INTRODUCTION

The broad concept of culture certainly includes what is called the culture of speech communication and the culture of speech behavior. Oratory is impossible without the use of speech etiquette.

In communication, people convey this or that information to each other, communicate something, encourage something, ask about something, and perform certain speech acts. At the same time, before moving on to the exchange of logical and meaningful information, it is necessary to enter into verbal contact, and this is done according to certain rules. They are almost unnoticed because they are familiar. A violation of unwritten rules becomes noticeable: the seller addressed the buyer on a first-name basis, an acquaintance did not say hello at the meeting, someone was not thanked for a service, and they did not apologize for an offense. As a rule, such failure to comply with the norms of speech behavior and communication turns into resentment, or even a quarrel, a conflict between two individuals in a team. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the rules of entering into speech contact and its use in oratory.

The purpose of this work is to study the content and role of speech etiquette in communication and oratory in particular.

1. The concept of speech etiquette

Etiquette is defined as a set of rules of behavior that ensure the maintenance of existing ideas in a given society about appropriate manners and style of courtesy and mutual respect. Speech etiquette forms the basis of communication culture.

The rules of etiquette apply to the main forms of human activity: behavior itself, as well as communication and activity. Various movements of a person, postures and positions that he takes can have etiquette meaning. For etiquette purposes, we often use objects (a raised hat, presented flowers, etc.), features of clothing (the choice of festive, mourning or everyday clothing shows well how we perceive the situation, how we relate to other participants in communication). Our speech plays the most important role in the etiquette expression of relationships with people.

The rules of speech behavior are regulated by speech etiquette - a system of stable expressions that has developed in language and speech, used in situations of establishing and maintaining contact and making speeches. Speech etiquette covers everything that expresses a friendly attitude towards the interlocutor, which can create a favorable climate of communication.

A rich set of linguistic means makes it possible to choose a form of communication that is appropriate for the speech situation and favorable for the addressee - you or you - to establish a friendly, relaxed or, on the contrary, a restrained and official tone of the conversation.

It is important to emphasize that in speech etiquette, social information about the speaker and his addressee is “transmitted” first of all. About whether they know each other or not, about relations of equality or inequality in age, official position, about their personal relationships, about the environment in which communication takes place, etc. So, if someone says to another: “Good health!” - then there is no doubt that this is an elderly resident of the village or a native of it. If someone says, “Hello!” - this means that the atmosphere is informal, people are in equal, relaxed, friendly relations. But let’s imagine that the word “Hello!” the student will tell the teacher. It is not difficult to conclude that such treatment would be clearly incorrect, a violation of etiquette.

The choice of the most appropriate expressions of speech etiquette constitutes the rules (and speech art) of verbal entry into communication. As an example, we can cite a situation from a literary work in which the hero of the story, an intellectual, was able to quickly establish verbal contact with a person from a different social environment, involved in unseemly deeds:

I waited on the side until he was free, while those departing disappeared into the carriage, and the mourners dispersed along the train through the compartment windows. And then he came out of the vestibule, out of breath, putting the tip in his pocket. A sort of reddish fellow, a kind of cunning cat with shifty eyes. I almost made a mistake - I almost addressed him as “you”, and even almost apologized for the trouble.

- Hello, Iron, how are you? - I told him as unceremoniously as possible.

“Things are like in Poland: whoever has the cart is the master,” he answered briskly, as if we had known each other for a hundred years (Ch. Aitmatov).

IF the hero, following his own habits, addressed his interlocutor as “you”, and even with an apology for disturbing him, the addressee would immediately understand that he was a stranger, which means he needed to be careful with him or not talk about anything at all. We can conclude that the linguistic signs of speech etiquette contain and implement in speech social signals such as “friend - foe”, “equal - unequal”, “senior - junior”, etc.

Any society at any moment of its existence is heterogeneous and multifaceted. Each layer and social community has its own set of etiquette tools, as well as a set of common, neutral, correct expressions (commonly used) for all. And there is an awareness that in contacts with another environment it is necessary to choose either stylistically neutral or means of communication characteristic of this environment. So, if among teenagers it is possible to address: “Hey, you!”, then an adult teenager should be addressed differently - for example: “Let me ask.”

Using expressions of speech etiquette, we perform relatively simple speech operations in the mind and speech actions in practice: we address, greet, thank, etc. But why are there so many ways to do this in a language? The Russian language has developed up to forty expressions used in greetings, and the Japanese have more than fifty. There are also many speech forms of farewell, gratitude, etc. And how many opportunities are there to carry out a request: “I ask you to do this”, “Please don’t make noise”, “Do this please”, “If it’s not difficult for you, please hand me the book”, “Is it difficult for you to move?”, “Is it difficult for you to move?” Is there anything to write you down with?” etc.

And the whole point is that we choose each expression taking into account who, to whom, where, when, why and why is speaking. So it turns out that complex linguistic social information is embedded precisely in speech etiquette to the greatest extent.

etiquette culture of communication abstract

2. Signs of speech etiquette

We can identify several essential features of speech etiquette that explain its social relevance and significance for oratory.

The first sign is associated with the natural imperative (recommendation) of society to use signs of etiquette. If you want to “belong” in this group - large or small, national or social - perform the appropriate rituals of behavior and communication. For example, we write New Year's cards. They are, as a rule, stereotypical: “Congratulations... I wish you happiness, health, success...” But how homeless and cold it is without these congratulations, without signs of attention, without verbal “strokes.” And this information should be perceived precisely as a sign of social contacts and understand that the question “How is your health?” does not at all imply a story about your illnesses. This is not a meaningful question from a doctor or an interested relative, it is a sign of social “stroking”, verbal contact.

The second important feature of speech etiquette is that the pronunciation of an etiquette expression is an external speech action associated with the performance of a specific task with the help of speech. It is known that external speech is not needed to carry out many actions. You sew or build, plant a tree or walk - all these practical operations are accompanied, as a rule, only by inner speech. It is mainly not related to speech etiquette. But there are actions that can be performed primarily with the help of one instrument - language, speech. How to carry out the action “advice”, or “promise”, or “gratitude”? To do this, you need to say: I advise, I promise, I thank you. Research has revealed that the names of speech actions recorded in dictionaries together amount to about a thousand forms, while there are a great many ways of directly expressing them. In every situation of speech etiquette, one can find statements united in a systematically organized semantic group. So, for example, in the group called “Gratitude” we meet: “Thank you”, “Thank you”, “I am (so) grateful to you”, “I am grateful to you”, “I want to thank”, “I would like to thank”, “Let me thank you,” “Please accept my gratitude,” etc. Moreover, some expressions are used primarily with the “you” form, others - with “you” and “you” forms at the same time.

It is important to take into account that the pronunciation of the selected expression occurs when the interlocutors “I” and “you” meet “here” and “now”, therefore all expressions are characterized by a real modality of correspondence to the situation of direct communication, the present tense of the moment of speech, regardless of the form of the sentence, in including with the subjunctive or imperative mood of the verb. And since uttering an expression of speech etiquette is the act itself, and socially and personally significant, it is clear how important speech etiquette is.

The third sign of speech etiquette reveals the structure of statements in which “I” and “you” are correlated: “I thank you,” “Excuse me.” The open “I” and “you” are explicitly represented in the grammar of the sentence, but they can also be hidden, implicit. The semantically hidden relationship between “I” and “you” can be represented in third-person expressions or in other ways. For example, gratitude - “Thank you” or an apology - “Guilty”, due to synonymy, functional equivalence with the previously presented open forms, contain in the deep structure “I” of the speaker and “you” of the addressee: “(I say to you) thank you” or “ (I am) guilty before you.” When communicants are open in the structure of expressions of speech etiquette, the power of its influence is manifested more clearly than in hidden structures.

The fourth important feature of speech etiquette can be considered its connection with the category of politeness. On the one hand, politeness is a moral quality that characterizes a polite person, for whom showing respect for people has become a habitual way of communicating with others, an everyday norm of behavior and communication. On the other hand, it is an ethical category abstracted from specific people, which has also been consolidated in the forms of language. Politeness must be expressed, first of all, verbally and demonstrated during communication. If I respect someone internally, but do not show it in any way, respect for the person will clearly not be realized.

A verbal expression of respect is especially important in a formal conversational situation when dealing with strangers, as well as between representatives of different age categories.

When coming into contact with family, friends, acquaintances, we, knowing in advance the “measure” of love and respect for each other, have many ways to emphasize this. The measure of a good relationship with strangers is, first of all, politeness. Speech etiquette is indispensable here. From the moral and value point of view of speech behavior and communication, politeness involves “not causing damage” with speech, providing verbal signs of attention, if possible, approving a partner and at the same time deflecting compliments from oneself. Speech etiquette presupposes the manifestation of modesty in self-esteem and even some understatement of one’s own merits.

Showing tact does not allow you to invade the personal spheres of your interlocutors or ask indiscreet questions. Polite people behave correctly, courteously, and gallantly in different situations and towards different partners. But inept and inappropriate politeness is perceived as mannerism, ceremony, or even bad manners. Politeness can be sincere, coming from the heart, and also as “politeness-mask”, behind the external verbal manifestation of which other, often selfish, relationships are hidden. In situational communication with strangers, people come into contact mainly only with their social roles: seller - buyer, doctor - patient, lawyer - client, official - petitioner, passenger - passenger, cashier - ticket buyer, etc. In these situations, “mask politeness” as formal politeness is preferable to open rudeness.

Manifestations of rudeness are varied. This is arrogance, and arrogance, and arrogance or mannerism, this is an insult, causing offense. Impoliteness in verbal communication is the lack of verbal tact when committing any misconduct or careless actions: pushed a passenger on the bus and did not apologize; could not restrain himself, was rude to his parents and did not ask for forgiveness; non-recognition of one's actions as hooliganism, etc. Impoliteness in verbal communication also means the use of words that have a negative connotation and content, as well as words of a non-literary language that are perceived by others as an insult. Impolite statements are constructed mainly with “you” forms: “What did you put on the child’s head?”, “Why did you put so much water in the soup?” (examples by E.A. Zemskaya).

“You” forms are also inappropriate in situations of communication between people who have known each other for a long time and in communication with children. In such cases, the effect of impoliteness is enhanced. Offense can also be caused by a negative assessment of a third person close to the addressee (friend, wife, child, etc.) and simply by direct use of swear words. You need to learn that you cannot respond to rudeness with rudeness. This communication gives rise to a whole stream of mutual insults, can involve others and develop into conflict. A correct and emphatically polite response, as a rule, reduces the manifestation of rudeness or ends communication by retreating the rude person. Speech etiquette serves as an effective means of removing verbal aggression.

The fifth essential feature is related to the fact that speech etiquette is an important element of the culture of the people, a product of human cultural activity and an instrument of such activity. Speech etiquette is an integral part of the spiritual culture of society and the social activity of the individual. The social relations of a particular era are recorded in the expressions of speech etiquette. The etiquette expressions “I humbly thank”, “Your humble servant”, “I bow most deeply” or “I strike with my brow”, “Dear Sir”, “Your Grace” and many others are rarely used today. But they have been preserved as archetypes of the spiritual culture of the people and are of high significance for social relations.

culture of communication speech etiquette.

Speech Etiquette and Culture of Communication » Speech Culture.

Subject - Speech Etiquette and Culture of Communication » Speech Culture.

Speech culture - one of the main indicators of a person’s general culture. Therefore, we all need to constantly improve our communication manners and speech. Speech culture consists not only in the ability to avoid mistakes in speech, but also in the desire to constantly enrich one’s vocabulary, the ability to listen and understand the interlocutor, respect his point of view, and the ability to select the right words in each specific communication situation.

Speech - This is one of the most important characterizing traits of a person. The impression we make on others depends on our communication style. A person’s speech can attract people to him or, conversely, repel him. Speech can also have a strong impact on the mood of our interlocutor. The culture of communication consists of the ability to listen to the interlocutor, speech etiquette, as well as adherence to the rules of good manners.

Now regarding speech culture. According to most people, speech is just a mechanism for putting your thoughts into words. But this is an erroneous judgment. Speech and speech etiquette are important tools in establishing communication with people, in establishing contacts (in particular, in the business sphere), in increasing the productivity of communication, in winning over a mass audience to one’s side (during public speaking, for example).

Among other things, the culture of speech has a huge influence on the behavior of the speaker himself. The manner of speaking and the choice of words during dialogue not only sets the interlocutor in the right mood, but also programs our own behavior. We monitor our speech etiquette and weigh every word spoken and heard in response.

In the business sphere, situations often arise when, based on our speech culture, others judge not only ourselves, but also the institution of which we are the official representative. Therefore, it is extremely important to observe speech etiquette during business meetings and meetings. If you have a poor speaking culture, this will dramatically reduce your career opportunities. You will have to familiarize yourself with the rules of speech etiquette in order to first get a job in a prestigious organization, and then not spoil the company’s image and have a chance for a promotion.

Basic rules of speech culture:

1) Avoid verbosity in any communication situation. If you want to convey some idea to the listener, there is no need for unnecessary words that distract attention from the main subject of the speech.

2) Before entering into a conversation, clearly formulate for yourself the purpose of the upcoming communication.

3) Always try to be brief, clear and precise.

4) Strive for speech diversity. For each specific communication situation, you must find suitable words that are different from those that are applicable in other situations. The more complexes of diverse words you have for individual situations, the higher your speech culture will become. If a person does not know how to select words that meet the requirements of a particular communication situation, it means that he does not have the culture of speech.

5) Learn to find a common language with any interlocutor. Regardless of your counterpart’s communication style, follow the principles of speech culture, be polite and friendly.

6) Never respond to rudeness with rudeness. Don't stoop to the level of your ill-mannered interlocutor. By following the “tit for tat” principle in such a situation, you will only demonstrate the lack of your own speech culture.

7) Learn to be attentive to your interlocutor, listen to his opinion and follow his train of thought. Try to always show the correct response to the words of your counterpart. Be sure to answer your interlocutor if you see that he needs your advice or attention. Remember, when you do not respond to the words of your interlocutor, you are grossly violating speech etiquette.

8) Be careful not to let your emotions overpower your mind when speaking or speaking in public. Maintain self-control and composure.

9) Violation of the rules of speech etiquette is possible in cases where it is necessary to achieve expressive speech. However, under no circumstances should you stoop to using obscene words. Otherwise, there can be no talk about any culture.

10) When communicating with your interlocutor, do not adopt his communication style: stick to your positive speech habits. Of course, it is necessary to seek a common language with any interlocutor, but by imitating his style of communication, you lose your individuality.

People live in society, and communication is an integral part of human existence. Therefore, without it, the evolution of intelligence would hardly have been possible. At first these were attempts at communication, similar to baby babble, which gradually, with the advent of civilization, began to improve. Writing appeared, and speech became not only oral, but also written, which made it possible to preserve the achievements of mankind for future descendants. From these monuments one can trace the development of oral traditions of speech. What is speech culture and speech culture? What are their standards? Is it possible to master speech culture on your own? This article will answer all questions.

What is speech culture?

Speech is a form of verbal communication between people. It involves the formation and formulation of thoughts, on the one hand, and perception and understanding, on the other.

Culture is a term with many meanings and is the object of study in many disciplines. There is also a meaning that is close in meaning to communication and speech. This is a part of culture associated with the use of verbal signals, which means language, its ethnic characteristics, functional and social varieties, which have oral and written forms.

Speech is a person’s life, and therefore he must be able to speak correctly and beautifully, both in writing and orally.

Thus, speech culture and speech culture are mastery of the norms of the language, the ability to use its expressive means in various conditions.

The culture of speech, regardless of the nationality of the speakers, developed gradually. Over time, the need arose to systematize existing knowledge about the language. Thus, a section of linguistics appeared, which is called speech culture. This section explores the problems of language normalization in order to improve it.

How was the culture of speech formed?

Speech culture and speech culture as a branch of linguistics developed in stages. They reflect all the changes that have occurred in the language. For the first time, people thought about fixing the norms of written speech in the 18th century, when society realized that the lack of uniform rules of writing made communication difficult. In 1748, V.K. Trediakovsky wrote about Russian spelling in his work “Conversation between a foreigner and a Russian about ancient and new spelling.”

But the foundations of the grammar and stylistics of the native language were laid by M. V. Lermontov in his works “Russian Grammar” and “Rhetoric” (1755, 1743-1748).

In the 19th century, N.V. Koshansky, A.F. Merzlyakov and A.I. Galich supplemented the library of studies of speech culture with their works on rhetoric.

Linguists of the pre-revolutionary period understood the importance of standardizing the rules of language. In 1911, V. I. Chernyshevsky’s book “Purity and Correctness of Russian Speech” appeared. Experience of Russian stylistic grammar”, in which the author analyzes the norms of the Russian language.

The post-revolutionary period was a time when the established norms of speech culture were shaken. At that time, social activities were carried out by people whose speech was simple and replete with slang and dialect expressions. The literary language would have been under threat if a layer of Soviet intelligentsia had not formed in the 1920s. She fought for the purity of the Russian language, and a directive was given according to which the “masses” had to master proletarian culture. At the same time, the concepts of “language culture” and “speech culture” emerged. These terms are used for the first time in relation to the new, reformed language.

In the post-war years, speech culture as a discipline received a new round of development. An important contribution to the formation of the discipline was made by S. I. Ozhegov as the author of the “Dictionary of the Russian Language” and E. S. Istrina as the author of “Norms of the Russian Language and Speech Culture”.

The 50-60s of the 20th century became the time of the formation of the culture of speech as an independent discipline:

• “Grammar of the Russian Language” was published.
• The scientific principles of speech culture have been clarified.
• Issues of the “Dictionary of the Russian Literary Language” are published.
• At the Institute of Russian Language of the USSR Academy of Sciences, a sector of speech culture appears under the leadership of S. I. Ozhegov. Under his editorship, the journal “Issues of Speech Culture” is published.
• D. E. Rosenthal and L. I. Skvortsov are working on a theoretical basis for some issues. They devote their works to separating two terms from each other - “culture of speech” and “culture of language”.

In the 1970s, speech culture became an independent discipline. She has a subject, object, methodology and techniques of scientific research.

Linguists of the 90s do not lag behind their predecessors. At the end of the 20th century, a number of works devoted to the problem of speech culture were published.

The development of speech and the culture of verbal communication continue to be one of the pressing linguistic problems. Today, the attention of linguists is focused on such issues.

• Establishing internal connections between improving the speech culture of society and the development of national culture.
• Improving the modern Russian language taking into account the changes occurring in it.
• Scientific analysis of the processes occurring in modern speech practice.

What are the signs and properties of speech culture?

Speech culture in linguistics has a number of distinctive properties and features, which are also the logical basis of the phenomenon being studied:

Knowing the basics of speech culture and applying them as intended is the duty of every educated person.

What is a type of speech culture?

The type of speech culture is a characteristic of native speakers depending on their level of language proficiency. The ability to use language is also important. Here, an important role is played by how well developed verbal communication and speech culture are. Let's consider the question in more detail.

Based on the above, it is necessary to highlight the basic norms of speech culture:

• Regulatory. Protects the literary language from the penetration of colloquial expressions and dialectisms and keeps it intact and in accordance with generally accepted norms.
• Communicative. Implies the ability to use the functions of the language in accordance with the situation. For example, accuracy in scientific speech and the admissibility of inaccurate expressions in colloquial speech.
• Ethical. It means observing speech etiquette, that is, norms of behavior in communication. Greetings, addresses, requests, questions are used.
• Aesthetic. It involves the use of techniques and methods of figurative expression of thoughts and decorating speech with epithets, comparisons and other techniques.

What is the essence of human speech culture?

Above we examined the concepts of “language” and “speech culture” as a social phenomenon that characterizes society. But society consists of individuals. Consequently, there is a type of culture that characterizes the oral speech of an individual. This phenomenon is called “human speech culture.” The term should be understood as a person’s attitude towards language knowledge and the ability to use it and improve it if necessary.

These are skills not only in speaking and writing, but also in listening and reading. For communicative perfection, a person must master all of them. Mastering them presupposes knowledge of patterns, signs and patterns of constructing communicatively perfect speech, mastery of etiquette and the psychological foundations of communication.

Human speech culture is not static - it, like language, is subject to changes that depend both on social transformations and on the person himself. It begins to form with the child’s first words. It grows with him, transforming into the speech culture of a preschooler, then a schoolchild, a student and an adult. The older a person is, the more advanced his speaking, writing, reading and listening skills become.

What are the differences between Russian speech culture?

Russian speech culture belongs to the section of disciplines that study national speech cultures. Each nation has formed its own language norm during its existence. What is natural for one ethnic group may be alien to another. These features include:

ethnic features of the linguistic picture of the world;

use of verbal and non-verbal means;

a body of texts that includes all texts ever written in that language - both ancient and modern.

An ethnic picture of the world is understood as a set of views on the world through the words and expressions of a particular language, which is shared by all people who speak it and is taken for granted. But the difference between national pictures of the world can be easily traced through the analysis of folklore and the epithets used. For example, the expressions “bright head” and “kind heart” imply high intelligence and responsiveness. It is no coincidence that the head and heart were chosen in these epithets, since in the Russian understanding, a person thinks with his head and feels with his heart. But in other languages ​​this is not the case. For example, in the Ifaluk language, internal feelings are conveyed by the intestines, in the Dogon language by the liver, and in Hebrew they do not feel with the heart, but think.

At what level is modern Russian speech culture?

Modern speech culture reflects:

• typological features of the Russian language;
• scope of its application;
• unity of speech throughout the Russian Federation;
• territorial variants of the Russian language;
• written and oral texts of not only artistic, but also national significance, which reveal ideas about good and correct speech, about the achievements of science about the Russian language.

Russian speech etiquette

Russian speech etiquette is understood as a set of norms and rules of communication that developed under the influence of national culture.

Russian speech etiquette divides communication into formal and informal. Formal is communication between people who do not know each other well. They are connected by the event or reason for which they gathered. Such communication requires unquestioning adherence to etiquette. In contrast to this style, informal communication occurs between people who know each other well. This is family, friends, loved ones, neighbors.

Features of speech etiquette in Russia involve addressing a person as “you” during formal communication. In this case, you need to address the interlocutor by name and patronymic. This is necessary, since forms similar to “sir”, “mister”, “Mrs” or “Miss” are absent in Russian speech etiquette. There is a general “ladies and gentlemen”, but it applies to a large number of people. In pre-revolutionary Russia there were such addresses as sir and madam, but with the advent of the Bolsheviks they were replaced by words such as comrade, citizen and citizen. With the collapse of the USSR, the word "comrade" became outdated and acquired its original meaning - "friend", and "citizen" and "citizen" began to be associated with the police or court. Over time, they too disappeared, and were replaced by words that attract attention. For example, “sorry”, “excuse me”, “could you...”.

Unlike the speech culture of the West, in Russian there are many topics for discussion - politics, family, work. At the same time, sexual activities are prohibited.

In general, the culture of speech etiquette is acquired from childhood and improves over time, acquiring more and more subtleties. The success of its development depends on the family in which the child grew up and on the environment in which he develops. If the people around him are highly cultured, then the child will master this form of communication. Conversely, supporters of the vernacular type of speech culture will teach their child to communicate in simple and uncomplicated sentences.

Is it possible to develop speech culture on your own?

The development of speech culture depends not only on a person’s environment, but also on himself. At a conscious age, if desired, you can develop it yourself. To do this, you need to devote time to independent study every day. It will take 3 days to complete all the tasks, and before learning a new one, you need to repeat the old one. Gradually it will be possible to complete tasks not only together, but also separately. At first, such a speech culture lesson will take 15-20 minutes, but will gradually increase to an hour.

Expanding vocabulary. For the exercise you need to take any Russian or foreign language dictionary. Write down or underline all the words of one part of speech - nouns, adjectives or verbs. And then choose synonyms. This exercise helps expand passive vocabulary.

Writing a story using keywords. Take any book, select any 5 words at random with your eyes closed and make up a story based on them. You need to compose up to 4 texts at a time, each of which takes no more than 3 minutes. This exercise helps develop imagination, logic and intelligence. A more difficult option is to compose a story of 10 words.

Conversation with the mirror. For this exercise you will need the text from task 2. Stand in front of the mirror and tell your story without facial expressions. Then retell your story a second time, using facial expressions. Analyze your facial expression and manner of speaking by answering 2 questions - “do you like your facial expression and the way you present information” and “whether others will like them.” This task is aimed at developing the habit of consciously managing your facial expressions.

Listening to a recording from a voice recorder. This exercise will help you hear yourself from the outside and identify the strengths and weaknesses of your speech, and therefore, correct the shortcomings and learn to use the advantages of your speaking style. Read any literary text or poem you like into the recorder. Listen, analyze it like the previous task, and try to retell it or read it by heart a second time, taking into account the corrections.

1. Conversation with your interlocutor. This type of exercise helps develop dialogue skills. If among your friends or acquaintances there are people who do these exercises, then you can do exercise 2 with one of them. If not, then ask someone to help you. To do this, prepare a topic of conversation and a plan in advance. Your goal is to interest your interlocutor, arouse his curiosity and hold his attention for at least 5 minutes. The task is considered completed if the interlocutors talked on 3-4 of the given topics.

The development of speech culture requires constant practice - only in this case success will not be long in coming.

Etiquette and culture of business communication is a fairly diverse set of conventions that simply must be taken into account in order to avoid awkward situations. If you follow the basic rules of speech etiquette and communication culture, you will gain an advantage in any life situation, not to mention conducting important business negotiations.

What does it mean to follow the rules of speech etiquette in communication?

For starters, it is to have a high level of communication skills in the business world. What does it mean:

1. The art of conveying your thoughts, expressing yourself clearly and intelligibly, including in public.
2. Listening skills. Moreover, it is necessary to correctly understand the thought expressed by the interlocutor.
3. The ability to objectively perceive your partner, regardless of the differences between you.
4. Possession of skills in building relationships with people, be they partners, co-workers, subordinates or superiors.
5. The ability to effectively interact with an interlocutor based on mutual interests.

The result of business communication, built in the best traditions of speech etiquette, is not only something material: a signed contract, agreement, closing a deal. Much more important are the feelings that people leave with after business negotiations. Thanks to the ability to communicate, your interlocutor will have a certain emotional coloring from your meeting. The words will be forgotten, but the emotions experienced from meeting you will be remembered by your interlocutor for a long time. Often they are the basis for further cooperation.

1. Preparation is the beginning of the result. Business negotiations are often the only way to convince your interlocutor to cooperate with you. Be fully prepared and thoroughly prepare for them. Think about what you want to say and what you want to hear in response.
2. The culture of communication assumes that the conversation is started by the guests, but the etiquette of verbal communication determines that the business part is led by the receiving party.
3. During a business conversation, be calm, reserved, and friendly.

And, of course, don’t forget about documentation. After all, documents are part of the business card of any enterprise, be it a letterhead or just paper for notes.

Since it is not always possible (and even necessary) for oral communication, written communication comes to the rescue, in which speech etiquette should also be observed. All documents must be drawn up not only competently, but also legally correct. The essence of the matter should be stated clearly and specifically, adhere to the rules of reference at the beginning and the correct end of the document. If the “papers” are perfect, then the opinion about the head of the enterprise and his employees will receive an additional bonus. And this will serve well in resolving any issue.

It is important to remember that the culture of verbal communication can be developed and nurtured in the process of socio-psychological training. Therefore, even if today you do not have perfect command of the etiquette of verbal communication, everything can be fixed!

INTRODUCTION

1. CULTURE OF SPEECH

1.1 The task of speech culture

1.2 Types of speech culture

1.4 Regulatory, communicative, ethical aspects of oral and written speech

1.5 Features of oral public speech

2. Improving competent writing and speaking skills

2.1 Main directions

CONCLUSION

LIST OF USED SOURCES OF LITERATURE

Introduction

As a branch of the science of language, speech culture was formed relatively recently. The reason for its occurrence can be considered the social changes that have occurred and are occurring in the country. The participation of the masses in the public activities of the state required increased attention to the level of their speech culture.

1. Speech culture

There are 2 levels of speech culture – lower and higher. For the lower level, compliance with the norms of the Russian literary language is sufficient. There are lexical, phonetic, grammatical, morphological and syntactic norms. Lexical norms, i.e., the meanings of words can be found in explanatory dictionaries, other norms are explained in various manuals on grammar, spelling, etc.

Speech is called correct if the speaker pronounces words correctly, uses word forms correctly, and constructs sentences correctly. Although this may not be enough. Speech may be correct, but not meet the goals of communication. Good speech contains at least the following characteristics: variety, richness, expressiveness, and precision in the use of words. The richness of speech is characterized by the use of a huge vocabulary and various morphological forms. The use of complex syntactic structures also indicates the diversity of speech. Expressiveness of speech is achieved by searching and selecting linguistic means that correspond to the goals and conditions of communication. The choice of means that help best reflect the content of the statement, which reveal its main idea, characterizes the accuracy of speech. A cultured person is distinguished by a high level of speech culture. You need to improve your speech. Nowadays the media is gaining immense popularity. For many, this is the primary source of information. Radio announcers and TV presenters should be a kind of example, because to some extent they are responsible for the cultural level of the broad masses. The spiritual component of human culture is associated with speech in its various forms. The inner world of an individual is manifested in speech: it is intellect, feelings, emotions, imagination, fantasy, moral attitude, faith. All diversity is associated with internal and external speech, with the culture of speech. The leading position in speech has always been occupied by linguistic material. The choice of words and phrases, grammatically and logically correct construction of sentences, a variety of linguistic means and techniques are characteristic of both the speaker’s speech and scientific reports. The main indicator of the level of education and culture was correct speech.

1.1 The task of speech culture

Currently, the ability to speak correctly, express one’s thoughts clearly and beautifully is important for various spheres of social life. That is why we can talk about the connection between the literary language and the concept of speech culture. There are 3 main aspects of the concept of speech culture: communicative, normative, ethical. Speech culture is, first of all, correct speech, compliance with the norms of the literary language. The task of speech culture is to ensure that these norms are recorded and controlled in order to monitor their changes in the future. One of the most important components of speech culture is the normative component. However, determining the “correctness” or “incorrectness” of speech culture is not the main thing. Another function of speech culture is to determine the communicative tasks of language. The importance of the communicative side can be considered the main category of speech culture. Here we can consider such qualities of speech as its diversity, richness, accuracy and clarity of speech, expressiveness. Another aspect of speech culture is etiquette as the outer shell of a statement. Etiquette implies the correct use of lexical units and compliance with a particular style. Emotionally charged vocabulary is not compatible with a scientific or formal business style. When choosing a particular word, it is necessary to take into account not only its lexical meaning, but also its stylistic fixation, as well as its expressive coloring. People of different age and professional categories perceive and use the ethical side of speech culture in different ways. Etiquette also monitors the use of specific language (for example, obscene language). It is unacceptable for certain, special lexical units of one style to be mixed with units of another style. The normativity of speech culture connects the communicative function and the ethical component of speech culture. Language is a constantly changing system. Vocabulary that was non-normative can change its position over time, becoming more or less used in accordance with the norms of the literary language. Thus, the task of the theory of speech culture is to record any changes in the language. Also, the culture of speech should draw attention to the use of words that are partly incomprehensible to the general public. These include the use of foreign words and professionalisms.

The correctness of speech, its richness, clarity and accuracy of expression of thoughts, the use of various techniques make the spoken word more effective and efficient.

1.2 Types of speech culture

Various types of speech, types of eloquence arose gradually. Types of speech can be classified according to the field of activity of the speaker and the audience of listeners. There are eight to ten types of speech.

1. The political type of speech includes slogans, appeals, propaganda and agitation speeches, reports of party leaders at meetings, and media genres.

2. The military type of communication (or the eloquence of the military) implies orders, calls, memoirs. This type of speech also includes letters from the commander to the relatives of dead soldiers and radio communications.

3. Communication between diplomats is based on diplomatic etiquette in compliance with the norms. This type of speech includes negotiations and correspondence. For this type, the ability to properly, legally correct drafting of documents, and the ability to smooth out the situation is required.

4. Business meetings, business documentation (financial reports, legal acts, plans and programs), telephone contacts are business speech.

5. The eloquence of university lecturers, professors and academicians is found at lectures, seminars, and conferences. It is also used when writing creative works, research, notes, and when defending coursework and dissertations.

6. The scope of jurisprudence and litigation includes the texts of various laws, statutes, and codes. This type of speech includes legal advice, interrogation of witnesses, defense and prosecution speech, and trial.

7. Pedagogical type of communication - these are various explanations, conversations, teacher comments, student responses, compositions, presentations and essays as literary creativity, stages of the lesson.

8. The type of speech associated with the spiritual and moral side of life is various sermons, confessions, prayers.

9. Everyday communication is manifested in conversations of friends, acquaintances, relatives, discussion of a problem of interest by parents and children, correspondence.

10. Inner speech (or speech to oneself) represents memories, reasoning, argument, dreams and fantasies, mental planning of a statement.

These types of speech require comprehension and control, which is directly the culture of speech. Some types of speech and eloquence developed over many years and even centuries. Some types, such as inner speech, are recent. It should be noted that dialogue with oneself is of great importance in a person’s life, the culture of internal speech, mental appeal to one’s second “I” is a guarantee of successful external speech, i.e. sounding or writing.

1.3 Oral and written varieties of the Russian language

Any language, including Russian, exists in two forms - oral and written. To construct a written text, two types of rules must be observed:

1) rules of reference;

2) rules of predication.

Oral speech is spoken speech; it is created in the process of conversation. For her

Characteristic are verbal improvisation and some linguistic features:

1) freedom in choosing vocabulary;

2) use of simple sentences;

3) the use of incentive, interrogative, exclamatory sentences of various kinds;

4) repetitions;

5) incompleteness of expression of thought.

The oral form is presented in two varieties, such as:

1) colloquial speech;

2) codified speech. Conversational speech allows for ease of communication; informality of relationships between speakers; unprepared speech; use of nonverbal means of communication (gestures and facial expressions); the ability to change the roles of speaker and listener. Codified speech is used in formal areas of communication (at conferences, meetings, etc.).

Written speech is graphically fixed speech, thought out and corrected in advance. It is characterized by the predominance of book vocabulary, the presence of complex prepositions, strict adherence to language norms, and the absence of extra-linguistic elements. Written speech is usually directed towards visual perception. The design of predicativity and reference is associated with the actual division of the sentence, with the highlighting of the “topic” or “new” in the message. The first two differences between the oral form unite it with written speech spoken aloud. The third difference characterizes speech produced orally. Oral speech is divided into spoken and non-spoken. Conversational is divided into scientific, journalistic, business, and artistic. Oral speech has its own specifics. It occurs in conditions of territorial and temporal proximity of the interlocutors. Therefore, in oral speech, not only linguistic means play an important role, but also intonation, gestures, and facial expressions. Intonation is created by the melody of speech, the place of logical stress, its strength, the degree of clarity of pronunciation, the presence or absence of pauses. Written speech is unable to convey intonation.