Questions of additions to definitions and circumstances. Lesson on the topic “Definition, addition and circumstance as secondary members of a sentence (repetition)

Applications are usually considered as a type of definition.

Secondary members are directly or indirectly related to the grammatical basis, that is, from the grammatical basis you can ask a question to a minor member, from this minor member to another, etc.

The frightened face of a young girl peeked out from behind the trees.(Turgenev).

Grammar basis - face peeked out. From the subject you can ask questions to two words: face(which?) scared; face(whose?) girls. From definition girls you can ask a question about one word girls(Which?) young. Predicate looked out associated with a noun with a preposition: looked out(where?) from behind the trees.

Thus, one sentence includes all the words that are somehow related to the grammatical basis. This is especially important when placing punctuation marks in a complex sentence. Commas (less often other symbols) separate parts of a complex sentence from each other. Therefore, to check punctuation marks, you need to clearly understand where these boundaries are.

In the evening, while we were silently waiting for Asya, I was finally convinced of the need for separation.(Turgenev).

To correctly place punctuation marks in this sentence, you need to:
a) highlight grammatical basics;
b) establish which words are associated with these stems.

There are two grammatical bases in this sentence:

1 - I'm convinced; 2 - we expected.

This means the proposal is complex.

The words associated with the first grammatical stem are: convinced(How?) finally; convinced(in what?) in need; convinced(When?) In the evening; in need(what?) separation. Therefore, the first sentence will look like: In the evening I was finally convinced of the need for separation.

The words associated with the second grammatical basis are: expected(whom?) Asya; expected(How?) silently. Bye is a temporary conjunction in a subordinate clause. Therefore, the second sentence will look like: while we silently waited for Asya, and it is located inside the main clause.

So, punctuation marks in a complex sentence should be placed as follows:
In the evening, while we were silently waiting for Asya, I was finally convinced of the need for separation.

But for the correct placement of punctuation marks, it is necessary not only to identify all the minor members of the sentence, but also to determine their specific type (definition, addition, circumstance), since each of the minor members has its own rules of isolation. Consequently, incorrect parsing of minor terms can lead to errors in punctuation.

Each of the minor members has its own system of questions.

Definition answers which questions? whose?
Red dress; cheerful boy.
Addition answers questions about indirect cases.
I saw a friend.
Circumstances answer questions with adverbs: Where? When? How? Why? etc.
They waited in silence.

Pay attention!

Several different questions can sometimes be asked of the same minor member. This happens especially often if the secondary member is expressed by a noun or a noun pronoun. You can always ask them a morphological question of the indirect case. But not always a noun or pronoun will be an addition. The syntax issue may be different.

For example, in combination girl's face You can ask a morphological question to a noun in the genitive case: face(whom?) girls. But noun girls in a sentence will be a definition, not an addition, because the syntactic question will be different: face(whose?) girls.

When individual words are combined into sentences, they become members of the sentence, and each one has its own. Syntax studies how words are used to create coherent text. Definition, circumstance, addition - these are the names of the words participating in the sentence, which are combined into a group of minor members.

"Lords and Servants"

If there are minor members in a sentence, then there are also major ones. These are subject words and predicate words. Every sentence has at least one of the main members. More often, syntactic constructions consist of both - a subject and a predicate. They represent the grammatical basis of a sentence. And what do the secondary ones do (definition, circumstance, addition)? Their task is to complement, clarify, explain the main members or each other.

How to distinguish secondary members from the main ones in a sentence?

First, let's remember that the main members of a sentence contain basic information about an object, person, action, state. In the sentence “It recently rained (predicate) (subject),” the basis is the phrase “it rained,” which contains the main meaning of the statement.

The secondary members (definition, circumstance, addition) do not contain statements about objects, persons, states and actions; they only clarify those statements contained in the main members. “It rained (when?) recently.”

Secondly, you can recognize the main points by the questions that are asked about them. The subject will always answer the question “who?” or “what?” The predicate in the sentence will answer the question “what does it do?”, “who is it?”, “what is it?”, “what?”. The members of the sentence, which are called secondary, also have their own, unique to them, questions. Let's talk about them in more detail.

Questions of definition, additions, circumstances

A definition is what linguists call a member of a sentence that describes a characteristic, quality of an object or person. “Which, which, whose?” - questions asked for the definition.
An addition is that secondary member that contains the name of a person or object, but not the one that performs or experiences the action, but the one that has become the object for the action. Questions (this does not include the nominative) are questions of addition (circumstances and definitions never answer them).
A circumstance is a minor member that denotes a sign of an action or other feature in a sentence. “Where, from where and where, when, how, why and why?” - these are the questions that can be asked about the circumstance.

We examined the issues of definition, addition, circumstances. Now let's find out what parts of speech can express each of these minor members.

Definition characteristics, examples

From the questions asked about the definition, it is clear that adjectives and participles act as this member of the sentence.

“I heard (what?) a growing noise.” The participle “increasing” is the adjective here.
“I’m already taking (what?) the third exam.” The ordinal number “third” plays the role of a definition.
“Katya was wrapped in (whose?) mother’s jacket.” The adjective “mother’s” is a definition.

During syntactic parsing, this part of the sentence is emphasized with a wavy line.

Specific circumstances

The groups of words that can express a circumstance are huge, and therefore this member of the sentence has several types - place and time, purpose and reason, comparison and mode of action, conditions, and concessions.

Circumstances of the place

They characterize the direction and place of action. They are asked the questions “where, where and where”?

“Man has not yet visited (where?) Mars.” The circumstance in this case is expressed by a preposition and a noun in the prepositional case: “on Mars.”

Circumstances of the time

They characterize the time period in which the action takes place. They are asked questions “from when, until what time, when?”

“We haven’t seen each other (since when?) since last winter.” The circumstance is expressed by a phrase of an adjective and a noun, which is in the genitive case and has the preposition: “since last winter.”
“I’ll be back (when?) the day after tomorrow.” The adverb “the day after tomorrow” is used as a circumstance.
“We need to cross the border (by what time?) before evening.” The circumstance of time is expressed by the noun in birth. case with the preposition: “until the evening.”

Circumstances of the goal

They explain why the action is being performed. “Why, for what purpose?” - his questions.

“Raisa Petrovna went to the sea (why?) to swim.” The circumstance is expressed here by the infinitive “to bathe.”
“Sergei came to the set (for what?) to audition.” The circumstance became a noun that resides in and has a preposition: “for testing.”
“Masha cut up the rug (why?) to spite the governess.” The circumstance is expressed by the adverb “out of spite.”

Circumstance of the reason

It characterizes the reason for the action. “On what basis, why and wherefore?” - questions about this

“Artem was absent from the rehearsal (on what grounds?) due to illness.” The circumstance is expressed by a noun in gender. n. with the preposition: “due to illness.”
“I said stupid things to her (why?) in the heat of the moment.” Circumstances expressed by the adverb “rashly.”
“Alice opened the doors, (why?) Taking pity on the traveler.” The adverbial phrase “taking pity on the traveler” is used as a circumstance.

Circumstances of the course of action

They describe exactly how, in what way it is performed, to what extent this action is expressed. His questions are also appropriate.

“The master worked (how?) easily and beautifully.” The adverbs “easy” and “beautiful” are adverbs.
“The dress was (to what extent?) quite old.” The circumstance is expressed here by the adverb “absolutely”.
“The boys were running (how fast?) headlong.” The circumstance is expressed by phraseological units.

Circumstances of comparison

We also ask the question “how?” to them, but they express a comparative characteristic.

“The locomotive, (like who?) like an animal, flickered with its headlights.” Obst. expressed by a noun with the conjunction: “like a beast.”

Circumstances of conditions and assignments

The first shows under what conditions an action can be performed, and the second describes what it occurs against.

“He will remember everything (under what condition?) if he sees Victoria.” The adverbial combination is “conjunction, verb, noun”: “if he sees Victoria.”
“The club will not cancel the competition, (despite what?) despite the rain.” Obst. expressed by the adverbial phrase: “despite the rain.”

When parsing, this term is underlined with a dot-dotted line.

This is the definition and the circumstance. Objects can be expressed by nouns or pronouns.

Examples of add-ons

“The sun illuminated (what?) the clearing.” The object is expressed by a noun in wine. p.
“Marina suddenly saw (who?) him.” The object is a pronoun in the accusative case.
“The children were left without (what?) toys.” A gendered noun is used as an object. p.
“We recognized (who?) Martha by her gait.” The object is a gendered noun. p.
“Irina rejoiced at (what?) the sea like a child.” As an object - a noun in the dative case.
“Alexey gave (to whom?) me the manuscript” (expressed by a pronoun in the dative case).
“Last summer I became interested in (what?) drawing” (noun in the instrumental case).
“Ivan became (who?) a programmer” (noun in creative case).
“The child talked with enthusiasm about (what?) space” (noun in preposition).
"Don't tell him about (who?) her." As an addition, a pronoun in the prepositional case is used.

When parsing, this minor member is emphasized with dotted lines.

Place and role of minor members of the sentence

Secondary members can clarify and explain the main ones in different configurations. Example: “The mother’s gaze warmed (who?) the baby, (how?), like the sun, (what?) affectionate and hot.” The scheme of this sentence is as follows: definition, subject, predicate, object, circumstance, definition.

But here is a sentence in which only the predicate is present as the basis: “Let’s spend (what?) the year (what?) gone (how?) with a song.” Sentence scheme: compound predicate, complement, definition, circumstance.

We can be convinced that these terms are secondary only grammatically, but not in content. Sometimes the meaning contained in a definition, circumstance, or addition is more important than the information conveyed by the predicates and subjects.

Today, I will tell you about such a concept as “Minor members in a sentence.” I'll start with the minor members called "Supplement".

Addition in Russian

The addition is a minor member of the sentence, answering questions of indirect cases, as well as denoting the object to which this or that action is directed or connected. Sometimes denotes the action or state of an object.

Additions that denote the object of action are used with verbs or from nouns formed by them.

Complements that name an object are used with adjectives or with nouns formed from them.

Direct objects are objects that depend on a transitive verb and are used in the meaning of a noun or pronoun (and any other parts of speech that are expressed by a noun) in the accusative case without a preposition.

For example:

Build (what?) a building

Fix (what?) computer

Kiss (who?) mom

The direct object can also be formed using the genitive case in two cases:

1.When there is a negative particle “not” before a transitive verb

A.Eat soup do not eat soup

B. To earn money is not to earn money

2. Or when the action does not pass to the entire object, but only to part of it

For example

A. Buy bread buy bread

B.Drink milk drink milk

B. Add rice add rice

A direct object denotes an object to which an action is directed, which can create, appear or disappear during the action.

Circumstance in Russian: 7 types

A circumstance is a minor member of a sentence that denotes how and under what circumstances an action occurs.

There are 7 types of circumstances:

1. Time circumstance (indicates the time and date of the action)

A.Work from morning to evening

B.Leave late

2. Circumstance of place (indicates the place or direction of what is happening)

A.Move left

B.Live in the forest

3. Circumstance of measure and degree (indicates the weight, measure and degree of what is happening)

A. Shoot twice

B. Three hundred thirty-two kilograms

3. Circumstance of the manner of action (indicates the manner of performing the action)

A. Answer clearly

B. Live in peace

4. Circumstance of reason (indicates the reason for the action)

A. Not coming due to illness

B. Oversleep because of a movie

5. Circumstance of the goal (indicates the goal)

A. Go on vacation

B. Come to study

6. Circumstance of condition (indicates the condition of the action)

A.Can't come due to snowfall

B. Don't swim because of the cold

7. Circumstance of assignment (indicates the condition contrary to which the action is performed)

A. Ride against your will

V. Despite there is nothing to run first

Definition: agreed and inconsistent

A definition is a minor member of a sentence that denotes a sign, quality or property of an object and answers the questions: what? whose?

There are 2 types of definitions, consistent and inconsistent:

1. Agreed definitions - consistent with the word being defined in number, case, singular - and gender; expressed by an adjective, pronoun-adjective, participle, ordinal number.

Applications are usually considered as a type of definition.

Secondary members are directly or indirectly related to the grammatical basis, that is, from the grammatical basis you can ask a question to a minor member, from this minor member to another, etc.

The frightened face of a young girl peeked out from behind the trees.(Turgenev).

In the evening, while we were silently waiting for Asya, I was finally convinced of the need for separation.(Turgenev).

To correctly place punctuation marks in this sentence, you need to:
a) highlight grammatical basics;
b) establish which words are associated with these stems.

There are two grammatical bases in this sentence:

1 - I'm convinced; 2 - we expected.

This means the proposal is complex.

So, punctuation marks in a complex sentence should be placed as follows:
In the evening, while we were silently waiting for Asya, I was finally convinced of the need for separation.

Each of the minor members has its own system of questions.

Definition answers which questions? whose?
Red dress; cheerful boy.
Addition answers questions about indirect cases.
I saw a friend.
Circumstances answer questions with adverbs: Where? When? How? Why? etc.
They waited in silence.

Pay attention!

The secondary members of a sentence - addition, definition and circumstance in the Russian language make it possible to add descriptiveness and vividness to oral and written speech.

The role of sentence members is described in detail by syntax - a section of grammar that studies the combinability of words.

They do not reflect information about objects and people, their actions or states, and also explain and clarify the information carried by the main members. Accordingly, both the definition and the addition with the circumstance in some way specify the subject or predicate and answer special questions. Often the meaning of a sentence becomes clear precisely thanks to additions, definitions and circumstances, and not at all to the main members.

For clarity and ease of perception, we will display general information on the topics discussed in the article in the form of a table.

	Addition	Definition	Circumstance
Concept	Indicates an object or subject to which the action is directed. The addition is directly related to the verb (predicate) and clarifies it. In most cases, it is not the subject, but the object of the action.	Indicates a quality, characteristic or attribute of an object or person. The definition is associated with a noun (subject or object).	Indicates an action sign or a sign sign. Can be associated with a verb, adjective or adverb and usually extends the word it refers to.
Method of selection when parsing and analyzing a sentence	Dotted underline	Solid wavy line underline	Dot-dash underlining

* The Russian language stipulates that compound members must be underlined without breaks or spaces.

Add-ons

Most often expressed as a noun (The man decided to pay for the purchase with a card), however it can also be an infinitive verb ( The master stopped drinking), pronoun ( He doesn't love you anymore), adjective ( It's time to talk about the main thing) or cardinal number ( Subtract three from five). Sometimes the addition is expressed by a whole group of words - an inseparable phrase ( Dad bought a stereo) or phraseological turn ( We'll have to find a jack of all trades).

The addition answers questions about cases, which in Russian are called indirect (that is, all except the nominative).

Direct

Used to designate the object or person to whom the action is directed. Always refer to transitive verbs.

Such additions answer questions in the genitive (Whom? What?), dative (Whom? What?) and accusative (Whom? What?) cases.

He immediately gave what he had accumulated to his mother.

Indirect

These are those additions that cannot be classified as direct. They are often aimed at denote a third-party object or person associated with the verb.

They answer questions in the instrumental (Whom? What?) and prepositional (About whom? About what?) cases.

At the carnival the girl was a snowflake.

Definition

Expressed as an adjective ( We bought a beautiful house) or ordinal number ( It's my fifteenth birthday), participle ( Children playing is the most peaceful sight) or participial phrase ( There are several students in the group who excel in all subjects).

: Which? Which? Whose?

The room had the perfect light for a photographer.

Application

There are situations when the definition is expressed by a noun ( cooler bag, brother Ivan) or a stable construction involving a noun ( magazine "Science and Life"; Andrey, first grade student). In such cases, we are talking about an application that acts as a definition.

Circumstance

Expressed in a variety of parts of speech, as well as participial phrases, and answers many questions. Below we give types of circumstances and questions to them.

Circumstance of place - Where? Where? Where? ( Lies are everywhere these days.).
Circumstance of time - Since when? When? Until when? ( It's sunny today).
Circumstance of the goal - Why? For what purpose? For what? ( Hecame to say hello).
Circumstance of the reason - Why? Why? On what basis? ( I yelled at her in the heat of the moment).
Circumstance of the course of action - How? How? To what extent? How much? ( Math comes easy to me).
Circumstance of comparison - How? Like who? Like what? ( He rushed past us like a whirlwind).
Circumstance of condition - Under what condition? ( Once you decide, don’t give up).
Circumstance of concession - Despite what? Despite what? ( Despite the rain, we continued on our way).

Thus, in order to determine which of the minor members of the sentence is before us, it is necessary to understand what word is it associated with?, and then ask him the right question.

Example: " In the distance I saw a little girl».
Saw Where? In the distance. – An adverb of place associated with a verb, expressed by an adverb.
Saw whom? A girl. – A simple object associated with a verb, expressed by a noun.
girl which one? Small. – A definition associated with a noun, expressed by an adjective.