Which at that time was also at war with Poland. He promised to give the Korela fortress to Charles IX for his help in the fight against the Poles and False Dmitry II.
The title page of a separate book of the Novgorod state in 1612 about the distribution of palace lands to estates in the Lyatsky churchyard.
“Summer 7120 August in the day. By order of the royal majesty and the Nougorod state of the boyar and Bolshovo Ratnovo voivode Yakov Puntosovich Delegard and the boyar and voivode Prince Ivan Nikitich Bolshoi Odoevsky, with the accreditation of clerks Semyon Lutokhin and Ondrei Lystsov, clerks Yakim Veshnyakov in the Shelonskaya Pyatina in the Zaleskaya half in Lyatsky guest from the sovereign's palace village , what was previously sown for Ignorant and Bogdan Belsky, he separated into the estate [...]"
On July 25, 1611, an agreement was signed between the puppet Novgorod state occupied by the Swedes and the Swedish king, according to which the Swedish king was declared the patron of the independent Novgorod state, and one of his sons (the prince Karl Philip) became a contender for the royal throne and the Grand Duke of Novgorod. Thus, most of the Novgorod land became formally independent Novgorod state, located under Swedish protectorate, although in essence it was a Swedish military occupation. It was led on the Russian side by Ivan Nikitich Bolshoi Odoevsky, and on the Swedish side by Jacob Delagardie. On their behalf, decrees were issued and land was distributed to estates to service people who accepted the new Novgorod government.
After the convening of the Zemsky Sobor in Moscow and the election of the new Russian Tsar Mikhail Romanov in 1613, the policy of the Swedish occupation administration changed. During Delagardie's absence in the winter of 1614-1615, the Swedish military administration in Novgorod was headed by Evert Horn, who pursued a tough policy to annex the Novgorod lands to Sweden, declaring that the new king Gustav Adolf himself wanted to be king in Novgorod. Many Novgorodians did not accept such a statement; Having gone over to the side of Moscow, they began to leave the Novgorod state.
In 1613, the Swedes approached Tikhvin and unsuccessfully besieged the city. In the fall of 1613, the army of the boyar prince set out from Moscow on a campaign to Novgorod, captured by the Swedes in 1611
In the spring of 1610, Russian troops with Swedish mercenaries marched to Smolensk against the army of the Polish king Sigismund, but were defeated at the village of Klushino near Mozhaisk (June 24, 1610), which accelerated the overthrow of Shuisky and the establishment of the “Seven Boyars”.
The reason for Sweden's action against Russia was the election of the Polish prince Vladislav to the Russian throne by the Moscow boyars. Having learned about the reorientation of Moscow, the Swedes, who were at war with Poland, began military operations against the Russians. For the Swedish side, a favorable opportunity opened up for large territorial acquisitions in northern Russia. The greatest success of the Swedes was their capture of Novgorod.
Capture of Novgorod (1611). In March 1611, the Swedish army under the command of General J. P. Delagardie approached Novgorod. The townspeople closed the gates and decided to defend themselves. In May, a representative of the First Militia, Voivode Buturlin, arrived in the city with a detachment. However, he did not have sufficient strength to defeat the Swedes. Deciding not to wait for new reinforcements to approach the Russians, the Swedish army launched an assault on Novgorod on July 8, 1611, but failed. Success not only inspired the Novgorodians, but also made them more careless, and Delagardi took advantage of this. On the night of July 16, with the help of a traitor, the Swedes entered the city through the unguarded Chudintsovsky Gate. Having suppressed individual pockets of resistance, the Swedish army captured Novgorod. After this, the Novgorodians recognized the King of Sweden as their patron and called on the rest of the Russian regions to recognize them as the king of the Swedish prince Philip.
Battle of Bronnitsy (1614). In 1614, the new Moscow government resumed military operations against the Swedes, trying to recapture Novgorod from them. An army was sent to the city under the command of Prince Dmitry Trubetskoy. Having reached Bronnitsy (30 km southwest of Novgorod), Zarutsky’s former comrade-in-arms set up camp there. The atmosphere of the times of the First Militia reigned in the Russian camp. Nobody wanted to obey anyone. The governors quarreled with each other, and the rank and file were engaged in robberies of the surrounding villages. Taking advantage of the disintegration of the Russian army, Delagardie on July 14, 1614 inflicted a strong defeat on Trubetskoy and blocked his camp, in which famine soon began. Having learned about this, Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich ordered Trubetskoy to retreat to Torzhok. When breaking out of encirclement, the Russians suffered heavy losses. According to the chronicle, the governors barely escaped on foot. The failure at Novgorod allowed the new Swedish king Gustav Adolf to intensify military operations and capture in September 1614 the strong fortress of Gdov, which covered the road to Pskov from the north.
Defense of the Tikhvin Monastery (1613-1615). The defense of the Tikhvin Monastery was more successful for the Russians, where a handful of heroes stopped the onslaught of a professional army. Delagardie's first attempt to take possession of the monastery in 1613-1614. was repelled by the monks and surrounding residents. On September 14, 1614, Delagardie lifted the siege. In 1615, the Swedes once again tried to take possession of the monastery, but again failed. According to legend, the intercession of the famous Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, located in the monastery, helped the Orthodox soldiers repel the formidable onslaught. Tradition says that the monks, initially frightened by the size of the Swedish army, decided to leave the monastery and take the image of Our Lady of Tikhvin with them to Moscow. But when they tried to take the icon, no one could move it from its place. Then, along with the icon, its defenders remained in the monastery.
Pskov defense (1615). The culmination of the Russian-Swedish struggle in 1614-1615. became the heroic defense of Pskov. The next year after the capture of Gdov, the Swedish king Gustav Adolf moved to Pskov. On June 30, 1615, his army (16 thousand people) besieged this fortress, which was defended by a garrison under the command of governors Morozov and Buturlin. The Swedes' attempt to take the city on the move ended in failure. Their first onslaught was repulsed with heavy losses. Among the killed was the Novgorod governor, Field Marshal Evert Horn. Then the king moved on to a siege, creating a series of camps fortified with trenches around the city. On October 9, having fired 700 incendiary cannonballs into the city, the Swedes launched a general attack on the Pskov fortifications. But he too was a complete failure. The defenders of the fortress heroically repelled all attacks, inflicting significant damage on the attackers. After the defeat at Pskov, Gustav Adolf did not dare to delay military operations. Sweden planned to resume the fight with Poland for the Baltic states and was not ready for a protracted war with Russia.
Stolbovsky world
Russia and Sweden (concluded on February 27, 1617 in the village of Stolbovo near Tikhvin).
Convinced of the firmness of the Russians, the Swedish leadership, through the mediation of England, entered into peace negotiations with them. They ended with the signing of the Stolbovsky Peace Treaty. Sweden returned Novgorod, Staraya Russa, etc. to Russia, but retained Korela (Kexholm), Ivangorod, Yam, Koporye, and Oreshek. The Novgorod land did not become a Swedish protectorate, but Russia completely lost access to the Baltic Sea. The Peace of Stolbovo crowned Sweden's centuries-long efforts with success. From now on, the Russian-Swedish border in the west began to pass along the Lavuya River (east of Oreshok). “The sea has been taken away from Russia, and, God willing, now it will be difficult for the Russians to jump over this stream,” - this is how Gustav Adolf expressed the essence of the signed agreement.
There is no country in the world that would win all its wars, and the statement that Russia has never lost them is not a declaration of love for the Motherland - it is a confession of one’s own ignorance.
Below are ten wars in which Russia, alas and ah, was defeated.
Livonian War (1558-1583)
Jan Matejko “Stephan Batory near Pskov”
This painting depicts the embassy of Tsar Ivan the Terrible to Stefan Batory asking for peace. It is with the elections to the Polish kingship of this talented commander that the defeat of the Muscovite kingdom in this war, which began very successfully for Russia, is associated. And also with the raids of the Crimean Khanate, and the progressive paranoia of Ivan the Terrible “ The Tsar committed oprichnina...».
According to the Yam-Zapolsky truce with Poland, Russia renounced Livonia and a number of Russian cities, although some border lands were returned to it. According to the Plyussky truce with Sweden, Russia lost Russian cities adjacent to the Baltic coast, retaining only a narrow access to the Baltic Sea at the mouth of the Neva. In addition, this war led to Porukha - the most severe economic crisis in the last years of the reign of Ivan the Terrible.
Russian-Polish War (1609-1618)
Sergei Ivanov “Time of Troubles”. Intervention camp.
One of the main events of the Time of Troubles, and one of its main causes. At the end of this war, according to the shameful Deulin truce, Russia ceded to Poland the Smolensk, Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversk lands, in which there were 29 cities, and renounced claims to Livonia. The Polish-Russian border came so close to Moscow that the distance from it to the border Vyazma was only 250 versts, and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth set the largest dimensions in its history for 50 years.
They kept the jewelry taken by the Poles from Moscow for themselves. At the same time, Poland refused to recognize Mikhail Romanov as Tsar (the Polish King Vladislav retained the title of Moscow Tsar until 1634, and during ceremonial receptions he wore the Moscow crown).
Russo-Swedish War (1610-1617)
King Gustav II Adolf. Prayer before battle
During the Time of Troubles, the Novgorodians called the son of the Swedish king to the Russian throne and surrendered Novgorod to the Swedes; later the Swedes also captured Staraya Russa, Ladoga, Gdov, Oreshek, Ivangorod and a number of other Russian cities. But the interests of the Swedes in Russia were limited only to turning the Baltic Sea into their inland sea; moreover, Sweden, simultaneously with Russia, was waging wars with Poland, Denmark and Germany.
Therefore, King Gustav II Adolf agreed to the Stolbovo Peace Treaty, under the terms of which Russia paid reparations to the Swedes in the amount of 20 thousand rubles and regained part of Russian cities. But Sweden ceded territory with cities and fortresses from Ivangorod to Lake Ladoga and completely lost access to the Baltic Sea. Which only 100 years later was Peter I able to return.
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Russo-Swedish War (1656-1658)
Nikolai Sverchkov “Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich’s departure to review the troops”
However, after 50 years, Russia tried to regain its lost lands and access to the Baltic Sea, taking advantage of the fact that Sweden entered the Northern War and had no time for Russia. At first, the war developed successfully, part of Livonia and Karelia was recaptured, Riga was besieged, Tartu, Shlisselburg and several other cities were captured. However, in 1657-58. Swedish troops received reinforcements and inflicted a number of defeats on the Russian troops, forcing the conclusion of the Valiesar Truce for a period of three years.
By that time, Bohdan Khmelnitsky had died, Ivan Vygovsky, who opposed the alliance with the Russians, had been elected Ukrainian hetman, the Ruin had begun, and Russia was drawn into the war in Ukraine. Not wanting to lose Ukrainian lands by getting bogged down in the North, Russia, according to the Treaty of Kardis, returned to Sweden everything it had won in that war, restoring the border established by the Stolbovo Treaty without access to the Baltic Sea. And Sweden, I repeat, was no longer interested in anything in Russia.
Russo-Turkish War (1710–1713)
Arseny Chernyshov fragment of the diorama “The Capture of the Turkish fortress of Azov by the troops of Peter I”
Peter I began and ended this war with one disastrous Prut campaign, the goal of which was rather petty - to capture Charles XII. As a result, Peter I, together with Catherine I, were not captured themselves only because they bribed the vizier and a number of Turkish military leaders.
According to the Prut Peace Treaty, Russia returned Azov, captured in 1696, to Turkey, sold all its ships on the Sea of Azov to Turkey, tore down the fortifications of Taganrog and other fortresses in the south, the Zaporozhye Sich and the Cossacks on the western side of the Dnieper, on which Russia only Kyiv remained.
But the main result of this stupid war was Russia’s loss of access to the Sea of Azov and the recently built southern fleet. Azov was again captured by the Russian army only 25 years later under Empress Anna Ioannovna.
Russian-Prussian-French War (1806-1807)
Gioachino Serangeli "Farewell of Napoleon to Alexander I in Tilsit"
Russia participated in this war against Napoleonic France on the side of the Fourth Coalition of Powers (Russia, Prussia, England), while waging its own Russian-Turkish War (1806-1812). Russia could not fight two wars at the same time, and after a series of heavy defeats from Napoleon, Alexander I was forced to conclude the Peace of Tilsit.
In Russia, Tilsit was treated as a national disgrace and unheard of dishonor - it meant recognizing yesterday’s enemy as an ally as defeated, and yesterday’s ally as an enemy. In addition to a painful blow to pride, joining the continental blockade of England hit the Russian economy hard, and unleashed the Anglo-Russian War of 1807-1812.
Crimean War (1853-1856)
Robert Gibb "The Thin Red Line"
The war started by Russia against Turkey for dominance in the Black Sea straits and the Balkans, which turned into a war against the coalition of England, France, the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia. In fact, Nicholas I dragged economically backward, feudal-serf Russia into a military conflict with strong European powers, which could not end in victory.
The signed Paris Peace Treaty demanded that Russia return all occupied territories to Turkey, it was prohibited from having a navy in the Black Sea, Russia lost its influence in the Balkans. But there were also positive consequences from the defeat in that war - it served as an impetus for the reforms of Alexander II and the abolition of serfdom.
Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)
The war between the Russian and Japanese empires was conceived by Nicholas II as a “small victorious war” to distract the masses from purely internal Russian problems, plus the establishment of control over Manchuria and Korea. And it eventually became the standard of a lost war in the presence of overwhelming superiority in human and material resources.
The Portsmouth Peace Treaty provided for the cession by Russia of half of Sakhalin to Japan, lease rights to the Liaodong Peninsula with Port Arthur and to part of the South Manchurian Railway. Russia also recognized Korea as a Japanese zone of influence, and Japan's right to fish along Russian shores.
First World War (1914-1918)
Pyotr Karyagin “The Horror of War. We’ve arrived!” Russian infantry attack on German trenches
Beginning with an unprecedented patriotic upsurge, supported by all layers of Russian society, this absolutely useless war for Russia led to revolution and the collapse of the Russian Empire. And to a unique defeat in history for the losing side in the war.
Having signed the separate Treaty of Brest-Litovsk literally six months before Germany’s surrender, Russia renounced a territory of 780 thousand square meters. km. with the loss of a significant part of the country's agricultural and industrial base, with a population of one third of the total population of the Russian Empire. And with the recognition of the payment of billions of reparations and other humiliating conditions.
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was annulled by Soviet Russia immediately after the surrender of Germany, but it did not find a place among the victors - this peace allowed the losing German Empire to drag out its agony, transferring its forces from the Eastern Front to the Western Front.
Soviet-Polish War (1919-1921)
Jerzy Kossak "Miracle on the Vistula"
The USSR had not yet been created, but immediately after the surrender of Germany in the First World War, Soviet Russia wanted to regain part of the territories of the former Russian Empire, and establish on them “a springboard for the world revolution.” In the USSR they really did not like to remember that shamefully lost war.
According to the Treaty of Riga, Poland received Western Ukraine and Western Belarus. Russia also pledged to return to Poland all cultural property exported from its territory since 1772, and to pay reparations to the Poles in the amount of 30 million gold rubles.
I didn’t remember later wars, because the USSR, sorry, is not Russia. Just as he left aside the wars of distant antiquity - Kievan Rus and the appanage Russian principalities, this is also not Russia.
However, the modern Russian Federation has a rather distant relationship with the Russian Empire - in its 25-year history, at the moment there are only the lost First Chechen War, the won Second Chechen and Russian-Georgian Wars of 2008.
Information project
« Wars XVII – XVIII
Vv. in Europe"
Done:
Kulagina Nastya
Nistratova Lisa
A "class"
Wars in the 17th century
Polish-Swedish War 1600-1611
continuation of a series of Polish-Swedish conflicts over the division of lands of the Order of the Sword, which began in the 16th century. Another cause of the war was the struggle for the Swedish throne between Duke Charles of Södermanland and Sigismund III Vasa.
Dutch-Portuguese War 1602 -1661
armed conflict in the 17th century in which the Dutch East India Company and the Dutch West India Company fought around the world against the Portuguese Empire. The war ran parallel to the Eighty Years' War raging in Europe, in which the Netherlands fought for its independence from Spain (with which Portugal was in a dynastic union), but cannot be considered part of it, since it continued after Portugal restored its independence. In a number of cases, the Dutch were helped by the British.
As a result of the war, Portugal emerged victorious in South America, and the Netherlands in the Far East. England benefited from the long standoff between its two main trading rivals.
Time of Troubles 1604-1613
By the end of the 16th century, the Moscow state was going through difficult times. Constant raids of the Crimean Tatars and the defeat of Moscow in 1571; the protracted Livonian War, which lasted 25 years: from 1558 to 1583, sufficiently exhausted the country’s forces and ended in defeat; the so-called oprichnina “excesses” and robberies under Tsar Ivan the Terrible, which shook and undermined the old way of life and familiar relationships, intensifying the general discord and demoralization; constant crop failures and epidemics. All this ultimately led the state to a serious crisis.
Russian-Polish War 1605-1618
an armed conflict between the Russian Kingdom and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, during which Polish-Lithuanian troops occupied the Moscow Kremlin for two years (from 1610 to 1612). In Russian-language literature it is often called Polish-Lithuanian intervention. One of the main events of the Time of Troubles.
Polish magnates invaded Russia, initially under the pretext of providing assistance to False Dmitry (in 1605), and then with the express goal of conquering the Moscow state. Officially, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, represented by King Sigismund III, entered the war after Tsar Vasily Shuisky concluded an alliance with the Kingdom of Sweden, hostile to the Poles (see Vyborg Treaty of 1609). The tsarist army was defeated in the Battle of Klushinsky, the Polish-Lithuanian army captured Moscow, captured Shuisky and tried to put Prince Vladislav in his place.
In 1612, the Second People's Militia liberated Moscow from the invaders, but the war raged until 1618, when Polish and Cossack formations ravaged the southern regions of the Russian state and besieged Moscow without success. The war ended with the signing of the Deulin Truce, according to which, among other territorial losses of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Smolensk was ceded.
Turkish-Persian War 1603-1612
The Persian Shah Abbas I, having created a regular army, began a new war with Turkey at the beginning of the 17th century. In 1603-1604, the Shah's troops, having defeated the Turks at Sufian, took and plundered Nakhichevan, Tabriz, Julfa, Yerevan. In 1603-1607, they also destroyed the Turkish garrisons in Azerbaijan and conquered Eastern Armenia. More than 300 thousand Armenians were resettled from Armenia deep into Iran. Luristan, Eastern Georgia and Southern Kurdistan were also captured.
The Turkish army in 1609-1612 repeatedly invaded Azerbaijan, trying to take Tabriz, but failed each time. The Treaty of Istanbul on November 20, 1612 confirmed Iran's conquests.
War of the Cleves Succession 1609-1614
1610-1619
the conflict of 1609-1614 over the succession of Jülich-Cleve-Berg (German duchies on the Rhine), which involved the Holy Roman Empire, France, the Netherlands and a number of Catholic and Protestant rulers of Germany; became one of the closest preludes to the Thirty Years' War.
Russo-Swedish War 1614-1617
During the Time of Troubles, the king of Sweden, Charles IX, captured the Russian fortress of Staraya Ladoga. The Novgorodians, having learned about this, asked the king to place one of his sons on the throne - Carl Philip or Gustav Adolf.
Tsar Vasily Shuisky entered into an alliance with Sweden, which at that time was also at war with Poland. He promised to give the Korela fortress to Charles for his help in the fight against the Poles and False Dmitry II.
Referring to this alliance, Sigismund III declared war on Moscow. During the Battle of Klushin, the Poles defeated the Russian-Swedish army, destroying a large part of the Russian troops and capturing Swedish mercenaries.
At this time, Gustav Adolf became king. The young king, like his brother, decided to lay claim to the Russian throne, despite the fact that it had already been occupied by Mikhail Romanov.
In 1613 they approached Tikhvin and unsuccessfully besieged the city. The Russian counterattack failed to liberate Novgorod, since the Tsar did not want to allocate soldiers for the decisive battle. This continued until 1614, when the Swedes captured Gdov.
The next year they besieged Pskov, but the Russian generals Morozov and Buturin held out until February 27, 1617, when the Treaty of Stolbovo was concluded under the terms of which Russia lost access to the Baltic Sea and the cities of Ivangorod, Yam, Koporye, and Oreshek. Novgorod and Gdov were returned to Russia.
As a result of the war, Russia lost access to the Baltic Sea for 100 years. Only Peter I was able to return it.
Which at that time was also at war with Poland. He promised to give the Korela fortress to Charles IX for his help in the fight against the Poles and False Dmitry II.
The title page of a separate book of the Novgorod state in 1612 about the distribution of palace lands to estates in the Lyatsky churchyard.
“Summer 7120 August in the day. By order of the royal majesty and the Nougorod state of the boyar and Bolshovo Ratnovo voivode Yakov Puntosovich Delegard and the boyar and voivode Prince Ivan Nikitich Bolshoi Odoevsky, with the accreditation of clerks Semyon Lutokhin and Ondrei Lystsov, clerks Yakim Veshnyakov in the Shelonskaya Pyatina in the Zaleskaya half in Lyatsky guest from the sovereign's palace village , what was previously sown for Ignorant and Bogdan Belsky, he separated into the estate [...]"
On July 25, 1611, an agreement was signed between the puppet Novgorod state occupied by the Swedes and the Swedish king, according to which the Swedish king was declared the patron of the independent Novgorod state, and one of his sons (the prince Karl Philip) became a contender for the royal throne and the Grand Duke of Novgorod. Thus, most of the Novgorod land became formally independent Novgorod state, located under Swedish protectorate, although in essence it was a Swedish military occupation. It was led on the Russian side by Ivan Nikitich Bolshoi Odoevsky, and on the Swedish side by Jacob Delagardie. On their behalf, decrees were issued and land was distributed to estates to service people who accepted the new Novgorod government.
After the convening of the Zemsky Sobor in Moscow and the election of the new Russian Tsar Mikhail Romanov in 1613, the policy of the Swedish occupation administration changed. During Delagardie's absence in the winter of 1614-1615, the Swedish military administration in Novgorod was headed by Evert Horn, who pursued a tough policy to annex the Novgorod lands to Sweden, declaring that the new king Gustav Adolf himself wanted to be king in Novgorod. Many Novgorodians did not accept such a statement; Having gone over to the side of Moscow, they began to leave the Novgorod state.
In 1613, the Swedes approached Tikhvin and unsuccessfully besieged the city. In the fall of 1613, the army of the boyar prince set out from Moscow on a campaign to Novgorod, captured by the Swedes in 1611
