A Mr. Lopatin short biography. German Aleksandrovich Lopatin: biography

Biography

German Lopatin was born in the city of Nizhny Novgorod in the family of a hereditary nobleman, actual state councilor, chairman of the Stavropol Treasury Chamber Alexander Nikonovich Lopatin and Sofia Ivanovna Lopatina (nee Krylova).

In 1861 he graduated with a gold medal from the Stavropol Men's Gymnasium and entered the natural sciences department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University, where he became close to the revolutionary-minded Ishutin students. During his student years, he did not take active part in revolutionary activities.
In 1866, German Lopatin graduated from the university. In 1867 he received a Ph.D. degree. He remained to live in St. Petersburg and abandoned his scientific and professional career.

In 1866, he was first detained for two months in the Peter and Paul Fortress during a wide campaign of arrests that followed the attempt on the life of Emperor Alexander II by revolutionary terrorist D. Karakozov. Released due to lack of evidence.

In 1867, German Lopatin illegally traveled to Italy with the intention of joining the volunteer detachments of D. Garibaldi, but, arriving at the place after the defeat of the rebels, he returned to his homeland.

Upon returning to St. Petersburg, together with F.V. Volkhovsky, he created the revolutionary “Ruble Society” to study the country’s economy, the life of the people and their ability to perceive the ideas of socialism, as well as the dissemination of revolutionary literature. For this activity in January 1868, G. Lopatin was arrested and after 8 months of imprisonment in the Petropavlovsk prison, exiled to Stavropol-Caucasus under the supervision of his parents.
In exile since 1869, under his father's patronage, German Lopatin became an official for special assignments under the local governor. In his free time, he is engaged in social educational activities and studies the works of Karl Marx.

In 1869, he was arrested due to the discovery of his letter during a search of one of those involved in the so-called “Nechaev case.” He escaped from a military guardhouse and went into hiding.

In 1870, Lopatin came to Switzerland to expose the “Jesuitic” actions of S. G. Nechaev. In Switzerland he makes an unsuccessful attempt to rally the Russian revolutionary emigration.

Abroad, he began translating the 1st volume of Karl Marx's Capital, and in the summer of 1870 he went to England, where he personally met Marx, and in September 1870 he was introduced there to the General Council of the First International.

Having come to the conviction that only the unconditionally authoritative leader N.G. can unite the disparate Russian revolutionary forces. Chernyshevsky, Lopatin returns to Russia in the winter of 1870 and heads to Irkutsk to free N.G. Chernyshevsky from exile. In 1871, these intentions were revealed and stopped by imprisonment, which took place in the prisons of Irkutsk and Vilyuisk. He escaped from prison twice unsuccessfully. In 1873, in Irkutsk, during a trial break in the case of his escape, he boldly escaped from the convoy, taking refuge in the taiga. He reached St. Petersburg, from where he went abroad, where he began translation and literary activities.

Moves to Paris, where he lives according to the documents of an English citizen Bart. He marries Zinaida Stepanovna Korali, who in 1877 becomes the mother of her son G.A. Lopatina Bruno.

He illegally visits Russia several times to take part in the revolutionary struggle. In 1879, Lopatin once again came to Russia, but after 6 days he was arrested and exiled to Tashkent, where he lived for eight months in the house of his acquaintances, the Oshanins, on Shelkovichnaya Street. The owner of the house in which Lopatin lived, V.F. Oshanin vouched for Lopatin to the city authorities, which allowed him to move freely around the city and go on excursions outside the city.

In 1883 he returned to St. Petersburg. In 1884 he joined the “People's Will” and, as a member of the new Administrative Commission, was actively working throughout the country to unite the disparate forces of this banned organization. Lopatin managed to unite individual groups, strengthen their work and organize the murder of gendarme colonel G.P. Sudeikin.
On October 6, 1884, German Lopatin was arrested. The documents and records found on him made it possible to reveal the entire network of the revolutionary organization. The Narodnaya Volya case, known as the “Trial of Twenty-One” or the “Lopatin Case,” ended in 1887. Lopatin was sentenced to death. Later, the punishment was replaced by lifelong hard labor, which he served in the Shlisselburg fortress. After 18 years of imprisonment, in October 1905 he was released under an amnesty without restoration of his rights.

After the release of G.A. Lopatin lived in Vilna. Being a seriously ill person, he withdrew from revolutionary activities and was engaged in literary work.

In 1913 he moved to St. Petersburg (Petrograd).

German Lopatin died of cancer on December 26, 1918 in the Peter and Paul Hospital. He was buried on the Literatorskie Mostki of the Volkovskoye Cemetery in St. Petersburg.

Places of residence
Nizhny Novgorod (place of birth);
until 1861. Stavropol, st. Baryatinskaya (currently Komsomolskaya) no. 113 (study at the gymnasium);
18611867. St. Petersburg (university studies, dissertation defense);
1867 Italy (to participate in Garibaldi's troops);
18671868. St. Petersburg (lived, worked);
18681870. Stavropol-Caucasian (link);
1870 Paris;
1870 Switzerland;
1870 England;
18701873. Irkutsk, Vilyuisk (prison);
1873 St. Petersburg (lived after escape);
18731879. Paris (lived under the name Bart);
18791880. Tashkent, st. Shelkovichnaya, Oshanins' house (link);
18801883. Vologda (link);
1883 Paris;
1883 London;
March 1884October 06, 1884. St. Petersburg, Malaya Konyushennaya street, 1/3, apartment building of the Swedish Church of St. Catherine;
October 6, 1884October 1905. Shlisselburg Fortress (imprisonment);
October 19051913. Vilna.
1913December 26, 1918. St. Petersburg (Petrograd), Embankment of the Karpovka River, st. Literatorov, 19, House of Writers named after V.I. Golubev.

Literary and translation activities

German Lopatin was known to a wide circle of readers as a writer, the author of essays, letters and pamphlets on Russian tsarism published in revolutionary publications. In 1877, the collection “From Behind Bars” was published in Geneva, which included works of Free Russian poetry and opened with a preface by Lopatin.

Lopatin's poems, written in the Shlisselburg fortress, are characterized by civic motives. Lopatin's artistic gift was recognized by I. S. Turgenev, G. I. Uspensky, L. N. Tolstoy, M. Gorky.

Translated several works from English, German and French.

Journalistic articles:
Magazine "Forward!" (London): “From Irkutsk” (1874, vol. II), “Not ours” (1874, vol. III);
Newspaper “Forward!”: “From Tomsk” (1876, No. 25, January 15 (3), “A. P. Shchapov. Letter to the editor" (1876, No. 34, June 1 (May 20)), "Memories of I. A. Khudyakov" (1876, No. 47, December 15 (3)), etc.;
Magazine “Byloe” (Pb.): “On the history of the conviction of Dr. O. E. Weimar” (1907, No. 3), “Regarding the “Memoirs of a Narodnaya Volya member” A. N. Bach” (1907, No. 4), etc.;
Magazine “Past Years” (Pb.) “Notes to the article N. G. Chernyshevsky in Vilyuisk" (1908, No. 3), translations: "Letters of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels to Nikolaion" (No. 1, 2), Later a book was published under the same title St. Petersburg, 1908, "Excerpts from letters of Marx and Engels to Sorge, Volta and others" (No. 2).
Magazine “Sovremennik” (Pb., 1911, No. 1) obituary “V. A. Karaulov”, reprint from the magazine “Forward!” essay “Not ours.”
The newspaper “Rech” (Pb.) a note about the magazine “Forward!” under the heading “Letters to the Editor” (1916, December 20).
Magazine “Voice of the Past” articles “From the stories about P. Lavrov” (1915, No. 9) and “To the stories about P. L. Lavrov” (1916, No. 4);
Magazine “Russian Will” “Indulgences for dynasts. Letter from G. A. Lopatin dated March 3, 1917 to Minister of War A. I. Guchkov regarding rumors about Nikolai Romanov’s departure to headquarters” (1917, No. 8, March 10);
Newspaper “Odessa News” “The first days of the revolution. From the diary of G. A. Lopatin" (1917, March 12).

Translations:
Spencer G. Foundations of Psychology. Per. from 2nd English ed. T. 14. St. Petersburg, I. I. Bilibin, 1876;
Spencer G. Foundations of Sociology. T. 1, 2. St. Petersburg, I. I. Bilibin, 1876;
Spencer G. Foundations of the science of morality. Per. from English St. Petersburg, I. I. Bilibin, 1880;
Ten I. The origin of the social system of modern France. Per. from 3rd French ed. G. Lopatina. T. 1. The old order. St. Petersburg, I. I. Bilibin, 1880 (new edition: St. Petersburg, M. V. Pirozhkov, 1907);
Tipdal J. Rotting and infection in relation to substances carried in the air. Per. from English G. A. Lopatina. St. Petersburg, I. I. Bilibin, 1883;
What Charles Darwin did for science. A popular review of his most important works in all branches of natural science, made by English professors and scientists Huxley, Chakey, Romens and Dyer. St. Petersburg, F. Pavlenkov, 1883;
Joly A. Psychology of great people. Per. from French St. Petersburg, F. Pavlenkov, 1884;
Adlen Ch. Gr. Vignettes from nature and scientific evidence of the organic development of George Romens. Per. from English G. A. Lopatina. St. Petersburg, I. I. Bilibin, 1883;
Carpenter V.B. Mesmerism, odilism, table turning and spiritualism from historical and scientific points of view. Lectures... Per. from English St. Petersburg, I. I. Bilibin, 1878.
Marx K. Capital, vol. 1. St. Petersburg, 1872. On the translation of “Capital” (translated 1/3 of the volume)
Ole Otto. Kitchen chemistry. Per. with him. Tetr. 3. St. Petersburg, 18651867;
Yeager G. Zoological letters. M., 1865.
E. Bernstein “Karl Marx and the Russian revolutionaries” (Past years, 1908, No. 10, 11)

Public acceptance
In 1985, a new street in the Nevsky district of St. Petersburg was named after German Lopatin.
A street in the Verkhnie Pechery microdistrict of Nizhny Novgorod is named after German Lopatin.
In Tashkent during Soviet times, st. Shelkovichnaya was renamed German Lopatin Street (currently Yunus Rajabiy Street).
A monument to G.A. was erected in Stavropol. Lopatin.
In St. Petersburg, at house 19 on Literatorov Street, a granite memorial plaque was installed (architect V.V. Isaeva) with the following inscription: “German Aleksandrovich Lopatin (1845–1918), the first Russian translator, lived in this house in 1913–1918 Capital, friend of K. Marx, member of the General Council of the First International.”
In Stavropol, on Lopatinskaya Street, there is a memorial plaque with brief information about the famous revolutionary.
In Stavropol, in the Lopatins’ house (No. 113 on Baryatinskaya Street), the “Russian Antiquity” museum was organized.
Since 1969, the regional prize of the Union of Journalists of Russia named after German Lopatin has been awarded in Stavropol.

Lopatin was born in Nizhny Novgorod into the family of an official.

But the life and fate of German Lopatin are connected with the city of Stavropol. Here he spent his childhood and youth. In Stavropol, he graduated from the men's gymnasium with a gold medal.

Since 1862, a student in the natural sciences department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University. He was destined for a career as a scientist.

But German Lopatin has already made his choice. He connected his life with the revolutionary struggle and a year after defending his dissertation, he was arrested in the case of an attempt on the life of Tsar Alexander II. He spent about a year in solitary confinement in the Peter and Paul Fortress.

As a young student, German Lopatin was expelled at the end of 1868 from Petrograd to Stavropol under the supervision of the police and his father.

It was the direction to Stavropol that largely determined the worldview of the young revolutionary.

In January 1870, Lopatin made a daring escape from the Stavropol guardhouse. Since 1873 he has been in exile. There he became close to K. Marx and F. Engels, and became a member of the General Council of the 1st International. In connection with an illegal trip to Russia in 1871, he was arrested.

After his release from the Shlisselburg fortress in 1905, Lopatin was engaged in literary activities.

German Aleksandrovich Lopatin is the only Russian revolutionary elected as a member of the General Council of the First International, leader of the Narodnaya Volya party, and the first translator of Capital into Russian.

The Stavropol City Duma awarded German Aleksandrovich Lopatin the title “Honorary Citizen of Stavropol” in August 1999.

Fact:

German Lopatin was known to a wide circle of readers as a writer, the author of essays and letters-pamphlets on Russian tsarism published in revolutionary publications. In 1877, the collection “From Behind Bars” was published in Geneva, which included works of Free Russian poetry and opened with a preface by Lopatin. Lopatin's poems, written in the Shlisselburg fortress, are characterized by civic motives. Lopatin's artistic gift was recognized
I. S. Turgenev, G. I. Uspensky, L. N. Tolstoy, M. Gorky.

Bibliographic bibliography

Belikov G. A. Public library / / The appearance of old Stavropol: historical essays in two books. Book II / G. A. Belikov, S. N. Savenko. – Stavropol, 2007. – Ch. XI. – pp. 255–259.

From the contents : Lopatin G. A. – P. 257.

Belikov G. A. Lopatin’s estate // The appearance of old Stavropol: historical essays in two books. Book II / G. A. Belikov, S. N. Savenko. – Stavropol, 2007. – Ch. XII. – pp. 354–355.

Gneushev V. Lessons from German Lopatin / V. Gneushev / / Stavropol Land: Almanac “Monuments of the Fatherland”. – Stavropol, 2001. – pp. 174–175.

Gosdanker V.V. Managed to breathe the air of freedom: [Lopatin G.A.] // You can’t shake off the past / V.V. Gosdanker. – Stavropol, 2007. – pp. 62–64.

Davydov Yu. V. German Lopatin, his friends and enemies / Yu. V. Davydov. – M.: Sov. Russia, 1984. – 220 p.

Korshunov M. S. German Lopatin and the Stavropol Provincial Library: [about the Stavropol exile of G. A. Lopatin, during which he worked as a librarian] / M. S. Korshunov / / Stavrop. chronograph. – 2002. – P. 289–299. – Bibliography : With. 299–300.

Korshunov M. S. Thinker, revolutionary, romantic: [to the 160th anniversary of the birth of German Aleksandrovich Lopatin] / M. S. Korshunov / / Stavrop. Chronograph for 2005: collection of local history. – Stavropol: Stavrop. regional printing house, 2005. – pp. 43–61.

Krugov A.I. Culture of Stavropol: education and printing / / Stavropol region in the history of Russia / Krugov A.I. - Stavropol, 2001. - pp. 28–39.

From the contents : Lopatin G. A. – P. 29.

Lopatin German Aleksandrovich // Stavrop. chronograph. – 1995. – P. 25–27.

Mironov G. M. German Lopatin / G. M. Mironov, L. G. Mironov. – Stavropol: Book. Publishing house, 1984. – 397 p.

G. A. Lopatin’s petition to the Stavropol governor to accept him into the civil service // Our region: documents, materials (1777–1917). – Stavropol, 1977. – P. 206.

Revolutionary-democratic movement 60–90. : Social change. population structure. Peasant and revolutionary democrat. movement 60–90 XIX century // Essays on the history of Stavrop. edges from the ancient times before 1917. T. I. – Stavropol, 1986. – P. 273–276.

Notification from the head of the main department of the governor of the Caucasus to the Stavropol governor about the expulsion of German Lopatin to Stavropol under the supervision of parents and police // Our region: (Documents, materials, 1977 - 1917) - Stavropol, 1977. - pp. 205–206.

Notification of the Stavropol governor to the investigator, Colonel Kupenkov about the investigative case of G. A. Lopatin // Our region: (Documents, materials, 1977 - 1917) - Stavropol, 1977. - P. 206–208.

Filimonov V. G. Lopatin Street / / Names of city streets - pages of the history of the Fatherland / V. G. Filimonov. – Stavropol, 2006. – pp. 137–138.

Kharchenko L. I. Rebellious life: [about G. Lopatin)] / L. I. Kharchenko. – Stavropol: Book. publishing house, 1979. – 342 p.

Shatsky P. A. Stavropol: historical sketch / P. A. Shatsky, V. N. Muravyov. – Stavropol, 1977. – 263 p.

From the contents : Lopatin G. A. – pp. 77–78.

Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Stavropol Territory / ch. ed. V. A. Shapovalov. – Stavropol: SSU Publishing House, 2006. – 457 p.

From the contents : Lopatin G. A. – P. 208.

Periodicals

Voronin G. In the house of German Lopatin / G. Voronin / / Stavrop. Truth. – 1968. – May 5.

Gosdanker V. Chronicler of the Caucasus: [about G. Lopatin] / V. Gosdanker / / Stavrop. Truth. – 1972. – April 8.

Gosdanker V. Managed to breathe the air of freedom: [on the 80th anniversary of the death of G. Lopatin] / V. Gosdanker / / Stavrop. Truth. – 1999. – January 13. – P. 4.

Yevtushenko N. House of the Lopatin family: [new museum in Stavropol] / N. Yevtushenko / / Caucasus. health resort. – 1989. – June 29.

Another Lopatin: [to the opening of the House-Museum of the Lopatin family] // Mol. Leninist. – 1989. – June 22.

Ivanov I. Knight of the Revolution: [to the 145th anniversary of German Lopatin] / I. Ivanov / / Stavropol Agitator. – 1990. – No. 1-2. – pp. 55–59.

Korshunov M. German Lopatin through the eyes of an artist / M. Korshunov // Stavropol Agitator. – 1988. – No. 21. – P. 29–30.

Korshunov M. The beginning of the journey: [about German Lopatin] / M. Korshunov / / Stavrop. Truth. – 1985. – January 25.

Korshunov M. The Birth of Character: [about the childhood and youth of G. Lopatin] / M. Korshunov / / Mol. Leninist. – 1987. – October 7. – P. 6.

Korshunov M. Flowers on a pedestal: / M. Korshunov / / Mol. Leninist. – 1985. – January 26.

Krylov A. Our fellow countryman German Lopatin: [on the 100th anniversary of the first translation of “Capital” by K. Marx into Russian] / A. Krylov / / Mol. Leninist. – 1972. – April 7.

Lopatina E. The truth of a fiery life: [about German Lopatin] / E. Lopatina // Stavropol Agitator. – 1985. – No. 5-6. – pp. 51–55.

Lopatina E. New materials about German Lopatin: [about the relationship of G. Lopatin with K. Marx and F. Engels and about G. Lopatin’s connections with Stavropol] / E. Lopatina / / Stavropol region. – 1977. – No. 2.

Lvova E. Where history lives: [a house-museum of the Lopatin family was opened in the regional center] / E. Lvova // Stavrop. Truth. – 1989. – June 28.

Melgunov S. G.
A. Lopatin: [memoirs of Lopatin, published in the magazine “Voice of the Past”] / S. Melgunov / / Mol. Leninist. – 1990. – March 28. -WITH. eleven.

Thinker, revolutionary, romantic: [to the 145th anniversary of the birth of G. A. Lopatin] // Stavrop. Truth. – 1990. – January 25

Orlova E. Marx’s main work in Russia / E. Orlova / / Stavrop. Truth. – 1972. – April 8.

Prozritelev G. N.
German Lopatin in Stavropol in the Caucasus: [materials for the biography] / G. Prozritelev / / Stavrop. Truth. – 1990. – March 17.

Saikin O. ...Insanely brave Lopatin: [a story about the history of the first translation of “Capital” and its translator] / O. Saikin // Knowledge and power. – 1978. – No. 5. – P. 16–17.

Saikin O. Friend and comrade-in-arms of K. Marx and F. Engels: chapters from the book “The First Russian Translator of Capital,” dedicated to G. Lopatin // Stavropol Agitator. – 1985. – No. 1–2. – pp. 60–62.

Saikin O. The first translator of “Capital”: [about German Lopatin] / O. Saikin / / Sov. culture. – 1987. – September 15. – P. 2.

Salny A. In the living room: [the head of the museum “House of the Lopatin Family” about the museum materials] / A. Salny // Mol. Leninist. – 1990. – March 28. – P. 11.

Salny A. A troubled spirit trembles in the chest: [about the literary activity of G. Lopatin] / A. Salny // Evening. Stavropol. – 1992. – March 21.

Soloveichik Y. I do not ask for mercy: [play for the 145th anniversary of the birth of G. Lopatin] / Y. Soloveichik / / Caucasus. health resort. – 1990. – January 13.

Soloveichik Ya. I don’t ask for mercy: [about G. Lopatin] / Ya. Soloveichik / / Caucasus. health resort. – 1990. – March 22.

Sutulov S. History does not tolerate fuss: [about G. Lopatin] / S. Sutulov / / Stavrop. Truth. – 1989. – November 7.

Sutulov S. Documents will come to life: [about the new exhibition of the House-Museum of the Lopatin family] / S. Sutulov / / Stavrop. Truth. – 1989. – May 1.

Kharchenko L. Brother of German Lopatin / L. Kharchenko / / Caucasus. health resort. – 1972. – February 12. – P. 3.

Kharchenko L. They were brought together by the struggle: [about Lopatin’s friendship with Karl Marx] / L. Kharchenko // Stavrop. Truth. – 1983. – May 5. – P. 3.

Kharchenko L. Our mutual friend: [about the friendship of G. Lopatin with K. Marx] / L. Kharchenko // Stavrop. Truth. – 1985. – August 4.

Kharchenko L. Our mutual friend: [Karl Marx about German Lopatin] / L. Kharchenko // Mol. Leninist. – 1972. – April 8.

Kharchenko L. They were friends: [about the friendship of G. Lopatin and I. Turgenev] / L. Kharchenko // Stavrop. Truth. – 1983. – September 30.

Kharchenko L. Escape:
[about G. Lopatin] / L. Kharchenko / / Stavrop. Truth. – 1985. – January 25.

M. A. Osorgin

German Lopatin

Osorgin M. A. Memoirs. The Tale of a Sister Voronezh: Voronezh Publishing House. University, 1992. The monster from Notre-Dame de Paris, in his usual pose, resting his head on his elbows, looked at the square and the streets running through it - how familiar all this was to him, and the stones, and the dirt of the embankment, and the stagecoach, and even individual people, residents and regulars of the block! The monster was also familiar with a young bearded man in a picturesque wide-brimmed hat, carrying books under his arm and, as if they were not enough, looking askance at the stalls on the parapet. Now this bearded man will turn the corner and run into the tavern - and indeed, throwing up the flap of his wide frock coat, the young man turned sharply and, pushing the door with his foot, disappeared behind the dusty glass. Entering, he dumped books on the table, greeted the owner, the garçon and his waiting friends, and when he finally collapsed on the sofa, the tavern became brighter from his broadest Russian smile. The men had the appearance of a poor peasant and the beautiful carelessness of their suits - jackets with blouses - and the women were dressed decently, but in a peculiar way: long coats with two rows of buttons, skirts almost without waistbands, but with flounces, ankle boots on their feet, round hats on their heads, glasses on their noses, cigarettes in their teeth. It’s amazing how a woman, the most progressive and free-thinking, can still leave something behind from her frivolous sister! And they were all young to recruit, so that the one who came, at thirty years old, was like a veteran and patriarch among them, and they called him not by his last name, like each other, but respectfully - German Alexandrovich. The books he brought were sorted out from hand to hand, the ones he had read were returned to him, the same stack, and he noted everything in a notebook of educational format. At that time there was no Russian library in Paris 1, and the books that had been accumulated were brought to the tavern for distribution. There were only hopes: the writer Turgenev promised to organize a concert and get money for the premises and the first equipment; The same bearded man, German Lopatin, already a considerable revolutionary celebrity, negotiated with him. Then they began to live very early: at the age of seventeen - a student, and from the same age - a politician. Then, in ten years, they managed to leave behind them a biography sufficient for an adventurous novel - and there was still a long road ahead for all kinds of adventures; Maybe that’s why the beard, the adornment of a healthy man, grew so quickly. Twenty-year-old Lopatin was bothering the Third Department of His Imperial Majesty's own chancellery. At twenty-one, Muravyov-Hangman, who introduced him to the Peter and Paul Fortress, did not like him very much. At twenty-two, once free, Lopatin read the newspaper in the morning - events in Italy were in full swing, Giuseppe Garibaldi fled with Fr. Privateers; he was arrested and returned to the island, but he deceived the vigilance of the Italian cruisers by slipping past them on a fragile boat; Having broken free, he moved with his volunteers to papal Rome. Since German Lopatin also broke free, it was natural for him to leave St. Petersburg, where there was nothing to do, and go to Italy, where there was a lot to do. And although he, of course, left on the same day that he read the newspaper, in those days the message was not so fast, and he was late. Garibaldi, having defeated the papal troops at Monterotondo, was himself defeated by the French at Menton, just at the time when an unknown young man from St. Petersburg, who came to his aid, reached Florence. Therefore, the young man turned back and went to Nice to meet the old man Herzen, who lived there - the last, already weakened sounds of the "Bell", the last years of the life of an amazing man! Having swept abroad like a meteor, he returned like a meteor to Russia, to Moscow, with the most serious intentions of “paying the debt to the people”: nomadic folk teachers, collecting facts, observations and experiences, asceticism, periodic contributions from sympathizers, “Ruble Society” 2, eight months of the Peter and Paul Fortress and exile to Stavropol. Between Florence and Stavropol - one year, including prison inactivity, and the very next year a young man, who arrived at the place of exile with the gendarmes, serving in the provincial chancellery (a type of punishment - as was the case with Herzen and Saltykov), fusses, unites the local youth, transforms and expands the public library, introduces communal redistribution peasant land ownership in the provinces, gathers rural and volost gatherings for this, corresponds with friends in the capital, one of whom is found with his letter during a search - and here again is a separation from peaceful work, arrest and prosecution in the Nechaev case 3. Perhaps it’s even better this way, because his small provincial activities tormented him with monotony, and the thought that he would eventually become the ruler of the chancellery could make him “hang himself out of despair and horror and thus clear this place for the next candidate.” . And he also wrote: “My jaws are cracking from yawning” - and in no way agreed to “carry out terrible bloodshed between the ladies’ hearts.” In a word, arrest is already the path to freedom for such an energetic person. And one day, when he was released for a walk, he abused the time and, without returning to the military guardhouse, made his way through the January snow to Rostov, and from there to St. Petersburg, in order to further get abroad with a passport that had long been prepared. However, for now he used this passport to send P.L. Lavrov abroad and only then, having received the passport back by mail, did he go himself. What sweet and pleasant times there were, what simplicity, what convenience! In Geneva, friendship with Ogarev, in London with Marx, election to the General Council of the International - and the nagging thought - should I go to Siberia to liberate Chernyshevsky? And in the same year in which he fled from Stavropol, he found himself under arrest in Irkutsk. At the gendarmerie department, a special cell was decorated for him - a sign of special honor! But not for long. Not valuing honor, he tried to disappear, but was unsuccessful: eight gendarmes set off in his wake, managed to jump on bareback horses and caught up with him in hot pursuit. It is difficult to escape from the new cell, now in prison. Fortunately, he was temporarily released under the strictest supervision, and therefore, on the eve of the upcoming new arrest, he sailed on a two-oar gas van down the Angara, crossed the rapids on it, swam to the Yenisei and got out in Ust-Tungusk, having covered 2000 old Catherine miles alone (700-800 fathoms each). Then the city of Tomsk and arrest on the street. In terms of the range of Siberian distances and the length of time spent in prisons - all this had to take two whole years, a serious deduction from life! In 1873 he was again in the Irkutsk prison. Fortunately, he was summoned to the district court - an opportunity for a change of fortune. And indeed, during a break in the meeting, sometimes taken out onto the porch to freshen up, he with youthful ease jumps into the yard, unties someone else’s horse and gallops into the forest. Then it gets easier: a month in the forest, a lot of different adventures, and the bearded man gets to Tomsk, from where it’s not so far to Paris. Five years of rest from an overly adventurous life: peaceful work, translations, fiddling with books, conversations with young people; however, almost every year there are short trips to Moscow on various business - such little things do not count in the complex biography of a seasoned emigrant. The main apartment, after all, is Paris, the left bank, the Latin Quarter. Lopatin is a well-mannered man, and even Madame Viardot more or less tolerates him when he comes to Turgenev to take care of various matters, unlike other suspicious-looking visitors, compatriots of the famous writer. She is ready to perform in a concert for the founding of the Russian Library Foundation in Paris. On February 15 (27), 4, she sings Tchaikovsky’s romance: “No, only those who knew the thirst for a date will understand how I suffered and how I suffer.” She was already an old woman. And, however, when she said: “I am suffering,” “a frost crawled over my skin, goosebumps ran down my back,” says Lopatin. This is how the current Turgenev Library in Paris was born. Since these lines are written not for a detailed story about the life of German Aleksandrovich - what kind of cultured Russian person does not know about it at least in general terms - but only in memory of the twenty years of his death, then we pass by the stages of his adult life, eternal arrests were replaced by vigorous activity, until, in the fortieth year of his life, he ended up again in the Peter and Paul Fortress. Three years later he was sentenced to death, replacing it with imprisonment in Shlisselburg, where he spent 18 years. He was freed by the revolution of the fifth year, and he left the fortress with broken strength, but still a vigorous old man and, although he was sent into exile, he soon found himself abroad. This is already in our memory - the appearance on the arena of life of people of the past who were buried alive. A historical portrait, a man from a legend, laughs cheerfully and tells an anecdote about himself. A large forehead, a wide, thick beard, glasses, without which he once almost disappeared during an escape, an invariable thick watch chain on his vest or sweatshirt, contempt for weakness, even his own, old youth. This was the “resurrected Lazarus,” as he called himself. I see him on the sea beach of a small Italian town, where he lived for a long time, only visiting Paris on short visits - the center of the then political emigration. Now he is a true patriarch, but invariably misses the big social work. Several times he wanted to move to Rome and live independently, and not in the honorable almshouse of the Amphitheater 5 building that sheltered him - but he only had a tiny party “pension”, and he wrote: “It would be better to say right now: 1) How much in Are you living on your own for a month? 2) Is it possible to get by in Rome in any human way on 100 francs a month? 3) What would such a life be like in general terms in terms of conditions and food? I refuse to write about my life..." Complain? did not love. Many times he was persuaded to write memoirs, but he got away with a few pages; this was not to his taste, a man of action, not words. Everything we know about him comes from the records of others, and he was a wonderful storyteller. His literary legacy is negligible, even if his written testimony during interrogations is included; insignificant, of course, in comparison with the richness of his life. His biggest story about himself is a short biography, which he wrote for six hours at the request of S. Vengerov 6 as material for the 3rd additional volume of the Brockhaus dictionary. In the fortress I wrote poetry, very bad; It seems that all Shlisselburg residents were guilty of poetry. As a writer, he was a model of laconicism. I have his letter, written on the day of his departure from Italy to Russia; here it is in its entirety: "Farewell. G.L." Then there was Russia. I cannot name, to the shame of my memory, who lived next to Lopatin in the rooms of the St. Petersburg literary almshouse before the revolution. He was old, weak, and miserable. “There is one canteen,” he said, “where they give you the same thing as in the local ones, but they charge you less for ten kopeks!” - and he trudged to this canteen across the whole city. But people still came to pay their respects to him, until Russia began to burn. When younger emigrants poured in from abroad and began to save the fatherland, Lopatin was forgotten, because there was no time to think about the past - the future lay ahead. So, for example, I could not find out who, how and where buried him in the troubled, cold and hungry days of the end of the 18th year? The news of his death reached Moscow, but there were thousands of the same news; then each mourning period was limited to no more than one minute. In the last year, he still attended meetings and rallies, sometimes even spoke. But this was only Lopatin’s holy shadow, his image of the old letter. Materials about his life are collected in a book of terrible gray paper, from which in half a century only dust will remain 7. Expensive paper is reserved for describing the exploits of the triumphant victors; in their list there is no place for the name of German Aleksandrovich Lopatin, a member of the People's Will and a Shlisselburger 8.

NOTES

German Lopatin

1 The Russian Public Library named after I. S. Turgenev appeared in 1875. One of the main initiators of its creation was the famous revolutionary G. A. Lopatin (1845--1918). See: Russian Public Library named after I. S. Turgenev: Employees - friends - admirers: Sat. articles / Ed. T, L. Gladkova, T. A. Osorgina. -- (Russian Library of the Institute of Slavic Studies. T. LXXVII1). Paris, 1987. 2 "Ruble Society" was created by F.V. Volkhovsky and G.A. Lopatin. This revolutionary organization (1867-1868) was named after the size of the membership fee. 3 The political “trial of the Nechaevites” took place in 1871. 4 1875. 5 Amphiteatrov, Alexander Valentinovich (1862-1938) - Russian writer. After 1920 - abroad. See about him below. 6 Vengerov, Semyon Afanasyevich (1855--1920) - Russian literary historian, bibliographer. 7 See: German Aleksandrovich Lopatin: Autobiography. Testimony and letters. Articles and poems. Bibliography / Prep. for publication A. A. Shilov. Pg., 1922. 8 M. A. Osorgin’s sketch of G. A. Lopatin evoked several meaningful reader responses. See: Osorgin M. Responses / Latest news. 1939. 20 Feb. No. 6538.

Lopatin German Alexandrovich

Russian politician. Genus. in 1845 in Nizhny Novgorod; completed a course at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics in St. Petersburg. university. In 1866, he was involved in the Karakozov case and spent two months in the Peter and Paul Fortress, but was released due to lack of evidence. In 1868, he was arrested in connection with the case of a circle (founded in Moscow by Volkhovsky), whose task was to send teachers and legal books to villages. The society did not pursue any illegal goals; nevertheless, L. spent 8 months in the Peter and Paul Fortress and was sent to Stavropol-Caucasus, with assignment to serve in the office of the local governor. Here L. managed to transform the local library and carry out the issue of replacing communal-grabbing peasant land tenure with communal-distribution according to the resolutions of rural volost assemblies. At the end of 1869, L. was arrested as a result of his letter, found in the possession of one of those involved in the Nechaev case. L. was in correspondence with Nechaev and, but he disagreed with them and did not want to take part in Nechaev’s business. A few weeks after his arrest, L. managed to escape from the military guardhouse. Arriving in Kadnikov (), where he lived in exile, L. secretly took him to St. Petersburg, and from there sent him abroad. Soon after, L. settled in London to be closer to Karl Marx, with whom he was on friendly terms; there he translated into Russian the beginning of volume 1 of his “Capital” (St. Petersburg, 1872). Having become a member of the international society of workers (international), he was elected to its general council. At the end of 1870, L. went to Siberia for the purpose of liberation, but was arrested. Acquitted by the court, he worked as a freelancer in the Irkutsk Control Chamber. Having learned that they were going to arrest him again, in the summer of 1872 he sailed on a 2-oar gas van along the Angara and, having sailed over 1000 miles, came ashore in Ust-Tunguzka; from there he traveled to Tomsk, but was arrested there and found himself back in the Irkutsk prison. In the summer of 1873, he was summoned to court, but escaped and made his way to St. Petersburg, and from there abroad. In Zurich, he found the first magazine “Forward” being prepared for release, but, due to theoretical disagreements with, he refused close participation in this magazine and limited himself to publishing a biographical sketch of the person who had died before and a note about the curious sect “Not Ours.” L. spent the next 5 years (1874-79) abroad. At this time he did not actively belong to any of the revolutionary parties within Russia. Several times he traveled under a false name to Russia for short periods. At the beginning of 1879, when in revolutionary circles the ideas of populism began to be replaced by the ideas of Narodnaya Volya, with which L. sympathized, he returned to Russia, but was soon arrested and in the spring of 1880 he was administratively exiled to Tashkent, where he worked in a private bank, then in Vologda. In February 1883 he fled from Vologda to Paris. The formation of the Narodnaya Volya party (May 1879), its development and main activities took place while L. was in prison and in exile. In Paris, Lavrov then published the "Bulletin of the People's Will", in which L. took part. Weighed down by a relatively quiet life abroad, he went to St. Petersburg, where he came across Degaev. L. did not take direct part in the murder of Sudeikin, since he considered it impossible to act in concert with a double traitor, but he encouraged Degaev to fulfill his obligation. At the beginning of 1884, L. went to Paris, where he formally joined the Narodnaya Volya party and in March of the same year returned to St. Petersburg as a member of the new executive committee. He considered his task to collect the scattered remnants of the already dead Narodnaya Volya party, to find funds, to found new ones and to support the newly emerged secret printing houses, to publish issues of the Narodnaya Volya magazine. The matter turned out to be impossible: the Narodnaya Volya party was unable to resurrect. On October 6, 1884, L. was arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. In June 1887, he was sentenced to death, which was commuted to life imprisonment in the Shlisselburg fortress. There he spent 18 years. Amnesty 1891, 1896, 1904 were not extended to him. He was released only by a decree on October 23, 1905, and, due to the disruption of the transit routes in Siberia, where he was supposed to be exiled for 4 years, he was allowed to reside temporarily in the city of Vilna with the guarantee of his brother. L. left prison a sick old man. A man of very great erudition, he was always considered one of the largest intellectual forces of the Russian revolutionary movement. In every organization that he joined during short breaks between imprisonment and exile, he immediately occupied a leading place. He translated into Russian "Psychology", "Sociology" and "Ethics" by Spencer, volume 1 of "The Origin of Modern France" by Taine, "Spiritism and Similar Psychoses" by Carpenter, Grant-Allen's essay on Darwin and several other books on physics , biology, etc. See R. L. Lawrow, "H. Lopatin" (in "Neue Zeit", 1889). Only small notes about the Lopatin trial appeared in Russian newspapers; a more complete report, entitled "Trial 21", was published in Geneva in 1888. Speech by V.D. Spasovich, who defended the this trial of P.F. Yakubovich, published in the collection: “Seven judicial speeches in criminal cases of V.D. Spasovich. 1877-1887" (Berlin, 1900).

S.-Pb.: Brockhaus-Efron. 1890-1907.

LOPATIN German Alexandrovich

– Russian revolutionary. Genus. in N. Novgorod. Graduated from natural sciences. Department of Physics and Mathematics fact of Petersburg. University (1866), defending a dissertation. “On Spontaneous Generation” (see “Historical Archives”, 1960, No. 3), testifying to the materialistic. L.'s approach to natural phenomena and his atheistic. conviction. In the 70s, while living abroad, he was on friendly terms with Marx and Engels; was elected to the General Council of the 1st International (1870), where it supported Marx’s struggle against the Bakuninists. Translated into Russian. language part of the 1st volume of Marx's "Capital". In the winter of 1870–71 he made an unsuccessful attempt to free Chernyshevsky from exile. Several was arrested several times. In 1883 he escaped from exile. Advocating for the need for grassroots engagement. the masses in the struggle against the autocracy, but unable to find the right path for revolutionary activity, L. joined the populists. organization "People's Will", although it did not share the political. ideas of the People's Will. In 1887 he was sentenced to death, commuted to indefinite hard labor. Released in 1905.
In his speeches, L. elaborated on revolutionary issues. struggle, sharply criticized liberals. Marx repeatedly wrote about L. in letters to his Russians. correspondents. According to his memoirs, “Karl Marx spoke about few people... with such warm sympathy for man and with such respect for the power of his mind...” as about L. ("G. A. Lopatin", P., 1919, p. 29). Of great interest is L.’s recording of his conversation with Engels (1883), during which Engels described the tasks and prospects of the revolution in Russia (see “Memoirs of Marx and Engels,” 1956, pp. 207–08).

Works: Not ours, in the book: Forward! (Non-periodical review), 1874, vol. 3, dep. 2; Letters... to the editor of the newspaper "Daily News", ibid.; Instead of internal review, "Narodnaya Volya", 1884, No. 10; [To the history of “Forward”], “Rech”, 1916, No. 350, December 20; The first days of the revolution, "Odessa News", 1917, March 12; Autobiography (1845–1918), P., 1922.

Lit.: Correspondence of K. Marx and F. Engels with Russian political figures, 2nd ed., [L. ], 1951; , Soch., 4th ed., vol. 20, p. 405; Burtsev Vl., From my memoirs, "Free Russia", 1889, No. 1, p. 48–56; Bernstein Ed., Karl Marx and Russian. revolutionaries, "Past Years", 1908, No. 10, p. 23; Popov I.I., G.A. Lopatin, M., 1926; Popov A.V., G.A. Lopatin, in the book: Materials for the study of the Stavropol Territory, vol. 1, Stavropol, 1949; Samorukov N., Socio-political. activities of G. A. L. (1845–1918), “Questions of History”, 1951, No. 3; Savitsky A.P., G.L. in Tashkent, in the book: Tr. Central Asian University, vol. 142, Historical. science, book. 30, Tashkent, 1958; Rapoport Yu. M., From the history of Russian connections. revolutionaries with the founders of science. socialism (K. Marx and G. Lopatin), M., 1960; Antonov V.F., G. Lopatin, Lipetsk, 1960; him, Rus. friend of Marx G. A. L., M., 1962; Teacher M.V., G.L. in Siberia, [Irkutsk], 1963.

Philosophical Encyclopedia. In 5 volumes - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Edited by F.V. Konstantinov. 1960-1970.

LOPATIN German Alexandrovich

(13.I.1845 - 26.XII.1918) - Russian. revolutionary, member of the General. Council of the 1st International, the first translator of Capital in Russia. Genus. in N. Novgorod in the family of an official. Graduated from St. Petersburg. University (1866). In his dissertation “On Spontaneous Generation” (see “Historical Archives”, 1960, No. 3) he defended materialism. views. In 1867 he traveled to Italy with the intention of fighting on the side of Garibaldi. L. tried to create a society (the so-called ruble society) to study the country’s economy, the way of life of the people, their ability to perceive the ideas of socialism, but this was prevented by his arrest in January. 1868. While serving exile in Stavropol, he studied the works of K. Marx. In the beginning. 1870 fled to St. Petersburg, organized an escape from exile and followed him into hiding abroad. In Paris he joined the 1st International and began translating Capital, for which reason he went to England in the summer of 1870 to have constant consultations with the author. K. Marx appreciated L.'s outstanding abilities, who became his close friend. On Sept. 1870 L. became part of the General. Council of the International, where he assisted Marx in the fight against Bakunism. In the winter of 1870-71 he made an unsuccessful attempt to be released from Siberian exile and was arrested. He transferred the rights of the translator to N.F. Danielson, who completed the first translation of “Capital”, publ. in 1872. In the summer of 1873 L. managed to escape abroad. In 1879, with the onset of a new revolution. situation, he returned to his homeland, but was immediately arrested and fled again (1883). Under the influence of Marx and Engels, his materialism became stronger. understanding of reality, L. realized that Russia of his time stood not before socialist, but before bourgeois-democratic. revolution. In 1884 he made an attempt to recreate the "People's Will" destroyed by tsarism and turn it into a broad people's movement. organization, which could be carried out democratically. transformations in the country. However, in Oct. 1884 was arrested again, according to the “trial of the 21st” (1887) and forever imprisoned in the Shlisselburg fortress. Released during the revolution of 1905. L.'s health was severely undermined, and he withdrew from politics. activities.

Works: G. A. Lopatin (1845-1918). Autobiography. Testimony and letters. Articles and poems. Bibliography, P., 1922.

Lit.: Correspondence of K. Marx and F. Engels from Russian. political figures, (M.), 1951; , Soch., 4th ed., vol. 20, p. 405; , Note about G. A. Lopatin, in the collection: Process of the 21st, Geneva, 1888; Popov I. I., G. A. Lopatin, M., 1930; Samorukov N., Social and political. activities of G. A. Lopatin, "VI", 1951, No. 3; Rapoport Yu. M., From the history of Russian connections. revolutionaries with the founders of science. socialism (K. Marx and G. Lopatin), M., 1960; Antonov V., Rus. Marx's friend G. A. Lopatin, M., 1962; Teacher M.V., G. Lopatin in Siberia, Irkutsk, 1963.

V. F. Antonov. Moscow.

Soviet historical encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Ed. E. M. Zhukova. 1973-1982.

LOPATIN GERMAN ALEXANDROVICH

Lopatin, German Aleksandrovich - Russian politician. Born 1845; completed a course at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics in St. Petersburg. In 1868 he was arrested and exiled to Stavropol-Caucasus with assignment to serve under the governor; here he managed to transform the local library and carry out the issue of replacing communal-grabbing peasant land tenure in the Stavropol province with communal-redistribution land ownership according to the resolution of village assemblies. In 1869 he was arrested as a result of a letter found in the possession of one of those involved in the Nechaev case; escaped from a military guardhouse and went into hiding. In 1870 he organized Lavrov's escape abroad. Having joined the international, he became close to Bakunin, as well as Marx and Engels. In 1872 he went to Siberia with the aim of liberating Chernyshevsky, but was arrested; in 1873 he fled to St. Petersburg, then abroad. During one of several trips to Russia on revolutionary matters, he was arrested in 1879 and exiled to Vologda, from where he fled abroad in 1883, but soon came back to St. Petersburg. Lopatin did not take direct part in the murder of Sudeikin, since he considered it impossible to act in concert with Degaev, but he encouraged the latter to fulfill his obligation. In 1884 he formally joined the Narodnaya Volya party and acted as a member of the new executive committee, trying to gather the scattered remnants of the Narodnaya Volya. October 6, 1884 arrested; in 1887, in the so-called Lopatin case, he was sentenced to death, which was commuted to life imprisonment in the Shlisselburg fortress, where Lopatin spent 18 years. Released due to an amnesty in October 1905 (without reinstatement); now lives in Petrograd. A man of great erudition and rare personal attractiveness, he played a major role in each of the organizations to which he joined during the intervals between imprisonment and exile. - See P. Lawrow "H. Lopatin" (in "Neue Zeit", 1889); "Trial 21" (Geneva, 1888).

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Lopatin German Alexandrovich

LOPATIN German Alexandrovich

LOPATIN German Alexandrovich

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