for a “blitzkrieg” was thwarted
Name one of the reasons for the failures of the Red Armyin the first months of the Great Patriotic War:
destruction by the NKVD in 1937 - 1938. senior command staff of the Red Army
CompletionIIWorld War is associated with:
surrender of Japan
Event that took place in 1941:
Battle of Moscow
An important reason for the failure of the German offensive plan in the Battle of Kursk in 1943 was:
preemptive strike by Soviet artillery
The German plan for a “lightning war” against the USSR was finally buried after:
defeat of German troops near Moscow
The completion of a radical change in the Great Patriotic War is associated with:
Battle of Kursk
During the Great Patriotic War, economic development was characterized by:
labor mobilization of the population
The political system that existed in the USSR in 1930 - 1980. and characterized by strict control over all areas of public life is called:
totalitarianism
Which of the following government figures is associated with the beginning of the Cold War:
W. Churchill, I. Stalin
Our country has returned to the pre-war economic model of the 30s because:
the pre-war economic model proved its high mobilization capabilities
The existence of a one-party system in the USSR was one of the signs:
totalitarian regime
What sphere of the national economy developed in the USSR in the first years after the end of the Great Patriotic War at the fastest pace:
heavy industry
After graduationIIWorld War II transition from the anti-fascist coalition because:
The reason for the resumption of political repression by the Stalinist leadership in the post-war years was:
Indicate the reason for the rapid recovery of the USSR economy after the Second World War:
the enthusiasm and dedication of the Soviet people
The consequences of World War II were:
expansion of USSR influence
the war against fascism intensified ideological differences between countries
return to the pre-war totalitarian model of development with an atmosphere of fear and autocracy
A totalitarian regime is:
complete state control over all areas of life
Rehabilitation carried out in the USSR in the 1950s - 1980s. - This:
restoration of the good name and civil rights of unjustly convicted people
privatization
OnXXCongress of the CPSU was:
Stalin's personality cult exposed
In what year was the first space flight in human history made?
The main reason for the removal of N.S. Khrushev from power was:
an attempt to reform the state-party apparatus
Which of the following provisions were contained in N.S. Khrushchev’s report “On the cult of personality and its consequences”:
Stalin took credit for all the victories in the war
In international relations, the name was used to denote the border between the “Western” and “Eastern” blocs:
"iron curtain"
The date of the beginning of the “thaw” period in the USSR is considered to be:
The initiator of the development of virgin lands was:
N.S. Khrushchev
The main reason for the failure of economic reform in the mid-1960s. was that the reform did not:
touched upon the foundations of the economic system of the USSR
Economic reforms under the leadership of N.S. Khrushchev were carried out in the USSR during the period:
The last Constitution of the USSR was adopted in:
Soviet troops in the 1980s. participated in hostilities in:
Afghanistan
During the leadership of L.I. Brezhnev, the main attention in the economy was paid to:
defense industry
The economic reform of 1965 assumed:
use of principles of material interest
Stagnation of the economic system in the USSR occurs when:
L. Brezhnev
The dissident movement in the USSR was called:
activities of groups and individuals who do not share the dominant ideology
The basis of the economic system of the USSR in the 70s was:
domination of state property
The end of the process of détente in the 1970s. was indicated:
entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan
A decrease in tension in relations between the East, West, the USA, their allies and the USSR, the countries of Eastern Europe in the first half of the 1970s. was called:
discharge
A system of international relations characterized by a balance of approximately equal forces between two competing blocs of states is called:
bipolar
Indicate the years of perestroika:
1985 – 1991
The consequences of the perestroika policy included:
strengthening power in the center and locally
Indicate the main reason for the USSR's transition to the policy of perestroika in the mid-1980s:
protracted economic and political crisis
The concept of new political thinking in international relations was put forward by:
M.S. Gorbachev
An attempt to remove the President of the USSR M.S. Gorbachev from power was undertaken in 1991:
members of the Emergency Committee
The consequences of the policy of perestroika in the USSR were:
aggravation of interethnic relations
The agreement on the dissolution of the USSR in 1991 was signed by the heads of:
Russia, Belarus, Ukraine
The last General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee was:
Gorbachev
The policy initiated by M.S. Gorbachev in the second half of the 80s, was called:
Thaw
Perestroika
The collapse of the USSR occurred in:
In the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 1993 and in the Constitutions of the Soviet period, an article was created on the recognition of:
rights to education
The State Duma did not exist in Russia in:
1985 – 1991
Conducted in Russia in the early 1990s. the transfer or sale to private ownership of a number of state-owned enterprises is called:
Conducted in Russia in the early 1990s. The government of E.T. Gaidar called the economic policy:
transition to a market economy
According to the 1993 Constitution, Russia is a state:
federal
How did E.T. Gaidar decide to start economic reform in January 1992:
with price liberalization
Russian Parliament of the endXXcentury was called:
Federal Assembly
In 1991, 1996, 2000 Presidents of the Russian Federation took office as a result of:
popular elections
The transfer of military-industrial enterprises to reduce the output of military products and increase the output of consumer goods was called:
conversion
Discipline "Domestic History"
List of topics
Kievan Rus and its place in history
Russian lands at the beginning of the 12th - first half of the 13th century. Political fragmentation.
The struggle of Russian lands with foreign conquerors in the 13th century.
The rise of Moscow and the beginning of the unification of Russian lands.
Formation of a unified Russian state.
Ivan IV and the formation of the Russian autocracy.
Strengthening autocracy in the 17th century.
Transformative activity of Peter the Great. Formation of the Russian Empire.
Noble-serf empire of the 18th century.
Russia in the first half of the 19th century.
The era of great reforms of the 60s - 70s. XIX century in Russia. Ideas and their implementation.
Revolutionary and liberal movement in the second half of the 19th century. – early 20th century Crisis of autocracy.
Political struggle and autocracy in the revolution of 1905 - 1907.
Post-revolutionary Russia. (1907–1917).
1917 Change of political regimes.
Civil war and foreign intervention.
Soviet society in the 20s.
USSR in the late 20s - 30s.
USSR in the Second World War (1939 – 1945).
Socio-economic and political problems of the post-war period. Strengthening the totalitarian system (1946 – 1952).
Thaw. Attempts to reform the totalitarian system (1953 – 1964).
USSR in the mid-60s - mid-80s.
USSR during the period of “perestroika” (mid-80s - early 90s).
Russia at the present stage.
Guidelines for the test
It is advisable to allocate 60 minutes for the exam.
Number of questions included in the test:
a) for correspondence students – 40.
b) for evening students – 50.
c) for full-time students – 60.
Knowledge assessment:
a) correspondence department:
b) evening department:
less than 50% of correct answers – unsatisfactory;
50% or more correct answers – satisfactory;
75% or more correct answers – good;
90% or more correct answers are excellent.
c) day care:
less than 50% of correct answers – unsatisfactory;
50% or more correct answers – satisfactory;
75% or more correct answers – good;
90% or more correct answers are excellent.
· Test materials for testing knowledge (by topic)
Topic 1. The ancient Russian state of Kievan Rus. Russian lands during the period of feudal fragmentation.
1. What was called polyudye in Ancient Rus':
1. collection of tribute by the prince from the lands under his control
2. meeting of the princely squad
3. militia consisting of all the men of the tribe
4. princely trial over community members
2. Which of the events happened later than all the others:
1. baptism of Rus'
2. Prince Oleg’s campaigns against Byzantium
3. In Ancient Rus', a tax in favor of the church was called:
3. capitation tax
4. elderly
4. The code of laws of Ancient Rus' was called:
1. Russian Truth
2. Cathedral Code
3. Stoglav
4. Lawyer
5. The Baptism of Rus' took place in:
2. XV.
6. “Lessons” and “cemeteries” for collecting tribute from the tribes were established:
1. Prince Igor
2. Prince Svyatopolk
3. Prince Oleg
4. Princess Olga
7. The formation of the Old Russian state refers to:
1. IX – Xcenturies
2. VIII – IX centuries.
3. XI – XII centuries.
4. XIII – XIV centuries.
8. Novgorod and Kyiv were united by the prince:
3. Askold
4. Prophetic Oleg
9. According to the Norman theory, the main role in the formation of Kievan Rus was played by:
1. Varangians
10. The Old Russian state was formed in:
2. 882 g.
Topic 2. Consolidation of lands around Moscow. Formation and strengthening of a unified Russian state (XV-XVII centuries).
Rus' finally breaks up into separate principalities after death:
1. Mstislav the Great
2. Vladimir Monomakh
3. Svyatopolk Izyaslavich
4. Yuri Dolgoruky
2. The ancient Russian state fell apart into...feudal centers:
3. The period of feudal fragmentation in Rus'...
1. 9th – 11th centuries
2. X – XIII centuries
3. XII – XIIIcentury
4. XII – XV centuries
4. The period of feudal fragmentation was a time for the Russian lands:
1. economic and cultural recovery
2. economic rise and cultural decline
3. economic decline and cultural rise
4. economic and cultural decline
3. the prince's allocation of land to the nobles
4. management of administrative-territorial units of the state
30. The annexation of Novgorod to the Moscow Principality occurred during:
1. IvanIII
2. Vasily III
3. Ivan IV
4. Vasily II
31. The system of orders appeared in Russia with:
1. Ivan Kalita
2. Vasily I
3. Ivan IV
4. IvanIII
32. “Standing on the Ugra River” in 1480 ended:
1. the ruin of Moscow
2. victory of Khan Akhmat
3. retreat of the Horde troops
4. the ruin of the city of Vladimir
33. The concept of “Moscow – the third Rome” was put forward by:
1. Patriarch Nikon
2. Joseph Volotsky
3. Archpriest Avvakum
4. monk Philotheus
34. "St. George's Day" was set at:
1. Code of Laws of 1497
2. Code of Laws of 1550
3. Decree of 1581
4. Decree of 1607
35. The double-headed eagle became the Russian coat of arms in:
1. 1472 g. under IvanIII
2. 1521 under Vasily III
3. 1547 under Ivan IV
4. 1649 under Alexei Mikhailovich
36. The new name of the Moscow state - Russia, along with the term Rus, began to be used:
1. from the middle of the 15th century.
2. from the endXVV.
3. from the middle of the 16th century.
4. from the beginning of the 17th century.
37. Time limit for the transfer of peasants from one feudal lord to another, according to Ivan’s Code of LawsIII(1497), was:
1. Spring and autumn
2. One day a month
3. One month per year
4. The week before and the week after St. George's Day
38. The governors sent from Moscow to manage the districts were called:
2. Boyar feeders
3. Henchmen
4. Clerks
39. Zemsky Sobor is:
2. advisory body
3. legislative advisory body
4. executive authority
40., aimed at strengthening autocracy and combating the separatism of the boyars, was called:
1. Oprichnina
2. Zemshchina
4. Enslavement
41. The Rurik dynasty ended with death:
1. Vasily III
2. Ivan the Terrible
3. Fedor Ivanovich
4. Boris Godunov
4. St. Petersburg became the capital of Russia in:
1. 1703 g.
5. Peter the Great established:
3. commissions
4. departments
6. New authority created by PeterI, was called:
1. Boyar Duma
2. Zemsky Sobor
3. State Council
4. Senate
7. Features of the development of manufacturing in Russia inXVIIIV.:
1. Low power
2. Low labor productivity
3. High quality products
4. There was almost no civilian labor
8. The period of Russian history from 1725 to 1762. got the name:
1. The era of temporary workers
2. Period of instability
3. The era of palace coups
4. “Unbridled absolutism”
9. The secularization of church lands is related to the government:
1. Peter II
2. Elizaveta Petrovna
3. CatherineII
4. Peter III
10. “Novorossiya” – lands that became part of Russia:
1. Eastern Ukraine
3. Azov-Black Sea coast
4. Baltic coast
11. The emancipation of the peasants is associated with:
1. Catherine II
2. Elizaveta Petrovna
3. Anna Ivanovna
4. PavelI
12. “Certificate of Complaint to Cities”:
1. consolidated the class structure of the city's population
2. made cities self-governing
3. expanded the rights of citizens
4. gave the right to directly contact the emperor
13. Catherine's domestic policyIIwas called:
1. Enlightened absolutism
2. Tyranny
3. Autocracy
4. Equality and freedom
14. Which of the named population groups in Russia at the beginningXIXcenturies belonged to the privileged classes:
1. landed peasants
2. state peasants
4. clergy
15. In what century did Russia become a Black Sea power:
3. XVIIIV.
16. The privileged class in Russia, the basis of whose economic dominance was land ownership, is:
1. nobles
2. clergy
17. This event occurred during the reign of CatherineII:
1. church schism
2. "turmoil"
3. "Pugachevism"
4. proclamation of Russia as an empire
18. Date that refers to the reign of CatherineII:
3. 1785 g.
Topic 4. Russiain the first half of the 19th century: searching for ways to modernize.
1. Basic legal code of Russia inXIX– beginningXXcenturies:
1. complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire
2. Cathedral Code
3. Code of Laws of the Russian Empire
4. Lawyer
2. Improvement of the public administration system under NicholasIled to:
1. creation of government bodies
2. strengthening the role of the Senate
3. strengthening of autocratic power and bureaucratization of management
1. murder of Alexander by 2 populists
2. Decembrist uprising
3. Russia's first workers' strike
4. education of Southern society
5. BXIXV. in Russia the form of government was:
1. autocratic monarchy
2. constitutional monarchy
3. feudal republic
4. democratic republic
6. Peasants who bought their freedom, freed from serfdom in accordance with the decree of 1803, were called:
1. state
2. specific
3. freedmen
4. temporarily obliged
7. The work of a serf on the land of a landowner in the first halfXIXV. was called:
4. working off
2. national income growth rate
3. industrial production per capita
4. share of the population living in cities
12. "Work question" at the endXIXcentury included a complex of problems, including the need to:
1. development of labor legislation
2. transfer of enterprises to the management of labor collectives
3. elimination of personal dependence of seasonal workers on the landowner
4. unification of workers into communities
13. The Emperor, who in Russian history was called the “Peacemaker”:
1. Nicholas I
2. Alexander II
3. AlexanderIII
4. Nicholas II
14. The era of counter-reforms in Russia is the period from:
1. 1871 – 1875
2. 1880 – 1883
3. beginning of 1884 to 1887
4. 1882. – beginning of 1890
15. Commoners are:
1. people who dedicated their lives to the revolution
2. intellectuals who came from different strata of society
3. Citizens who differ in the Table of Ranks
4. people from the minor nobility
16. In Russia at the endXIXV. a rich peasant who used the labor of impoverished fellow villagers was called:
1. tenant
2. landowner
3. fist
17. The labor of peasants freed from serfdom on the landowner’s land for the land they rented from the landowner was called:
1. sharecropping
2. month
3. working off
4. corvee
18. The followers of the theory of Lavrov, Bakunin, Tkachev, who carried out the propaganda of socialist ideas among the peasants, were called:
2. Petrashevites
3. populists
4. Social Democrats
19. The teachings of Karl Marx (Marxism) formed the ideological basis:
1. liberal populism
2. Russian social democracy
3. Decembrist movement
4. Slavophil theory
20. Agrarian system in Russia at the beginningXXV. (until 1905) was characterized by:
1. high level of marketability of peasant farms
2. absence of landed estates
3. predominance of farms
4. peasant land shortage
21. The leading party of the Russian bourgeoisie at the beginningXXV.:
1. Commercial and industrial party
2. Trade and Industrial Union
4. Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs
22. The creation of the State Duma in Russia at the beginningXXV. was an important step along the way:
1. transformation of Russia into a federal state
2. introduction of a democratic electoral system
3. approval of the republic
4. overthrow of the autocracy
Topic 6 . The fall of autocracy. Russia in search of prospects (years).
1. In Russia in 1905 – 1907. happened:
1. creation of the State Duma
2. abolition of the class division of society
3. confiscation of landowners' lands
4. establishment of national equality of citizens
2. The legal activities of political parties in Russia were permitted in:
4. 1905.
3. Economic reforms in Russia at the endXIXV. were associated with:
1. Alexander II
2. Stolypin
3. Witte
4. Nicholas II
4. At the beginningXXcenturies, subjects of the Russian Empire in official documents were divided into groups according to ... principle.
1. class
2. class
3. national
4. regional
1. obtaining concessions for foreigners
2. Jews can settle in any part of the Russian Empire beyond the Pale of Settlement
3. formation of political parties
4. freedom of trade in alcoholic products
6. For the first time, Soviets of Workers' Deputies were created in 1905 in:
1. Ivanovo-Voznesensk
2. St. Petersburg
3. Suzdal
4. Kostroma
7. The “Union of the Russian People”, which emerged in 1905, characterized the demand:
1. preservation of autocracy
2. introduction of universal suffrage
3. establishment of a constitutional monarchy
4. equal rights of the peoples of Russia
8. Event of the revolution of 1905 - 1907, which occurred later than others:
1. All-Russian October political strike
14. How many State Dumas were elected in Russia before February 1917:
15. P. Stolypin’s agrarian reform provided for:
1. free exit of peasants from the community
2. free transfer of landowner's land
3. creation of peasant cooperatives
4. sale of landowners' land through banks
16. in 1906 proposed to introduce in Russia:
1. military courts to punish participants in the revolutionary movement
2. broad local government
3. republican form of government
17. The socialist party in Russia was the party:
1. Social Revolutionaries
3. monarchists
4. cadets
18. At the beginning of the First World War, Russia was in alliances:
1. Entente
2. Triple Alliance
3. Economic union with the USA
4. economic union with China
19. In the first weeks after the Bolsheviks took power in October 1917, the party was banned:
1. cadets
2. Mensheviks
3. Right Socialist Revolutionaries
4. Left Social Revolutionaries
20. The provisional government, created during the days of the February revolution, announced that all pressing Russian problems would be solved:
1. Constituent Assembly
2. State Duma
3. Democratic conference
4. Parliament
21. Order No. 1 issued by the Council proposed:
1. introduce elected committees in the army and navy
2. introduce an eight-hour working day at enterprises
3. transfer of all land into the public domain
4. introduce rationed distribution of bread
22. OnIIThe All-Russian Congress of Soviets in October 1917 decided to:
1. dissolution of the Constituent Assembly
2. proclamation of Soviet power
3. execution of the royal family
4. granting independence to Finland and Poland
27. The consequences of the February revolution include:
1. abolition of the monarchy
2. transfer of land to peasants
3. Russia’s exit from the world war
4. establishment of worker control in factories and factories
28. The first bodies of Soviet power formed onIICongress of Soviets is:
1. Council of Ministers
2. Presidential Administration
4. Council of People's Commissars, All-Russian Central Executive Committee
29. The policy of “war communism” is characterized by:
2. abolition of labor service
3. hard currency
4. land lease
30. “Red Guard attack on capital” undertaken by the Bolsheviks in 1917 – 1918. meant:
1. defeat of the white armies
2. mass repressions against Russian entrepreneurs
3. accelerated nationalization of large, medium and small enterprises
4. establishment of strict control over enterprises by the Cheka
31. The main issue during the civil war was:
1. power and property
2. territorial
3. provision of civil rights and freedoms
4. interpersonal
32. The policy of “war communism” is characterized by the introduction of:
1. surplus appropriation
2. tax in kind
3. freedom of trade
4. hard currency
33. To the years held in Soviet Russia. The policy of “war communism” includes:
1. universal labor conscription
2. freedom of market trade
3. entrepreneurship development
4. tax in kind from peasants
34. The basis of the White movement during the Civil War were:
1. Army officers of the Entente countries
2. volunteers of Russian communities abroad
3. defectors from the German army
4. officers and cadets of the tsarist army
35. Among the listed events of the civil war, the latest in time was:
1. march on Moscow
2. breakthrough of defense on the Perekop Isthmus
3. mutiny of the Czechoslovak corps
4. march on Moscow
36. Slogan “For Soviets without parties!” nominated in 1921 by participants:
1. Kronstadt uprising of sailors and workers
2. peasant uprisings in Siberia
3. rebellion of the Left Socialist Revolutionaries
4. The First All-Union Congress of Soviets during the formation of the USSR
37. Internal policy of the Bolshevik government in the period from the summer of 1918 to the beginning of 1921. was called:
1. War communism
2. State capitalism
3. Socialism
4. New economic policy
38. In the first years of Soviet power in Russia, the following took place:
1. Russo-Japanese War
2. Patriotic War
3. Crimean War
4. Civil war
39. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was created in:
2. 1922.
40. In what year did the uprising of sailors and workers take place in Kronstadt in Soviet Russia:
2. 1921.
41. The main prerequisite for the formation of the USSR was:
1. victory of Soviet power in the Civil War
2. the hope of peoples for a better life under socialism
3. tradition of people living together as part of the Russian Empire
4. Bolshevik agitation in favor of creating a new state
42. One of the important steps in the transition to peaceful life after the Civil War in Russia was the decision to:
1. replacing surplus appropriation with tax in kind
2. freedom of market trade
3. termination of emigration
4. permitting the activities of parties
43. The first Constitution of the USSR was adopted in:
3. 1924.
Topic7. The Soviet state during the NEP period.
1. The new economic policy was carried out:
1. from 1918 to 1921
2. from 1921 to 1925
3. from 1921 to 1928
4. from 1921 to 1936
2. During the NEP years:
1. many small and medium-sized enterprises have become private
2. foreign concessions were prohibited
3. leasing of enterprises was prohibited
4. hired labor in peasant and handicraft farming was prohibited
3. Stalin’s main opponent in the Central Committee in the 20s was:
1. Zinoviev
2. Bukharin
4. Trotsky
4. The Constitution of 1924 of the USSR proclaimed:
1. Federation of Republics
3. development of farming
2. The cult of personality in the 1930s. led to:
1. strengthening the security of state borders
2. destruction of civil rights and freedoms of the population
3. mass return of emigrants to the USSR
4. discontent of all segments of society
3. The establishment of a totalitarian regime in the USSR in the thirties was associated with:
1. the country’s leadership’s search for modernization based on market relations
2. using the new socialist model
3. adoption of a strategy of accelerated development
4. lack of political culture of the population
4. Political life of the USSR in the 1930s. was characterized by:
1. diversity of opinions in public life
2. freedom of speech
3. creation of a party system
4. massive political repressions
5. The concept of “great turning point” is associated with:
2. victory in the civil war
3. completion of industrialization and collectivization
4. adoption of the USSR Constitution of 1936
6. Among the results of industrialization in the USSR in the 1930s. related:
2. creation of a mixed economy
3. creation of a market mechanism in the economy
4. achievement of economic independence by the USSR
7. The command-administrative system that developed in the USSR in the 1930s was characterized by:
2. non-interference of the state in the economy
3. freedom of enterprise
4. decentralization of the economy
8. GULAG is an abbreviation for:
1. international organization for humanitarian cooperation
2. NKVD camp administration
3. organizations "Civil Initiatives"
4. children's summer holiday system
9. The USSR was created as a federation of union republics, based on the principles:
1. voluntariness and equality
2. transfer by the republics of all powers to the Center
4. unequal position of individual republics in relation to the Center
Topic 9. USSR during the Second World War and in the post-war years (years).
According to the plans of the Nazi leadership, the consequence of the implementation of “Plan 1. Barbarossa” was supposed to be:
1. transformation of the USSR into a German colony
2. disintegration of the USSR into several independent national states
3. turning the USSR into an ally of Germany
4. preservation of the USSR as a single independent state
2. One of the reasons for the heavy defeats of the Red Army in the first months of the Great Patriotic War is:
1. an attempt by the Red Army to go offensive instead of defensive
2. multiple superiority of the German armies
3. support for the Germans by the majority of the population in the western regions of the USSR
4. subversive actions of German citizens living in the western regions of the USSR
3. An important consequence of the Battle of Moscow was that:
1. The German plan for a “blitzkrieg” was thwarted
2. a second front was opened in Europe
3. there was a radical change in the war
4. Germany began to lose its allies in the war
4. CompletionIIWorld War is associated with:
1. Berlin's surrender
2. liberation of Europe
3. surrender of Germany
4. surrender of Japan
5. Event that took place in 1941:
1. Battle of Stalingrad
2. Battle of Moscow
3. Battle of Kursk
4. Liberation of Crimea
6. An important reason for the failure of the German offensive plan in the Battle of Kursk in 1943 was:
1. preemptive strike by Soviet artillery
2. entry into battle of Siberian reserve divisions
3. encirclement of the bulk of German troops on the Kursk Bulge
4. attack by partisan formations in the rear
7. The German plan for a “lightning war” against the USSR was finally buried after:
1. defeat of German troops near Moscow
2. encirclement of Paulus’s army at Stalingrad
3. long, stubborn defense of Sevastopol
4. failure of the German plan to capture Leningrad
8. The completion of a radical change in the Great Patriotic War is associated with:
1. Battle of Kursk
2. Battle of Stalingrad
3. Battle of Moscow
4. liberation of Kyiv
9. During the Great Patriotic War, economic development was characterized by:
1. increased wages
2. card system for distribution and receipt of products
3. military censorship of correspondence
4. labor mobilization of the population
10. The political system that existed in the USSR in 1930 - 1980. and characterized by strict control over all areas of public life is called:
1. terrorism
2. totalitarianism
3. absolutism
4. despotism
11. Which of the following government figures is associated with the beginning of the Cold War:
1. F. Roosevelt, A. Gromyko
2. D. Eisenhower, N. Bulganin
3. J. Kennedy, N. Khrushchev
4. W. Churchill, I. Stalin
12. Our country has returned to the pre-war economic model of the 30s because:
1. there were no forces in the country raising the question of the need to reorganize the economic management system
2. society was dominated by the idealization of the pre-war past
3. the pre-war economic model has proven its high mobilization capabilities
4. significant resources have been exhausted
13. The existence of a one-party system in the USSR was one of the signs:
1. totalitarian regime
2. democratic system
3. military dictatorship regime
4. regime of strong presidential power
14. Which sphere of the national economy developed in the USSR in the first years after the end of the Great Patriotic War at the fastest pace:
1. agriculture
2. heavy industry
3. social sphere
4. light industry
15. After graduationIIWorld War II transition from the anti-fascist coalition because:
1. the war against fascism intensified ideological differences between countries
2. the war against fascism strengthened the mutual rejection of opposing systems
3. The disappearance of the general threat of fascism led to a new split
4. the defeat of fascism did not require more coordination of efforts
16. Indicate the reason for the rapid recovery of the USSR economy after the Second World War:
1. help from Western powers
2. the enthusiasm and dedication of the Soviet people
3. introduction of self-government at enterprises
4. development of virgin lands
17. The consequences of the Second World War were:
1. conclusion of the Soviet-American treaty
2. expansion of USSR influence
3. strengthening ties between the USSR and its allies in the anti-Hitler coalition
4. formation of the League of Nations
18. The reason for the resumption of political repression by the Stalinist leadership in the post-war years was:
1. the desire to eliminate the sprouts of freedom that have appeared in people’s minds
2. return to the pre-war totalitarian model of development with an atmosphere of fear and autocracy
3. distracting the population from the problems of economic restoration
4. development of the country's political system
Topic 10. Attempts to liberalize the totalitarian systemand the increase in crisis phenomena in Soviet society (years).
1. A totalitarian regime is:
1. the power of one person
4. deterioration of living conditions of the population
6. Which of the following provisions were contained in the report “On the cult of personality and its consequences”:
1. Mass repressions were carried out under Stalin
2. Stalin had no services to the country
3. Stalin hid his political will
4. Stalin took credit for all the victories in the war
2. lack of incentives for the population to work
3. domination of state property
4. development of market elements of the economy
19. The end of the process of détente in international tension in the 1970s. was indicated:
1. introduction of ATS troops into Czechoslovakia
2. entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan
3. Cuban missile crisis
4. Korean War
20. Reduction of tension in relations between the East, West, the USA, their allies and the USSR, countries of Eastern Europe in the first half of the 1970s. was called:
1. "thaw"
2. integration
3. discharge
4. perestroika
21. A system of international relations characterized by a balance of approximately equal forces between two competing blocs of states is called:
1. monopolar
2. global
3. bipolar
4. international
22. Indicate the years of perestroika:
1. 1983 – 1985
2. 1984 – 1989
3. 1985 – 1991
4. 1982 – 1986
23. The consequences of the perestroika policy included:
1. expansion of political freedoms
2. creation of a permanent parliament
3. destruction of the totalitarian system
4. strengthening power in the center and locally
Topic 11. The final stage in the history of the USSR (1st year).
1. Indicate the main reason for the USSR’s transition to the policy of perestroika in the mid-1980s:
1. sharp deterioration of international relations
2. the need to develop the territories of Siberia and the Far East
3. protracted economic and political crisis
4. mass demonstrations of the population
2. The concept of new political thinking in international relations was put forward by:
3. An attempt to remove the President of the USSR from power was made in 1991:
1. President of Russia
2. members of the Emergency Committee
3. Supreme Soviet of the USSR
4. Supreme Court of the USSR
4. The consequence of the policy of perestroika in the USSR was:
1. aggravation of interethnic relations
2. strengthening relations between central and republican authorities
3. desire to strengthen the role of the CPSU
4. expansion of industrial production
5. The agreement on the dissolution of the USSR in 1991 was signed by the heads of:
1. Russia, Belarus, Ukraine
2. Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine
3. all republics of the former USSR
4. all republics except the Baltic ones
6. The last General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee was:
1. Gorbachev
3. Brezhnev
4. Chernenko
7. The policy initiated in the second half of the 80s was called:
1. Thaw
2. Perestroika
3. Acceleration
4. Country update
8 The collapse of the USSR occurred in:
3. 1991.
9. The State Duma did not exist in Russia in:
1. 1906 – 1911
2. 1912 – 1917
3. 1985 – 1991
4. 1993 – 2001
10. Conducted in Russia in the early 1990s. the transfer or sale to private ownership of a number of state-owned enterprises is called:
1. nationalization
2. privatization
11. Conducted in Russia in the early 1990s. The government's economic policy was:
1. expanded reproduction
2. nationalization of property
3. transition to a market economy
4. new economic policy
Topic 12. Collapse of the USSR. Formation of a new Russian statehood.
1. According to the 1993 Constitution, Russia is a state:
1. unitary
2. federal
3. confederal
4. based on the principle of national autonomy
2. How did I decide to start economic reform in January 1992:
1. from the exchange of 50 and 100 ruble bills
2. with price liberalization
3. with the privatization of state property
3. The Russian Parliament of the endXXcentury was called:
1. Council of Ministers
2. State Duma
3. Federal Assembly
4. Federation Council
4. In 1991, 1996, 2000 Presidents of the Russian Federation took office as a result of:
1. election by the State Duma
2. appointments by the Federal Assembly
3. popular elections
4. appointments by the Constitutional Court
5. In the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 1993 and in the Constitutions of the Soviet period, an article was created on the recognition of:
1. ideological diversity
2. multi-party system
3. private property
4. rights to education
6. The transfer of military-industrial enterprises to reduce the output of military products and increase the output of consumer goods was called:
1. modernization
2. conversion
3. correction
4. annexation
7. The Constitution of the Russian Federation was adopted on December 12, 1993:
1. President of the Russian Federation
2. Supreme Council of the Russian Federation
3. Federation Council of the Russian Federation
Guidelines for the test
1. It is advisable to allocate 60 minutes for testing.
2. Number of questions included in the test:
a) for correspondence students – 40.
b) for evening students – 50.
c) for full-time students – 60.
3. Knowledge assessment:
a) correspondence department:
b) evening department:
Less than 50% of correct answers are unsatisfactory;
50% or more correct answers – satisfactory;
75% or more correct answers – good;
90% or more correct answers are excellent.
c) day care:
Less than 50% of correct answers are unsatisfactory;
50% or more correct answers – satisfactory;
75% or more correct answers – good;
90% or more correct answers are excellent.
History of Russia
1. Polyudye - a method of collecting tribute from East Slavic tribes, practiced in the 9th-12th centuries in Rus'. Tribal unions maintained their own organization; the duties of their princes included supplying tribute (carts), mainly furs, to the camps. The amount of tribute was calculated in proportion to the households, regardless of the income of their owners.
2. “Russian Truth”- the first written set of laws of Ancient Rus'.
3. Baskak (Turkic) - representative of the Mongol Khan in the conquered lands.
The emergence of the Old Russian state - 882
5. Under the prince Ivan Kalita - Moscow becomes the ecclesiastical center of the Russian lands.
6. IN 1113 g. the people of Kiev begged the prince Vladimir Monomakh sit on the throne. The Byzantine Emperor sent Vladimir Monomakh a royal crown, bars and gold chains, and the Greek Metropolitan Neophytos solemnly placed the crown on Vladimir's head and named him tsar - therefore the Grand Duke is considered the first Russian crowned autocrat. The crown was called the Monomakh's cap, and it was used to crown Russian Grand Dukes and Tsars.
Generally accepted date: January 16, 1547. - solemn royal wedding Ivan the 4th.
7. In the second half of the 18th century, under Catherine II, the Black Sea regions were annexed to Russia. The territory that became part of Russia from the Sea of Azov to the mouth of the Dnieper (with the annexed Crimea) was named Novorossiya .
8. The state of the Mongol-Tatars, which established a yoke over the Russian lands, was called: Golden Horde (Altyn Orda - Ulus Jochi)
9. Baptism of Rus'- the introduction of Christianity as a state religion in the Old Russian state, carried out at the end X century in 988 Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich.
10. Zemsky Sobor (Council of the whole earth) - the highest class-representative institution of the Russian kingdom from the mid-16th to the end of the 17th century, a meeting of representatives of all segments of the population (except for serfs) to discuss political, economic and administrative issues.
11. Formation of the Old Russian state - 11th century.
12. Horde exit - tribute paid to the Golden Horde by Russian lands.
According to the Norman theory, the Varangians played a major role in the formation of Kievan Rus.
14. Peasant reform in Russia (abolition of serfdom) - reform begun in 1861, which abolished serfdom in the Russian Empire.
15. Legal registration of serfdom began during the reign of Ivan III with the adoption of a set of laws of a single Russian state - Code of Laws 1497g. Article 57 of the Code of Law “On Christian Refusal”
16. Right to reign gave received in the Horde - Label (Turkic) - means letter, document.
17. The governors sent from Moscow to manage the districts were called - Boyars-feeders.
18. Founder of the Moscow princely dynasty is St. Daniil (Moskovsky) Alexandrovich youngest son of Alexander Nevsky.
Redemption payments", "cuts" - these concepts relate to: the peasant reform of 1861.
United Kyiv and Novgorod in the 9th century. Prince Oleg (Prophetic).
The period of feudal fragmentation of Kievan Rus, which began in the 30s of the 12th century, lasted until the very end of the 15th century. many of its signs became quite clearly visible already in the second half of the 11th century.
23. Feudal fragmentation , which was a natural stage in the historical development of Rus', was a consequence of the economic isolation of individual principalities. The growth of large property and the spread of food rent created during this period more favorable conditions for further economic development. At the same time, the consequence of fragmentation was the intensification of princely strife. In the conditions of constant internecine wars, the foreign policy situation of Rus' worsened, and ultimately, as a result of the Tatar-Mongol invasion, it lost its independence.
25. During the reign of the Grand Duke Ivan III in 1497 The double-headed eagle became the Russian coat of arms.
Lessons" and "cemeteries" for collecting tribute from the tribes were established by Princess Olga.
27. Battle of the Kalka River ended with the victory of the Mongols and defeat of the Russian-Polovtsian army.
29. Battle of Kulikovo (Mamaevo or Don Massacre)– took place on September 8 (16), 1380.
30. The policy of Ivan the Terrible, aimed at strengthening autocracy and fighting the separatism of the boyars, was called - Oprichnina. Oprichniki - people who made up the secret police.
The amount of tribute was calculated in proportion to the households, regardless of the income of their owners.
Story
Polyudye is an annual tour of the prince with his retinue of subject lands in order to collect tribute. Lasted from November to January.
The first mention of polyudya in Russian chronicles, as well as a detailed description of polyudya by the Byzantine emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus in his treatise “On the Administration of the Empire”, dates back to the middle of the 10th century.
This is the winter and harsh way of life of those same dews. When November comes, their princes leave Kyiv with all the Russians and go on a polyudye, that is, a circular tour, namely, to the Slavic lands of the Drevlyans, Dregovichi, Krivichi, Northerners and other Slavs paying tribute to the Russians. Feeding there during the winter, in April, when the ice on the Dnieper melts, they return to Kyiv, assemble and equip their ships and set off for Byzantium
If we talk about Ar-Rus merchants, then this is one of the varieties of Slavs. They deliver hare skins, black fox skins and swords from the most remote [outskirts of the country] Slavs to the Rumian Sea. The ruler of ar-Rum [Byzantium] collects tithes from them. If they travel along the Tanis, the river of the Slavs, they pass by Khamlij, a city of the Khazars. Their owner also takes tithes from them. Then they travel across the Jurjan Sea and land on any shore... Sometimes they carry their goods from Jurjan to Baghdad on camels. The translators [for] them are Slavic eunuch servants. They claim to be Christians and pay a poll tax
The emergence of such a phenomenon as polyudye was associated with the spread of the power of the Rus to part of the East Slavic tribes. Patriarch Photius of Constantinople, in connection with the Russian-Byzantine war of 860, speaks of the Rus:
Having enslaved those who lived around them and therefore become overly proud, they raised their hands against the Roman Empire itself!
It is also known about the powers of the Polyudya participants:
Always 100-200 of them (Russians) go to the Slavs and forcibly take from them for their maintenance while they are there
The sale of polyudya by the Vyatichi on the international market and its cessation with the conquest of the Vyatichi by Svyatoslav Igorevich in 966 and finally by Vladimir Svyatoslavich in 982 are indirectly confirmed by the chronology of hoards of oriental coins in the Oka basin.
One of the last mentions of Polyudye dates back to 1190, during the reign of Vsevolod the Big Nest in the Vladimir-Suzdal principality. Based on this example, the researchers calculated the average speed of Polyudya - 7-8 km per day.
Not only Constantine Porphyrogenitus, but also Scandinavian sources (the saga of Harald) use the Slavic word ( poluta, polutaswarf).
Polyudye had an extremely wide distribution in the socio-political systems of Eurasia and Africa with a level of political and cultural complexity close to the ancient Slavic.
Notes
Sources
- Polyudye: a world-historical phenomenon. Under general ed. Yu. M. Kobishchanova. Ed. coll. Yu. M. Kobishchanov, M. S. Meyer, V. L. Yanin and others - M., ROSSPEN, 2009. - 791 p.
- Rybakov B. A. The Birth of Rus'
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
Synonyms:See what “Polyudye” is in other dictionaries:
Wed, old traveling around a district or region to collect tribute. The most tribute, pogolovshchina, per capita, which when touring dioceses was called an entrance. Then I will exist to Grand Duke Roman in polyudia. Popular tribute, tax, old. collected by detour from the people. AND… … Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
Detour Dictionary of Russian synonyms. polyudye noun, number of synonyms: 2 tribute (12) detour (... Dictionary of synonyms
In Ancient Rus', initially there was an annual tour by the prince and the squad of the subject population (people) to collect tribute; then the tribute itself is of indeterminate size. In the Novgorod and Smolensk lands in the XIT century. name of fixed monetary duty... Legal dictionary
In Kievan Rus, a prince and a squad travel around the subject lands to collect tribute; later the tribute itself is of uncertain size. In the Novgorod and Smolensk lands in the 12th century. fixed payment... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
POLYUDYE- (“walking among people”) a detour of Kievan Rus by the prince and his squad of subject regions and tribes to collect tribute, and later the name of the tribute itself. P. is also mentioned in the writings of the Byzantine emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus (mid-10th century), chronicles and... ... Legal encyclopedia
POLUDYE, POLUDYE, I; Wed East. In ancient Rus' 10-13 centuries: annual tour of the subject population (people) by princes, boyars, governors and their warriors to collect tribute. // Such a tribute itself. * * * polyudye in the Old Russian state detour by the prince and... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary
- (“walking among people”), a detour in Kievan Rus by the prince and his squad of subject regions and tribes to collect tribute, and later the tribute itself. Polyudye usually took place in the fall or winter at the end of the harvest. After the murder during Polyudye, Prince. Igor... ...Russian history
Annual tour of the subject population (“people”) by ancient Russian princes, boyars, governors and their warriors in the 10th–13th centuries. for the purpose of feeding and collecting taxes. P. is recorded in Arabic (Ibn Rusta, Gardizi; 10th-11th centuries), Byzantine... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- (old) temporary duty that fell on labor or the working population and consisted of maintaining the prince and his court while they toured the region. According to the testimony of Konstantin Porphyrogenitus, detours were made in winter, and the prince traveled not only with... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron
- (walking among people) a detour in Kievan Rus by the prince and his squad of subject regions and tribes to collect tribute, and later the tribute itself. P. is mentioned in op. Constantine Porphyrogenitus (mid 10th century), chronicles and acts (12th century). P. was usually done... ... Soviet historical encyclopedia
Books
- Polyudye. World historical phenomenon. The proposed book is the world's first collective monograph specifically dedicated to polyhumanity as a world-historical phenomenon. The monograph by Yu. M. Kobishchanov, published twelve years earlier...
Polyudye is a method of collecting tribute from East Slavic tribes, which was practiced in Rus' in the 9th-12th centuries. Polyudye was one of the first attempts of the nascent state to collect tribute and taxes from the population and subject territories. The main distinguishing feature of polyudye was its irregularity.
The concept of polyudya
In Ancient Rus', polyudye was a detour around the lands for the purpose of collecting tribute. The princes themselves and their warriors, who collected tribute, personally traveled around all the lands and took money from people. From such “trips around people” the later term “polyudye” came about. Tribute collection took place after the harvest, in winter and autumn, so that people could provide the required amount of money or resources.
Today there is debate about when polyudye appeared in Rus' and whether it is a distinctive feature of Kievan Rus or existed in one form or another even before, when several tribal unions lived on Russian lands, which in the same way captured territories and collected tribute.
Despite the controversy, today it is generally accepted that Polyudye was introduced by Prince Oleg and this was associated with a sharp expansion of territories and the strengthening of the power of Russian princes over the surrounding East Slavic tribes. The new territories had to be profitable so that the prince could provide for the army and warriors and equip them for further military campaigns, selling goods received during the collection of tribute on the market in Byzantium.
The establishment of tribute in the form of polyudya speaks of the emergence of an early feudal state on the territory of the Eastern Slavs.
History of Polyudye
Every year, the prince and his squad traveled around the territories under their control in order to collect tribute and feed - this lasted from November to April. Polyudye was first mentioned in ancient Russian chronicles from the 10th century. In addition, a detailed description of Polyudye, its form and system of implementation is also found in the treatise of the Byzantine Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus “On the Administration of the Empire” and also dates back to the second half of the 10th century. This allows us to say that polyudye was introduced in Rus' no later than the beginning of the 10th century.
In this treatise, Polyudye is described as follows: with the onset of November, the Russian princes set off together with their warriors from Kyiv to all the lands under their control and made a circular tour, collecting tribute from each tribe. The tribes in connection with which Polyudye is mentioned include the Dregovichi, Krivichi, Northerners and others. Feeding on the tribute they received, the Russian princes returned to Kyiv in mid-April and went from there to Byzantium to sell the goods received at Polyudye (both money and things, supplies and goods were accepted as tribute).
The squad that collected tribute usually included about 100-200 people, who were often armed and collected tribute by force.
It is believed that, in addition to collecting tribute, the so-called feeding was actively used, when the owner of the house received the guest, fed and watered him. Scientists believe that the introduction of polyudya and feeding is largely due to the tradition of the Eastern Slavs to keep a guest while he is in the house. Thus, the warriors and the prince came to the houses of their subordinates and lived there at their expense. Later, this form of tribute was transformed into feudal dependence and quitrent.
The tribes did not like the collection of tribute, but up to a certain point they tolerated it, but when in 945 Prince Igor tried to take additional tribute on top of what was already available, the Drevlyans, who, like other tribes were forced to pay the prince, rebelled and Igor was killed.
After the suppression of the Drevlyan uprising, Princess Olga carried out a tax reform, introducing a new system of collecting tribute. Now tribute was collected not directly in tribal centers, but in graveyards - specially created points for collecting tribute from the population. The tax collected in this way later passed into the hands of the princely governors in large cities, from where it was sent to the prince in Kyiv. The vigilantes’ trips around the territories, and with them the feeding, stopped.
The end of Polyudye
The collection of polyudye decreased sharply during the time of Svyatoslav Igorevich - in 966, and later, in 982, it stopped altogether with the coming to power. The last mention of Polyudye dates back to 1190. At that time, tribute was still collected in the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality, but this stopped with the departure of Prince Vsevolod the Big Nest. There is also evidence that some form of polyudye persisted in remote wilderness areas of Russia until the mid-19th century. Polyudye was also levied in a number of other countries (for example, in African countries).
